A Level Politics POLITICAL IDEAS BOOKLET Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism & Feminism Name: Group:
A Level Politics
POLITICAL IDEAS BOOKLET
Liberalism, Conservatism, Socialism & Feminism
Name: Group:
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Liberalism
LiberalismisseenessentiallyasaproductofTheEnlightenmentasitrecognisesthathumansarerationalcreaturescapableofunderstandingtheworldandmakingdecisionforthemselves.Thedefiningfeatureofliberalismisitsbeliefinindividualismandfreedom.Corevaluesoverview
• Freedom/liberty:theindividualhasprimacyoverallothergroups• Individualism:individualsshouldbeabletomakedecisionbasedontheirown
interestsandthisshouldbeprotectedbylaw• Rationalism/reason:humansarecapableofreasonandlogical,areabletomaketheir
ownchoicesandsocietyisprogressive• Equality/socialjustice:everyoneinsocietyshouldbetreatedfairly.Beliefinequal
humanrightsforall.Socialjusticeisaboutprovidingpeoplewiththeir‘fairshare’toexistinsociety
• Liberaldemocracy:thewillofthepeopleshouldberespectedanddemonstratedthroughelections,withlimitedGovernmentandrespectforcivilliberties.
• Tolerance:promotionofsocialharmony,pluralismandacceptanceofdifference.Basedontheassumptionthathumansareseparateanduniquecreatures.
TASK:MAKENOTESONEACHCOREIDEAUSINGYOURRESOURCES
Core idea: Liberal view:
Human nature
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The state
Society
The
Economy
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DifferentstrandsofLiberalism•Classicalliberalism−earlyliberalswhobelievedthatindividualfreedomwouldbestbeachievedwiththestateplayingaminimalrole•Modernliberalism−emergedasareactionagainstfree-marketcapitalism,believingthishadledtomanyindividualsnotbeingfree.Freedomcouldnolongersimplybedefinedas‘beingleftalone’.TASK:MAKENOTESONEACHSTRANDUSINGYOURRESOURCES
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TASK:DEFINEEACHKEYTERMASITRELATESTOLIBERALISMFoundationalequality
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Formalequality
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Equalityofopportunity
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Socialcontract
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Meritocracy
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MechanisticTheory
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Tolerance
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LimitedGovernment………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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HarmPrinciple
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MinimalState
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EnablingState
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Egoisticindividualism
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Developmentalindividualism
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NegativeFreedom
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PositiveFreedom………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Keynesianism
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Laissez-fairecapitalism
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Justice
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Reason
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Naturalrights
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Utilitarianism
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KeyThinkersTask:MAKENOTESONEACHKEYTHINKERUSINGYOURRESOURCES
Youshouldincludetheirmostimportantworkandthemaincontribution/sthispersonhasmadetotheliberaltradition
Ø JohnLocke(1632-1704)-SocialcontracttheoryandLimitedgovernment
Ø JohnStuartMill(1806-73)-HarmprincipleandTolerance
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Ø JohnRawls(1921-2002)-TheoryofJusticeandtheVeilofignorance
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LiberalismSummarytable
ClassicalLiberalism ModernLiberalism
Summariseviewsonthestate
Summariseviewsonfreedom
Thinkers
Whatdoclassicalandmodernliberalsagreeon? Whatdotheydisagreeon?
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Conservatism
Conservatismseekstoconservesocietyasitisandissuspiciousofrapidorradicalchange.Conservatismvaluespragmatismoverideologicalthinking.However,theNewRightstrandthe1970sand1980schallengedmuchofwhatconservatismhadtraditionallystoodfor.Corevaluesoverview
• Pragmatism:conservativesadapttheirvaluesandobjectivesovertime,accordingtochangesinsociety.
• Tradition:establishedcustomsandtraditionsareimportantbecausetheyareGod-giventhereforebeyondquestion.
• Humanimperfection:harshcontrolsandpunishmentareimportantbecausehumansarenaturallyselfishandirrational
• Organicsociety:everyoneinsocietyhasadifferentfunction;thismeansinequalityisnaturalandacceptable
• Hierarchyandauthority:hierarchyisnaturalandauthorityisimportantbecausehumansneedguidance,orderandstability
• Property:privateownershipisimportantbecauseitpromoteslawandorder,respect,hardworkandsecurity
TASK:MAKENOTESONEACHCOREIDEAUSINGYOURRESOURCES
Core idea:
Conservative view:
Human nature
12
The state
Society
The
Economy
13
DifferentstrandsofConservatism•Traditionalconservative−commitmenttohierarchicandpaternalisticvalues•One-nationconservative−updatingoftraditionalconservatisminresponsetotheemergenceofcapitalism•Newright–includesneo-liberal:principallyconcernedwithfree-marketeconomicsandatomisticindividualism&neo-conservative:concernedwithlawandorderandpublicmorality.TASK:MAKENOTESONEACHSTRANDUSINGYOURRESOURCES
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TASK:DEFINEEACHKEYTERMASITRELATESTOCONSERVATISMTraditionalconservatismkeytermsPragmatism
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Tradition
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Humanimperfection
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Organicsociety
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Hierarchy
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Authority
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Property
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Paternalism
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One-nationconservatismkeytermsOne-Nation
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Noblesseoblige
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NewRightconservatismkeytermsNewRight
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Libertarianism
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Neo-Liberalism
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Neo-Conservatism
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Atomism
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Anti-permissiveness
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Laissez-faire
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Meritocracy
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KeyThinkersTask:MAKENOTESONEACHKEYTHINKERUSINGYOURRESOURCESYoushouldincludetheirmostimportantworkandthemaincontribution/sthispersonhasmadetotheconservativetradition
Ø ThomasHobbes(1588–1679)-Orderandhumannature
Ø EdmundBurke(1729–1797)-Change,Traditionandempiricism
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Ø RobertNozick(1938–2002)-Libertarianismandself-ownership
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ConservativesSummarytable
TraditionalConservatism NewRight
Summariseviewsonsociety
Summariseviewsontheeconomy
Thinkers
WhatdothestrandsofConservativesagreeon? Whatdotheydisagreeon?
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Socialism
Socialismisdefinedbyitsoppositiontocapitalism.Itaimstoprovideaclearalternativethatismorehumaneandbasedoncollectivismnotindividualism,co-operationnotcompetitionandsocialequalitynotinequality.Thereisawidevarietyoftraditionswithinsocialism,withthegoalofabolishingorminimisingclassdivision.Corevaluesoverview
• Collectivism:collectivehumaneffortisofgreatervaluetotheeconomyandtosocietythantheeffortofindividuals.Peopleshouldworktogetherforsharedgoals,basedoncommonwantsandneeds,whichisotherwisecalled‘sharedfraternity’.
• Co-operationandcommunity:Humansaresocialcreatureswithatendencytoco-operation,sociabilityandrationality.Individualcannotbeunderstoodwithoutreferencetosociety,ashumanbehaviourissociallydetermined.
• Equality:Inequalityisneithernaturalnoracceptable–howevertherearedisagreementsamongsocialistsaboutthenatureofequalitytheywishtoachieve.RevolutionarySocialists(fundamentalists)favourabsoluteequalityofoutcometobeachievedbycreatingaclasslesscommunistsociety.SocialDemocrats(revisionists)favoursocialequalityachievedbymanagingtheeconomyandprovidingcomprehensivehealth,educationandwelfareschemes
• Socialclass:socialistsbasedtheiranalysisofsociety,thestateandtheeconomyontheclasssystem.Theirgoalistoremoveorreducesocialclassinequalitybyabolishingor‘humanising’Capitalism
TASK:MAKENOTESONEACHCOREIDEAUSINGYOURRESOURCES
Core idea: Socialist view:
Human nature
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The state
Society
The
Economy
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DifferentstrandsofSocialism•Revolutionarysocialism−socialismcanbebroughtaboutonlybytheoverthrowoftheexistingpoliticalandsocietalstructuresincludingtheabolitionofCapitalismandprivateproperty.•SocialDemocracy(Revisionism)−wishestohumanisecapitalismintheinterestsofsocialjustice•ThirdWay(Neo-revisionism)−amiddle-groundalternativeroutebetweensocialism&capitalismTASK:MAKENOTESONEACHSTRANDUSINGYOURRESOURCES
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TASK:DEFINEEACHKEYTERMASITRELATESTOSOCIALISMCorevalues:Collectivism
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Classpolitics
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RevolutionarySocialismkeyterms:RevolutionarySocialism
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Capitalism
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Communism………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Exploitation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Alienation
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Falseconsciousness
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Classconsciousness………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Historicalmaterialism………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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SocialDemocracykeyterms:
EvolutionarySocialism………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Revisionism
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………SocialEquality/SocialJustice
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………TradeUnionism
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PostThatcherneo-Liberalconsensus………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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NewLabour
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KeyThinkersTask:MAKENOTESONEACHKEYTHINKERUSINGYOURRESOURCES
Youshouldincludetheirmostimportantworkandthemaincontribution/sthispersonhasmadetothesocialisttradition
Ø KarlMarx(1818–83)andFriedrichEngels(1820–95)–RevolutionarySocialism&Communism
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Ø AnthonyCrosland(1918–77)–Socialdemocracyandstate-managedCapitalism
Ø AnthonyGiddens(1938–)–ThirdWayandFreeMarketeconomic
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SocialismSummarytable
RevolutionarySocialism SocialDemocracy ThirdWay
Summariseviewsonthestate
Summariseviewsontheeconomy
Thinkers
WhatdothestrandsofSocialismagreeon? Whatdotheydisagreeon?
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Feminism
Feminismisanideologybasedonthebeliefthatsocietyischaracterisedbyunequalgenderpowerandstatus.Allformsoffeminismarecommittedtoadvancingthesocialroleofwomen,ensuringthatthedisadvantagestheyfacecanandshouldbeoverthrown.Corevaluesoverview
• Sex&Gender:sexreferstobiologicaldifferencesbetweenmenandwomen,whereasgenderreferstothedifferentrolesthatsocietyascribestomenandwomen
• Patriarchy:societyischaracterisedbysystematicinstitutionalisedandpervasivegenderoppression
• Thepersonalispolitical:theideathatallrelationships,bothinsocietyandinprivaterelationships,betweenmenandwomenarebasedonpoweranddominance
• Equalityfeminism:equalityfeministsseekequalityformenandwomeninsociety• Differencefeminism:differencefeministsarguethatmenandwomenhavea
fundamentallydifferentnaturefromoneanother• Intersectionality:arguesthatblackandworking-classwomen’sexperiencesof
patriarchyaredifferentfromwhite,middle-classwomenTASK:MAKENOTESONEACHCOREIDEAUSINGYOURRESOURCES
Core idea: Feminist view:
Human nature
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The state
Society
The
Economy
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DifferentstrandsofFeminism•Liberalfeminism−seesindividualismasthebasisofgenderequality•Socialistfeminism−believesthatgenderinequalitystemsfromeconomicsandthatcapitalismcreatespatriarchyTASK:MAKENOTESONEACHSTRANDUSINGYOURRESOURCESLiberal:
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Socialist:
DifferentstrandsofFeminism•Radicalfeminism−believesthatthebiggestproblemfacingsocietyisgenderinequality•Post-modernfeminism−arguesthatpatriarchymanifestsindifferentwaysdependingonawoman’srace,classetc.TASK:MAKENOTESONEACHSTRANDUSINGYOURRESOURCESRadical:
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Post-modern:
TASK:DEFINEEACHKEYTERMASITRELATESTOFEMINISMSex
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Gender
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Publicsphere
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Privatesphere
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Essentialism
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Genderstereotypes
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Discrimination
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Equalityofopportunity
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Politicalequality
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Legalequality
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Genderequality
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Reservearmyoflabour
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Culturalfeminism
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Reformist
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Otherness
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Equalityfeminism
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Differencefeminism
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Intersectionality
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Patriarchy
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FirstWave
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SecondWave
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ThirdWave
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KeyThinkersTask:MAKENOTESONEACHKEYTHINKERUSINGYOURRESOURCES
Youshouldincludetheirmostimportantworkandthemaincontribution/sthispersonhasmadetothefeministtradition
Ø SheilaRowbotham(1943–)-Socialistfeminism,critiqueofcapitalism
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Ø KateMillett(1934–2017)–Radicalfeminism,undoingthetraditionalfamily
Ø BellHooks(1952–)-Post-modernfeminism,womenofcolour&intersectionality
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FeminismSummarytable
Strandoffeminism
Keybeliefs Keythinkers
Liberal
Socialist
Radical
Postmodern
Whatdothedifferencestrandsagreeon? Whatdotheydisagreeon?
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ExamstyleQuestions24markquestions.Spend35minutesansweringthesequestions.
Youmustuseappropriatethinkersyouhavestudiedtosupportyouranswerandconsiderbothsidesinabalancedway.
ConservatismTowhatextentdodifferentconservativesagreeontheimportanceofpaternalism?Towhatextentareconservativespragmatic?TowhatextentdoConservativesdifferovertheroleofthestate?Towhatextentdoconservativesagreeabouthumannature?Towhatextentdoconservativesdisagreeaboutthestate’sroleintheeconomy?Towhatextentdoconservativesagreeonpragmatism?Towhatextentisconservatismaphilosophyofimperfection?Towhatextentisconservatismacoherentideology?Towhatextentdoconservativesagreethathumannatureisimperfect?Towhatextentdoconservativesagreeoverthenatureofsociety?LiberalismTowhatextentdomodernandclassicalliberalsagreeovertheroleofthestate?Towhatextentisthereagreementbetweenclassicalandmodernliberals?Towhatextenthavemodernliberalsabandonedindividualismandembracedcollectivism?Towhatextentdomodernliberalsdepartfromtheideasofclassicalliberalism?Towhatextentdoliberalsdisagreeovertheroleofthestate?Towhatextentdoliberalssupportequality?Towhatextenthavemodernliberalsabandonedtheconceptofnegativelibertyinfavouroftheconceptofpositiveliberty?TowhatextentdomodernandclassicalliberalsagreeovertheroleofthestateTowhatextentcanliberalismbereconciledtocollectivism?Towhatextentdomodernandclassicalliberalsagreeoverthenatureofthestate?Towhatextentdoliberalsbelieveinequality?SocialismTowhatextentareSocialistscommittedto‘equalityofoutcome’?Towhatextentdodifferentsocialistsagreeovertheroleofthestate?Towhatextentdosocialistsagreeonboththemeansandtheendsofsocialism?Towhatextentaresocialistscommittedtotheabolitionofcapitalism?Towhatextentissocialismcommittedtocollectivism?Towhatextentissocialismcommittedtoequality?Towhatextentdosocialistsdisagreeabouttheeconomy?Towhatextentaresocialistscommittedtoequalityofoutcome?‘Socialistshavedisagreedovermeansratherthanends’.Towhatextentisthistrue?Towhatextenthavesocialistsagreedthattheexistingstatemustbedestroyedinordertoachievesocialism?FeminismTowhatextentisthedisagreementwithinfeminismaboutthenatureofmenandwomensignificanttothispoliticalidea?TowhatextentdoFeministsdisagreeabouttheroleofthestate?Towhatextentdofeministsagreethat‘thepersonalispolitical’?Towhatextentdofeministsidentifypatriarchyasanaturalaspectofhumannature?Towhatextentisequalityratherthandifferencethegoaloffeminism?Towhatextentdofeministsagreeonsexandgender?Towhatextentdofeministsagreeovertheconceptofpatriarchy?Towhatextentdoradicalfeministscriticiseliberalfeminism?Towhatextentdofeministsbelievethatpatriarchyisessentiallyaneconomicallybasedissue?Towhatextentisfeminismasingledoctrine?
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A level Political Ideas Template (Core and non-core)
This table outlines a possible approach to writing an answer to the A Level Political Ideas Section Core and Non-core on Section C in Components 1 & 2
AO1 8 Marks AO2 8 Marks AO3 8 Marks
Knowledge - base
Analysis – scrutiny and probing
Making a judgment – substantiated,
not opinionated Division/tension within a core and non-core idea OR differing views on one of the 4 key areas (economy, the state, society and human nature) Tension/differences from one perspective :
• A • B • C • Etc
Points against the perspective: • X • Y • Z • Etc
Consideration and probing of points from one perspective. Looking for connections and linkages:
• A • B • C • Etc
Consideration and probing of points AGAINST that perspective and investigating their worth. Looking for connections and linkages:
• X • Y • Z • Etc
1. Which side of the debate has
more credence? 2. Why is that perspective
stronger? 3. Rank in importance the
analytical points (AO2) for, e.g. B C A
4. Rank in importance the analytical (AO2) points against, e.g. Z Y X
5. Think holistically and reason through to reach a conclusion.
6. Form and come to a judgment, evidence not opinion based.
7. Discuss possible applications of the political idea to the wider study of politics
Reference is made in the response to at least TWO political thinkers cited in the specification to gain above Level 2 marks
Tips:
• Spend30-35minutesansweringthe24marksquestion• Haveabalancedessay–lookatbothsidesofthedebate
o Compareandcontrastideas–whatdotheyagreeanddisagreeon?SimilaritiesandDifferences?(Onliberalisme.g.classicalliberalsvs.modernliberalsviewonthestate,humannature,economy,freedometc.)
o Refertothreethinkersinconnectiontoyourpoints(mustdothisinordertoscorehigherthanaLevel2-greaterthan8marks)
P.E.E.L-Point,Explain(comparethedifferentstrandsonthekeyideas),Evidence(keythinkers,application)andLink(linkbacktothe
questionandevaluate–aretherefundamentaldifferences/similaritiesetc.)