A Level History OCR History A H505 - HISTORY @ …...Exports 692.240 689.082 716.217 1520.1 1913 Production Russia France UK Germany Austria Pig iron 000 tonnes 4635 5311 10 425 19

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A Level History

OCR History A H505

Unit Y318. Thematic Study and Interpretations

Russia and its Rulers, 1855-1964 Booklet 2: The impact of dictatorial regimes

on the economy and society

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Topic Booklet section completed

Assessment marks/ grades

Revision materials created

Confidence?

The Nature of Government

Autocracy, dictatorship and totalitarianism

Developments in central administration

Methods of repression and enforcement

The extent and impact of reform

The nature, extent and effectiveness of opposition before 1917

The nature, extent and effectiveness of opposition after 1917

Changes in local government

Attitude of the Tsars to political change

Attitude of the provisional government to political change

Attitude of the Communists to political change

The extent of political change

The impact of dictatorial regimes on the economy and society of the Russian Empire and the USSR

Changes to living and working conditions of rural people: impact on the peasants of Emancipation, peasant land banks, famines, the NEP, collectivisation and the Virgin Land scheme.

Changes to living and working conditions of urban people: impact of industrial growth under the Tsars, War communism, NEP and the Five Year Plans on industrial workers; limitations on personal, political and religious freedom; reasons for and extent of economic and social changes.

The impact of war and revolution on the development of the Russian Empire and the USSR

The effects of the Crimean war on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the Japanese war on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the 1905 revolution on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the 1917 Revolutions on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the First World War on government, society, nationalities and the economy

The effects of the Second World War on government, society, nationalities and the economy.

The effects of the Cold War on government, society, nationalities and the economy

Russia: Empire, nationalities and satellite states

The Polish Revolt 1863

Expansion in Asia

Journey Through Russia and its

Rulers, 1855-1964

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Russification

Finland

The Baltic provinces

Impact of the First World War and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russo-Polish War

Communist advance into Eastern and Central Europe after the Second World War

Depth Study 1: Alexander II’s Domestic Reforms

The effects of the Crimean War

The aims of Alexander II’s domestic policies

The nature of his government

Changes in central administration

The extent and impact of domestic reform

The extent and effectiveness of opposition

Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions

Limitations on personal, political and religious freedom

Extent of economic and social change

Depth Study 2: The Provisional Government

Main domestic policies of the Provisional Government

The nature of the government- methods of repression and enforcement; the extent and effectiveness of opposition; limitations on personal, political and religious freedom.

Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions.

Extent of economic and social changes.

The impact of the continuing war.

Reasons for the overthrow of the Provisional government.

Depth Study 3: Khrushchev in Power 1956-1964

The aims of Khrushchev

The nature of his government; opposition, methods and enforcement of repression in Russia and its satellites; the extent and impact of reform.

Changes in urban and rural living and working conditions.

Limitations on personal, political and religious freedom.

Extent of economic and social changes including economic planning and the Virgin Lands Scheme.

The impact of the Cold War

Khrushchev’s fall

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The extent of and reasons for economic change Section 1: Industrialisation under Alexander II

Task 1: What are the features of Industrialisation? a) Create a spider diagram around this key word about what the key features of industrialisation are? This might include economic features, but also how society might change and adapt as a result. Use these images to help you.

b) What are Russia’s motives for industrialising? Use page 78 of your textbook to help you.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... c) What problems might Russia have with industrialising?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….................................................................................................................

Industrialisation

How do you think industrialisation links to the nature of government?

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Task 2: The Industrial Scene before Alexander II a) Use these sources to comment on the industrial situation of Russia before and after the rule of Alexander II b) Use these sources to comment on what may have changed during the three Tsars we have looked at. What reasons could you give for these changes?

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Task 3: Alexander II’s and the proto-management of the economy Answer these questions, using page 78-80 of your textbook. a) How and why did Alexander II change attitudes towards industrialisation amongst the Russian government?). * answer must include the phrase ‘a new work discipline’.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... b) Which features of Industrialisation does Alexander II (and his Minister of Finance, Mikhail Reutern) decide to work on? Why?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... c) What help do they get from abroad?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ d) What is the impact of this help on Russia?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

The Welshman J.J. Hughes and his house in Hughesovka, the town that grew around his factory in Russia

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e) Read through the section on Railway Construction on page 79 of your textbook, and construct a railway line between agricultural and industrial Russia with the factors that helped to improve industrialisation in Russia. f) What was the impact of industrialisation on Russia?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Agricultural Russia

Industrial Russia?

Make sure that you also include a definition of these key words: break bulk, government bonds, taxation exemptions, monopoly concessions. Please note, these are not the only factors that you will need to include.

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The extent of and reasons for economic change Section 2: Industrialisation after Alexander II

Task 1: To what extent did the economy improve, 1890-1913? a) Interpret the following statistics to explain to what extent the economy improved under Alexander III and Nicholas II.

Economic Growth Indicator 1890 1895 1900 1913

Pig iron production million puds 56.6 88.7 179.1 283

Coal million puds 367.2 555.5 986.3 2,200

Raw cotton million puds 8.3 12.3 16.0 25

Railway building 000 km 30.6 37.0 61.1 70

Imports 000 roubles 406.650 526.147 636.087 1374.0

Exports 692.240 689.082 716.217 1520.1

1913 Production Russia France UK Germany Austria

Pig iron 000 tonnes 4635 5311 10 425 19 312 2435

Steel 4841 4687 7787 18329 2685

Cotton spindles 8,990 7,400 55,633 11,186 4,090

World machines (%) 3.5 1.9 11.8 20.7 3.4

Key term Pud: Russian unit of measurement, about 16.58 kilograms

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Task 2: Nikolay Bunge and Ivan Vyshnegradskii Read page 80-81 of your textbook to develop your notes on the economic policies of two finance ministers. *make sure that you include the Medele’ev tariff of 1891. It is important because we will keep using it as an example of continuity between the Tsars and the Communists. Task 3: Witte’s ‘Great Spurt’ During the course of your work on Witte, you will need to think about this hypothesis. What evidence is there to prove that Witte really made a break from the past? a) Witte was the first one to show total commitment to industrialisation in an attempt both to compete with other industrialised nations and to improve Russian military capability. How did he intend to do this?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Nikolay Bunge

Ivan Vyshnegradskii

Fiscal Amendments Peasant Land Bank Railways

Why did Bunge make these reforms? What happened to Bunge?

Who was Bunge replaced with and what did they do?

Effect of their policies.

HYPOTHESIS: The appointment of Witte

marked a distinct break from the past.

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b) Witte’s believed that his financial thinking was radical. Why might it be so? Use page 81 and complete the table below with Witte’s policies and why they might be considered radical.

Witte’s Policies Why might they be considered radical?*

*Think about change and continuity* c) The effects of Witte’s policy. Add to the Witte Whale the effects of Witte’s policies on Russia.

“All thinking Russia was

against me”

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d) Criticisms of Witte’s policies Use page 82 of your textbook to list the criticisms of Witte’s policies. Which one, however, was the most significant of these criticisms? Plot them on the Fail-ometer. e) Was Witte really a break from the past? Complete the following table with the evidence to support and challenge the point of view.

YES: Witte broke with the past NO: Witte did not break with the past at all!

f) Overall conclusions. How successful was industrialisation under the Tsars before the First World War?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Remember also, some historians believed that Witte’s industrial programme was a dress rehearsal for Stalin’s industrialisation on the 1930s. Also remember that other historians believe that the First World War interrupted this. This is something we will come back to.

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The extent of and reasons for economic change Section 3: The First World War and the Communists

Task 1: The Interruption of the First World War Complete the following tasks using page 83 of your Access to History book. a) Why was Witte dismissed from his post as finance minister?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ b) What happened to the economy after his fall?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................................................................................................................. c) After the Russo-Japanese war, Pyotr Stolypin was put in place as minister of finance and Witte became Prime Minister. What happened to the economy? (Highlight the evidence that you could use in an essay).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................................................................................................................. d) Would Russia have caught up rapidly with the West if it had not been for the First World War?

Evidence that it would Evidence that it would not

Conclusion:

e) What happened to the Russian economy during the First World War?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Task 2: War Communism and the NEP a) Complete the following table with information about what state capitalism was, using pages 84-85 of your textbook. As you go through this section, highlight the Communist principles.

Definition of State Capitalism:

Why was state capitalism introduced?

What was the Decree on Land (November 1917)

What was the Decree on Workers’ Control (November 1918)

What was the Supreme Economic Council (SEC- formed December 1917)? What was ‘local’ nationalisation? How was ‘local’ nationalisation tightened? What was the effect? What happened to the SEC?

b) Why did Lenin believe there should be such centralised control?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................................................................................................................. c) What were the effects on the party?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................................................................................................................. d) What was the impact of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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e) What was the effect of the Civil War (1917-21) on industry? (remember, it is a good idea to highlight evidence that you can use in essays).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Task 3: War Communism a) Lenin used State Capitalism, alongside grain requisitioning to create War Communism. These were the key features. Complete the boxes with what each one did.

Nationalisation Partial militarisation of labour

Only the close union of workers and peasants will save Russia from destruction and hunger

Forced requisitioning

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b) How successful has the introduction of Communist principles been to the economy? Use page 84-85 and these sources to develop your response.

Source 1: Sally J. Taylor "War Communism, as it was called, came to rely more and more upon repression and outright violence as the main methods of securing meat and grain from the peasants. Essentials like salt, kerosene, and matches were in short supply; important manufactured goods, such as boots and farming implements, were not forthcoming. With few rewards for their labour, the peasants showed little interest in growing more than what their immediate needs required. Now a ruinous drought in the grain-growing districts added to the misfortunes of the already depleted countryside, and the entire nation lay exhausted, in a state of virtual collapse."

Source 2: A list of Peasant opposition to War Communism. • Large-scale discontent among the Russian populace, particularly amongst the peasantry who

often refused to till their land. • In February 1921 alone, there were over one hundred peasant uprisings. • The workers in Petrograd were also involved in a series of strikes sparked by the reduction of

bread rations by one third over a 10 day period. • Kronstadt Rising. An investigation into Bolshevik’s handling of rebellions leading to a

rebellion by soldiers and sailors. Dealt with after a series of skirmishes by Bolshevik troops. • Discontent also dealt with by Lenin’s ban on factions as well as the NEP.

Source 3: Bolshevik policies to enforce War Communism Rationing A class-based system of rationing was introduced. The labour force was given priority along with Red Army soldiers. Smaller rations were given to civil servants and professional people such as doctors. The smallest rations, barely enough to live on, were given to the burzhui or middle classes - or as they were now called, 'the former people'. The Red Terror Another crucial element of War Communism was the systematic use of terror to back up the new measures and deal with opposition. The Bolsheviks faced increased opposition inside the cities from:

workers who were angry at their economic plight, low food rations and state violence. There

were calls for a new Soviet elections, a free press, the restoration of the Constituent

Assembly and the overthrow of the Sovnakom. Signs appeared on city walls saying “Down

with Lenin and horsemeat! Give us the Tsar and pork!”

left wing Socialist Revolutionaries who were protesting about the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

They turned to terrorism, shooting the German ambassador in July 1918 to try to wreck the

Russian relationship with the Germans. They captured the head of the Cheka in May and

managed to shoot Lenin in August 1918. Two other Bolshevik Party leaders were murdered.

An assassination attempt on Lenin's life in August 1918 prompted the Cheka to launch the Red Terror. Arrests, executions etc. increased in intensity. Labour discipline Discipline was brought back to the work place. There were fines for lateness and absenteeism. Internal passports were introduced to stop people fleeing to the countryside. Piece-work rates were brought back, along with bonuses and a work book that was needed to get rations.

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Task 4: The New Economic Policy (NEP) a) Why was the NEP necessary?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. a) Use page 85 of the textbook to complete the following list of the key features of the NEP.

Feature Description Would it cause opposition or celebrations (among peasants / party members)? Why?

Denationalisation

State control of heavy industry

Rejuvenation of trade

Return to the encouragement of foreign trade

End to grain requisitioning

Peasants could sell surpluses

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b) What was the short term impact of these actions? Use page 85 and the source below.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. c) What was the Nepman? What did people think about him?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... d) Use this box to explain the Scissors Crisis (page 85)- including why it was such a problem. e) How much of an impact did the Scissors Crisis have on the economy?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Task 5: Conclusions about Lenin’s economic policies. Answer the following questions on lined paper:

a) How far did Lenin introduce communist principles to the Russian economy? b) How successfully did Lenin manage the Russian economy? c) How far did Lenin show both change and continuity with the Tsars’ economic policies?

Source B There wasn’t any food in the country. We were down to little bread each. Then suddenly they started the NEP. Cafes opened. Factories went back into private hands. It was Capitalism. In my eyes it was the very thing I had been fighting against. Many people tore up their party membership cards. A Bolshevik, remembering in the 1980s.

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The extent of and reasons for economic change Section 4: Stalin, The Five Year Plans & Khrushchev

Task 1: The reasons for Stalin’s Great Turn (the name given to Stalin’s abandonment of the NEP) a) The reasons for Stalin’s Great Turn are below. Tick the boxes in the table to indicate where there is change and continuity. *When identifying change- what did they do instead? *When identifying continuity- what did they do that was the same?

Stalin’s financial aims Did Lenin have this aim?

Did the Tsars have this aim?

Overall, is this change or continuity?

To increase military strength- a country that wasn’t industrialised was a weak one. Industry was required to manufacture the huge quantities of weapons and munitions.

To achieve self-sufficiency- Stalin wanted to make the USSR less dependent on Western manufactured goods, especially the heavy industrial plant that was needed for industrial production. The USSR needed a strong industrial base to produce the goods that people needed.

To increase grain supplies- Stalin wanted to end the dependence of the economy on a backward agricultural system. In the past, this had created major problems whenever there was a bad harvest or the peasants did not produce enough food. He did not want the new socialist state to be at the mercy of the peasantry.

To move towards a socialist society- according to Marxist theoreticians, socialism could only be created in a highly industrialised state

To establish his credentials- to prove to himself and other leading Bolsheviks that he was the successor and equal of Lenin. His economic policies were central to this. The economic transformation of the USSR, taking the revolution forward in a giant leap towards socialism, would establish him as a leader of historical importance.

To improve standards of living- Stalin wanted to catch up with the West, not just militarily, but also in terms of the standard of living that people enjoyed. The Communist life should be a good life and people in other parts of the world should appreciate what it had to offer working people.

CHALLENGE: Answer these questions on lined paper. b) Which of these reasons do you think is the most important? c) What might this do to the NEP?

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d) Everyone should attempt this question. Read the following and highlight the main challenges that Stalin has in achieving these aims? (from the SHP book, Russia under Tsarism and Communism, 1881-1953

Why did industrialisation depend on agriculture in the USSR?

To industrialise a country you need to spend money on factories, machinery and

equipment to produce goods. This is called capital investment. Initially, the

machinery and equipment have to be bought from foreign countries. The USSR had

gold, furs, timber, oil and a range of products to export, but these could not

generate the sums of money needed to pay for heavy industrial equipment on the

scale Stalin required.

The Soviet Union was not in a position to obtain loans from abroad (as the tsars had

done); few Western capitalists would invest in a Communist state. The only source

which could generate enough wealth was agriculture. Surplus grain could be

exported to earn foreign currency to buy industrial capital equipment. On top of this,

the peasants were required to produce extra grain to feed a growing workforce in

the cities. This meant that every year, the state had to obtain from the peasants

food for the cities as well as grain for export. The problem for the Communist

government was that agricultural production was in the hands of the millions of

peasants who could hold the great socialist experiment to ransom. If they did not

yield up sufficient grain, the push to industrialisation could not move forward.

e) What was the problem with NEP? Why did Stalin need to move away from the NEP? Read the following (also from SHP, Russia under Tsarism and Communism) to answer this question.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

The NEP had provided a ‘breathing space’ while industry and agriculture recovered

from the dismal depths of War Communism. But it was not developing an industrial,

urban, proletarian, socialist society. From the Bolshevik’s point of view, it was creating

the wrong type of society. The NEP encouraged private markets, private enterprise

and Nepmen. The NEP encouraged private markets, private enterprise and

Nepmen. The peasants, still the great mass of the population, showed no signs of

becoming good socialists and could not be relied upon to produce the grain that

the state needed for its industrialisation programme.

The majority of party members had accepted the constraints of the NEP but they

had never liked it. They were itching to move forward towards the establishment of a

socialist society. This could only, in their eyes, be achieved with the support a largely

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proletarian workforce in a highly developed industrialised society. So they warmly

welcomed Stalin’s ‘left turn’ (adopting the ideas of the left wing of the party) in his

policies for the modernisation and industrialisation of the USSR. The Five-Year Plans

represented a significant step towards achieving the goals of the revolution. Task 2: What were the Five Year Plans? Use pages 87-88 to complete the following tasks a) Poster Task. *All posters are taken from the International Institute of Social History, which can be found at this URL http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/chairman/sovintro.php#top.

Look at the following posters on the Soviet Economy and see what information you can learn from them about how industrialisation took place under the Five Year Plans.

“Help build the gigantic factories”, 1929. This poster is advertising a state loan to build large factories.

“Full speed ahead for the fourth and final year of the Five Year Plan!” 1931

“With shock labour we will ensure prompt delivery of the giants of the Five Year Plan”, 1931

“Giants of the Five Year Plan”, 1933

“Under Lenin's banner for the second Five Year Plan!” 1931

We do like Stachanov! 1936 Azerbaijan cotton workers (Azerbaijan being a Soviet satellite state). This is making a reference to the Stakhonavite movement. You will need to research what that is.

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b) What were the Five Year Plans?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

c) Use the three bullet points on page 87 and create a diagram of how the Five Year Plans were supposed to work. d) What were the dates of the first plan and why did it end early?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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e) What was the reality of the Five Year Plans?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Task 3: The Strengths and Limitations of the Five Year Plans a) Look at the data below. Achievements of the Five Year Plans (1928-1960)

Product 1928 1940 1945 1960

Electricity (millions of kilowatt-hours) 5.0 48.3 43.3 292

Oil (millions of tonnes) 11.6 31.1 19.4 148

Coal (millions of tonnes) 35.5 166 150 510

Gas (millions of cubic metres 0.3 3.4 3.4 47.2

Steel (millions of tonnes) 4.3 18.3 12.3 65.3

Tractors (thousands) 1.3 31.6 7.7 238

Plastics and synthetics (thousands of tonnes)

- 10.9 21.3 312

Clock and watches (millions) 0.9 2.8 0.3 26

Cement (millions of tonnes) 1.8 5.7 1.8 4.6

According to these statistics, how successful were the Five Year Plans?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... b) Read page 88 (the information under the table). Why do they need to be treated with some caution?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... c) Why does the textbook believe that ‘the greatest achievement [of the Five Year Plans] happened during the post-war period?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….................................................................................................................

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d) What happened to Khrushchev and industrialisation?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... e) Use the rest of this page (or use your own paper) to create a mind map of the successes and limitations of the Five Year Plans (table on page 89). Try to identify CHANGE and CONTINUITY with the Tsars and Lenin. f) On lined paper- write a developed conclusion. How successfully did Stalin meet his Great Turn aims? g) This website contains some useful notes and sources- check it out! http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/heroesvillains/g4/

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The extent of and reasons for economic change Section 5: Agriculture

Task 1: The Importance of Agricultural production for Russia a) Use this wheat to create a spider diagram of all the different ways agriculture links to Russian history so far. b) As you work through the section on agriculture, complete the following table with evidence and a conclusion: is this statement true? You can even begin this now.

The majority of the population continued to be employed in agricultural work despite moves to industrialise Russia but:

The Tsars and the Communists both treated agriculture as subservient to the needs of industry

The Tsars and the Communists both treated farmers as second-class citizens

How true is this statement?

How true is this statement?

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*Another Thing That Will HELP you with your notes There are several key themes that come up again and again with agriculture. Give them a colour, or a symbol and throughout your notes identify where these things come up.

Land ownership- who owns the land?

Peasant rebellions

Forced taking of grain

Reform

Famine Task 2: Agriculture under the Tsars Use page 90-91 of your textbook to create your notes on agriculture under the Tsars. You just need to know what each policy did to the peasants.

The issue of Land Ownership

The emancipation of the serfs 1861

Alexander III and Agriculture

The Stolypin reform (see the next page in your booklet for a definition of the mir) Make sure that you include why it didn’t work.

How successful was agriculture under the Tsars?

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What was the Mir? The Mir was a self-governing community of peasant households that elected its own

officials and controlled local forests, fisheries, hunting grounds, and vacant lands. To

make taxes imposed on its members more equitable, the mir assumed communal

control of the community’s arable land and periodically redistributed it among the

households, according to their sizes (from 1720).

After serfdom was abolished (1861), the mir was retained as a system of communal

land tenure and an organ of local administration. It was economically inefficient;

but the central government, having made members of the commune collectively

responsible for the payment of state taxes and the fulfilment of local obligations,

favoured it. The system was also favoured by political conservatives, who regarded it

as a guardian of old national values, as well as by revolutionary Narodniki

(“Populists”), who viewed the mir as the germ of a future socialist society.

Task 3: Lenin and Agriculture Read pages 91-92 to complete the following tasks. a) How did Lenin use the land issue to get the support of the peasants during the October revolution?

………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………......................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... ................................................................................... b) Did this mean that Lenin would treat the Russian peasantry any better than the Tsars did?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………................................................................................................................. c) Lenin and the Kulaks (excellent band name) Look at the source below (which is from 1920- caption “Away with Kulaks”). What does this indicate about who the kulaks are, what they did, and what Lenin thought about them?

………………………………………………… ………………………………………............... ………………………............................... …………………………………………………… …………………………………………............ ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................ ........................................................

To the right of the large fist striking the kulak is a quote attributed to Lenin which reads: 'The kulaks are most bestial, brutal and savage exploiters, who in the history of other countries have time and again restored the power of the landlords, tsars, priests and capitalists'.

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d) Annotate your Kulaks with the attitude towards them during each particular economic policy, and any other information about what they are doing at the time/ what is being done to them at the time. You will find this information on pages 91-92 of your textbook.

e) Why were the authorities so intent on victimising the kulaks?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... Task 4: Collectivisation under Lenin and Stalin Read pages 92-94 of your textbook to produce your notes on this section. You will also need the reading from SHP Russia under Lenin and Stalin pages 206-218. a) What is collectivisation?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….................................................................................................................

War Communism Kulak

NEP Kulak

Kulaks under the Tsars

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b) On lined paper, complete the focus route tasks on page 206 and 208 of your SHP reading. You can use your textbook as well. c) What was the difference between Lenin and Stalin’s approach to collectivisation? (You might find it easier to use pages 92-93 of your textbook for this).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... d) How was collectivisation used to control the peasants? (use page 207 of your reading to complete this question)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... e) Annotate your Stalin Collectivisation Kulak with all the different things that happened to them. Include the wealthy peasants, the ‘fortunate’ kulaks, the standard kulaks and the zlostnye as well as more general statements. Use pages 93-94 and the reading, pages 208-209.

Stalin Collectivisation Kulak

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f) How was collectivisation implemented? (again, use page 209-210 of your reading and 93-94 of your textbook).

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ g) How successful was collectivisation?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ h) What changes were introduced when collectivisation was reintroduced? Why do you think they were introduced?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ i) By 1941, 98% of all peasant households worked on collectives. Why were they still disliked by peasants?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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Task 5: Agriculture under Khrushchev a) Read page 95 and the following to complete the following table.

From Access to History; Stalin and Khrushchev, the USSR 1924-1964 by Michael Lynch

It was not long after Stalin’s death that the Soviet leaders began to admit that the

collectivisation of agriculture had not solved the problem of food production and

supply. In 1953, Khrushchev informed the Central Committee that grain stocks under

Stalin had been lower than under the last Tsar. Major changes were needed. Proud

of his peasant origins, he justly claimed a special knowledge of agriculture. He made

a point of going to meet the peasants in their own localities to discuss their particular

problems and needs and to encourage them to adopt more efficient techniques.

His broad strategy was to encourage local decision-making. State authorities began

to pay higher prices to the peasants for their grain; taxes on farming profits were

reduced and experts were sent from Moscow. The machine tractor stations were

disbanded and turned into repair shops. The tractors themselves were sold to famers.

Between 1952 and 1958, farm-worker incomes more than doubled although wages

were still way behind those of industrial workers.

What made Khrushchev different from previous leaders?

What measures did he put in place to improve agriculture?

What problems did Khrushchev have with these measures?

How successful was Khrushchev’s agricultural policy? What do you think after your work on the Virgin Lands?

b) The Virgin Land Campaign Read the following and highlight

i. Khrushchev’s motives ii. Khrushchev’s problems that were his fault

iii. Khrushchev’s problems beyond his control iv. Good results v. Bad results

1979 Postage stamp commemorating 25 year anniversary of Virgin Land Campaign

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From Access to History; Stalin and Khrushchev, the USSR 1924-1964 by Michael Lynch

The initiative most closely associated with Khrushchev at this time was the ‘virgin

lands’ policy which was introduced in 1954. This developed into a massive project.

Basically the policy aimed at exploiting the previously unused areas of the Soviet

Union for crop production. The regions earmarked for particular attention were

Kazakhstan and southern Siberia. Over a quarter of a million volunteers, mainly

drawn from Komsomol were enlisted to work in these regions. Considerable financial

and material investment was put into the scheme, most spectacularly in the

provision of 120 000 motorised tractors. Six million acres were freshly ploughed in the

virgin lands in the first year of the scheme. There was no doubting the enthusiasm

that accompanied the implementation of the policy. Unfortunately, enthusiasm was

not enough. It couldn’t make up for the lack of detailed planning. Contrary to

Khrushchev’s hopes, not enough attention had been paid to local conditions. The

goodwill of volunteers could not compensate for poor management and short

sighted planning. Crops were often sown in unsuitable soil. Local climatic conditions

tended to be ignored. The necessary fertilisers were seldom

available in sufficient quantity. In the drive to convert to food

stuffs, successful crops such as cotton were replaced by crops

such as maize which simply refused to grow. This occurred notably

in Kazakhstan where the ‘maize mania’ often led to whole areas

abandoning their traditional planting for the lure of a crop whose

yield then proved so poor that it was not worth harvesting. The

failure to provide adequate drying and storage facilities

frequently meant that such crops as were successfully gathered

rotted before they could be distributed. Khrushchev had not

been well served by the officials responsible for turning his schemes into reality.

Although there was an increase in Soviet grain production in the 1950s, this was

because of greater output in the traditional areas of cultivation rather than in the

virgin lands. Official talk of record Soviet harvests, as in 1962 could not disguise the

fact that in few areas had production met the set targets. 1963 proved a disastrous

year. A combination of poor weather and exhausted, under-fertilised soil, led to a

drop of nearly one third in the expected grain output. This created an acute

shortage in animal fodder which in turn led to slaughter and a consequent sharp

decrease in livestock. The result was that, in order to avoid what threatened to

become a famine, large quantities of North American and Australian grain had to

be purchased. Attempts to overtake the western countries in agricultural production

was only sustained by dependence on supplies from those countries. Task 6: Conclusions a) Go back and ensure that the table on page 23 of this booklet is completed. b) On a blank Truthometer, assess the truth of these statements.

i. Khrushchev was the most successful at agricultural production. ii. Collectivisation did not work.

iii. The Tsars and the Communists both treated agriculture as subservient to the needs of industry.

iv. The Tsars and the Communists both treated farmers as second class citizens. v. There was more continuity than change across agricultural policies for all leaders in the

period 1855-1964.

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The extent of and reasons for Social change Section 6: Social Change

Task 1: Population Growth Use page 97-98 to make your notes on population growth.

Problems with the census Natural rate of

growth? Inter-War Spurts in population growth

Effects of the Emancipation Edict of 1861

Abortion Law

Stalin’s actions

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Task 2: Changes in Social Structure under the Tsars Use page 98-99 to complete the following notes on Social Structure Next to each class, identify what happens to that class and why. b) How much did the social structure of Russia change under the Tsars?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Royal Family

Nobility

Clergy

Middle Classes

Peasants

Industrial working class

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Task 3: The changes to social structure under Communism Use page 100 for the following tasks. a) Below, draw what the class structure was supposed to look like under the Communists and what it did look like.

What is was supposed to look like What it did look like

c) Was there change or continuity of social structure under tsars or communists? Explain your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. Task: Changes in Education under Tsars and Communists a) What different ways could Tsars and Communists use education for their own purposes?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. b) What might be the dangers of too much education?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... c) Complete the timeline for changes to education on the next page.

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Alexander II 1855-81

Alexander III 1881-94

Nicholas II (1894-1917)

The Provisional Government (March 1917-October 1917)

Lenin (1917-24)

Stalin (1928-53)

Khrushchev (1953-64)

Education under Russia and its Rulers, 1855-1964 On this timeline, plot what each ruler does to education.

Make sure that you note where there is reform, repression, change and continuity.

Where are improvements actually reversed?

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The extent of and reasons for Social change Section 7: Changes to living and working conditions of rural

and urban people Task 1. Some Pictures a) What does this picture show you about living conditions in rural Russia? Fire in the Village, 1885. An oil painting by N.D. Dimitriev-Orenburgskii. b) What does this picture show you about living conditions in urban Russia? Laundry drying in a communal kitchen in Moscow in the 1930s. c) The best way to get to grips with urban and rural living conditions is to create another timeline, as it will help you track the continuities and changes across both of these periods. You may use a number of colours to help track the themes across. Use page 104-112 to create your timeline. You need to include:

Housing (both urban and rural)

Food and famines (you can cover this in one)

Work (both rural and urban)- including wages and working hours

Make sure that you identify change and continuity really clearly on your timeline. This is the point!

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The extent of and reasons for Social change Section 8: Limitations on personal, political and religious

freedoms

Use page 113-115 to complete your notes on this section. It is fairly simple- but ensure that you note change and continuity in this section.

Personal Freedoms

Political Freedoms

Religious Freedoms

Orthodox Religion Restrictions on the Church

Non-Orthodox Religion

Minority religious groups

Did people have more freedom under the Tsars, or the Communists?

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The extent of and reasons for Social change Section 9: Economic and Social Essays

Essays from the old A-Level specification (these questions can be asked)

How different socially and economically was Tsarist Russia (1855-1917) from Communist Russia? (1918-1964)

Assess the view that the lives of the peasants in Russia did not improve in the period from 1955-1964.

Assess the view that Russia’s communist leaders did less than the Tsars to improve the lives of the working class in the period from 1855-1964?

Assess the view that economic change in Russia was more successful under Stalin than any other rule in the period from 1855-1964.

To what extent did Russian people lose more than they gained from economic and social changes during the period from 1855-1964?

Assess the view that Russia’ communist leaders did more than the Tsars to improve the lives of the peoples of Russia in the period from 1855-1964.

Textbook Questions (technically, there is no reason why these can’t come up either).

“The pace and extent of industrialisation were just as great under the tsars as under the communists from 1855-1964”. How far do you agree?

To what extent did Russian leaders make changes to agricultural policies only to serve the needs of industry from 1855-1964?

To what extent were peasants continuously treated with contempt and inhumanity during the period from 1855-1964?

Assess the reasons for fluctuations in living standards of urban dwellers during the period from 1855-1964.

“There was never any prospect of Russian people gaining full civil rights during the period from 1855-1964”. How far do you agree?