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WMP/Jun11/CHEM4 CHEM4
Centre Number
Surname
Other Names
Candidate Signature
Candidate Number
General Certificate of EducationAdvanced Level ExaminationJune
2011
Time allowedl 1 hour 45 minutes
Instructionsl Use black ink or black ball-point pen.l Fill in
the boxes at the top of this page.l Answer all questions.l You must
answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.l All working
must be shown.l Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any
work you do not
want to be marked.
Informationl The marks for questions are shown in brackets.l The
maximum mark for this paper is 100.l The Periodic Table/Data Sheet
is provided as an insert.l Your answers to the questions in Section
B should be written in
continuous prose, where appropriate.l You will be marked on your
ability to:
– use good English– organise information clearly– use accurate
scientific terminology.
Advicel You are advised to spend about 70 minutes on Section A
and about
35 minutes on Section B.
Chemistry CHEM4
Unit 4 Kinetics, Equilibria and Organic Chemistry
Wednesday 15 June 2011 1.30 pm to 3.15 pm
MarkQuestion
For Examiner’s Use
Examiner’s Initials
TOTAL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8For this paper you must have:l the Periodic Table/Data Sheet
provided as an insert
(enclosed)l a calculator.
(JUN11CHEM401)
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Section A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
1 Titration curves labelled A, B, C and D for combinations of
different aqueous solutionsof acids and bases are shown below.
All solutions have a concentration of 0.1 mol dm–3.
1 (a) In this part of the question write the appropriate letter
in each box.
From the curves A, B, C and D, choose the curve produced by the
addition of
ammonia to 25 cm3 of hydrochloric acid
sodium hydroxide to 25 cm3 of ethanoic acid
nitric acid to 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide (3 marks)
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2
14
02468
1012
0 5040302010
pH
Volume / cm3
A14
02468
1012
0 5040302010
pH
Volume / cm3
B
14
02468
1012
0 5040302010
pH
Volume / cm3
C14
02468
1012
0 5040302010
pH
Volume / cm3
D
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1 (b) A table of acid–base indicators is shown below. The pH
ranges over which the indicators change colour and their colours in
acid and
alkali are also shown.
1 (b) (i) Select from the table an indicator that could be used
in the titration that produces curve B but not in the titration
that produces curve A.
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mark)
1 (b) (ii) Give the colour change at the end point of the
titration that produces curve D whencresol purple is used as the
indicator.
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mark)
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5
Indicator pH range Colour in acid Colour in alkali
Trapaeolin
Bromocresol green
Cresol purple
Alizarin yellow
1.3 – 3.0
3.8 – 5.4
7.6 – 9.2
10.1 – 12.0
red
yellow
yellow
yellow
yellow
blue
purple
orange
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2 This question is about the pH of some solutions containing
potassium hydroxide andethanoic acid.
Give all values of pH to 2 decimal places.
2 (a) (i) Write an expression for pH.
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mark)
2 (a) (ii) Write an expression for the ionic product of water,
Kw
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mark)
2 (a) (iii) At 10 °C, a 0.154 mol dm–3 solution of potassium
hydroxide has a pH of 13.72 Calculate the value of Kw at 10 °C.
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2 (b) At 25 °C, the acid dissociation constant Ka for ethanoic
acid has the value 1.75 × 10–5 mol dm–3.
2 (b) (i) Write an expression for Ka for ethanoic acid.
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mark)
2 (b) (ii) Calculate the pH of a 0.154 mol dm–3 solution of
ethanoic acid at 25 °C.
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2 (c) At 25 °C, the acid dissociation constant Ka for ethanoic
acid has the value 1.75 × 10–5 mol dm–3.
2 (c) (i) Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 10.0 cm3
of 0.154 mol dm–3 potassiumhydroxide are added to 20.0 cm3 of 0.154
mol dm–3 ethanoic acid at 25 °C.
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2 (c) (ii) Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 40.0 cm3
of 0.154 mol dm–3 potassiumhydroxide are added to 20.0 cm3 of 0.154
mol dm–3 ethanoic acid at 25 °C.
At 25 °C, Kw has the value 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6.
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3 The following dynamic equilibrium was established at
temperature T in a closedcontainer.
P(g) + 2Q(g) 2R(g) ΔH = –50 kJ mol–1
The value of Kc for the reaction was 68.0 mol–1 dm3 when the
equilibrium mixture
contained 3.82 mol of P and 5.24 mol of R.
3 (a) Give the meaning of the term dynamic equilibrium.
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3 (b) Write an expression for Kc for this reaction.
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3 (c) The volume of the container was 10.0 dm3.
Calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of Q in the
equilibrium mixture.
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3 (d) State the effect, if any, on the equilibrium amount of P
of increasing the temperature.All other factors are unchanged.
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mark)
3 (e) State the effect, if any, on the equilibrium amount of P
of using a container of largervolume. All other factors are
unchanged.
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mark)
3 (f) State the effect, if any, on the value of Kc of increasing
the temperature. All other factors are unchanged.
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mark)
3 (g) State the effect, if any, on the value of Kc of using a
container of larger volume. All other factors are unchanged.
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mark)
3 (h) Deduce the value of the equilibrium constant, at
temperature T, for the reaction
2R(g) P(g) + 2Q(g)
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mark)
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4 The amide or peptide link is found in synthetic polyamides and
also in naturally-occurring proteins.
4 (a) (i) Draw the repeating unit of the polyamide formed by the
reaction of propanedioic acidwith hexane-1,6-diamine.
(2 marks)
4 (a) (ii) In terms of the intermolecular forces between the
polymer chains, explain whypolyamides can be made into fibres
suitable for use in sewing and weaving, whereaspolyalkenes usually
produce fibres that are too weak for this purpose.
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4 (b) (i) Name and outline a mechanism for the reaction of
CH3CH2COCl with CH3NH2
Name of
mechanism...........................................................................................................
Mechanism
(5 marks)
4 (b) (ii) Give the name of the product containing an amide
linkage that is formed in the reactionin part 4 (b) (i).
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mark)
4 (c) The dipeptide shown below is formed from two different
amino acids.
Draw the structure of the alternative dipeptide that could be
formed by these twoamino acids.
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H2N C C N C CH2SH
CH3 COOH
H O H H
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4 (d) The amino acids serine and aspartic acid are shown
below.
4 (d) (i) Give the IUPAC name of serine.
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mark)
4 (d) (ii) Draw the structure of the species formed when
aspartic acid reacts with aqueoussodium hydroxide.
(1 mark)
4 (d) (iii) Draw the structure of the species formed when serine
reacts with dilutehydrochloric acid.
(1 mark)
4 (d) (iv) Draw the structure of the species formed when serine
reacts with an excess ofbromomethane.
(1 mark)
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serine aspartic acid
H C COOH
CH2OH
NH2
H C CH2COOH
COOH
NH2
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5 Items softened with plasticisers have become an essential part
of our modern society.
Compound S, shown below, is commonly known as phthalic acid.
Esters of phthalic acid are called phthalates and are used as
plasticisers to softenpolymers such as PVC, poly(chloroethene).
5 (a) Give the IUPAC name for phthalic acid.
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mark)
5 (b) Draw the displayed formula of the repeating unit of
poly(chloroethene).
(1 mark)
Question 5 continues on the next page
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COOH
COOH
S
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5 (c) The ester diethyl phthalate (DEP) is used in food
packaging and in cosmetics.
5 (c) (i) Complete the following equation showing the formation
of DEP from phthalic anhydride.
(2 marks)
5 (c) (ii) Deduce the number of peaks in the 13C n.m.r. spectrum
of DEP.
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mark)
5 (c) (iii) One of the peaks in the 13C n.m.r. spectrum of DEP
is at δ = 62 ppm. Table 3 on the Data Sheet can be used to identify
a type of carbon atom responsible
for this peak.
Draw a circle around one carbon atom of this type in the
structure below.
(1 mark)
5 (d) The mass spectrum of DEP includes major peaks at m/z = 222
(the molecular ion) andat m/z = 177
Write an equation to show the fragmentation of the molecular ion
to form the fragmentthat causes the peak at m/z = 177
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marks)
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OC
C
COOCH2CH3
COOCH2CH3
++
DEPO
O
..................... .....................
COOCH2CH3
COOCH2CH3
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5 (e) Because of their many uses, phthalates have been tested
for possible adverse effectsto humans and to the environment.
The European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates is an
organisation thatrepresents the manufacturers of plasticisers.
The text below is taken from a document written by the
organisation.
‘Research demonstrates that phthalates, at current and
foreseeable exposure levels, donot pose a risk to human health or
to the environment. Experimental evidence showsthat phthalates are
readily biodegradable and do not persist for long in
theenvironment.’
5 (e) (i) Hydrolysis of DEP in an excess of water was found to
follow first order kinetics.
Write a rate equation for this hydrolysis reaction using DEP to
represent the ester.
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mark)
5 (e) (ii) Suggest what needs to be done so that the public
could feel confident that the researchquoted above is reliable.
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6 (a) In the presence of the catalyst rhodium, the reaction
between NO and H2 occursaccording to the following equation.
2NO(g) + 2H2(g) N2(g) + 2H2O(g)
The kinetics of the reaction were investigated and the rate
equation was found to be
rate = k[NO]2[H2]
The initial rate of reaction was 6.2 × 10–6 mol dm–3 s–1 when
the initial concentration ofNO was 2.9 × 10–2 mol dm–3 and the
initial concentration of H2 was 2.3 × 10
–2 mol dm–3.
6 (a) (i) Calculate the value of the rate constant under these
conditions and give its units.
Calculation
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6 (a) (ii) Calculate the initial rate of reaction if the
experiment is repeated under the sameconditions but with the
concentrations of NO and of H2 both doubled from their
originalvalues.
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6 (b) Using the rate equation and the overall equation, the
following three-step mechanismfor the reaction was suggested. X and
Y are intermediate species.
Step 1 NO + NO X
Step 2 X + H2 Y
Step 3 Y + H2 N2 + 2H2O
Suggest which one of the three steps is the rate-determining
step.
Explain your answer.
Rate-determining
step.........................................................................................................
Explanation
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6
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7 Organic chemists use a variety of methods to distinguish
between compounds. These methods include analytical and
spectroscopic techniques.
7 (a) The following compounds can be distinguished by observing
what happens in test-tubereactions.
For each pair, suggest a suitable reagent or reagents that could
be added separately toeach compound in order to distinguish
them.
Describe what you would observe with each compound.
7 (a) (i)
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Section B
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
E
CH3CCH3O
O
F
HOCH2CH3C
O
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7 (a) (ii)
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7 (a) (iii)
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G
CH2CH3CH3C
O
H
ClCH2CH3C
O
J K
H3C C C C H
CH3 H OH
CH3 H H
H3C C C C H
OH H CH3
CH3 H H
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7 (b) Compounds J and K can also be distinguished using
spectroscopic techniques such as1H n.m.r.
7 (b) (i) Name compound J.
Give the total number of peaks in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum of
J.
State the splitting pattern, if any, of the peak for the protons
labelled a.
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7 (b) (ii) Name compound K.
Give the total number of peaks in the 1H n.m.r. spectrum of
K.
State the splitting pattern, if any, of the peak for the protons
labelled b.
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J K
H3C C C C H
CH3 H OH
CH3 H H
H3C C C C H
OH H CH3
CH3 H Ha b
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8 The hydrocarbons benzene and cyclohexene are both unsaturated
compounds.Benzene normally undergoes substitution reactions, but
cyclohexene normally undergoes addition reactions.
8 (a) The molecule cyclohexatriene does not exist and is
described as hypothetical. Use the following data to state and
explain the stability of benzene compared with the
hypothetical cyclohexatriene.
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+ H2 ∆H = –120 kJ mol–1
∆H = –208 kJ mol–13H2+
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8 (b) Benzene can be converted into amine U by the two-step
synthesis shown below.
The mechanism of Reaction 1 involves attack by an
electrophile.
Give the reagents used to produce the electrophile needed in
Reaction 1.
Write an equation showing the formation of this
electrophile.
Outline a mechanism for the reaction of this electrophile with
benzene.
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NO2
U
Reaction 1 Reaction 2 NH2
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8 (c) Cyclohexene can be converted into amine W by the two-step
synthesis shown below.
Suggest an identity for compound V.
For Reaction 3, give the reagent used and name the
mechanism.
For Reaction 4, give the reagent and condition used and name the
mechanism.
Equations and mechanisms with curly arrows are not required.
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W
CompoundV
Reaction 3 Reaction 4 NH2
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8 (d) Explain why amine U is a weaker base than amine W.
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