ii A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIX {-FUL} IN FORMING NEW LEXICAL CATEGORIES AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By PRADINA FITRYANNISA Student Number: 124214133 ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2017 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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ii
A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIX {-FUL}
IN FORMING NEW LEXICAL CATEGORIES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
PRADINA FITRYANNISA
Student Number: 124214133
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2017
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that,
to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, February 9, 2017
Pradina Fitryannisa
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH
UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Pradina Fitryannisa
Nomor Mahasiswa : 124214133
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIX {-FUL} IN
FORMING NEW LEXICAL CATEGORIES
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan memublikasikannya di internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin kepada saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 9 Februari 2017
Yang menyatakan,
Pradina Fitryannisa
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Meilleur moment de l'année
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This undergraduate thesis
is dedicated to, the one and only,
my beloved mother
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks and praises to Almighty God, Allah SWT, who gives me the health
and strength so that I can finish my thesis. I would like to give big thanks for my
mother, and my brothers. Thank you, mom, Hj. Kahfi Sabariah S.Pd., M.P.Fis.
She is the only one who has been taking care of me until this day. I do not know
how to thank you for all that you have done for me. For me, she is my personal
hero.
I would give my special gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Bernardine
Ria Lestari, M.Sc., for the advice, guidance, and correction during the process I
finish my undergraduate thesis. I would also like to thank my co-advisor, Anna
Fitriati, S.Pd., M. Hum., for the suggestion and correction. I thank for the time and
the knowledge given to me in order to finish my undergraduate thesis.
My friends also take a big role in writing my undergraduate thesis. Thanks
for Julyan, Tjia, Sitoresmi, Amadah, Vitria, Desty, and Femi. They are always
there for me for a long time. Besides, their support is really worth for me.
Then, my thanks are expressed to Adi and Katarina, who always
accompany me any time. The last but not least, I would like to thank Aditya for
the support and kindness that he gave me. Also, I would like to thank who support
me from the beginning until this day.
Pradina Fitryannisa
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................ii
In analyzing the functions of the suffix {-ful}, there are three functions
are figured out in this study. The first one is the suffix {-ful} changes nouns into
adjectives. The second one is to form nouns to nouns. The last one is to change
verbs into adjectives. As considering the functions, the suffix {-ful} is categorized
as nominal and adjectival suffix. The morphophonemic processes that occur in the
words receiving the suffix {-ful} are vowel change and segment insertion.
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ABSTRAK
FITRYANNISA, PRADINA. A Morphological Analysis of the Suffix {-ful} in
Forming New Lexical Categories. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris,
Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2017.
Bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai bahasa yang produktif dalam afiksasi.
Salah satu jenis afiksasi adalah sufiksasi, yang merupakan sebuah proses
menambahkan akhiran ke kata dasar. Akhiran adalah bagian penting dari bahasa
Inggris karena proses sufiksasi sering digunakan dalam bahasa Inggris. Bahasa
Inggris memiliki banyak akhiran kata dengan penggunaan dan fungsi yang
berbeda-beda. Salah satu akhiran yang cukup produktif adalah akhiran {-ful}
yang dapat dilafalkan /f(ə)l/ atau /fʊl/. Oleh sebab itu, studi ini hanya fokus pada
akhiran {-ful}.
Dalam penelitian ini terdapat tiga rumusan masalah. Rumusan masalah
pertama adalah persoalan mengenai kata kata yang menggunakan akhiran {-ful}.
Pembahasan kedua fokus pada fungsi dari akhiran {-ful}. Pembahasan terakhir
yaitu mengidentifikasi proses morfofonemik yang terjadi pada proses sufiksasi
dari akhiran {-ful}.
Data-data untuk penelitian di ambil dari The COMPLETE SHORT
STORIES of Ernest Hemingway. Berdasarkan sumber tersebut, ada 42 kata-kata
yang berakhir dengan akhiran {-ful}. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English Ninth Edition (2015) digunakan sebagai alat bantu dengan tujuan
untuk menemukan bentuk fonetik dan kategori kelas kata. Untuk tahap analisis,
studi ini menggunakan pendekatan morfologi dan pendekatan fonologi karena dua
pendekatan ini digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah. Berdasarkan hasil
analisis, kata dasar dari data yang berakhiran {-ful} merupakan kata benda dan
kata kerja. Akhiran {-ful} juga melekat pada kata dasar yang berakhiran dengan
huruf 'e', 't', 'y', 'r', 'l', 'd', 's' dan juga fonem /t/, /s/, /θ/, /i/, /n/, /ɪə/, eə/, /ʊə/, /ɔɪ/,
/eɪ/, /ɪ/, /m/, /l/, /d/, /ə/, dan /z/.
Dalam menganalisis akhiran {-ful }, akhiran {-ful} memiliki tiga fungsi.
Fungsi pertama adalah akhiran {-ful} mengubah kata benda menjadi kata sifat.
Fungsi kedua yaitu membentuk kata benda dari kata benda. Yang terakhir adalah
mengubah kata kerja menjadi kata sifat. Mempertimbangkan hal tersebut, akhiran
{-ful} dikategorikan sebagai akhiran kata benda dan akhiran kata sifat. Proses
morfofonemik yang terjadi pada kata yang menerima akhiran {-ful} yaitu proses
perubahan vokal dan penyisipan vokal.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language as a device of communication has an important role in people’s
lives. People always need to communicate with others in order to share their
attitudes, expressions, ideas, and feelings. Basically, people must not only
understand their own language but also learn other languages from other countries
so that they can communicate with each other fluently and easily. Therefore,
language and people cannot be separated.
The systematic study of language itself is called linguistics. Morphology is
one of linguistics that is concerned with words and word formation. Katamba
states that morphology is “the study of the formation of words and internal
organization of word” (1993: 30). In other words, morphology is the study dealing
with the word formation. The word formation is related to how new words are
formed and how the words are created.
Affixation is a part of word formation. It means, affixation is one of the
types of word formations. Affixation is the most frequent process to form words
(Bauer, 1988: 19). Another theory taken from Katamba states that bases as “any
unit whatsoever to which affixes of any kind can be added. In other words, all
roots are bases” (1993: 45). It indicates the existence of bases before added by any
suffixes or prefixes. An affix is divided into three types, namely prefix, infix, and
suffix. Firstly, prefix is an affix, which is the front of base. Secondly, an infix is
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placed in the middle of two bases. Lastly, suffix is an affix attached to the end of
base.
The main focus of this study is the form of the affixation. To limit the
scope of the study, the adjective suffix {-ful} is discussed in this study. The
researcher has the attempts to analyze deeper and explain more specific about this
suffix. The consideration of choosing this topic is because the suffixation is the
most productive process in English vocabularies. Moreover, the suffixation has
existed since the period of Old English. One of suffixes from Old English that still
exists in Modern English is the suffix {-ful}. Carol mentions that the English the
suffix {-ful} in masterful, playful and useful creates adjectives. Meanwhile the
words such as armful, cupful, and spoonful create nouns. The suffix {-ful} is
developed from the adjective -full, which has already existed in Old English.
However, the suffix {-ful} already used in present-day English (2014: 272-273).
In other word, the suffix {-ful} is originated from Old English “full” which means
“full-of”. The usage of “full” is commonly attached at the head of a word such as
fulbrecan means “full of violate”. In addition, the suffix {-ful} is often used in
English words and it is easy to find in daily life. The English suffix {-ful} in
beautiful and shameful creates an adjective, while the suffix {-ful} in cupful and
spoonful creates a noun. From the changes above, the researcher finds that the
suffix {-ful} forms the lexical categories of words differently.
In a morpheme, there are two morphological processes. The first one is
derivational morpheme and the second one is inflectional morpheme. O’Grady,
Dobrovolksky, and Aronoff state that a derivational morpheme is “a bound
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morpheme that can create a word with a meaning or category distinct from the
stem of word or stem” (2010: 122). The function of suffix {-ful} is categorized
into the derivational suffix that makes a new word with a new meaning, and thus
it also changes the lexical category.
Suffix is an important part of the English language since the process of
affixation is often used to form a new word. There are several suffixes which
change the lexical category and the meaning of the words. For instance, the word
beauty (noun) and nation (noun) after added to the suffixes {-ful} and {-al}
become beautiful (adjective) and national (adjective). It shows that these suffixes
change the lexical category of the words before and after attached to the suffixes.
Thus, the researcher attempts to prove that the suffix {-ful} changes the lexical
category through the morphological process. In addition, each suffix has its own
rules of usage, and it is used with different words because not all the words can be
attached to the suffix {-ful}.
In order to gain the adequate data for this study, the researcher analyzes
twenty five short stories from The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest
Hemingway. The reasons why the researcher uses that short stories are because
that short story is often used by the students of English Letters Department of
Sanata Dharma University, especially in several courses, such as Prose 1, Writing
VI (Essay Writing), and Writing V (Creative Writing). Besides, in this short story,
there are many words containig the suffix {-ful}. Therefore, this study aims to
look for any words containing the suffix {-ful} from The COMPLETE SHORT
STORIES of Ernest Hemingway.
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This study is expected to give the readers better understanding in learning
adjective suffixes, especially in learning the suffix {-ful}. It is helpful for the
readers to understand the form and the function of the suffix {-ful}. Moreover,
through this study, the readers are given more understanding about the
morphophonemic processes of the suffix {-ful}.
B. Problem Formulation
This study aims to answer three formulated problems which are:
1. What are the bases receiving the suffix {-ful} inside the short stories?
2. What are the functions of the suffix {-ful}?
3. How do the morphophonemic processes occur in the suffix {-ful}?
C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulation, there are some objectives to be
achieved in this study. The twenty-five short stories are analyzed by the researcher
in order to find out the words having the suffix {-ful}. Besides, the aim of the first
objective is to discover the distributions of the suffix {-ful} when attaching to the
bases.
The second objective of this study is to identify what the functions of the
suffix {-ful} are. The researcher also examines the characteristics of bases
receiving the suffix {-ful}. The third objective of this study is to identify what the
morphophonemic processes in the suffix {-ful} are. The discussion of
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morphophonemic processes help the researcher analyzes the alteration that occurs
when the suffix {-ful} attaches to the bases.
D. Definition of Terms
In this part, the researcher provides the definition of terms used in this
study. The terms are going to be discussed are suffix, morphophonemic process,
and lexical category.
The first terminology is suffix. Suffix as suggested by Matthews is an affix
that comes after the form to which it is added (1997: 362). In sort, suffix is a
process of adding a morpheme to the end of base or stem in order to form a new
word. There are many suffixes used in English, some of them are the suffix {-ful}
and the suffix {-al}. The examples of words attached by suffix {-ful} are
beautiful, cheerful, useful, and peaceful. The examples of words attached to the
suffix {-al} are national, natural, and regional.
The second terminology is a morphophonemic process. A
morphophonemic process as explained by Crystal is
a branch of linguistic referring to the analysis and classification of the PHONOLOGICAL, factors with affect the appearance of morphemes, or, correspondingly, the GRAMMATICAL factors which affect the appearance of phonemes (2008:341).
The last terminology is lexical category. Lexical category is the
grammatical category or syntactic class (noun, verb, adjective, and adverb) a word
belongs to (Fromkin and Rodman, 1988: 123). In this study, one of the functions
of the suffix {-ful} changes the lexical category which is a noun to adjective class.
For instance, the base joy when attached to the suffix {-ful} undergoes a change
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of lexical category. It is changed into an adjective class. Another example is the
word achieve. The base achieve as a verb changes into achievement as a noun
when receiving the suffix {-ful}.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
In this part, the researcher intends to review five studies that can be related
to this study. Those five studies have certain similarities to this study. Firstly, the
studies reviewed are related to the same topic as this study which is suffixation.
Secondly, the studies reviewed have the same methodology as this study which is
a morphological study. Thirdly, the studies reviewed have the same aim as this
study which is to find the meaning of the suffix in certain words.
The first related study is taken from Prasetya’s thesis (2012). In his study,
he figures out two things. The first is the characteristics of base followed by the
suffix {-age} and the suffix {-ment}. The second thing is the functions of the
suffixes {-age} and {-ment}. The previous researcher examines which word
should be added to the suffix {-age} and which word should be added to the suffix
{-ment}.
After analyzing his study, Prasetya recognizes that there are some results
of his study. Firstly, Prasetya finds out that the only base that can be attached to
the suffix {-ment} is a verb. Secondly, the suffix {-age} can be attached to certain
adverbs, nouns, and verbs. Specifically, the noun base for this suffix can be both
concrete noun and abstract noun. As reading his study, there are differences and
similarities between Prasetya’s study and this study. From the characteristics of
the bases, there is a similarity in the distribution of the suffixes because the suffix
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{-ful} follow either a concrete noun or an abstract noun. It is also similar to the
suffix {-age} that can follow either a concrete noun or an abstract noun.
The difference from the study that is conducted by Prasetya and this study
are the functions of the suffixes. The previous researcher identifies that the
functions of suffix {-age} change a verb to a noun, a noun to a noun, and adverb
to a noun, whereas the suffix {-ment} only has one function that changes a verb to
a noun. Compared to this study, the researcher only focuses on the functions of
the suffix {-ful}.
The second related study is taken from Maharani’s undergraduate thesis
(2000). This study discusses the bases receiving the suffix {-cy} and the
allomorphs of the suffix {-cy}. As a result, the suffix {-cy} is a derivational suffix
that mostly attaches to adjective bases although it also attaches to noun and verb
bases. It can be concluded that this study analyzes the bases receiving the suffix {-
cy}. In addition, this study argues that the suffix {-cy} represents two allomorphs
namely {-ancy} and {-ency}.
This study is closely related to the previous study. In the beginning, the
present study starts with the distribution of suffix {-ful}, which is related to the
analysis of the base. This study also examines the base that can be combined by
the suffix {-ful}. Furthermore, from the analysis of the bases, there is a similarity
shared by both studies which lies on the objective. Both studies aim to find out the
bases that mostly attach to the suffixes {-ful} and {-cy}.
The third related study is from Setyorini’s undergraduate thesis (2005).
Setyorini analyzes the function and the morphophonemic processes of the suffix
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{-al} by using some theories, such as theories of morpheme and morphophonemic
processes. The data in this study are taken from Corpus Morphology and
Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language. After conducting
this study, Setyorini finds out that the suffix {-al} forms a noun to an adjective
class. In other words, the suffix {-al} attaches to the noun bases.
She also identifies the morphophonemic processes that occur in the suffix
{-al}. In the morphophonemic processes, she discovers there are two phonological
changes. The first change is a stress shift and the second is a consonant change.
For instance, the process of stress shift is shown in the word 'government + {-al}
which becomes govern'mental. The primary stress is moved to the penultimate
syllable when the word 'government attached to the suffix {-al}.
The focus of the present study is rather different from Setyorini’s. This
present study focuses on the suffix {-ful} since the function of suffix {-ful} is to
form an adjective. Whereas, the previous study only focuses on the suffix {-al} as
an adjective suffix. The suffix {-ful} is not discussed in the previous study even
though the suffix {-ful} belongs to the adjective suffix.
Moreover, this present study is different from the previous study since the
subjects of each study are different. The previous researcher uses Corpus
Morphology and Webster’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of the English Language as
the object of her study. On the other hand, the present researcher takes some data
from The COMPLETE SHORT STORIES of Ernest Hemingway as the object of
this present study.
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Other than differences, Setyorini’s study is supportive to the present study
because of the similarity. The similarity lies on how the distribution of the suffix
{-al} occurs. Besides, the discussions of morphophonemic processes are also
elaborated in these two studies. In the present study, the morphophonemic
processes are analyzed in the next chapter.
Another related study is from Hananto’s thesis (2015). This study argues
that the suffix {-ive} is a derivational suffix having the function to create an
adjectival word. Based on the lexical category, the bases of the suffix {-ive} are
verbs and nouns. However, most of the bases are verbs.
After examining Hananto’s study, there is a similarity and difference
found among these two studies. From the explanation above, based on their
function, the suffixes {-ful} and {-ive} form the adjectival words. In addition to
that, the suffixes {-ful} and {-ive} are categorized as adjectival suffixes. Although
they have the same function in order to create adjectival words, they are different
in the acceptance of the bases. The suffix {-ful} is mostly from a noun bases while
the suffix {-ive} is mostly from a verb bases.
The improvement of all the studies can be seen through the researcher’s
findings in this study. All of the studies above have not analyzed the adjectival
suffix. Therefore, by discovering the meaning and function of the adjectival
suffix, this study aims to improve all of the studies above. In order to develop this
study, the researcher uses some related studies which more or less have
similarities and relevance to the topic.
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B. Review of Related Theories
1. Morphology
O’Grady, Dobrovolksky, and Aronoff defines morphology as “the system
of categories and rules involved in word formation and interpretation” (1989: 4).
Another theory is from Bauer, morphology is “the study of words and their
structure” (2003: 3).
As understanding those theories, the researcher concludes that morphology
is a sub-branch of linguistics that deals with the internal structure of words. In
short, morphology relates to the word formation. By applying theories of
morphology in this study, the researcher is able to recognize how to identify
morphemes and their distribution in forming words. Therefore, morphology is
used to strengthen the object of this study.
a. Morpheme
O’Grady and John Archibald define a morpheme is a smallest language
element that contains information about meaning or function (2010: 116-117).
Another theory is taken from Kreidler, he state that morpheme are the minimal
units of language (1989: 13). For instance, the words big, run, green, unhappy,
quickness, and sadness are morphemes. Some words such as big, run, and green
only contain one morpheme while the words such as unhappy, quickness, and
sadness are the words contain more than one morpheme.
Akmajian et al. (2001: 18) state that “morphemes are futher categorized
into two classes: free morpheme and bound morphemes. A free morpheme can
stand alone as an independent word, such as word tree.” It means that a free
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morpheme can stand alone as an independent word. Meanwhile, a bound
morpheme is a morpheme which cannot stand alone. It must be attached to
another morpheme in forming a word.
On the other hand, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that must be
attached to another element. Based on the definition, it can be referred that a
bound morpheme cannot stand independently. It must be followed by a free
morpheme.
b. Derivational Morpheme
In explaining about the derivational morpheme, O’Grady et al. state that
derivational morpheme is a bound morpheme that creates a new word with a new
meaning (2010: 122). In other words, when a morpheme is attached to a base, it
changes the meaning and the lexical category of the new word. For instance, the
base work which is a verb. It is changed into adjective when the base receiving the
suffix {-er} so that it becomes the word worker.
c. Affixation
According to Dwijatmoko (2003: 9) affixation is “the addition of an affix
(prefix, infix, and suffix) to a base to form a new word”. He mentions that there
are three types of affixes that are prefix, infix, and suffix. It short, the affixes can
be divided into some types depending on the position of an affix attached to the
base.
i. Suffix
According to O’Grady and Guzman, a suffix is “an affix that is attached to
the end of its base is termed a suffix” (1989: 7). Another theory is mentioned by
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O’Grady and Archibald (2010: 120), an affix that is placed in the last position of
the base is called as a suffix. In short, suffix is a morpheme added to the end of
the base to create a new word. Some examples of suffixes in English are -ness in
‘happiness’, -ize in ‘winterize’, and -al in ‘national’. Therefore, the theory of
suffix is needed to be discussed since the object of this study is the suffix {-ful}.
ii. Infix
O’Grady and Archibald (2010: 120) state that an infix is one type of
affixes which is placed in the middle of a base. Another theory is taken from
Crystal. He defines that “infix is a term used in morphology referring to an affix
which is added within a root or stem” (2008: 243).
iii. Prefix
According to O’Grady and Guzman (1989: 138), a prefix means an affix
which is attached before a base word. In short, a prefix is an affix added to the
front or beginning of the root word to change the meaning. An instance is in the
word un-important. The prefix –un modifies the meaning of unimportant into
negative meanings. The other examples of the prefix are the words impossible,
release, and irregular.
2. Noun Categories
According to Hurford, abstract nouns are
common nouns that characteristically refer to abstraction such as activities, virtues, forces, emotions, vices, times, professions, and religions. It can be concluded that abstract nouns are immaterial things. Another type is concrete noun which is the opposite of abstract noun. It refers to the material things that can be experienced with the senses (1995: 30-32).
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From this theory, an abstract noun is classified as an idea, a concept, an
emotion, and a quality. The researcher finds out that an abstract noun is something
that cannot be physically touched. Abstract nouns cannot be experienced directly
with the senses. Therefore, the five physical senses cannot determine some
abstract nouns. Meanwhile, concrete nouns can be identified through five senses
such as taste, touch, sight, hearing, and smell.
3. Phonology
Phonology is defined as the description of the speech sound of a language
and the systematic of phonetic transcription variation found in language is known
as phonology (Kreidler, 1989: 13). Shortly, phonology is the study of sound
patterns. Phonology refers to the representation of the sound patterns in a
language or human’s sounds. It discusses how speech sounds are produced.
The morphophonemic process is a combination of morphology and
phonology. The morphophonemic process deals with the pronunciation change of
morpheme. in short, the morphophonemic process is a process of form changes in
which phoneme and morpheme are involved. In English, there are some