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BUKU PEGANGAN

Manahan, S.E., 2003,

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY,

8th Ed., Lewis Publ., Boca Raton

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ISTILAH TERKAIT

Environmental Science

Ecology

Environmental Chemistry

Toxicological Chemistry

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Environmental Science

Field of knowledge that studies of howhumans and other species interact with

one another and with the nonlivingenvironment. It is both a physical and

social science that integrates knowledgefrom a wide range of disciplines,

including physics, chemistry, biology,geology, geography, economics, political

science, sociology, psychology, and

philosophy.

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What is Ecology ?

Ecology isthe study of environmental factors

that affect organismsand how organisms interact

with these factorsand with each other

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Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a system wherepopulations of species group

together into communities and

interact with each other and the

abiotic environment.

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What is Environmental Chemistry ?

Environmental Chemistry may be

defined asThe study of the sources,

reactions, transport, effects,and fates of chemical species

in water, soil, air and livingenvironments and the effects of

technology thereon

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What is Toxicological Chemistry ?

Toxicological Chemistry isthe chemistry of toxic substances

with emphasis upon theirinteractions with biologic tissue

and living organisms

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ATMOSPHERE HYDROSPHERE

GEOSPHERE BIOSPHERE

ANTHROSPHERE

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Atmosphere The atmosphere is the vast gaseous

envelope of air that surrounds the Earth.

Its boundaries are not easily defined. The atmosphere contains a complex

system of gases and suspended particlesthat behave in many ways like fluids.

Many of its constituents are derived fromthe Earth by way of chemical and

biochemical reactions.

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The thin layer of gases that cover Earths

surface.

Reservoir of gases,

Moderates Earths temperature,

Absorbs energy and damaging ultravioletradiation from the sun,

Transports energy away from equatorialregions and

Serves as a pathway for vapor-phasemovement of water in the hydrolic cycle.

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Absorption (Atmospheric)

Atmospheric absorption is defined as a process in which solarradiation is retained by a substance and converted into heat

energy. The creation of heat energy also causes the substance to

emit its own radiation. In general, the absorption of solar radiation

by substances in the Earth's atmosphere results in temperatures

that get no higher than 1800 Celsius. According to Wien's Law,

bodies with temperatures at this level or lower would emit their

radiation in the longwave band.

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Wien's Law

This radiation law suggests that the wavelength of maximumemission of any body is inversely proportional to its absolute

temperature. The following equation mathematically describes this

law:

lmax = C/T

where lmax is the body's maximum emitted wavelength of

radiation in micrometers (m),

C is a constant equal to 0.2897,and T is the temperature of the body in Kelvins.

E h Pl

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Earth Planet

Bumi dan

Udara B

?

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Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere describes the waters of

the Earth. Water exists on the Earth invarious stores, including the: atmosphere,

oceans, lakes, rivers, glaciers,

snowfields and groundwater. Water

moves from one store to another by way of:

evaporation, condensation,precipitation, deposition, runoff,

infiltration, sublimation, transpiration,

and groundwater flow.

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Geosphere

Is the solid inorganicportion of the

Earth (composed of rocks, minerals,and elements).

It can be regarded as the outer surfaceand interior of the solid Earth.

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Hydrologic Cycle

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Cycle

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Evaporation

Evaporation can be defined as the process by which liquid water is

converted into a gaseous state. Evaporation can only occur when

water is available. It also requires that the humidity of the

atmospherebe less than the evaporating surface (at 100 % relative

humidity there is no more evaporation). The evaporation processrequires large amounts of energy. For example, the evaporation of

one gram of water at a temperature of 100 Celsius requires 540

calories of heat energy (600 calories at 0 Celsius).

Calorie

Quantity of energy. Equals the amount of heat required to raise 1gram of pure water from 14.5 to 15.5 Celsius at standard

atmospheric pressure.

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Transpiration

Transpiration is the process of water loss from plants through

stomata. Stomata are small openings found on the underside ofleaves that are connected to vascular plant tissues. Some dry

environment plants do have the ability to open and close their

stomata. Transpiration is a passive process largely controlled by thehumidity of the atmospheric and the moisture content of the soil. Of

the transpired water passing through a plant only 1 % is used in the

growth process. Transpiration also transports nutrients from the soil

into the roots and carries them to the various cells of the plant.

Evapotranspiration

Combined loss of water to the atmosphere via the processes of

evaporation and transpiration.

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Biosphere

Zone of the Earth where life is found. Thebiosphere consists of all living things,

plant and animal. This zone ischaracterized by life in profusion,

diversity, and ingenious complexity.Cycling of matter in this sphere involves

not only metabolic reactions inorganisms, but also many abiotic

chemical reactions. Also called

ecosphere.

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Anthrosphere

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