A & p holes' nervous i

Warm up – On the handout provided fill in each of the structures.

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Neuron Structure

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PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany

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Hole’s HumanAnatomy and Physiology

Eleventh EditionModified by Mrs. Fiser

Shier Butler Lewis

Chapter 10 Fat BookChapter 9 Skinny Book

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 9Nervous System I

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Cell Types of Neural Tissue• neurons• neuroglial cells

Divisions of the Nervous System

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• Central Nervous System• brain• spinal cord

• Peripheral Nervous System• nerves

• cranial nerves• spinal nerves

Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System

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Sensory Division• picks up sensory information and delivers it to the CNS

Motor Division• carries information to muscles and glands

Divisions of the Motor Division• Somatic – carries information to skeletal muscle• Autonomic – carries information to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Divisions Nervous System

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Functions of Nervous System

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Sensory Function• sensory receptors gather information• information is carried to the CNS

Integrative Function• sensory information used to create

• sensations• memory• thoughts• decisions

Motor Function• decisions are acted upon • impulses are carried to effectors

Neuron Structure

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Myelination of Axons

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White Matter• contains myelinated axons

Gray Matter• contains unmyelinated structures• cell bodies, dendrites

Classification of Neurons – Structural Differences

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Bipolar• two processes• eyes, ears, nose

Unipolar• one process• ganglia

Multipolar• many processes• most neurons of CNS

Classification of Neurons – Functional Differences

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Sensory Neurons• afferent• carry impulse to CNS• most are unipolar• some are bipolar

Interneurons• link neurons• multipolar• in CNS

Motor Neurons• multipolar• carry impulses away from CNS• carry impulses to effectors

Types of Neuroglial Cellsin the PNS

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Schwann Cells• produce myelin found on peripheral myelinated neurons• speed neurotransmission

Satellite Cells• support clusters of neuron cell bodies (ganglia)

Types of Neuroglial Cellsin the CNS

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Astrocytes• CNS• scar tissue• mop up excess ions, etc• induce synapse formation• connect neurons to blood vessels

Oligodendrocytes• CNS• myelinating cell

Ependyma• CNS• ciliated• line central canal of spinal cord• line ventricles of brain

Microglia• CNS• phagocytic cell

Types of Neuroglial Cells

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http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/reward/cells.html

Astrocytes

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Oligodendrocytes

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Microglial Cells

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Ependymal Cells

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CNS Neuroglial CellsSketch Structure:

Function:________________ ________________ _________________ _______________________________ ________________ _________________ _______________________________ ________________ _________________ _______________

________________ ________________ _________________ _______________________________ ________________ _________________ _______________________________ ________________ _________________ _______________________________ ________________ _________________ _______________

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Oligodendrocytes

Microglial Astrocytes Ependymal

PNS Neuroglial CellsSketch Structure:

Function:________________ ________________ _________________ _______________________________ ________________ _________________ _______________________________ ________________ _________________ _______________

________________ ________________ _________________ _______________________________ ________________ _________________ _______________________________ ________________ _________________ _______________________________ ________________ _________________ _______________

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Schwann

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NEUROGLIAL CELL ADVERTISEMENT

You are an ad executive for a major marketing firm. You must create a billboard that will “sell” the type of neuroglial cell that you have been assigned. Your “billboard” will be constructed on a piece of poster board. It must include the following information about your neuroglial cell: name, part of nervous system to which it belongs, its “importance” or what it does, and an illustration. All of this information must be presented within the context of an advertising theme. Your project will be scored according as follows:

CONTENT (50 POINTS)•Name of neuroglial cell•Part of nervous system to which it belongs•Importance/function•Description/illustrationCREATIVITY (30 POINTS) (unique, slogan, artwork)NEATNESS (10 POINTS)TEAMWORK (10 POINTS)

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Schwann

Oliogodendrocyte

Microglial

Astrocytes

Ependymal

The Synapse

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Nerve impulses pass from neuron to neuron at synapses

Synaptic Transmission

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Neurotransmitters are released when impulse reaches synaptic knob

Resting Membrane Potential

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• inside is negative relative to the outside• polarized membrane• due to distribution of ions• Na+/K+ pump

Local Potential Changes

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Action Potentials

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• at rest membrane is polarized

• sodium channels open and membrane depolarizes

• potassium leaves cytoplasm and membrane repolarizes

• threshold stimulus reached

Action Potentials

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Action Potentials

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Animations

• http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter45/animations.html

http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/actionp.html

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All-or-None Response

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• if a neuron responds at all, it responds completely

• a nerve impulse is conducted whenever a stimulus of threshold intensity or above is applied to an axon

• all impulses carried on an axon are the same strength

Impulse Conduction

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Neurotransmitters

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Neurotransmitters

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Impulse Processing

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• way the NS processes nerve impulses and acts upon them

•Neuronal Pools

•Convergence

•Divergence

Neuronal Pools

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•groups of interneurons that make synaptic connections with each other

• interneurons work together to perform a common function

• each pool receives input from other neurons

• each pool generates output to other neurons

Convergence

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• neuron receives input from several neurons

• incoming impulses represent information from different types of sensory receptors

• allows nervous system to collect, process, and respond to information

• makes it possible for a neuron to sum impulses from different sources

Divergence

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• one neuron sends impulses to several neurons

• can amplify an impulse

• impulse from a single neuron in CNS may be amplified to activate enough motor units needed for muscle contraction

Clinical Application

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Drug Addiction

• occurs because of the complex interaction of neurons, drugs, and individual behaviors

• understanding how neurotransmitters fit receptors can help explain the actions of certain drugs

• drugs have different mechanisms of action

• several questions remain about the biological effects of addiction, such as why some individuals become addicted and others do not

•http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/addiction/drugs/mouse.html