Improving Water Quality in China: Where do you start? Greg Browder World Bank Water Week 2007 A Macro-Level Overview
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Improving Water Quality in China: Where do you start?
Greg BrowderWorld BankWater Week 2007
A Macro-Level Overview
China’s Environmental Setting
• Population Pressure: 1.3 billion people
• Rapid Urbanization: 1990-300m, 2020-900 million
• Aridity: Above Yangzte River-500 m3/per capita
• Heavily Polluted Rivers and Lakes
• Massive Red Tides and Eutrophication in Coastal Waters
Population Pressure
Heavily Polluted Rivers and Lakes
All China I – II
All China III – IV
All China V – V*
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
All China I – II All China III – IV All China V – V*
Perc
ent
DO < 2 mg/l
DO: 3 - 5 mg/l
Source: SEPA, Water Monitoring Data (1993-2003).
Eutrophication in Coastal Waters
Nutrients are the Main Problem
China’s Water Pollution Control Efforts
Main Focus of Efforts:
1990-2010: Industrial Pollution Control
2000-2020: Municipal Wastewater Management
2010-2030: Non-Point Source Control?
Municipal and Industrial (M&I) Pollution Trends
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
WW
Dis
char
ge (B
illio
n m
3/ye
ar)
Volume
0
5
10
15
20
25
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
CO
D (m
illio
n to
nnes
/ yea
r)
Urban Domestic
Industry
Load
Decrease in Industrial: Clean Production, Treatment and Restructuring
Stabilized Urban Domestic: Urbanization and Treatment
Source: OECD, 2005
Booming Municipal Wastewater Treatment
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1991 1996 2000 2004 2010(target)
Was
tew
ater
Tre
atm
ent C
apac
ity
(mill
ion
m3/
day)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Was
tew
ater
Tre
atm
ent R
ateWastew ater treatment
capacity (million m3/day)Waterw ater treatment rate (%)
Source: MOC, China Urban Construction Statistics Yearbook, 2004
Questions in Balancing the Brown and Green Agendas
How to Set Appropriate Municipal Discharge Standards?
When Should Non-Point Source Control Be Addressed?
Municipal Wastewater Standards in China
• Environmental Agency Has High Discharge Standards:
• Which Many Cities Struggle to Afford
1602,000<$1500Small and Poor
200 330$1500-$3000Medium
100 21> $3,000Large and Rich
Population (Million)# of CitesPer-Capita (US$)City Type
Note: Small and Poor Include County Capital Towns
30(NH3-N)
2015Total-N (mg/l)
3.01.00.5Total-P (mg/l)
302010SS (mg/l)
302010BOD (mg/l)
Class 2Class 1BClass 1A
Parameter
Diminishing Marginal Returns on Treatment Investments
Total unit cost (US$ m-3)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0% RemoveBOD 30 50-70 90-95 >95TSS 60 80-90 90-95 >95TN 15 25 40 >80TP 15 75 90 >90
PrimaryTreatment
Enhanced PrimaryTreatment
SecondaryTreatment
TertiaryTreatment
Illustrative U.S/EU Collection and Treatment Costs
Source: UNEP (1997); Note: P-reduction rates assume chemical precipitation of P
Municipal Wastewater Standards in China
Proposed Approaches:
Transitional Standards Based on Economic Development
More and Better Targeted Concessionary Funding
Ensure Wastewater Collection and Operation of WWTP(More Important than Discharge Standard?)
When Should Non-Point Source Control Be Addressed?
Major Sources of Non-Point Sources Not Controlled:
Fertilizer: 2006: China becomes largest user -35% of world total
Pesticides—China is world’s second largest user
Livestock: BOD load is conservatively estimated around 50% of M&I load
Average Nitrate Concentrations at Mouth of Yangzte River
Consequences: Coastal Eutrophication and Red Tides
Consequences: Lake Eutrophication
Why Non-Point Source Control Is Challenging
Fertilizers Boost Agricultural Productivity and Farmer Incomes
Government Can’t Control Farmers: Education and Awareness
Large number of farmers make command and control regulation difficult
Institutional Coordination Problems
Cities Still Struggling with Wastewater—No Stormwater Management
Complex Science Has to Back Policy Initiatives
World Bank Support to China to Improve Water Quality Management
25 Bank Urban Wastewater Projects: $4.0 billion investment
2006 GEF-World Bank East Asia Partnership: US$25 million
Projects Focusing on Lake Restoration: Lake Dianchi and Lake Tai
Watershed Management Programs: Loess Plateu and Pearl River
New EAP Sustainable Development Department Provides an OpportunityTo Improve Total Water Quality Management Efforts
Take Home Messages:Focus on M&I Pollution Control—But Don’t Overdo It!
Non-Point Source Control Takes Decades—Start Today!
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