KREATUS A molecular biosensor for the measure of kidney function John Welsh, Ana Losada , Ning Voon, Onur Guzel , Taiwo Lawal ,Rufus Mitchell-Heggs ,Edward Da Fonseca ,Valeria Trujillo , Riccardo Barbano , Francesco Guagliardo,Lawrence Stewart , Thomas Lord INTRODUCTION KREATUS Chronic Kidney Disease is a common long term disease capable of progressing from mild kidney damage (stage 1) to kidney failure (stage 5) amongst those affected. The best measure for the stage of kidney disease is a patient’s glomerular filtration rate (GFR), normally calculated by a doctor from the results of the results of your blood creatinine test. The Kreatus is an easy to use, low-cost, fast and accurate sensor displaying creatinine concentration measurements from a sample of blood and sending values to an android app which provides immediate GFR results for patients. How it works: 1. The Electrodes A three enzyme sequence deposited on gold sputtered electrodes with an Iridium oxide film transducer. Two electrodes are simultaneously tested: • Electrode 1 = all three enzymes • Electrode 2 = urease The blood Urea variation is then cancelled out 2. The Voltmeter An Arduino was used as a voltmeter, calculating the potential difference between the working and reference electrodes. The sensor has 2 modes ; •Voltage mode •Creatinine concentration mode Selecting the creatinine concentration mode the voltage value is compared against a pre-calibrated voltage/pH curve from which the corresponding pH is obtained. This is translated into a creatinine concentration value displayed on the screen. On/Off switch Screen Arduino Arduino casing Charging port Main button 3. The App Via Bluetooth the Arduino sends the creatinine concentration value to the android app immediately as it is recorded. Within the app patients can create a profile with personal information required to calculate the GFR. Data is then stored in the app to monitor changes in GFR over time. Creatinine + H 2 O Creatine Creatinine Amidohydrolase Creatine + H 2 O Sarcosine + Urea Urea + H 2 O CO 2 + 2NH 3 Creatine Amidinohydrolase Urease
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KREATUSAmolecularbiosensorforthemeasureofkidneyfunction
JohnWelsh,AnaLosada,NingVoon,OnurGuzel,TaiwoLawal,RufusMitchell-Heggs ,EdwardDaFonseca,ValeriaTrujillo,RiccardoBarbano,FrancescoGuagliardo,LawrenceStewart,ThomasLord
INTRODUCTION KREATUSChronicKidneyDiseaseisacommonlongtermdiseasecapableofprogressingfrommildkidneydamage(stage1)tokidneyfailure(stage5)amongstthoseaffected.Thebestmeasureforthestageofkidneydiseaseisapatient’sglomerularfiltrationrate(GFR),normallycalculatedbyadoctorfromtheresultsoftheresultsofyourbloodcreatininetest.
TheKreatus isaneasytouse,low-cost,fastandaccuratesensordisplayingcreatinineconcentrationmeasurementsfromasampleofbloodandsendingvaluestoanandroidappwhichprovidesimmediateGFRresultsforpatients.
Howitworks:
1.TheElectrodes
Athree enzymesequence depositedongoldsputtered electrodeswithanIridiumoxidefilmtransducer.
Twoelectrodesaresimultaneously tested:• Electrode1=allthreeenzymes• Electrode2=ureaseThebloodUrea variationisthencancelledout
2.TheVoltmeterAnArduinowasusedas avoltmeter,calculatingthepotentialdifferencebetweentheworkingandreferenceelectrodes.
Thesensorhas2modes;
•Voltagemode
•Creatinineconcentrationmode
Selectingthecreatinineconcentrationmodethevoltagevalueiscomparedagainstapre-calibratedvoltage/pHcurvefromwhichthecorrespondingpHisobtained.Thisistranslatedintoacreatinineconcentrationvaluedisplayedonthescreen.
On/Offswitch
Screen
Arduino
Arduinocasing
Chargingport
Mainbutton
3.TheAppViaBluetooththeArduinosendsthecreatinineconcentrationvaluetotheandroidappimmediatelyasitisrecorded.
WithintheapppatientscancreateaprofilewithpersonalinformationrequiredtocalculatetheGFR.
DataisthenstoredintheapptomonitorchangesinGFRovertime.
Creatinine + H2O CreatineCreatinine Amidohydrolase
Creatine + H2O Sarcosine + Urea
Urea + H2O CO2 + 2NH3
Creatine Amidinohydrolase
Urease
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