A neurology primer
Dec 14, 2015
A neurology primer
Hospital for Mentally Ill & Epileptics (Frankfurt 1901-1906)
Dementia is an inevitable part of aging Dementia is synonymous with Alzheimer’s
disease Dementia cannot have an acute onset Dementia is an untreatable disorder Dementia cannot be accurately diagnosed
without autopsy
Dementia is a “global” disorder of cognitive function
Dementia is only a memory problem Dementia always impairs insight into
cognitive deficits Dementia is only a cognitive & not a
behavioral disorder
Primary care physicians see large numbers of patients with dementia
Dementia can be accurately diagnosed and managed in a primary care setting
General medical health is closely related to late life cognitive function
Failure to recognize symptoms of dementia Negative attitudes towards treatment and
therapeutic nihilism Limited time Lack of confidence in establishing a
particular diagnosis
Planning for the future Identify patients at high risk of
complications Early treatment may delay progression Refer to community based resources
Decreased speed and efficiency of learning Difficulty inhibiting irrelevant information Troubles with “working memory” No true language dysfunction No more rapid forgetting when controlling
for initial learning
Troubles finding words, coming up with names
Difficulty understanding conversations Getting lost Troubles recognizing people or objects Repeating conversations Difficulty managing medications,
appointments, finances Personality changes, withdrawal, apathy
Troubles managing medications Difficulty providing detail in medical
interview Repetitive questions New onset personality or mood changes Family members expressing concerns over
memory or behavior Episodes of delirium after surgery or
during hospitalization
Acquired disorder of memory and at least one other cognitive domain (language, visuospatial function, executive functions)
Occurs in the setting of a clear sensorium Affects occupational and social functioning
Over 100 illnesses cause dementia Majority of cases are Alzheimer’s disease Non-AD dementias account for ~50%
◦ Vascular dementia ~15%◦ Dementia with lewy bodies ~20%◦ Frontotemporal dementias ~5%◦ Other (NPH, syphillis, HIV, Parkinson’s disease
dementia, vasculitis, etc.)
5 % FTD
5 % Other
55 % Alzheimer’s disease
20 % VascularDementia
15 % DementiaLewy Bodies
DeliriumAcute onsetMarked fluctuationsPoor attention Changes in alertnessMarked circadiandisturbances
DementiaGradualLess fluctuationGenerally attentiveGenerally alertMild circadiandisturbance
Cortical Normal speed of
thought Aphasia Amnesia Visuospatial
dysfunction Normal gait Paratonic rigidity
Subcortical Bradyphrenia No aphasia “Forgetful”, poor recall Visuospatial
dysfunction Impaired gait, posture Movement pathology
Development of cognitive deficits manifested by both
impaired memory aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, disturbed
executive function Significantly impaired social, occupational
function Gradual onset, continuing decline Not due to CNS or other physical conditions
Not due to an Axis I disorder (e.g.,
schizophrenia)
Age Family history CV risk factors (hypertension, diabetes,
elevated homocysteine, cholesterol?) Late onset depression Delirium Fewer years of education Head injury
NSAIDsStatinsAntihypertensivesAntioxidantsExercise
Complete blood count Thyroid function test (TSH) Vitamin B-12 level/folate Complete metabolic panel (BUN/Cr,
glucose, calcium, LAEs, electrolytes) Neuroimaging should be done at least
once◦ Non-contrast CT◦ MRI brain without contrast
Mini Mental Status Exam Clock-drawing tests Blessed-dementia rating scale Mini-cog 7-minute screen
Attention Language Memory Visuospatial/perceptual functions Executive functions Praxis Calculations
Look for extrapyramidal dysfunction Asymmetric findings Pyramidal tract findings and pathologic
reflexes Gait dysfunction Coordination Sensation
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate RPR Lumbar puncture HIV Serial neuroimaging Functional neuroimaging (PET, SPECT) Full neuropsychological testing
Poor short term memory Difficulty learning and retaining new
information Mild word-finding difficulties Naming problems Problems with organization, and complex
planning
Worsening memory problems Remote memory becomes involved More obvious language problems Visuospatial and topographical orientation Getting lost, unable to find way back home Behavioral changes (delusions,
aggression, irritability, anxiety)
Aphasia (unable to comprehend language other than simple commands)
Agnosia (difficulty recognizing objects, people, etc.)
Apraxia (inability to perform skilled movements despite intact motor/sensory skills)
Slow or delay progression Correct exacerbating factors/conditions Treat and prevent concomitant CVD Treat behavioral and psychiatric problems Treat functional problems
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors◦ Donepezil (Aricept)◦ Rivastigmine (Exelon)◦ Galantamine (Reminyl)
N-methyl-D-aspartate inhibitors◦ Memantine (Namenda)◦ May be used in conjunction with CHEIs
Approved for mild-moderate AD Aricept just approved for severe AD Start as early as possible Continue as long as possible Use maximum dose tolerated Failure to respond to one does not preclude
response to another
Most AD patients decline by 3-4 points on MMSE per year
Treatment generally may delay progression by ~ 6 months
Behavior and function may improve in addition to cognition
ChEI treatment is the standard of care for mild to moderate AD
Improvement, stabilization, or slowed decline represent treatment success◦ Evaluate treatment response in the context of
progressive decline◦ Inform patient and caregiver that stabilization is
desirable◦ Use follow-up visits to reinforce realistic expectations
Aricept has proven benefits on cognitive, functional, and behavioral symptoms
ChEI = cholinesterase inhibitor.
Detect and diagnose early Provide early and persistent treatment Evaluate treatment response in the face of
progressive decline Manage physician, patient, and caregiver
expectations of disease course and treatment response
Dementia is a major public health problem Dementia is under recognized in all settings Dementia is a disorder of cognition,
behavior and function Effective treatments exist that may improve
or help preserve all 3 domains