A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. -Abraham Maslow Can you tell me what Maslow is describing?
A musician must make music, an artist must paint, a poet must write, if he is to be ultimately at peace with himself. What a man can be, he must be. -Abraham Maslow
Can you tell me what Maslow is describing?
Abraham MASLOW • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - our most basic needs
must be met before we can be our best self
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David McCLELLAND • Achievement Motivation
– demonstrated that people with a high need for achievement choose moderate to difficult tasks
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998
Walter CANNON & Philip BARD • We experience the physical
(heart racing) and the emotional ("I feel excited") at the SAME TIME
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Stanley SCHACTER • Two factor theory of emotion
– - we experience the physical (heart racing) and give it a cognitive label ("this is scary") and this produces our emotions
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Theories of Emotion
• Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?
3 Major Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange • Cannon-Bard • Schacter - Two Factor (also referred to as Schacter-
Singer)
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
A Physiological Response causes the Emotion
Fear (emotion)
Pounding heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming car
(perception of stimulus)
Support for James-Lange • Subjects report
feeling more sad when viewing scenes of war, sickness, and starvation if their “sad face” muscles are activated.
• They also find comic strips funnier if their “happy face” muscles are activated.
This is called the facial feedback effect
Criticism of James-Lange Fear
(emotion)
Pounding heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming car
(perception of stimulus)
LOVE
(emotion)
Pounding heart
(arousal)
Sight of
Your secret crush
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
• The Physiological Response and the
Emotion are experienced at the SAME
TIME
Sight of
oncoming car
(perception of stimulus)
Pounding heart
(arousal)
Fear (emotion)
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion • Says James-
Lange theory is full of crap.
• The
physiological change and the emotion occur simultaneously.
• They believed it
was the thalamus that helped this happen.
Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion
• We experience the Physiological Response and give it a Cognitive Label and this produces our emotions
Cognitive label
“I’m afraid”
Fear (emotion)
Sight of
oncoming car
(perception of stimulus)
Pounding heart
(arousal)
If you are in a falling vehicle heading toward the ground at 60 mph, your autonomic reac3on would include heart racing and screaming. But if your cogni3ve appraisal says you are on a rollercoaster, then you have the emo3on of “fun.”
Reviewing the three theories
Emotion follows (lags behind) arousal
Emotion occurs at the same time as arousal
Arousal + Cognitive label à Emotion
Experiencing Emotion • Does money buy happiness?
Year
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10%
0%
Average per-person
after-tax income in 1995 dollars Percentage
describing themselves as very happy
$20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000
$9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Percentage very happy
Personal income
Experiencing Emotion • Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
– tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level • brightness of lights • volume of sound • level of income
– defined by our prior experience – This is why winning the lottery would only make us happy
for a short while. Once the novelty of having all that money wears off, we adapt to this new level of wealth (or achievement, etc.)
• Relative Deprivation pony example (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qb0vquRcys)
– perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
Happiness is... Researchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise
However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness
The Concept of Happiness
• Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon: you will be helpful more often if you are in a good mood.
• Subjective Well Being: most common
measurement of happiness, satisfaction, and quality of life. Looks at physical as well as economic indicators.
Emotion Application Christine is holding her 8 month-old baby when a fierce dog appears out of nowhere and, with teeth bared, leaps for the baby’s face. Christine immediately ducks for cover to protect the baby, screams at the dog, and notices that her heart is banging and that she’s broken out in a cold sweat. How would the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and Two-Factor Theories explain Christine’s reaction?