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A New Cartographic Research A New Cartographic Research Agenda for Virtual GlobesAgenda for Virtual Globes
Session 4510: Virtual Globles: GIS for the Masses?
Ming-Hsiang Tsou, Ph.D.Associate Professor
E-mail: [email protected]
April 17-21, San Francisco, CA
The Department of Geography, San Diego State University
AAG 2007San Diego State University
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Impacts of Virtual Globes for Impacts of Virtual Globes for Modern Cartography ResearchModern Cartography Research
Traditional 2D MapsTraditional 2D Maps 3D Virtual Globes3D Virtual Globes(link to video)
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Differences Differences (Virtual Globes vs. 2D maps)(Virtual Globes vs. 2D maps)
• 3D Representation. (Multiple perspectives)
• Virtual Reality. (more similar to the real world)
• More dynamic and interactive (multiple layers and hyperlinks to multimedia – pictures, sounds, animations, 3D buildings).
• Easy to get lost --- difficult to control viewed areas. (Too many controls/buttons) – Flying an airplane… users need some training.
San Diego State University
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• 3D Representation. (revisit Cartographic Design principles (such as Figure/Ground) in 3D environments)
• More dynamic and interactive (Need to define new rules for the dynamic layer managements)
• Virtual Reality. (display environment – super-large screen or CAVE environments. Super-small device for Pocket PC or cellular phone).
• Easy to get lost --- (Re-design the Graphic User Interface !!! Direct Manipulation !!! ).
New Directions for New Directions for Cartography ResearchCartography Research
San Diego State University
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Cartographic MatrixCartographic Matrix
For the Virtual Globes and the Internet-For the Virtual Globes and the Internet-based Cartographybased Cartography (i-Cartography)(i-Cartography)
(original presented in 2004 AAG (original presented in 2004 AAG meeting, Ming-Hsiang Tsou)meeting, Ming-Hsiang Tsou)
San Diego State University
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Basic Concepts • Formalize the cartographic design of Virtual
Globe Mapping with computational methods. (computational cartography?)
• Establish a coherent conceptual framework for dynamic multi-layer map display.
• Improve the 3D map representation in Internet GIS applications.
Figure / Background
San Diego State University
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The Cartographic Matrix • Inspired by Brain J. L. Berry’s geographic matrix (1964) and Bertin’s Visual
variables (1967).
• Map Layer: Column, Cartographic variables : Row
Map Layers Layer-sequence Color Size
Roads L (line) 3 Blue 1
Census Track O (polygons) 6 Sequence N/A
Destroyed-Home P (point) 1 Red 6
Highway L 2 Red 3
Fire Perimeters O 4 Cyan N/A
Aerial Photos I (images) 5 Index
(Band 4, 3, 1) N/A
ThematicMapping(Theme)
Sub-cartographic studies (Figure / Ground)
Symbol Types
Cartographic Variables
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Map Layers Layer-sequence Color Size
Roads L (line) 3 Blue 1Census Track O (polygons) 6 Sequence N/ADestroyed-Home P (point) 1 Red 6
Highway L 2 Red 3Fire Perimeters O 4 Cyan N/AAerial Photos I (images) 5 Index
(Band 4, 3, 1) N/A
Sub-cartographic studies (Color Scheme)
Symbol Types
Cartographic Variables
• Facilitate the cartographic design as an integrated unit (framework), rather than separated, isolated map layers.
• Explore the dynamic relationships between each layers for Internet mapping. (Is each layer independent or dependent to other layer?)
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Converting Cartographic Rules into Computer Algorithms
Statements:All point layers should be above all polygon layers.
First-Order Logic:
Computer Program: number layout sequences (1:top, 2:second..)
polylayer(x).number = i pointlayer(y).number = jIf (i < j) then {
polylayer(x).number = jpointlayer(y).number = i}
yx, Above( PointLayer(x), PolyLayer(y) )
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Cartographic Matrix for AnimationMap Layers Layer-sequence Color Size
Roads L (line) 3 Blue 1
Census Track O (polygons) 6 Sequence N/A
Destroyed-Home P (point) 1 Red 6
Highway L 2 Red 3
Fire Perimeters O 4 Cyan N/A
Aerial Photos I (images) 5
Index(Band 4, 3, 1)
N/A
Symbol Types
Day 1
Map Layers Layer-sequence Color Size
Roads L (line) 3 Blue 1
Census Track O (polygons) 6 Sequence N/A
Destroyed-Home P (point) 1 Red 6
Highway L 2 Red 3
Fire Perimeters O 4 Cyan N/A
Aerial Photos I (images) 5
Index(Band 4, 3, 1)
N/A
Symbol Types
Day 2
Map Layers Layer-sequence Color Size
Roads L (line) 3 Blue 1
Census Track O (polygons) 6 Sequence N/A
Destroyed-Home P (point) 1 Red 6
Highway L 2 Red 3
Fire Perimeters O 4 Cyan N/A
Aerial Photos I (images) 5
Index(Band 4, 3, 1)
N/A
Symbol Types
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Systematic Research Framework for future cartographic research
• Animation• 3D visualization• Color scheme• Figure/Ground• Layer transparency?• Sub-matrix?
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Map Display in Extra-large or Extra-small screens)
• Automatically transform cartographic matrix for different map display devices (PDA, Pocket PC, cellular phones, large multi-screens display…)
Map Layers
Layer-sequence Color Size
Roads L (line) 3 Blue 1
Census Track
O (polygons) 6 Sequenc
e N/ADestroyed-Home
P (point) 1 Red 6
Highway L 2 Red 3Fire Perimeters
O 4 Cyan N/A
Aerial Photos I (images) 5
Index(Band 4, 3, 1)
N/A
Symbol Types
Original matrix
*Mobile Device
Conversionmatrix
=
Map Layers
Layer-sequence Color Size
Roads L (line) 3 Blue 1
Census Track
O (polygons) 6 Sequenc
e N/ADestroyed-Home
P (point) 1 Red 6
Highway L 2 Red 3Fire Perimeters
O 4 Cyan N/A
Aerial Photos I (images) 5
Index(Band 4, 3, 1)
N/A
Symbol Types
Original matrix
*Large Screen
Conversionmatrix
=
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New Research Agenda for New Research Agenda for CartographyCartography
• Cartographic Matrix (computational cartography) –
– Dynamic map display/symbol changes– Display of extra-large, extra-small devices
• New methods for dissemination of maps and geospatial information (Virtual Globes in Video Games Console – Nintendo Wii).
• The design of direct manipulation user interfaces.
San Diego State University
Video Demo – Wii are the Masses!
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Wii DemoWii DemoVirtual GlobesVirtual Globes
San Diego State University
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Conclusion• New cartographic research directions needed
for the Virtual Globes
• Formalize cartographic rules with computational algorithms (Cartographic Matrix)
• New idea for the map user interface (Nintendo Wii Remote Example)
• Virtual Globes for the Masses!!! Internet GIS merged with Video Games!
San Diego State University
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Slides and Movies Slides and Movies download download
Thank You
Q & A
• http://map.sdsu.edu/movies.htm
• http://map.sdsu.edu (select the [movie download] in the home page)(select the [movie download] in the home page)
Ming-Hsiang Tsou, Ph.D.Associate Professor
E-mail: [email protected]