2011/05/14 1 A LOW CARBON FUTURE with HYDROPOWER B. BARTA PrEng Hydropower Interest Group Sustainable Energy Society of Southern Africa Cell: 073 177 6045 Email: [email protected]PO Box 70439, Bryanston. 2021 A LOW CARBON FUTURE Basics of energy strategy suggestion Present and future energy generation means: • Cleaner coal power (e.g. Integrated gasification combined cycles – IGCC) • Natural gas (OCGT, CCGT - SA’s gas fields) • Nuclear energy (presently under worldwide scrutiny – favored inevitably as future option) • Renewable energy sources – defined as the type of energy sources that occurs in the environment naturally and repeatedly as biomass, wind, solar, hydro and ocean power
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2011/05/14
1
A LOW CARBON FUTUREwith
HYDROPOWERB. BARTA PrEng
Hydropower Interest GroupSustainable Energy Society of Southern Africa
GREEN ENERGY FROM HYDROPOWER Hydropower from wave and tidal movement
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DISTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES IN SOUTH AFRICA
A LOW CARBON FUTUREis depending on the hydropower
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FOREMOST ADVANTAGES IN DEVELOPING HYDROPOWER
• Multiple use of water in non-consumptive manner (no pollution/losses)
• Technology is robust, high-efficiencyand long lifetime (up to 20 - 30 years)
• Peak load energy optimising• Enables meeting fluctuation in energy
demand• Highest energy “payback ratio”• Indispensable back-up for other energy
generation sources
BARRIERS/CHALLENGESIN DEVELOPING HYDROPOWER
• Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)• State (public) ownership of vital resource/
infrastructure (access, servitudes, etc.)• Water Use Permit as per National Water
Act (No. 36 of 1998) - exclusive to hydropower
• Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)• National Energy Regulator SA license• Funding constraints
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RENEWABLE ENERGY FEED-IN TARIFF(REFIT)
NERSA’s REFIT values (March 2009):Technology Renewable Energy Feed-in Tariff
(Rand/kWh)
• Wind 1,25• Small hydro 0,94 (larger than 1,0 MW
but smaller than 10 MW)
• Landfill gas 0,90• Concentrated solar 2,10
NB: Appropriate tariffs under review by NERSA for other RE technologies
INTERGATED RESOURCE PLAN (IRP) estimates by DoE/NERSA
Salient estimates as per Draft IRP (November 2010) :
Prior 2010:• ESKOM’s medium term programme: 10 000 MW• Nuclear energy (delivering in 2023): 9 600 MW• Wind energy (Eskom + REFIT): 3 900 MW• Other RE sources (REFIT): 1 025 MW (?)• Solar energy (REFIT): 400 MW
After 2020:• Further RE sources: 7 200 MW• Imported hydropower from abroad: 3 349 MW
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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY/NERSA REFITProgramme/Guidelines
• Request for Information (RFI) into REFIT Programme yielded some 20 000 MW potential Renewable Energy (RE) capacity
• Renewable Energy Purchasing Agency• Qualifying Renewable Energy Generators
(RE Generators)• Power Purchasing Agreement (PPA) – final
version by DoE/NERSA due at end of Feb 2011
Department of Water Affairs standing on hydroelectric development (August 2010)
• DWA acknowledged that certain dam sites may be used for commercial purposes
• Water Use License may be issued providing that requirements of NWA are satisfied (Act No.36 of 1998, Section 4, 12 and 27 particularly)
• Public Private Partnership (PPP) models to be preferably applied in hydropower development
• DWA determined tariffs on hydroelectric energy output (see next slide):
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DWA TARIFFS ON HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY OUTPUT (August 2010)
• Hydropower development integrated with DWA’s infrastructure (e.g. dams, canals, pipelines, ect.):(i) fixed charge: Rand 10=00/kW per annum(ii) variable charge: Rand 0,01/kWh output
• Hydropower development downstream/upstreamof DWA’s infrastructure (not integrated):(i) fixed charge: Rand 5=00/kW per annum
(ii) variable charge: Rand 0,01/kWh output
DWA INFRASTRUCTURAL PROJECTSbetween 2006 and 2026
Projects proposed under the National Water Resource Strategy (2004) for the future development are:
• Five (5) future large dams primarily for irrigation in theLimpopo, KZN, N. Cape (e.g. Vioolsdrift), andW. Cape ultimately yielding some 340 millioncubic metres per annum – hydropower to consider
• Eleven (11) future large-scale water projectsfor residential, industrial and mining purposesultimately yielding another 630 million cubicmetres per annum – hydropower to consider
• Small hydro – situated at dams, canals, pipelines
(all types smaller than10MW) 38 247
INTERGATED RESOURCE PLAN (IRP)estimates by Hydropower Interest Group/SESSA
Realistic conventional “green” hydropower uptake curve(as in 2011)
Firm 300 MW by 2016another 400 MW by 2020
further 1 100 MW by 2030 Totaling to some 1 800 MW over next 20 years
for own use or by REFIT’s PPA or Bilateralagreements primarily along the Public PrivatePartnership principles providing that severalregulatory requirements will be adjusted to speed-up licenses application processes and REFIT limits
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INTERGATED RESOURCE PLAN (IRP) Recommendations by HIG/SESSA
• The final IRP 2010 programme should allocate at least700 MW for the development of conventional (green) hydropower prior to 2020
• REFIT PPA benefits to extend below 1MW and above10 MW enabling all IPPs to participate in this programme
• PPP models will applied where applicable but other models to be allowed in hydropower development
• To consider average lead time for the development of a small scale hydropower scheme (<10 MW) at 3 years
• To acknowledge current installation cost of small scale hydropower between Rand 10 and 15 million per MWdepending on type of plant within the border of RSA
A LOW CARBON FUTUREPolicy-adjusted IRP by 2030
Energy Energy Policy-adjusted Proportionalsource generator IRP (MW) break-down (%)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Coal Coal-fired steam 41 071 45,9Gas Open-cycle GT 7 330 8,2