A National Management Plan for a protected non-timber species: Prunus africana Verina Ingram 1 , Henri Charles Akagou Zedong 2 , Nouhou Ndam 3 , Abdon Awono 1 , Yanek Decleire 4 , Narcisse Mbarga 5 1 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), BP 2008, Yaounde, Cameroon 2 Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife 3 TRAFFIC Central Africa 4 GTZ ProPSFE 5 ANAFOR
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A National Management Plan for a protected non-timber CITES listed tree species: Prunus africana
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A National Management Plan for a
protected non-timber species:
Prunus africana
Verina Ingram1, Henri Charles Akagou Zedong2,
Nouhou Ndam3, Abdon Awono1, Yanek Decleire4,
Narcisse Mbarga5
1 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), BP 2008, Yaounde, Cameroon2 Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife3 TRAFFIC Central Africa4 GTZ ProPSFE5 ANAFOR
Introduction
• Cameroon largest exporter of Prunus africana
worldwide (>50%)
• Traditional multiple-uses timber, fuel-wood
and medicine.
• Local, low volume trade for medicinal use
• Raw material prostate drugs and health
supplements.
• Major income source for forest based
communities and enterprises
• Protected species IUCN and CITES
The problems……..
• Prunus availability reduced by:– Bush fires
– Grazing
– Unsustainable harvested quantities
– Insufficient regeneration in wild &
domestication
• Unsustainable exploitation: – Lack or insufficient local management
– Unsustainable harvesting techniques
– Quota based permit system unrelated to actuality
– Difficult regulatory system for SMEs
– Inadequate regulatory controls
– High local and international demand
• Government capacity:– Insufficient capacity and financial allocation to Prunus
to respond to CITES obligations
• Poor market and information:– Little info exchange at all levels
– No processing (added value) in Cameroon since close of Plantecam
• Inventories Mt Cameroon, 2000 & Adamoua, 2001
• Cameroon request to maintain quota for areas not inventoried re livelihood implications 2005
• 1985 - 1991 ≈ 9,309 tons exported from Cameroon ≥ 143 million CFA (290,976 US$)
• Plantecam turnover 1998 = 4,000,000 US$.
• Export value in 1999 = 700,000 US$. Export prices for dry bark (chips):
– in 2000 = 2000 CFA per kg
– In 2006 = 660 CFA to 1000 CFA per kg
• In 2005 & 2006, 1500 - 2000 t harvested annually:
– Valued at ≈ 260 million CFA (540,000 US$) to producers (harvesters, community organisations and individuals)
– Export value ≈ ≥ 2,649 million CFA (5,470,000 US$), based on an average export price of 660 CFA (1.34 US$) per kg
• Market chain in Cameroon ≈ 60,000 people in CF communities, unknown individuals with plantations, 500+ harvesters, 11 exploitation permit-holding small scale enterprises and 5 SME exporting enterprises.
• Revenues to government – Estimated between 1.5 to 16 million p.a. from Regeneration
Tax
– Estimated up to 22 million CFA form Permit sales p.a.
Pygeum: Economic value
But it’s an NTFP!
Prunus revenues are nothing compared to
timber revenues…..
September 2008
• Cameroon Highlands chain of volcanic mountains
• Habitat ranges from sub-montane to montane forests and subalpine grasslands.
• Largest remaining patches of Afromontane forest in West Africa.
• One of top 200 worldwide Ecoregions (35 bird species, 10 reptiles, 55 amphibians, 6 mammals & around 100 rare/endemic plant species).
• Human activities have fragmented, degraded and isolated remaining forest –, unsustainable harvesting, fires, agriculture and bushmeat poaching.
• Huge losses forest:
– 1958 = 37% of province forest covered
– 2000 = 3.5% largest montane forest is approximately 98km2 in Bamenda Highlands
• Role of traditional conservation & management by Traditional Authorities increasingly less successful and un-enforced
• 38 Community Forests, up to 5000 hectares each = 72,681 hectares (2007) - conserving biodiversity and sustainable livelihoods
• Adamaoua largely unpopulated and no community forests – not traditionally used
• Highlands forests provide other essential services and benefits: water, water catchments, fuel wood, medicine, fertile land, animals, sacred shrines and ecotourism.
Conservation importance
highlands forests
West Province
• Prunus africana used locally as important traditional medicine
• 4th most popular medicinal plant collected around Mt Cameroon by 14% of households. 1st or 2nd most popular medicinal plant in Oku.
– Human use: barks/leaves/roots/seeds powdered or tea, 45+ uses:– Anti-inflammatory - Analgesic
– Stomach ache - Genito-urinary complaints
– Allergies - Kidney disease
– Malaria - Fever
– Parasites - Aphrodisiac
– Menstruation problems - Infertility
– Animal use: – Pox, cholera, diarrhoea, purgative, wounds gastric problems for fowls & small livestock
• Bark is dried, chipped or powdered and pharmalogically active compounds chemically extracted (ratio wet 2 kg:dry 1kg: extract5g-0.05g). Extract also contained in roots & leaves. Forms the raw material for internationalpharmaceutical industry: Italy, France, Spain, Madagascar & USA for drugs to treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, a non-cancerous glandular disorder affecting mainly older men, also excessive hairiness and aging.
Pygeum: Health importance
January 2008
• Prunus africana, well known species internationally as:
– African Cherry
– Iron Wood or Stinkwood
– Pygeum
Locally as:
– Kanda stick
– Kirah (Lamnso)
– Elouo (Kom)
– Eblaa (Oku)
– Bi‟beh‟kemb‟oh‟ (Fulfulde)
– Wotangu (Bakweri)
• Durable wood is used locally for:
– Axe handles
– Poles
– Hives
– Door frames
– Charcoal
– Fuel wood
– Carving
• Bee-loving tree for local “Oku white” honey
Pygeum: Social functions
• Prunus secondary source of income forest users
1985 - 1991 ≈ 9,309 tons exported from Cameroon
≥ 143 million CFA (290,976 US$)
• Plantecam turnover 1998 = 4,000,000 US$.
• Export value in 1999 = 700,000 US$. Export prices for dry bark (chips):
– in 2000 = 2000 CFA per kg
– In 2006 = 660 CFA to 1000 CFA per kg
• In 2005 & 2006, 1500 - 2000 t harvested annually:
– Valued at ≈ 260 million CFA (540,000 US$) to producers (harvesters, community organisations and individuals)
– Export value ≈ ≥ 2,649 million CFA (5,470,000 US$), based on an average export price of 660 CFA (1.34 US$) per kg
• Market chain in Cameroon ≈ 60,000 people in CF communities, unknown individuals with plantations, 500+ harvesters, 11 exploitation permit-holding small scale enterprises and 5 SME exporting enterprises.
• Revenues to government – Estimated between 1.5 to 16 million p.a. from Regeneration
Tax
– Estimated up to 22 million CFA form Permit sales p.a.
Pygeum: Economic value
But it’s an NTFP!
Prunus revenues are nothing compared to
timber revenues…..
Sustainable?
How much is available? > 30 DBH average 55 – 68kg per tree, every 7-11 years (Hall 2000, GTZ 2000)
• Inventory: GTZ Mt Cameroon = 209 t. pa average (2000-2005)/ 0.369 m3/ha