A Mycenaean Tale of Two Cities a Chronol

8/19/2019 A Mycenaean Tale of Two Cities a Chronol

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Richard Bott 2

It *as d.ring the Late Helladic III period that Mycenaean c.lt.re in /reece reached

its 0enith% The contin.al architect.ral development of the fortifications at the t*o Mycenaean

citadels Tiryns and Mycenae d.ring this period can 2e seen as evidence of this pea3% It has

long 2een accepted that the Mycenaean c.lt.re *as that of an independent *arriorpeople

and this *as reflected in their fortifications%1 Ho*ever *hile the mon.mental Cyclopean

fortifications of Tiryns and Mycenae might leave one *ith the opinion that the t*o centres

*ere secl.ded and *ary of others the shared feat.res of the fortifications 2et*een the t*o

sites s.ggests other*ise% This essay examines the chronological evol.tion of the fortifications

at Tiryns and Mycenae d.ring the 1&th and 14th cent.ries !CE and arg.es that despite the

mon.mental fortifications the t*o centres shared a relationship that had a contin.al infl.ence

in the evolving design of the citadels fortifications%

D.ring the early portion of the 1&th cent.ry !CE the .pper level of the citadel at Tiryns *as

fortified *ith mon.mental Cyclopean *alls%" These *alls *ere the first stage of the

mon.mental 2.ilding program at Tiryns that *o.ld event.ally see the entirety of the citadel

encircled *ithin the large Cyclopean defensive *alls that still remain in part today $fig%1 5

6(% This first stage of mon.mental 2.ilding follo*ed the 2asic layo.t of the *alls esta2lished

d.ring the MH period altho.gh they covered a greater area and *ere larger in si0e% Contained

*ithin these first *alls *ere the palatial 2.ildings s.ch as the megaron and royal residences%

4 The entrance *ay to the citadel at this time *as placed f.rther so.th altho.gh still on the

eastern side than the main entrance of the final stage of fortification and *as a simpleentry

gate%& This early entrance *ay into the citadel *as originally fortified via a simple thic3ening

of the *alls that terminated either side of the entrance% 7hortly after these first mon.mental

1 Kelder 2010, 1

2 Schofeld 2007, 86

3 Thomatos 2006, 189; see also Scouooulos 198!,62"3


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Richard Bott 3

*alls *ere 2.ilt the entrance *ay to the citadel *as again reinforced *ith t*o to*ers either

side of the entrance t.rning *hat *as a simpleentry gate into a singlegate entrance% 6 This

type of gate constr.ction *as the preferred form of mon.mental entrance *ays d.ring the LH

IIIA"! periods *ith examples also 2eing fo.nd at /la and Mycenae%8 -ith examples also

2eing fo.nd at other contemporary sites this does s.ggest that there *as some sharing of

defensive architect.ral 2.ilding techni9.es 2et*een these Mycenaean settlements%

At Mycenae as at Tiryns the mon.mental Cyclopean fortifications that encircle the citadel

*ere constr.cted in three distinct phases% The res.lt of these phases sa* the fortifications at

Mycenae 2ecome expansive as the fortification circ.it *as lengthened each time to ma3e

room for an ever expanding pop.lation% The first stage of the mon.mental fortifications at

Mycenae 2egan in the early half of the 1& th cent.ry !CE ro.ghly 4' years after the first

Cyclopean *alls *ere erected at Tiryns%: ;.st as at Tiryns the *alls from the first stage of

2.ilding at Mycenae *ere constr.cted in the Cyclopean style *ith the stones .sed in the

2.ilding ta3en from the s.rro.nding 2edroc3%


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Richard Bott !

2.ilding and re2.ilding that occ.rred at Mycenae d.ring the 1&th and 14th cent.ries !CE the

location of the original entrance to the 1& th cent.ry citadel cannot acc.rately 2e determined%

Ho*ever excavations aro.nd the Lion /ate and the ramp that leads .p to this entrance have

sho*n that an earlier ramp existed 2eneath the later ramp% This earlier ramp *as 2.ilt in the

opposite direction to the later ramp clim2ing east to *est% Excavation also fo.nd a small

section of 2edroc3 that had 2een deli2erately flattened s.ggesting that this *as the site of the

original entrance% If so this p.ts the original main entrance slightly f.rther so.th than the

later Lion /ate%11 Altho.gh this is only spec.lation it does acco.nt for all the data provided

via the excavations%

There is a general consens.s *ithin the literat.re that the first stage of 2.ilding at Tiryns

occ.rred ro.ghly 4' years earlier than the first stage at Mycenae%1" This s.ggests that at least

for the first period of fortification 2.ilding Tiryns served as the prototype on *hich the

fortifications at Mycenae *as 2ased% F.rther evidence for Tiryns acting as this prototype may

2e ta3en from the gate development% As mentioned earlier the citadel at Tiryns originally had

a simpleentry gate *hich *as soon replaced 2y a singleentry gate d.ring the 1& th cent.ry

!CE $LH IIIA1>"(%14 The singleentry gate then *ent on to 2ecome the preferred form of

mon.mental gate design at other Mycenaean citadels incl.ding Mycenae d.ring the LH

IIIA"!1 period%1& Ho*ever very little of the fortifications from this first phase of 2.ilding

remain at either site% This ma3es f.rther comparison diffic.lt as there is limited physical

evidence to go 2y% This disparity in compara2le evidence from the first phase of fortification

11 /id, 28"9

12 %lo$as 1966, 236; see also a-o(idis 1983* 27 Schofeld 2007, 78

13 +oader 1998, 83; see also Scouooulos 198!, 6! %lo$as 1966, 12

1! +oader 1998, 77


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Richard Bott .

constr.ction co.ld ho*ever 2e interpreted as evidence of a limited relationship 2et*een the

t*o sites% !.t *itho.t evidence this is only .nfo.nded spec.lation%

Despite the lac3 of physical evidence from this first period the li3elihood of a relationship

already existing 2et*een the t*o citadels is 9.ite high% As mentioned earlier it is generally

accepted that the *alls at Tiryns *ere completed ro.ghly 4' years 2efore Mycenae?s% There

has also 2een no s.2stantial evidence fo.nd to s.ggest that Mycenae had any fortifications

prior to the 1&th cent.ry%16 If Tiryns and Mycenae *ere competing po*ers on the Argolid

plain this period of 4' years d.ring *hich Mycenae *as .nfortified *o.ld have presented

Tiryns *ith ample opport.nity to attac3 and *ipe o.t an .nprotected enemy *ho *as in

relative close proximity% Ho*ever Mycenae *as allo*ed to s.rvive and later thrive d.ring

the 14th cent.ry% This s.ggests that there *as already a relationship esta2lished 2et*een the

t*o po*ers%18

The next phase of the fortification 2.ilding at Tiryns occ.rred mid*ay thro.gh the 14th

cent.ry !CE%1: This second phase of 2.ilding *as responsi2le for t*o 3ey developments to

the citadel% The first of these developments sa* the expansion of the *alls and as a res.lt the

expansion of the living area inside% D.ring this second phase the *alls of Tiryns *ere

extended to the north so.th and east% The so.th *all *as 2.ilt thic3er and had several

storerooms constr.cted *ithin it along *ith a small passage*ay o.t of the citadel that co.ld

2e easily 2loc3ed off if the inha2itants fo.nd themselves .nder attac3%1<

-hile the *all on the

north side of the citadel *as moved f.rther north and enlarged the res.lting *all 2ecame the

1. %lo$as 1966, 1."6

16 /id, 33".

17 a-o(idis 1983, .

18 /id, 6


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Richard Bott 6

large Cyclopean divider that *o.ld later define the 2o.ndary 2et*een the .pper and middle

citadels from the lo*er $fig%1(%1= This movement of the northern *all added ro.ghly 4'''

s9.are metres of extra space inside the citadel% This expansion of the citadel *alls s.ggests a

gro*th in pop.lation si0e and as s.ch an increase in prosperity and po*er for those at Tiryns%

The Lo*er Citadel *as also fortified for the first time d.ring this period% The fortification

*alls aro.nd the Lo*er Citadel at this point *ere not the large Cyclopean *alls that are

c.rrently seen *hich *ere 2.ilt d.ring the third phase of 2.ilding at Tiryns 2.t rather *ere

constr.cted from m.d2ric3 and r.22le%"'

D.ring the second phase of fortification development at Tiryns there *as also a

redevelopment of the main gate of the citadel% The main gate *hen constr.cted in the 1& th

cent.ry ended .p as a singlegate entry *hich allo*ed possi2le invaders to attac3 the citadel

en masse%"1 To co.nteract this possi2le threat an artificial terrace *as constr.cted in front of

the old gate*ay r.nning north to so.th% This terrace *as then *alled off on 2oth the east and

*est ends creating a long corridor% The earlier terrace to the north of the original entrance *as

converted into a ramp and li3e the ne*ly constr.cted terrace *as *alled on 2oth the east and

*est sides% -ith the *estern side of the ne* ramp 2eing fortified this in t.rn strengthened the

original east *all of the citadel%"" The constr.ction of the *alls along the ramp and terrace

served to narro* the entrance to the citadel% This restricted the n.m2ers of possi2le attac3ers

that co.ld move thro.gh at any one time and made any attac3 on the citadel more da.nting%

-ithin this corridor a t*oentrance gate *as constr.cted%"4 This t*oentrance gate again

*o.ld have made any attac3 more diffic.lt as any attac3ers *o.ld have no* had to negotiate

19 Scouooulos 198!, 67"8

20 ara$ 2010, 72.; see also Schofeld 2007, 87

21 +oader 1998, 83; see also a-o(idis 1983, ."6

22 a-o(idis 1983, ."6


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t*o *ell defended gate*ays *hile opening themselves to attac3 from defenders on the *all%

Interestingly the first of the t*o gates into the ,pper Citadel is similar to the Lion /ate at

Mycenae% There are similarities in appearance constr.ction and 2.ilding materials .sed%"&

At Mycenae the second phase of fortification 2.ilding too3 place d.ring the height of

Mycenae?s po*er and prosperity% As s.ch the second 2.ilding phase reflects this increase in

po*er and prosperity *ith large extensions of the fortification *alls and the constr.ction of a

ne* mon.mental entrance *ay% The second phase at Mycenae *as mon.mental in scale and

the *all extensions sa* that the area inside the citadel increase 2y almost &' percent%"6 The

*estern fortification *all *as moved 6' to 8' metres do*n the hill and meant that the

fortification *alls no* encompassed /rave Circle A and the C.lt Centre%"8 This extension of

the *estern fortification *all *as a mon.mental tas3 that *o.ld have re9.ired a great amo.nt

of reso.rces%": It has 2een s.ggested that this extension of the *estern *all *as primarily

done to protect /rave Circle A%"


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Richard Bott 8

constr.ction of the *estern *all%"= This s.ggests that *hen the first defensive *alls *ere

2eing constr.cted the C.lt Centre *as not seen as important eno.gh to incl.de *ithin the

fortifications .nli3e the megaron and other palatial 2.ildings% !.t no* as Mycenae had

ample reso.rces the C.lt Centre co.ld 2e incl.ded%

@ne of the more stri3ing feat.res from the second 2.ilding phase at Mycenae is the

Lion /ate $fig%8(% The Lion /ate meas.ring .st over ten feet high and 1' feet *ide *as

constr.cted as the ne* main gate*ay into the citadel%4' This mon.mental entrance*ay *as

2.ilt to help sec.re and defend one of the most v.lnera2le points in the fortifications at

Mycenae%41 ,nli3e the rest of the *alls *hich *ere constr.cted .sing Cyclopean masonry

the Lion /ate *as 2.ilt .sing Ashlar masonry% 7cholars have s.ggested several reasons as to

*hy Ashlar masonry *as .sed in the constr.ction of the Lion /ate% First Ashlar masonry

*as .sed to give greater strength to the entrance *ay as the Ashlar masonry co.ld not 2e torn

do*n easily and presented no foot or hand holds *hich *o.ld assist any potential attac3ers

attempting to scale the gate% The second s.ggested .se of Ashlar masonry is simply to ma3e

the Lion /ate loo3 more impressive in appearance%4" A2ove the fo.r monolithic sla2s of

conglomerate stone that ma3e .p the gate*ay is the limestone relief from *hich the Lion

/ate?s name is ta3en%44

,nli3e the gate*ay from the second phase at Tiryns *hich had *alls on 2oth sides

from *hich defenders co.ld attac3 invaders the ramp .p to the Lion /ate only allo*ed

29 ara$ 2010, 67.

30 +a)re$ce 1996, !8

31 Simso$ 1981 , 12

32 %lo$as 19.7, 22

33 Scouooulos 198!, 29"31; see also a-o(idis 1983, 30"1 +a)re$ce 1996,!8".0


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Richard Bott 9

defenders to attac3 the left side of invaders%4& This meant that it *as harder for the defenders

to inflict damage as they *ere only a2le to attac3 the shielded side% To co.nteract this a

2astion proecting o.t from the other side of the Lion /ate *as constr.cted% This rectang.lar

2astion also served to narro* the approach to the Lion /ate meaning fe*er people *o.ld

have 2een a2le to attac3 at any one time%46

7hortly after the constr.ction of the Lion /ate the Borth /ate $or #ostern /ate( *as

2.ilt% Altho.gh 2eing of a slightly later constr.ction date it is still vie*ed as part of the

second phase at Mycenae%48 The Borth /ate is similar to the Lion /ate in design altho.gh

2.ilt *itho.t a relieving triangle or decorative relief carving% Li3e the Lion /ate the Borth

/ate *as constr.cted from fo.r 2loc3s of conglomerate stone and even had a small to*er or

2astion to narro* the approach and expose 2oth sides of any potential attac3ers%4: The

similarities 2et*een the t*o gates has led some scholars to s.ggest that the Borth /ate *as a

replica of the Lion /ate on a smaller scale%4


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Richard Bott 10

stri3ing similarities that arises from this period is 2et*een the Lion /ate at Mycenae and the

first of the gate*ays $or sister gate?( into the ,pper Citadel at Tiryns% These t*o gates are

similar in si0e shape design and appear to have 2een a conscio.s copy of one another %&'

Ho*ever it is the material .sed in constr.ction that s.ggests a relationship 2et*een Mycenae

and Tiryns and this relationship infl.enced the design of the gates% !oth gates ma3e .se of

conglomerate roc3 *hich *as fo.nd in the area s.rro.nding Mycenae 2.t not Tiryns%&1

Mylonas arg.es that the gate*ay at Tiryns *as a conscio.s copy of the Lion /ate%&" This is

s.pported thro.gh the .se of conglomerate in the gate constr.ction at Tiryns as conglomerate

*as a readily availa2le reso.rce at Mycenae so *as li3ely .sed there first% The .se of

conglomerate at Tiryns also s.pports the idea that there *as an exchange of information and

reso.rces 2et*een Mycenae and Tiryns% As those in po*er at Mycenae are allo*ing the

2.ilders at Tiryns to ma3e .se of a local reso.rce% ,ns.rprisingly 2oth gates also appear to

have 2een sec.red the same *ay% 7oc3ets appear in 2oth gate*ays *hich *o.ld have allo*ed

*ooden 2eams to 2e placed across sec.ring the doors%&4

The third and final stage of the mon.mental fortification constr.ction at Tiryns occ.rred

d.ring the latter portion of the 14th cent.ry !CE and res.lted in some of the most nota2le

architect.ral feat.res at the citadel% && It *as d.ring this phase that the citadel at Tiryns too3

on its final form this incl.ded the final stage of redevelopment for the main entrance*ay%

The main gate to the citadel evolved to an Lshaped entry d.ring this period%&6 This *as

achieved *ith the 2.ilding of another large fortification *all do*n the eastern side of the

!0 %lo$as 1966, 27

!1 5ace 19!9, 13."6; see also +oader 1998, 8. %lo$as 1966, 27

!2 %lo$as 1966, 27

!3 Ta%lour 1983, 103

!! a-o(idis 1983, 6


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Richard Bott 11

citadel *ith a Cyclopean ramp constr.cted do*n the o.tside of the *all $fig%&(% This forced

attac3ers to clim2 .p the ramp 2efore having to ma3e a sharp =' degree t.rn at the top% They

*ere then confronted *ith a gate%&8 This gate*ay and ramp constr.ction meant that attac3er

.nshielded right side *as exposed to defenders atop the *all%&: @nce inside this main gate

there *ere t*o directions one might travel% To the left $so.th( *as the ,pper Citadel *hile to

the right $north( *as the Lo*er Citadel% In order to get to the ,pper Citadel one m.st first

pass thro.gh the t*o gates esta2lished d.ring the second phase of 2.ilding% This left any

potential attac3ers in a long narro* corridor *ithin *hich they *ere v.lnera2le to defender

atop the *alls either side% Ho*ever the passage to the Lo*er Citadel *as clear %&


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Richard Bott 12

*alls%61 !.ilt into the Cyclopean *alls of the Lo*er Citadel *ere t*o gates% @ne thro.gh the

north *all and one thro.gh the *est *all% These passages provided a direct path 2et*een the

lo*er citadel and the o.tside and *ere possi2ly .se to allo* the people of the lo*er to*n to

move into the lo*er citadel in times of danger %6"

@ne interesting 2.ilding techni9.e that appears to 2ecome 9.ite prominent d.ring the

third stage of fortification 2.ilding at Tiryns is the .se of cor2el va.lting in constr.ction%

!esides the Borth /ate there are fo.r clear examples of the .se of cor2el va.lting in

passage*ays at Tiryns% The t*o galleries located on the so.theast *all and so.th *all in the

,pper Citadel are t*o s.ch examples $fig%"(% Here cor2el va.lting has 2een .sed to constr.ct

the galleries *ithin the citadel *alls *itho.t *ea3ening the *all or red.cing that amo.nt of

space that co.ld 2e .sed atop the *all%64 Cor2el va.lting *as also .sed to sec.re a *ater

s.pply for those inside the citadel% In 1=8" t*o passage*ays leading to .ndergro.nd cisterns

in the Lo*er Citadel *ere discovered%6& These passage*ays passed thro.gh the *estern *all

of the Lo*er Citadel and r.n parallel in a do*n*ards direction for ro.ghly "' metres o.tside

the *alls%66 The ceilings of these passage *ays *ere constr.cted .sing cor2el va.lting *hile

the steps *ere c.t into the roc3 or possi2ly made of *ood%68 The constr.ction of these

passage*ays provided the inha2itants of the citadel access to fresh *ater sho.ld they find

themselves .nder siege% Cor2el va.lting *as also .sed in the constr.ction of the niches fo.nd

.1 +a)re$ce 1996, !6; see also ara$ 2010, 726

.2 %lo$as 1966, 13"!; see also a-o(idis 1983, 10 Thomso$ 1978, 37!

.3 a-o(idis 1983, 12

.! /id

.. %lo$as 1966, 1.

.6 a-o(idis 1983, 12


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Richard Bott 13

*ithin the Cyclopean *alls% These niches *ere possi2ly .sed for storage or for archers to fire

o.t from $as some have slits that *o.ld allo* one to fire thro.gh(% 6:

In contrast to the third phase at Tiryns the third phase at Mycenae *as very localised and

changed very little of the final shape of the citadel $fig%


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Richard Bott 1!

Altho.gh the extensiveness of the final stage of fortification 2.ilding differs at 2oth sites it is

perhaps d.ring this period that there is the most evidence for a relationship 2et*een Tiryns

and Mycenae% -hile it has 2een s.ggested that some of the additions made to the citadels

d.ring this period *ere inspired 2y older Anatolian citadels the 2.ilding techni9.es and

fre9.ency that the feat.res appear at 2oth Mycenae and Tiryns s.ggest that each site *as

infl.enced 2y the other %8& A common techni9.e seen at 2oth sites d.ring this period is the .se

of cor2el va.lting% The .se of cor2el va.lting can 2e fo.nd in almost all the additions to 2oth

citadels *ith the exception of the Cyclopean *all extensions d.ring the third period% At

Tiryns cor2el va.lting is especially prominent and *as .sed in the niches in the *alls of the

Lo*er Citadel the galleries of the ,pper Citadel the Borth /ate in the Lo*er Citadel and in

2oth of the passage*ays to the .ndergro.nd cisterns% -hile at Mycenae cor2el va.lting *as

.sed in the constr.ction of the sally ports the passage*ay to the .ndergro.nd cistern and in

the corridors of the north *all%86

-hile these str.ct.res appear to 2e contemporary one may posit that the sec.ring of a

*ater s.pply and the .se of cor2el va.lting appeared first at Mycenae and *as then

replicated at Tiryns% This is 2eca.se the galleries fo.nd aro.nd northeast extension at

Mycenae appear to have 2een added after the extension *as 2.ilt and are modelled on the

galleries at Tiryns%88 This staggered constr.ction timeline at Mycenae s.ggests that the

northeast extension *as 2.ilt first and then Tiryns replicated the sec.ring of a *ater s.pply

*ithin the citadel *all and the .se of cor2el va.lting in the constr.ction of the afore

mentioned galleries of the ,pper Citadel and the niches seen in the Lo*er Citadel *alls%

These galleries and niches *ere then replicated at Mycenae 2.t to a less s.ccessf.l degree as

6! Kelder 2010, 28; see also ermeule 1972, 26!

6. %lo$as 1966, 28"9, 32, +a)re$ce 1996, .2

66 1966, 29


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Richard Bott 1.

the *alls had already 2een constr.cted% This is f.rther evidence of a relationship 2et*een the

t*o sites%

The citadel fortifications at Tiryns and Mycenae .nder*ent three stages of

development and redevelopment d.ring the 1&th and 14th cent.ries !CE% These fortifications

2egan in the early to middle portion of the 1&th cent.ry *ith 2.ilding at Tiryns

2eginning ro.ghly 4' years 2efore Mycenae% These first fortifications *ere limited at 2oth

sites to the top portion of the citadels *hich ho.sed the palatial 2.ildings% There is very little

remaining of the first phases of development at either side as s.2se9.ent re2.ilding has

destroyed many of these early str.ct.res% Ho*ever despite the lac3 of physical evidence it

does appear that there *as a f.nctioning relationship 2et*een the sites% The second phase of

development at Mycenae *as the largest and sa* the expansion of the area inside the *alls

increase 2y ro.ghly &' percent% D.ring this phase the Lion /ate *as constr.cted% It appears

that the Lion /ate *as replicated at Tiryns d.e to the .se of conglomerate roc3 in 2oth gates

*hich *as only fo.nd at Mycenae% This is f.rther evidence of the relationship 2et*een 2oth

sites% The third and final stage of 2.ilding occ.rred in the latter portion of the 14 th cent.ry%

This phase sa* the fortification of the Lo*er Citadel at Tiryns and the addition of the

galleries in the ,pper Citadel along *ith sec.ring of a *ater s.pply thro.gh t*o

.ndergro.nd passage*ays% -hile at Mycenae there *as a small addition in the shape of the

northeast extension% This incl.ded the addition of t*o sally ports and li3e at Tiryns the

sec.ring of a *ater s.pply via an .ndergro.nd passage% It is li3ely that d.ring this period

Mycenae first sec.red a *ater s.pply *hich *as then replicated at Tiryns along *ith the

addition of the galleries% It then appears that Mycenae added its o*n galleries to replicate


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Richard Bott 16

Tiryns% Mycenae and Tiryns appear to have shared a relationship that sa* developments in

the fortifications at one site infl.ence the design of the fortifications at the other% This appears

to have 2een ongoing thro.gho.t the pea3 of Mycenaean po*er d.ring the 1& th and 14th

cent.ries !CE%


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Richard Bott 17

4i&ure 1* The three sta&es o

de(elome$t at Tir%$s itadel 1" 4irst

sta&e, earl% 1!th ce$tur% B; itadel 2"

Seco$d sta&e, earl% 13th ce$tur% B;th

4i&ure 2* $e o the &alleries rom

Tir%$s )ith cor/el (aulti$&

4i&ure 3* ie) o %cloea$ )alls a$d )est staircase rom

the third hase at Tir%$s


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Richard Bott 18

4i&ure .* #erial (ie) o the rui$s o Tir%$s +o)er itadel is at the to

4i&ure !* The outer %cloea$ )all a$d mai$

e$tra$ce ram o$structed i$ third hase o

/uildi$& at Tir%$s +atter hal o the 13 th ce$tur%

B


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Richard Bott 19

4i&ure 8* a o %ce$ae ater third eriod o /uildi$& To ri&ht cor$er

co$tai$s the $ortheast e:te$sio$

4i&ure 7* ie) o %cloea$ )allsat %ce$ae4i&ure 6* +io$ ate at %ce$ae )ith#shlar /loc-s 5all to let o &ate, a$d

/astio$ to the ri&ht


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Richard Bott 20

4i&ure 9* $tra$ce to u$der&rou$d

cister$ at %ce$ae Sho)i$& cor/el

(aulti$&


21/23

Richard Bott 21

Fig.re List%

1% The three stages of development at Tiryns% Citadel 1 First stage early 1&th cent.ry

!CE Citadel " 7econd stage early 14

th

cent.ry !CE Citadel 4 Third stage late 14

th

cent.ry !CE%

Mylonas 1=88 14

"% @ne of the galleries from Tiryns *ith cor2el va.lting%

http>>en%*i3ipedia%org>*i3i>Tirynsmediavie*er>FileTirynsGaGpassage*ay%pg

accessed '">"'16

4% +ie* of Cyclopean *alls and *est staircase from the third phase at Tiryns%

http>>.pload%*i3imedia%org>*i3ipedia>commons>e>ea>TirynsG

GCyclopeanGmasonry%pg accessed '">"'16&% The o.ter Cyclopean *all and main entrance ramp% Constr.cted in third phase of

2.ilding at Tiryns% Latter half of the 14th cent.ry !CE%

http>>***%2rynma*r%ed.>collections>nehinterns>Ayia7otira>regionGtiryns%html

accessed '">"'16

6% Aerial vie* of the r.ins of Tiryns% Lo*er Citadel is at the top%

http>>***%2rynma*r%ed.>collections>nehinterns>Ayia7otira>regionGtiryns%html

accessed '">"'16

8% Lion /ate at Mycenae *ith Ashlar 2loc3s% -all to left of gate and 2astion to the right%http>>.pload%*i3imedia%org>*i3ipedia>commons>">"6>Lions/ateMycenae%pg

accessed '">"'16

:% +ie* of Cyclopean *alls at Mycenae%

https>>*eallstandforsomething%files%*ordpress%com>"'1">'">cy%pg accessed

'">"'16

>pixgood%com>mycenaemap%html accessed :>'">"'16=% Entrance to .ndergro.nd cistern at Mycenae% 7ho*ing cor2el va.lting%

http>>***%hi3eno*%net>/reece>picancientmycenaecisterengreece%html accessed

=>'">"'16


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Richard Bott 22

!i2liography%

French Eli0a2eth% "'1'% Mycenae in The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean Cline

Eric ed% Be* Jor3 @xford ,niversity #ress%

French Eli0a2eth% "''"% Mycenae: Agamemnon's Capital: The ite and its etting % 7tro.d

Temp.s%

Ia3ovides 7pyros% 1=


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7co.fopo.los Bi3i C% 1=

A Mycenaean Tale of Two Cities a Chronol

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