A Nation in Crisis (The marriage gets rocky) “The agitation in the subject of slavery would, if not prevented by some timely and effective measure, end.

A Nation in CrisisA Nation in Crisis(The marriage gets rocky)(The marriage gets rocky)

““The agitation in the subject of slavery The agitation in the subject of slavery would, if not prevented by some timely would, if not prevented by some timely

and effective measure, end in and effective measure, end in disunion.”disunion.”

-John Calhoun-John Calhoun

Views on SlaveryViews on Slavery Northern ViewsNorthern Views

believe it should believe it should be abolishedbe abolished

blacks are blacks are inferiorinferior to whites to whites

Southern Views:Southern Views: God intended for God intended for

blacks to do the work blacks to do the work for whitesfor whites

slavery was slavery was paternalistic (the paternalistic (the master was like a master was like a fatherfather to his slaves) to his slaves)

wage labor in the wage labor in the North was North was worseworse that slavery in the that slavery in the SouthSouth

Slaves were happier Slaves were happier and healthier than and healthier than northern wage northern wage earnersearners

The Election of 1848The Election of 1848 Big Issue: should Big Issue: should slaveryslavery

be allowed in new be allowed in new western territories?western territories?

New Political Party: New Political Party: Free-Free-Soilers Soilers vowed to keep vowed to keep slavery slavery outout of the new of the new territoriesterritories

Democrats and Whigs Democrats and Whigs embrace embrace popular popular sovereignty sovereignty (let states (let states decidedecide issue of slavery…issue of slavery…not Congress)not Congress)

?

A Compromise Avoids CrisisA Compromise Avoids Crisis California wants to be a California wants to be a

freefree state state but that would but that would allow free states to allow free states to outnumber slave states in outnumber slave states in the the SenateSenate ( (threatens threatens slaveryslavery) ) South - Fugitive Slave Law South - Fugitive Slave Law

not being not being enforcedenforced Henry Clay brings forth Henry Clay brings forth

another compromise that another compromise that would would appeaseappease the North the North and Southand South

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850 Congress would admit California as a Congress would admit California as a

freefree state (North happy) state (North happy) Utah (UT) and New Mexico (NM) would Utah (UT) and New Mexico (NM) would

use popular sovereignty to use popular sovereignty to decidedecide slaveryslavery

Slave trade in Washington, DC would endSlave trade in Washington, DC would end

The Fugitive Slave ActThe Fugitive Slave Act would require would require that private citizens aid in the returning that private citizens aid in the returning of runaway slaves or be of runaway slaves or be fined/fined/imprisonedimprisoned (South happy) (South happy)

Repercussions of Repercussions of Fugitive Slave Fugitive Slave ActAct Caused northern Caused northern

hostilityhostility because the because the accused had no right to accused had no right to a trial or testify in a trial or testify in courtcourt (judges were (judges were paid more to favor with paid more to favor with slave owners)slave owners)

Everyone is a slave Everyone is a slave catchercatcher

Unintentionally Unintentionally increased Northern increased Northern involvement in the involvement in the Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad

Political ChangesPolitical Changes• The The Whig Party Whig Party diesdies because because

they supported the Compromise they supported the Compromise of 1850of 1850

• The Know-Nothings/American The Know-Nothings/American Party Party formed under the platform formed under the platform of of anti-immigrationanti-immigration (nativists) (nativists)

• Republican PartyRepublican Party: opposed the : opposed the spreadspread of slavery of slavery

Let’s Review!Let’s Review!1.1. What term applies to people What term applies to people

who opposed the spread of who opposed the spread of slavery?slavery?

a.a. SeparatistsSeparatists

b.b. SecessionistsSecessionists

c.c. Free-SoilersFree-Soilers

2.2. Why did Henry Clay propose Why did Henry Clay propose what came to be known as what came to be known as the Compromise of 1850?the Compromise of 1850?

a.a. To avoid a civil war over To avoid a civil war over the issue of slaverythe issue of slavery

b.b. To eliminate the practice To eliminate the practice of popular sovereigntyof popular sovereignty

c.c. To provide stricter To provide stricter penalties to those who penalties to those who harbored fugitive slavesharbored fugitive slaves

3.3. By 1850, what was By 1850, what was the national debate the national debate over slavery over slavery centered on?centered on?

a.a. Conditions in the Conditions in the SouthSouth

b.b. The expansion of The expansion of slavery in slavery in territoriesterritories

c.c. The Missouri The Missouri CompromiseCompromise

The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman, Harriet Tubman,

“Black “Black MosesMoses”” Helped runaway Helped runaway

slaves escape to slaves escape to freedom in the freedom in the NorthNorth

““Conductors” led the Conductors” led the wayway

Provided shelter, Provided shelter, foodfood, money , money

Deepened southern Deepened southern distrustdistrust

Harriet Beecher StoweHarriet Beecher Stowe

Published Uncle Published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852Tom’s Cabin in 1852

Showed the horrors Showed the horrors of slaveryof slavery

Infuriated the SouthInfuriated the South Wrote their own books Wrote their own books

about the advantages about the advantages of slaveryof slavery

Spread compassion Spread compassion through the Norththrough the North

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Senator Douglas wants Senator Douglas wants popular popular

sovereignty sovereignty to be used in to be used in NebraskaNebraska South feared that Nebraska would choose South feared that Nebraska would choose

to be to be freefree (balance must be kept) (balance must be kept) Douglas divides Nebraska into two states: Douglas divides Nebraska into two states:

Kansas – Kansas – slaveslave Nebraska – Nebraska – freefree

Did this go against the Missouri Did this go against the Missouri Compromise? Compromise?

““Bleeding Kansas”, 1856Bleeding Kansas”, 1856 Northerners and Southerners rushed to Northerners and Southerners rushed to

claim the territoryclaim the territory Kansas had Kansas had 22 governments governments

One anti-slavery and one proslaveryOne anti-slavery and one proslavery Disputes become violent when the town Disputes become violent when the town

of Lawrence was attacked of Lawrence was attacked John Brown (abolitionists) executes John Brown (abolitionists) executes 55

proslavery settlers, condemned by proslavery settlers, condemned by abolitionistsabolitionists

Civil war between proslavery and Civil war between proslavery and antislavery settlersantislavery settlers Popular sovereignty will Popular sovereignty will notnot work work

More SectionalismMore Sectionalism• The Election of 1856: The Election of 1856:

– Democrats promise to Democrats promise to notnot talk about talk about the issuethe issue

– Republicans Republicans opposeoppose popular popular sovereigntysovereignty

• Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857): Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857): the the Supreme Court ruled:Supreme Court ruled:• slaves were slaves were notnot citizens (property) they citizens (property) they

could could notnot even sue even sue• Also ruled that Congress could not prohibit

slavery in the US territories• Undermined the Missouri CompromiseUndermined the Missouri Compromise

The Lincoln-Douglas DebateThe Lincoln-Douglas Debate Battle for Senate seatBattle for Senate seat ******Lincoln: Lincoln:

personally personally opposedopposed slavery slavery Politically takes the the middle Politically takes the the middle

road…don’t let it road…don’t let it expandexpand, save , save the unionthe union******

Douglas: Douglas: supported supported popularpopular sovereignty sovereignty

Douglas wins the debate but Douglas wins the debate but Lincoln wins lots of followers Lincoln wins lots of followers and a reputationand a reputation

Let’s Review!Let’s Review!

1.1. What was the reaction in What was the reaction in America to Stowe’s book America to Stowe’s book Uncle Tom’s Cabin?Uncle Tom’s Cabin?

a.a. The South praised its The South praised its honest portrayal of honest portrayal of Southern lifeSouthern life

b.b. The North realized they The North realized they were wrong about the were wrong about the evils of slaveryevils of slavery

c.c. The South claimed it The South claimed it was inaccurate and was inaccurate and proof that the North proof that the North was against themwas against them

2.2. How is the Underground How is the Underground Railroad an example of Railroad an example of civil disobedience?civil disobedience?

3.3. What impact did the What impact did the Dred Dred ScottScott decision have on decision have on the issue of slavery?the issue of slavery?

a.a. Ended the Missouri Ended the Missouri Compromise and Compromise and replaced it with replaced it with popular sovereignty in popular sovereignty in all statesall states

b.b. Reaffirmed the Reaffirmed the Missouri CompromiseMissouri Compromise

c.c. Ended the Missouri Ended the Missouri Compromised and Compromised and allowed slavery in all allowed slavery in all western states and western states and territoriesterritories

Freeport DoctrineFreeport Doctrine Lincoln cornered Douglas by asking Lincoln cornered Douglas by asking

him if a state could legally exclude him if a state could legally exclude slavery before entering slavery before entering statehoodstatehood If he said yes then he supported popular If he said yes then he supported popular

sovereigntysovereignty If he said no then he opposed popular If he said no then he opposed popular

sovereigntysovereignty• Douglas, a Douglas, a supportersupporter of the Dred of the Dred

Scott decision and states could Scott decision and states could votevote slavery out by refusing to slavery out by refusing to pass laws needed to regulate itpass laws needed to regulate it

Violence in the Senate Violence in the Senate (1856)(1856)

Abolitionist Charles Sumner stirred Abolitionist Charles Sumner stirred trouble when he delivered a speech trouble when he delivered a speech about Kansas and also about Kansas and also insultedinsulted Andrew Andrew ButlerButler

Butler’s nephew, Brooks attacked Butler’s nephew, Brooks attacked Sumner in the Senate with a Sumner in the Senate with a canecane [The [The Brooks-Sumner Incident]Brooks-Sumner Incident]

Shows the division between the North Shows the division between the North and Southand South

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859Ferry, 1859

““angel of God”, must angel of God”, must avenge the avenge the evilsevils of of slaveryslavery

Brown and his followers Brown and his followers set out to set out to seizeseize the the arsenal at Harper’s Ferryarsenal at Harper’s Ferry Wanted to use Wanted to use violenceviolence

to end slavery but this to end slavery but this was not supported by was not supported by the abolitioniststhe abolitionists

Was cornered, captured Was cornered, captured and and executedexecuted

““I, John Brown, am now quite certain I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think vainly, flattered I had, as I now think vainly, flattered myself that without very much myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done.”bloodshed it might be done.”

-John Brown, 1859-John Brown, 1859

handed to the jailer on his handed to the jailer on his way to executionway to execution

The Election of 1860The Election of 1860 Big Issue: Big Issue: slavery, state or slavery, state or

federal issue?federal issue? Significance: Significance: pitted North pitted North

against South (against South (sectionalismsectionalism))• Republicans Republicans nominate nominate

LincolnLincoln, keep slavery , keep slavery contained where it is but contained where it is but don’t let it expanddon’t let it expand

Lincoln wins but carried Lincoln wins but carried NONO Southern States… Southern States…South is South is notnot happy happy

• Causes Southern states to Causes Southern states to secedesecede [withdrawal from the [withdrawal from the Union]Union]

SecessionSecession After Lincoln’s election, South After Lincoln’s election, South

Carolina seceded (Carolina seceded (leftleft) the Union) the Union If a president can be elected without their If a president can be elected without their

support what does that mean for slavery?support what does that mean for slavery? Six other states followed Six other states followed

Felt that Lincoln Felt that Lincoln threatenedthreatened slavery slavery The 7 states form the The 7 states form the Confederate Confederate

States of AmericaStates of America Wrote a Wrote a ConstitutionConstitution that gave all the that gave all the

power to the states and protected slaverypower to the states and protected slavery Elect Jefferson Davis as Elect Jefferson Davis as PresidentPresident

Lincoln Takes OfficeLincoln Takes Office will not interfere with slavery where it will not interfere with slavery where it

already existed already existed PRESERVEPRESERVE THE THE UNIONUNION

did not recognize the new Confederacy did not recognize the new Confederacy but South was looking for a but South was looking for a fightfight

Lincoln wanted to maintain control Lincoln wanted to maintain control of Fort Sumter of Fort Sumter South Carolina was watching the FortSouth Carolina was watching the Fort Lincoln let them know he was sending Lincoln let them know he was sending foodfood

not troops to Fort not troops to Fort SC is suspicious and attacked Fort Sumter SC is suspicious and attacked Fort Sumter

(1(1stst battlebattle of Civil War) of Civil War)

Let’s Review!Let’s Review!1.1. How did Lincoln’s election How did Lincoln’s election

contribute to the onset of contribute to the onset of war?war?

a.a. Congress passed a Congress passed a resolution giving Lincoln resolution giving Lincoln authority over the South.authority over the South.

b.b. Southern states saw his Southern states saw his election as proof that election as proof that Northern states controlled Northern states controlled politics.politics.

c.c. Lincoln immediately freed Lincoln immediately freed Southern slaves.Southern slaves.

2.2. When did Southern states When did Southern states secede from the Union?secede from the Union?

a.a. After Mississippi left the After Mississippi left the Union in January 1861Union in January 1861

b.b. Before the election of 1860Before the election of 1860

c.c. Within a few weeks of Within a few weeks of Lincoln’s electionLincoln’s election

3.3. What do the Sumner What do the Sumner Brooks incident and the Brooks incident and the raid at Harper’s Ferry raid at Harper’s Ferry reveal about the state of reveal about the state of the nation in the late the nation in the late 1850s?1850s?

a.a. Compromise was still Compromise was still possible over the issue possible over the issue of slaveryof slavery

b.b. People were willing to People were willing to use violence to use violence to advance their cause for advance their cause for or against slaveryor against slavery

c.c. Everyone in the US Everyone in the US agreed with using agreed with using violence to solve violence to solve political and moral political and moral problemsproblems