A New Nation 1789-1800

A NEW NATION1789-1800

PHILADELPHIA CONVENTION Brought about a new Constitution

Moving forward: The task ahead of Washington and Congress was to build a government around the ideas of the Constitution

KEY CONCERNS Establish federal laws, courts, & law

enforcement officers

Solve financial problems, establish a federal treasury, & a method for collecting taxes

WASHINGTON George Washington was

elected the first U.S. President & served two terms

Was their a term limit established by the U.S. Constitution at this time?

John Adams became Vice President

PRESIDENT Amendment 22 (1951)

established the two-term limit of a president

What U.S. President was elected to the most terms prior to this Amendment?

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

INAUGURATION Inauguration ceremonies were held in NYC

on April 30th 1789

After this Presidential Inaugurations were held in March

Amendment 20 (1933), also known as the “Lame Duck” Amendment changed Presidential Inaugurations to January 20th

QUESTIONS TO CONSIDERWhat is a Lame Duck?

Why may the framers of the Constitution have specified a

longer lame duck period?Hint: think technology and transportation

Transportation and Technology were less advanced causing information to travel slower

Political office holder reaching the end of their term either because of a lack of desire to run again, a loss in re-election, term limits, or the termination of their office. They often have less political power at this time.

BUREAUCRACY• In 1789, Congress recognized a

need for a bureaucracy Congress create the

following Departments: The Department of State The Department of the

Treasury The Department of War The office of the Attorney

General

SELECTING LEADERS Washington wanted men who were

“disposed to measure matters on a continental scale” rather than their home states to head the departments.

What does this quote mean?-Disposition-inclination or a tendency

-Washington wanted men who acted in interest of the country rather than their own individual state.

THE CABINET Washington chose the following men to lead the

Departments: Secretary of State-Thomas Jefferson Secretary of the Treasury-Alexander Hamilton Secretary of war –General Henry Knox Attorney General –Edmund Randolph

These department heads became known as the cabinet

Cabinet- a group of advisers to the president

PRESIDENTIAL CABINET(INCUMBENTS)

State

Treasury

Defense

John Kerry Jack Lew Chuck Hagel

IMPORTANT MEASURES TAKEN BY CONGRESS

Other Cabinet Posts: Attorney General –

heads the Department of Justice today & the first was Edmund Randolph

EricHolder

EdmundRandolph

FEDERAL JUDICIARY Congress passed the Judiciary

Act of 1789 13 district courts 3 courts of appeal 1 Supreme Court

Washington selected five associate judges and one chief justice

Appointed John Jay to Chief Justice

Stressed the power of Judicial Review (constitutionality of legislation)

JUDICIAL STRUCTURE(1) Supreme Court (1)

(3) Courts of Appeal (12)

(13) District Courts (94)

TODAY President appoints Supreme Court justices

if one retires or is removed from office However, the Senate must approve the

president’s choice

How many Supreme Court justices are their today?

http://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.aspx

BILL OF RIGHTS James Madison- Pushed for the passage

of a Bill of Rights-Drafted the Bill of Rights

• Congress agreed on 12 amendments-States ratified ten of twelve

• One through eight protect individuals from certain government actions

• Nine and ten limit the powers of the federal government

Which two rights are the only ones unique to the American Bill of Rights, and why do you think that is?

1789 Problems solved:

Federal courts (the Supreme Court, 3 courts of appeal, 13 district courts)

Bill of Rights (ten amendments) Cabinet (to advise president)

Existing problems: Revenue -a source of income

THE PRICE OF FREEDOM The American revolution cost the newly

independent U.S. government about 50 million dollars $40 million to American citizens (Bonds)

Bonds-a piece of paper/document that promises to repay borrowed money by a certain time with interest

$11.7 million to France, Spain, and the Netherlands 21.5 million state debt the federal government

agreed to pay (gain trust) Note: There was an annual interest on these

debts

TARIFF OF 1789 Hamilton suggested taxing imports to raise

money & protect American businesses from unfair foreign competition

Congress passed the Tariff of 1789 Required importers to pay a rate/percentage of the

total value of goods brought into the United States Shippers paid tonnage –tax on amount their ships

carried • Also, levied an excise tax on distilled liquors, which

led to the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania

SOUTHERN RESPONSE Southern planters were angry because:

Tariff= raise prices of European and other goods that Southerners either wanted or needed

Tonnage tax= more expensive to ship their rice, tobacco, and other common cash crops

FINANCES,1792

HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN Pay off national debt ($50 million):

Incurred by the Revolutionary War & debts owed to private citizens

Pay off state debts ($24 million): Compromise between Hamilton

& Jefferson Nation’s capital was moved to

the banks of the Potomac River Washington, District of

Columbia

HAMILTON’S ECONOMIC PLAN Create a National Bank Hamilton argued to congress a national

bank was necessary to: Manage debts Establish a national currency - Bank

notes-paper money Promote trade Encourage investment Stimulate economic growth

OPPOSITION Southerners opposed plan

Felt Northern merchants would own most of bank’s stock

James Madison argued congress could not create a national bank It was not among the

enumerated powers Powers specifically mentioned

in the Constitution

THE NATIONAL BANK Hamilton argued that the elastic clause (AKA necessary and proper clause, art.1 sect.8 ) gave Congress this power

Washington knew his choice to veto or sign this bank bill set a precedent

Created implied powers

THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES Group of people that share the same

ideology (platform) Two-party system-two main political parties

of today (Democrats and Republicans)Can we name some of today’s political

parties? Democratic, Republican, Boston Tea Party, Libertarian, Prohibition Party,

many others

CHOOSING SIDES Washington’s first term in office Hamilton’s financial plan

Congress divided based on view of federal governments role

Nation’s first political parties Hamilton’s supporters-Federalists Madison and Jefferson –Democratic-

Republicans

HAMILTON AND THE FEDERALISTS Favored strong national government

“democracy was dangerous to liberty” Distrust of “the people” Wanted government in hands of the elite (“rich,

well-born, and able”) Loose construction of Constitution

FEDERALISTS (ECONOMICS) Manufacturing and trade = national wealth

and power Federalists supporters- often artisans,

merchants, manufacturers, and bankers Some urban workers and eastern farmers

(trade benefit)

JEFFERSON AND THE REPUBLICANS Jefferson led the Democratic-

republicans Called Republicans (not the same as

today’s republican party) Thought Hamilton’s policies favored the

North Became party that protected right of states

vs. federal government

REPUBLICANS (ECONOMICS)

Believed strength of U.S. was independent farmers

Most people own land they would fight to keep preserve republic (agrarianism-favored rural farming over urban industry)

Believed North’s industries= sharply divide rich and poor And wealthy would corrupt government and threaten

ordinary people’s liberties Thought Hamilton’s policies favored the North

A GEOGRAPHIC DIVIDE Rural South & West supported the

Republicans More Urban Northeast typically

supported the Federalists Conflict between France and Britain

would widen the divide

DEVELOPING THE NATION’S FOREIGN POLICY

FRENCH REVOLUTION – FRANCE OR GREAT BRITAIN?

REVOLUTION 1789, the French Revolution began

At first most Americans supported the cause

1793, more radical group seized power Took property from wealthy, executed

1000’s(including king and queen ) Federalist-horrified by chaos and violence Republicans-many still supported revolutionaries

because it seemed to be for freedom and liberty

FRANCE VS. ENGLANDIn 1789, the French people revolted

against their King, England attacked France, and France asked for assistance from the United States.

What is Britain concerned about?At this time, Britain and France were both monarchs and the British Crown hoped to prevent any future rebellions within their own borders.

OPPOSING AMERICAN VIEWS

North (Hamilton) favored England because both were industrial and had strong economic ties

South (Jefferson and Madison) favored France because both were agricultural, and also to repay the help they lent during the American Revolution (Yorktown)

NEUTRALITYWashington issued the

Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793.

-Impartial to Britain and France

Why would someone (in this case Washington) choose to be neutral?

Both Britain and France traded with the United States (economic interests)

JAY’S TREATY (BACKGROUND) Congress almost declared war because

of British aggression at sea and at home (“inciting Native Americans”)

Britain at war with France but knew U.S. relied on Britain for trade

In an effort to avoid war Washington sent John Jay to negotiate with Britain

JAY’S TREATY (CONTINUED) Cons: Jay had to agree that Britain had the right to seize

American Ships bound for France Britain did not have to compensate U.S. Merchants whose

goods were seized Pros: Britain gave up forts in American territory Granted U.S. most-favored nation status

Meant American merchants could trade without being subjected to British discrimination

Note: Many Americans were angered by the conditions

PINCKNEY’S TREATY Prior to Jay’s treaty Spain allied with

France Spain feared U.S. would join Britain in

order to obtain Spain’s North American territories (Florida)

1795 Spain signed Treaty of San Lorenzo (Pinckney’s Treaty)

Americans happy-gained access to the Mississippi River

WASHINGTON RETIRESWashington refused to serve a third term,

retired at Mount Vernon, and warned against foreign alliances & political parties in the future.

“XYZ” AFFAIR 3 French agents representing

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand requested bribe($250,000) to initiate talks and a 12million dollar loan

Americans called for war Congress banned trade with

France Navy began capturing French

ships

QUASI-WAR President John Adams

won first contested election(in U.S. Hist) against Thomas Jefferson

France began seizing American Ships

U.S. & France began Quasi-War (undeclared)

-Napoleon seized power in France and quickly reached an agreement with Adams.

- Signed Convention of 1800

ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS Purpose- Four laws passed by a Federalist

(dominated) Congress to reduce the power of the Democratic-Republicans

1-3 directed towards aliens- people who were not citizens living in the country

4th Sedition- illegal print anything “false, scandalous, or malicious” about the federal government Many immigrants were French and Irish (both anti-

British and voted for the Republicans)

OBJECTIONS Democratic-Republicans responded with

the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions Both secretly written by Jefferson and

Madison Both said that since the states formed the

Constitution they had the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional

Threatened secession if the Acts were not revoked

KEY TERMS The Virginia Resolutions

interposition ; if the federal government did something unconstitutional the state could intervene for the people and stop the illegal action

The Kentucky Resolution nullification; if the federal government pass an

unconstitutional law the states could declare the law invalid

Neither resolution successful in 1800, however, states used both of these to “defend regional interests” in future

ELECTION OF 1800 In 1800, Federalists controlled the army,

presidency, and the Congress Adams (Federalist)- Alien and Sedition Acts

angered too many Americans With a tie vote in the Electoral College, the

House of Representatives with help from Alexander Hamilton(Federalist), chose Jefferson over Burr on the thirty-sixth ballot

12th amendment-vote pres and vice pres same ballot , they must be from different states

What made the election of 1800 so significant in American political history?

The first contested election in U.S. history went through a peaceful transition of power: the losing party accepted the choice of the people despite often strongly opposing ideologies (views) between the Democratic-Republicans and Federalists.

WEBSITE http://www.glencoe.com/video_library/i

ndex_with_mods.php?PROGRAM=9780078745218&VIDEO=2839&CHAPTER=4

FIRST POLITICAL PARTIES