Department of Dravyaguna IPGT&RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India Pooja Rohilla MD scholar R N Acharya Professor & Head Raghvendra Naik Phd Scholar [email protected],9904562033 A look into the contribution of Raja nighantu, an Ayurvedic Nighantu (lexicon) of 14 th century AD, towards drug safety
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A look into the contribution of Raja nighantu, an Ayurvedic ... of Dravyaguna IPGT&RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India Pooja Rohilla MD scholar R N Acharya Professor & Head Raghvendra Naik
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Department of Dravyaguna IPGT&RA, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India
A look into the contribution of Raja nighantu, an Ayurvedic Nighantu (lexicon) of 14th century AD,
towards drug safety
PHARMACOVIGILANCE
A basic and fundamental concept which plays an important role in assessing drug safety in any system of medicine. The science and activities related to detection, evaluation, understanding and prevention of adverse drug reactions or any other drug related problems.
5 trillion S
62 billion S Growing popularity
Sourse- Buisness standard ,2005
Pharmacovigilance- Ayurvedic view..
The concept of pharmacovigilance is not new to the Ayurveda. Ancient texts clearly mention that if a drug is used without the knowledge of its proper action, it would certainly act as a poison. The major goals of pharmacovigilance, i.e. to improve patient care and safety in relation to drug use, to promote rational drug use are recurrent themes of Ayurvedic pharmacology and therapeutics.
Ayurveda- Preventive aspect
• Along with the detailed description of properties and therapeutic action of individual drugs, ancient texts of Ayurveda clearly described all the possible adverse reactions and consequences of medicines when they prepared or used inappropriately in clinical practice.
• Documentation of such possible adverse drug reactions
explained in classical texts of Ayurveda to promote the rational use of drug and to prevent the ADR is the need of time.
Material and Methods ü In the present review, an attempt has been made to reveal the possible
adverse drug documentation specified in Raja nighantu (A lexicon of 14th centaury of Ayurveda).
ü After a critical analysis, the final observations has been given in a tabular
form consisting of the plants with their botanical name and their possible adverse reaction on different systems of the body.
ü For easy understanding, an attempt has also been made to express the t
echnical Sanskrit terms into convenient English language.* *Baghel M.S (2011). Standardization of Ayurvedic Clinical termino logies. IPGT & RA, GAU, Jamnagar, Gujarat.
Effects on Dosha: In Ayurveda, Tridosha are the essential triad influencing the health and disease conditions. Thus, the knowledge of side effects of drugs that affect their normal functions becomes necessary.
Vitiate vata (28)
Vitiate pitta (40)
Vitiate kapha (20)
Vitiate all Doshas (5)
Mukhalu Raphanus sativus Linn.
Palashi Hedychium spicatum
Ham-ex Smith
Vidarika Pueraria tuberosa DC.
Aamra (Unripe) Mangifera indica Linn.
Ksheera kumbhi Cucurbita lageneria
Duch.
Granthika (Pippali mula) Roots of Piper longum
Linn.
Nishpatri (karira) Capparis aphylla Roth.
Kapitha Feronia elephantenum
Corr.
Hasti-koshataki Luffa acutangula Roxb.
Kancha lavana (Black salt)
Kharjuri Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.
Kusumbha(Oil) Carthamus tinctorius L
inn.
Tinduka Diospyros embryopteris
Pers.
Vatsanabha Aconitum ferox Wall.
Shleshmataka Cordia dichotoma Forst.
-
Effect on Dhatus : Dhatus (tissues system) are vital for basic metabolism in body. Thus, study of interference in their normal function by the side effects of some medicines is must.
Drugs having Possible ADR on Gastrointestinal system
Possible ADR No.
Appetite depressants (Vahni shanti) 5
Emetics (Vanti kruta) 6
Heavy to digest (Durjara) 12
Producing burning sensation (Dahakruta) 10
Purgatives (Rechani) 14
Laxatives (Saraka) 10
Stool binding agents (Samgrahi) 11
Anti-carminatives (Aadhmankari) 5
Constipates (Vibandh dayaka) 3
Max. no.
Appetite depressants (Vahni shanti kara)
Baluki Gisekia pharnaceoides Linn.
Kshudra chanchu Corcorus antichorus Linn.
Pinda kharjuri Phoenix dactylifera Linn.
Kastha kadali
Curd (Dadhi)
Produce burning sensation (Dahakruta)
Vishamusti Strychnos nux-vomica Linn.
Chitraka Plumbago zeylanica Linn.
Kanchalavna Black salt
Tinisha Ougeinia dalbergioldes Benth.
Contd..
Emetics (Vanti kruta)
Katutumbi Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.
Shweta kakadani Capparis sepiaria Linn.
Shanapushpi Crotalaria spectabilis L.
Shana Crotalaria juncea L.
Rakta apamarga Achyranthes rubra Hook.f Check Heavy to digest (Durjara)
Varataki Solanum melangena Linn.
Baluki Gisekia pharnaceoides Linn. Koshamra- Schleichera trijuga Willd. Panas- Artogarpus integrifolia Linn. Kadali- Musa sapientum Linn. Narikela- Cocos nucifera Linn. Madhu bijapura- Citrus decumana Linn.
Contd..
fruits
Cont… Trimala (three types of body wastes) namely Purisha (faeces), Mutra (urine) and Sweda (sweat) form an indispensable part of excretory processes which maintain equilibrium in the body by eliminating toxic waste products. Among them drugs having adverse effect on intestine directly affect the normal defecation which results in to- Defecation
Fecal output ↑ Frequency ↑ Purgation
F𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐩𝐮𝐭↓ Constipation Difficult To Pass
Purgative (Rechani)
Tikta tundi Coccinia indica W.& A.
Indravaruni Citrullus colocynthis Schrad.
Yavatikta Andrographis paniculata Wall.
Kutaki Picrorriza kurroa Royal ex Benth.
Danti Baliospermum montanum Muell. Arg.
Trivrut Operculina turpethum Silva Manso.
Patola Trichosanthes dioica Roxb
Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz.
Poogaphala Areca catechu Linn.
Kampillaka Mallotus phillepinensis Muell. Arg
Contd..
Cont.… Laxative (Saraka)
Shana Crotalaria juncea Linn.
Atiamlaparni Vitis pentaphyla Thunb.
Brahmi Hydrocotyle asiatica Linn
Yavakshara Potassium carbonate K2Co3
Singhada Trapa bispinosa Roxb.
Tool Morus indica Griff.
Asana Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.
Kunda Jasminum pubescens Willd.
Peelu Salvadora persica Linn.
Madhu Honey
Stool binding agents (Sangrahi)
Shitivara (Siriyari) Celosia argentia Linn.
Tinduka Diospyros embryopteris Pers.
Kapittha Feronia elephantenum Corr.
Bilva Aegle marmelos Corr.
Navaneeta Butter Tila Sesamum indicum Linn. Shyamaka Echineochloa frumentacea Link.
• The drugs shown on slides attributed with different ADRs but maximum drugs have purgation as an adverse reaction, after that some fruits are heavy to digest.
• There are about 11 drugs which have stool binding property. So we can see the ADR like prolonged constipation, nausea, heaviness in abdomen etc.
• so whenever prescribing these medicines individually or with formulation we have to keep in mind that dose of the drug or formulation should be according to the constitution (Prakriti) and strength of patient (Rogibala). Otherwise it may lead to loose stools ,abdominal pains etc.
• Some poisonous drug like Strychnos nux-vomica Linn. should be given
after proper purification with a therapeutic value mention in API.
Cont…
Urinary system Urine output
Increased (diuresis)
Tila - Sisamum indicum Linn. Oushar lavana - Salt from bay region Chinodaka shali dhanya.
Shali dhanya - One type of rice
Trapusha - Cucumis sativus Linn.
Karkati - Cucumis sativus Linn. Ikshu (shweta) - Sacharum album
Linn.
Decreased (oliguria)
Nervous system
Sleep increased (Bahu nidrakari)
• Raja palandu- Allium cepa Linn. • Upodika- Basella rubra Linn. • Sneha yukta takra
• Jaggary / tracle made from juice of yavanala • Dugdha (Milk)along with fish, meat jaggery, mudga, moolaka. • Freshly collected leaves of Tambula (Piper betle Linn.)
Oedema Baala moolaka Raphanus sativus Linn. Uncooked and stale
Graying of hair Samudra lavana (Sodi muras)
Falling of hair
Shami (Prosopis spicigera Linn.
Obesity Rajadana (Mimusops hexandra Roxb.)
Pyretic Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox Wall.)
Conclusion
There is a popular misconception that Ayurvedic medicines are devoid of adverse reactions.
However, different classical texts of Ayurveda, describes all the adverse reactions to medicines when they are prepared or used inappropriately.
These mentioned possible risk of adverse effect can be minimize by following various guidelines and instructions mentioned in classical text of Ayurveda related to administration of drugs and dietetics. The success in any pharmacovigilance system is in the ability to prevent further adverse reactions successfully by understanding and using the available information in a proper and judicious manner.