A Lead In To The Middle Ages

7/30/2019 A Lead In To The Middle Ages

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@ Ch`m Gb ]i

]fh Lgmmch @ahs

c`rry aiimhcc4:04


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nivhr mr`wgba (& p`ah v) dy Chbirh Aiimhcc

@ Ch`m Gb ]i ]fh Lgmmch @ahs w`s wrgtthb 1 tfie @uaust ti tfh 7tfie

^hpthldhr 0757

ti eucegcc ` nillgtlhbt ti ` nc`ss gb lhmghv`c stumghs t`uaft dy Mr. Kishpf

[`v`mgc `t tfh Xbgvhrsgty Bhw Lhxgni shh nc`ss biths fhrh

fttp;//dgtcy.nil/^4IVP7

ly gllhrsgib gb Mr. Kuba `bm bulhrius itfhr siurnhs

privhm idshssgvhcy nilphccgba ti lh

Mr. [`v`mgc w`s bit glprhsshm shh chtthr p. xxx

` muhbmh diiocht 4:04 c`rry aiimhcc

pi dix 810 pc`ngt`s, bhw lhxgni

c`rryaiimJniln`st.bht

4:04
http://bitly.com/S2OXQ9http://bitly.com/S2OXQ9


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1@ua57

mgbvZc`ngt`s, Bhw Lhxgni

Mr. Kishpf [`v`mgc

@ Ch`m Gb ]i

]fh Lgmmch @ahs. . . (wgcc ai ib eril tfhrh c`thr,

dut biw . . )

ibh ie tfh shrghs ie rhlhldhrhm mrh`ls eril c`st bgaft

Chbirh & G `rh vgsgtgba C.@. (sfh's bhvhr dhhb ti ^iutfhrb N`cgeirbg` dut w`bts tivgsgt C.@. p`rtgnuc`rcy)

wh'rh gb ` p`rt ie tfh ngty wfhrh tfhrh's aicmhb subcgaft, cgoh ` erghbmcy afhtti `rh`

dy tfh inh`b wfhrh tfhrh'rh ` cit ie d`rs, phipch ib tfh strhhts, vhry erghbmcy. Grhniabgzh ` strhht nirbhr wfhrh wh'vh dhhb dheirh.

]fhb G'l bit wgtf fhr, G'l wgtf ` l`b `diut =: wfi shhls ti dh ` wgbi, ` diwhrytyph dut fhs bit mrubo, kust tfish icm ncitfhs & wfhrh fh gs s`ys silhtfgba fh's

vhry `cgvh, gs tfh hsshbnh ie tfgs aicmhb shntgib ie tfh ngty, ` v`cuh ti dh wgtf fgl.

Qh `rh ib ` tr`gb, eribt sh`ts rgmgba iut ti tfh inh`b, bi itfhr phipch `riubm us. Iursh`ts livh us iut ib ti tfh sure`nh ie tfh w`thr, wh'rh livgba iut & G dhagb ti scgmh

gbti gt (shbs`tgib cgoh tfh tgmh nilgba gb ubhxphnthmcy ahttgba yiu wht) & ly erghbm,ir r`tfhr, tfgs l`b G rhsphnt sfiws lh wfhrh ti sthp si tf`t G'l mr`wb d`no ti ly

sh`t & `a`gb wh'rh rgmgba iut ivhr tfh inh`b tfgs tglh G e`cc gb. G swgl miwbubmhrw`thr gt gs vhry cungm G n`b shh tfgs w`cc gb eribt ie lh wgtf ` c`rah hyh gb tfh

lgmmch ie gt. L`ydh gt's `b iphbgba tf`t ciios cgoh `b hyh. ]fhb G ubmhrst`bm tf`t tfherghbmcy wgbi gs aigba ti tr`p lh gb gt.

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]fhrh eicciws ` snhbh wfhrh G sthp iut ie ly shce & try ti aht fhcp. Tiils bhxt ti tfh

w`thr wfhrh G'l swgllgba wfhrh phipch `rh ciiogba gbti tfh w`thr (cgoh `t `b`qu`rgul). G try ti pc`nh tfgs wil`b wfi's st`bmgba cgoh ` l`bgogb tfhrh, try ti

pisgtgib fhr si sfh n`b shh tfh hyh gb tfh w`cc & ly pcgaft tfhrh, dut sfh livhs d`noti fhr irgagb`c pisgtgib. G try tfgs wgtf silhdimy hcsh. ^`lh tfgba f`pphbs.

G `l d`no gbti lyshce biw & silhfiw drh`o ciish ir erhh & gt's `s ge G'l gb `

swgllgba piic mhhp miwb (Gvh aibh tfru tfh w`cc, dy w`y ie tfh hyh-a`th9 irwf`t9) & G swgl-eci`t up ti s`ehty. ]f`t arh`t ehhcgba ie sphhmgba up tfru tfh w`thr,d`no ti `gr, htn.

Biw. rh`mgba gb tfgs niursh gb Lhmghv`c ^tumghs chm lh gbti tfhsh diios dy Kuba (G'm

f`m ` prhvgius nillgtlhbt ti tfh glpirt`bnh ie `cnfhly ti ly lgbm) @GIB, vic. 7 p`rt GG

Z^WNFICIAW & @CNFHLW, vic. 04@CNFHLGN@C ^]XMGH^, vic. 0>

LW^]HTGXL NIBKXBN]GIBG^, vic 0=

ie]FH NICCHN]HM QITO^

DICCGBAHB HTGH^ VV

G'l gbti silh sn`ry tfgbas fhrh tfgs mrh`l drgbas gt iut & rhc`ths(`s `cc tfgbas mi) ti tfh stumy Gvh l`mh gb `cnfhly, ly shbsh ie tfgs niursh,

tfh rh`mgba gb gt, ly ehhcgbas gb nc`ss, wfhrh G `l gb livhlhbt gb lywrgtgba

Biw ti tfh mrh`l

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0

^fh s`w ` aciwgba `bm acgllhrgba Ngty, ie wfgnf tfh cgeh w`s vgsgdch `s ` rish`c

wibmhr wgtfgb.... Gt w`s Cibmib obiwb à`gb `bm `bhw. ]fhb, ahbtcy iphbgba, sfhs`w `liba tfish strhhts itfhr strhhts. ^fh f`m shhb tfhl gb pgnturhs, dut biw sfh

mgm bit tfgbo ie pgnturhs, eir tfhsh whrh nhrt`gbcy tfh strhhts tfhlshcvhs`bitfhrCibmib, s`yitfhr Cibmibs, gbti wfgnf fhr iwb Cibmib iphbhm ir wgtf wfgnf gt

w`s gbthrlgbachm.... ]fhrh riubm fhr c`y bit ibcy Cibmib, dut cc ngtghsnigbngmhbtyht h`nf mgstgbnt? ir hcsh, gb `bitfhr limh, cygba dy h`nf itfhr `s tfh mgstrgnts ie ibh

ngty cgh. ^fh niucm, f`m tfh tglh `bm fhr inn`sgibs phrlgtthm, f`vh aibh ti `by sfhnfish`by tglh `bm pc`nh tf`t lhb f`m innupghm ir wiucm innupy.'

tfh Ngty `s Chsthr shhs gt, èthr mh`tf, gbNf`rchs Qgccg`ls @CC F@CCIQ^ HUH

& gb tfh mrh`l tfhrh gs tfgs shbsh, & gb lhmgt`tgib & gb tfh st`th ie dhgba stibhm, tfh

p`rtgnuc`r shhb miwb tfru gts rhehrhbts. Ngty, Filh, Nhlhthry hnfi mhrgv`tgibs

(eicciw tfh nriss rhehrhbnhs gb Qhdsthr's ]FGTM).

]fh wgbi gb tfh mrh`l gs ly augmh, th`nfhr, arh`t l`b wfi dhnilhs psynfipilp,sfiws lh tfh hbtr`bnh ti tfh ubmhrwircm fhrh tfh ubnibsngius, tfh ^h` phrf`ps gts

lgaftghst syldic.

G `l tfh gbgtg`th & siibhr ir c`thr wgcc pcubah gbti tfh ubobiwb, `t ch`st tfh egrstchvhc hbtr`bnh. G shhl ti aht tfru tfh hyh-a`th (tfh shnrht ficy ie ficghs `bm/ir

firrir ie firrirs) & lòh gt d`no up `crgaft.

Ibnh tfh shnrht gs iut yiu wibmhr wfy gt w`s ohpt ` shnrht si ciba, wf`t `cc tfh euss

w`s `diut. Dut tfh ohhpgba tfh shnrht gs tfh hsshbnh ie gt. Mihs bit l`tthr wf`t tfhshnrht gs.

Bi ibh n`b fhcp lh wfgch G'l trgppgba miwb tfhrh gbthbsgty si phrsib`c/ubgvhrs`c

bi ibh n`b sf`rh (G try ti aht phipch ti shh ly 'pcgaft' ti bi `v`gc) & G hvhb susphntly augmh

(M`bth n`st gbti tfh pgt dy Ugragc9)

G f`vh rhbhwhm ly `nqu`gbt`bnh wgtf Kuba, tfru `cnfhly, ` 'sudkhnt' tf`t prikhnts usgbti tfh ubnibsngius. & tfhrh `rh ` shrghs ie mrh`ls wfhrh tfhrh gs w`thr, tfh `divh

ibh gbst`bnh. Qfhrh G egbm gt nibvhbghbt ti lòh tf`t hqu`tgib à`gb, eril Kuba (ir

wf`t riit) ^H@ < XBNIB^NGIX^. ^n`ry sudkhnt.

0. yiu nibquhr tfh mràib

4. tfh mràib mhviurs yiu>. yiu mibt hbniubthr tfh mràib

=. yiu hbniubthr gt dut mibt `mlgt gt

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w`ys hvhb biw wfhb wh'vh tiunfhm ib tfh liib, ti mh`c/dh mh`ct wgtf tfh

ubnibsngius.

@t tfh pigbt wfhrh G eh`r `dsicuthcy dhgba nùaft up gb tfh thhtf ie tfh hyh-a`th,hvhb `s G rhlhldhr gt biw tfh piwhr eciws. ]f`t gs suprhlh kubntgib wfhb D@BA

yiu l`y f`vh dhhb agvhb tfh sicutgib, tfh ibh & ibcy riil hbthrhmsgluct`bhiuscy mgssgp`ths

/G eci`t up eril Qf`t w`s gt9 Mràib gb tfh sh`, dh`stgh,ubgib wgtf tfh ubobiwb, fhrl`pfrimgtgn d`ttch/ira`sl ic & Cub` p`grhm mygbagb tfh fhrlhtgn vhsshc, rhdirb.

]fh shnrht gs bi shnrht & yht . . . ]glh p`ssgba `mms '& yht' ti wf`t w`s gt yiu lust

f`vh shhb gt cc, suprhlh ubgib ie ippisgths, ygb-y`ba rgmmch ubr`vhchm(wf`t's chet gb yr f`bms, G wioh up eril tfh mrh`l ie niursh...)

4

']fh mràib, ir shrphbt, rhprhshbts tfh gbgtg`c st`th ie ubnibsngiusbhss, eir tfgs`bgl`c civhs, `s tfh `cnfhlgsts s`y, ti mwhcc "gb n`vhrbs `bm m`ro pc`nhs."

Xbnibsngiusbhss f`s ti dh s`nrgegnhm? ibcy tfhb n`b ibh egbm tfh hbtr`bnh gbti tfhfh`m, bm tfh w`y ti nibsngius obiwchmah bm ubmhrst`bmgba. Ibnh a`gb tfh

ubgvhrs`c struaach ie tfh fhri wgtf tfh mràib gs hb`nthm, `bm h`nf tglh `t gtsvgntirgius nibncusgib tfh sub rgshs; nibsngiusbhss m`wbs, `bm gt gs phrnhgvhm tf`t

tfh tr`bseirl`tgib prinhss gs tògba pc`nh gbsgmh tfh thlpch, tf`t gs, gb tfh fh`m. Gt gs

gb trutf tfh gbbhr l`b, prhshbthm fhrh `s ` filubnucus, wfi p`sshs tfriuaf tfhstàhs tf`t tr`bseirl tfh nipphr gbti sgcvhr `bm tfh sgcvhr gbti aicm, `bm wfi tfusubmhraihs ` ar`mu`c hbf`bnhlhbt ie v`cuh.

Kuba gb ']fh Ugsgibs ie [isglis' @CNFHLGN@C ]XMGH^, p. 67

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']fh @lhrgn`b Gbmg`b gs tfh vhbaheuc afist curogba gb tfh d`no ie tfh triudchm

@lhrgn`b lgbm. Qfgnf gs wfy wh c`sf iut wgtf sunf ehringty `bm p`ssgib, silummghm ` fh`rt, `t tfh dc`no-f`grhm yiuba ph`s`bts `bm sicmghrs wfi `rh tfh "Ught

Niba." ]f`t afist wgcc nc`gl tfh bhxt ahbhr`tgib `s gts iwb. Qfhb tfgs f`sf`pphbhm, ngtgzhbs ie tfh X^@ wgcc `t c`st dhagb ti dh @lhrgn`bs, trucy `t filh ib tfh

nibtgbhbt, gb civh wgtf tfhgr c`bm. ]fh nfirus ie ` Nfhyhbbh Gbmg`b Afist m`bnh siba "fg-bgsw`' vgt`'og'bg" "Qh sf`cc cgvh `a`gb."'

A`ry bymhr gb 'Z`ss`ah ti Lirh tf`b Gbmg` H@T]F FIX^H FICM, p. 004

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tfh sgcvhr & aicm ohys ti tfh stibh `rh fgmmhb eril tfh l`b & wil`b ` mrh`ry

idsnurgty (slia) riubm tfh fgaf prghst's thlpch(FGAF ZTGH^] rhprhshbtgba @cnfhly gs nrisshm dy tfh MHUGC)

tfh wgsh icm l`b ficms tfh stibh up (îcilib's ^h`c) & gts cgaft sfgbhs miwb ib `cc

dhciw gt(FHTLG] divh)

tfh eiubm`tgib ie l`tthr gs tfh 1 lht`cs* ie `cnfhly ch`m, grib, tgb, aicm, nipphr,sgcvhr & lhrnury (tfh 1 st`rs) wfgnf nilh eril & rhturb ti tfh egxhm st`rs ie tfh

a`c`xy

tfh àh ie tfh w`thr dh`rhr gs dhagbbgba *& tfh 1 'pc`bhts ^`turb, L`rs, Kupgthr, ûb,Uhbus, Liib & Lhrnury

(^]@T dhciw)

wf`t gs biw dhfgbm us gs tfh rh`cgzhm tit`c l`bm`c` ie tfh shce wgtf miudchqu`thrbgty (Iami`m) 6 spiohm wfhhc Hzhog`c's vgsgib tfh rgmmch ie tfh

spfgbx, sgbnh gt gs dhfgbm us, rhvh`chm(QFHHC ie EIT]XBH dhfgbm)

wgtfgb tfh sglpch qu`thrbgty ie tfh h`rtf, `s birtf, siutf, h`st, whst gs tfh vhry

lòh-up ie Fhrlhs-Lhrnury, tfh làgng`b wfi privgmhs tfh vhrtgn`c, up & miwb, tidrgba tfh mgrhntgibs ti 5

fh gs eci`tgba gb lhmgt`tgib, tfh hqu`sgib dhtwhhb tf`t `divh & tf`t dhciw & gs #0miwbrgaft shxu`c eirnh, Fhrl`pfrimgth wgtf ` f`rmib

(= NIGB^ & L@AGNG@B dheirh)

dhbh`tf tfh nhbthr ie @uaust, 0757, tfh yiuba l`b p`r`mgba `s tfh hai gb tfh wircm,gs tfh @bnghbt ie M`ys, tfh @btfripis, tfh wfich irgagb`c l`b "]fhrheirh tfh

Fhdrhw pripfhthss sfrghohm iut IBH DHNILH^ ]QI, ]QI DHNILH^ ]FTHH, &IX] IE ]FH ]FGTM NILH^ ]FH IBH @^ ]FH EIXT]F!"

tfh Khwhss, sgsthr ie Lishs,L`rg` Zripfhtgss`, tfh Nipt

tfh Ogba, îc, #= n`rm gb tfh ]@TI], n`rrygba tfh fhrlhtgn vhsshc, tfh hcgxgr, fglshce,tfh aget, eril tfh àh ie @rghs

(OBGAF] IE NIGB^ & HLZHTIT gb pisgtgib ie tfh shce)

dhbh`tf tfh nilpchx qu`thrbgty ie tfh h`rtf, tfh iami`m, fh`vhb hbthrs h`rtf

sfh n`rrghs tfh Làgng`b's w`bm & rhstirhs tfh prhnhpt ie Fhrlhs; ]f`t wfgnf gs

dhciw gs `s tf`t wfgnf gs `divh, & tf`t wfgnf gs `divh gs `s tf`t wfgnf gs dhciw, eirtfh phreirl`bnh ie tfh lgr`nchs ie tfh Ibh ]fgba.

(6 NIGB^ & PXHHB IE Q@BM^)

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& ubmhr tfh cgaft-fh`mhm Puhhb, nibthlpir ry siuc ie tfh Nfrgstg`b, gs tfh Ogba gb

trgulpf

`crgaft tfgs gs tfh l`b rgmgba tfh nibsngius/ ubnibsngius dh`st, ubgib ie ippisgths(tfh cgba`l-yibg), nriss dhtwhhb

MHUGC & FGAF ZTGH^] rhsicvhm

` l`b wgtf hvgc gb fgs chet f`bm, aiim gb fgs rgaft tfhrheirh sull`tgib ie `cc tfhn`rms dheirh (ditf gb tfgs rh`mgba & gb fgs pc`nh gb tfh ]@TI] wfgnf gs #1)

@btfripis, ` l`b `s cgvgba pfgcisipfgn`c stibh(PXHHB IE ^QITM^ & ]FH NF@TGI]/HHT)

l`ch & ehl`ch, ubhvhb & hvhb, suppirtgba tfh itfhr, rhvhc`tgib & irmgb`ry,

qu`thrbgty ie w`bmssglpchst ahsturh ie tfh shce rhvh`chm ubmhr tfhl`thrg`cgsl & mgsnirm ie tfh egvh ie w`bms

tfh = hchlhbts rhturb gb phrehnthm wirm; . . . `s l`b gs nilpishm ie tfh eiur

hchlhbts, si `csi gs tfh stibh, `bm si gt gs mua iut ie l`b, `bm yiu `rh gts irh, b`lhcydy wirogba? `bm eril yiu gt gs hxtr`nthm, b`lhcy dy mgvgsgib? `bm gb yiu gt rhl`gbs

gbshp`r`dcy, b`lhcy tfriuaf tfh snghbnh. [isglis ie Z`bipiccs, >rm nhbtury @.M.

(8 Q@BM^ & ubmhr gt, = Q@BM^)

`cnfhly w`s pursuhm sgbnh >:: DN gb Nfgb`, tfh h`rcghst wiro nibnhrbhm sichcy wgtf

gt gs tfh ]s'`b ]gba Nf'g, 0=4 @M, s`ys Kifb Th`m gb fgs ZTHCXMH ]I NFHLG^]TW, @BIX]CGBH IE @CNFHLW, 07>5

dut tr`ngba ]`rit d`no gs bi h`sy t`so, gt & `cnfhlgn`c syldics gbthrlgbach, h`rcghst

]`rit mhsgabs gb lushuls `rh prid`dcy 0=tf nhbtury, Z`uc Eisthr N`sh s`ys, gb fgsdiio ]FH ]@TI], 07=1

ai ib Hayptg`b w`bmhrgbas cgvgba wgtf tfhsh gl`ahs, nhrt`gbcy fh`vy Abistgn

& list ar`ngiuscy lhmghv`c aypsy & obgaftcy . . .

gbti tfh `rn`bh strh`l bi chss, wfy bit fibir wfhrh wh `rh gb tfgs ubgvhrsh & agvhtfh Lgmmch @ahs nrhmgt eir wf`t gt (tfhy, wh) ohpt (ohhp) `cgvh

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]fhb gs tfh e`grh Qfgth Qil`b

L`rrghm ti tfh Tummy L`b.Xbmhrst`bmgbah tfhrhie ge yh wiucm ahtt,

Qfhb iur Qfgth ^tibh sf`cc sueehr fh`th,@bm rhst gb Eghr `s rhm `s Dciim,

]fhb gs tfh L`rrg`ah phrehnt `bm aiim?@bm yh l`gh trhwcy obiw tf`t tylh,

Fiw tfh shlgb`cc shhm L`snucgbh,F`tf wriuaft `bm wib tfh Ugntiry,

Xpib tfh lhbstru`ccs wirtfgcy?@bm whcc nibvhrthm tfhl ti fgs ogbmh,

@s dy hxphrghbnh yh sf`cc egbmh;

Z`ssgba tfh ^udst`bnh ie Hldrgib,Eir tfhb nilpch`th gs l`mh iur ^tibh?

Qfil wgsh Lhb s`gm tf`t yh sfucmh ehhmhQgtf fgs iwbh Uhbilh wfhb gt gs bhhm.

]fil`s Birtib gb ]FH ITMGB@CC IE @CNFGLW, p. 7:

(dhaub gb 0=11)

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=

0=tf@uaust G nibsucthm tfh G NFGBA `diut `cnfhly

W`rriw st`cos eril tfh ^`bmg`s, tfh ^`barh mh Nfrgstis

OHHZGBA ^]GCC MHUHCIZLHB]

LIXB]@GB (AT@MX@C ZTIATH^^)

*IT@NCH (ygb gb tfh 8tf pc`nh) OHHZGBA FG^ K@QDIBH^ @] TH^] Î ]F@]

FG^ QITM^ @TH @CC ITMHTCW.THLIT^H MG^@ZZH@T^

84 l`y dh tfh fhxàr`l eir yia`

'Ohhpgba fgs d`no stgcc si tf`t fh bi cibahr ehhcs fgs dimy''Fh f`s tf`t truh ph`nh ie lgbm wfgnf gs bhhmhm

eir ubmhrst`bmgba tfh arh`t c`ws ie tfh ubgvhrsh`bm eir `ntgba gb f`rliby wgtf tfhl. Qfihvhr `nts

eril tfhsh mhhp chvhcs lòhs bi lgstòhs.'

]fh glàh ie tfgs fhxàr`l gs tfh liubt`gb'(silh hxnhrpts eril tfh Qgcfhcl-D`ybhs tr`bsc`tgib)

OHHZGBA ]GCC livhs tfru OHHZGBA FG^ K@QDIBH^ @] TH^] tiw`rms AT@MX@C

ZTIATH^^

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'@cc ficy lhb f`vh dhquh`tfhm tfgs ti ibh `bitfhr; bitfgba gs pissgdch wgtfiut

nibthlpc`tgib (e`b nfì, rhechntgib). Qfhb Nibeungus s`ys; Obiwgba drgbas ibh titfh ai`c? ir wfhb Dummf` n`ccs gt; ]fh vghw ie tfh fh`rt? ir Cì ]zu s`ys; Gbw`rm

vgsgib, gt gs `cc tfh s`lh. eril ]FH ^HNTH] IE ]FH AICMHB ECIQHT,

tfh ']'`g G Nfgb Fu` ]suba Nfgf'wfgnf aihs d`no ti tfh rhcgagib ie

tfh Aicmhb Hcgxgr ie Cgeh, ]'`baphrgim (6tf nhbtury)

8>; '` trhh ib ` liubt`gb mhvhcips sciwcy'&

'MHUHCIZLHB] sfiws fiw tfh l`gmhb gs agvhb gb l`rrgàh `bm gb tfgs lust`w`gt tfh `ntgibs ie tfh l`b.'

(Qgcfhcl-D`ybhs)

Qf`t G n`cc nilgba ti thrls wgtf tfh ubnibsngius tfh `cnfhlgsts n`cchm"lhmgt`tgib."'

Kuba gb LW^]HTGXL NIBKXBN]GIB^, p. =71

']fh trhh pph`rs erhquhbtcy gb tfh lhmghv`c cnfhlgn`c thxts bm gb ahbhr`crhprhshbts tfh ariwtf ie tfh `rn`bh sudst`bnh `bm gts tr`bseirl`tgib gbti tfh

pfgcisipfgn`c aicm (ir wf`thvhr tfh b`lh ie tfh ai`c l`y dh). Kuba gb ]fh Zfgcisipfgn`c ]rhh

@CNFHLGN@C ^]XMGH^, p. 41=

']fh nibecgnt dhtwhhb wircmcgbhss `bm spgrgtu`cgty, c`thbt gb tfh civh-lytf ie

Litfhr `bm îb, w`s hchv`thm dy Nfrgstg`bgty ti tfh lystgn l`rrgàh ie spibsus(Nfrgst) `bm spibs` (Nfurnf), wfhrh`s tfh `cnfhlgsts tr`bspishm gt ti tfh pfysgn`c

pc`bh `s tfh nibkubntgi ie îc `bm Cub`. ]fh Nfrgstg`b sicutgib ie tfh nibecgnt gspurhcy pbhul`tgn, tfh pfysgn`c rhc`tgibs ie tfh shxhs dhgba turbhm gbti `b `cchairy

irqugth gcchagtgl`thcygbti sgb tf`t phrphtu`ths bm hvhb gbthbsgeghs tfhirgagb`c ibh gb tfh A`rmhb. @cnfhly, ib tfh itfhr f`bm, hx`cthm tfh list fhgbius

tr`bsarhssgib ie tfh c`w, b`lhcy gbnhst, gbti ` syldic ie tfh ubgib ie ippisgths,fipgba gb tfgs w`y ti drgba d`no tfh aicmhb àh. Eir ditf trhbms tfh sicutgib c`y gb

hxtr`pic`tgba tfh ubgib ie shxhs gbti `bitfhr lhmgul; tfh ibh prikhnthm gt gbti tfhspgrgt, tfh itfhr gbti l`tthr. Dut bhgtfhr ie tfhl cin`thm tfh pridchl wfhrh gt

`rishtfh siuc ie l`b.'

Kuba gb ']fh Zhrsibgegn`tgib ie tfh Ippisgths' LW^]HTGXL NIBKXBN]GIBG^, pp. 7:-70

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16/36

tfh pfgcisipfgn`c l`b, tfh `bmriaybius irgagb`c l`b, @btfripis ie Abistgngsl, gb

Gbmg` tfh purusf`'Fh w`s `s c`rah `s ` l`b `bm wil`b hldr`ngba. Fh mgvgmhm fgs shce _`tl`b\ gb

twi, `bm tfhbnh `rish fusd`bm `bm wgeh. Fh ubgthm fglshce wgtf fhr `bm lhb whrhdirb.'

eril tfh Drgf`m`r`byò Xp`bgsf`m

LHTNXTGX^

e'îc gs . . . e`tfhr `bm sib `t ibnh, `bm fgs ehlgbgbh niubthrp`rt gs litfhr `bm

mùafthr gb ibh phrsib? eurtfhrlirh, îc `bm Cub` `rh lhrhcy `sphnts ie tfh s`lh

sudst`bnh tf`t gs sgluct`bhiuscy tfh nùsh `bm tfh primunt ie ditf, b`lhcyLhrnurgus mupchx, ie wfil tfh pfgcisipfhrs s`y tf`t fh nibt`gbs hvhrytfgba tf`t gs

siuaft dy tfh wgsh.' Kuba gb LW^]HTGXL NIBKXBN]GIBG^, p. 0:0


17/36

8

@ XBGUHT^G]W NIXT^H GB @CNFHLW rh`m

]FH FHTLH]GN LX^HXL TH^]ITHM @BM HBC@TAHM, hm. & tr`bs, dy @rtfur Q`gth,

067>itfhr nicchntgibs ge `v`gc`dch (sunf `s tfh ]FH@]TXL NFHLGNXL)

Nf`unhr's N`bib's Whil`b's Zriciauh & ]`ch

]fil`s Birtib's ]FH ITMGB@CC IE @CNFGLW Tiahr D`nib's ]FH LGTTITAihtfh's E@X^] IE @CNFGLW

Dhb Kibsib's ]FH @CNFHLG^] Ahirah Tgpchy'sKifb Th`m's ZTHCXMH ]I NFHLG^]TW Hldchl`tgn`cc nriwch

Kuba (shvhr`c viculhs)

htn.Qhg Z`-W`ba's ]s'`b t'uba nf'g ]FH HNTH] IE ]FH AICMHB ECIQHT

5

'thcc lh ibh tfgba; gs lhmgngbh ibcy gb fhrds, wiim `bm stibh, `bm bit gb wirms9'

Z`r`nhcsus

fhy` fhy` fhy` ` yi fi yi fi y`f` f`fh y` `bf` y`fh f` whb`

yi fi yi fi y`f` f`fh y` `bf` y`fh f` whb`

fh-yi whb` f`fh y`f`bf` y`fh f` whb`

fh yi whb` f`fh y`f`bfh fh fh fh yi

fh yi whb` f`fh y`f`bfh fh fh fh yi

fh yi fiwi fhyiw`b` fhy` fhy`

` B`v`fi niyith siba'tfh wirms f`vh bi lh`bgba, dut

tfh siba lh`bs ]`oh gt, G agvh gtti yiu'

` B`v`fi gbeirl`bt

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18/36

'L`b gs `t tfh b`mgr ie fgs strhbatf wfhb tfh h`rtf, tfh sh`s, tfh liubt`gbs `rh

bit gb fgl, eir wgtfiut tfhl fgs siuc gs ubsiurnhm, & fh f`s bi glàhs dy wfgnf ti`dgmh.

Hmw`rm M`fcdhra gb ]FH ÎTTIQ^ IEZTG@ZX^, 0781

'Ai ti tfh strh`lgbas ie tfh Bgch, & tfhrh yiu wgcc egbm ` stibh tf`t f`s ` spgrgt.

]òh tfgs, mgvgmh gt, tfrust gb yiur f`bm `bm mr`w iut gts fh`rt; eir gts siuc gs gb gtsfh`rt.'

Ist`bhs, prid`dcy egrst nhbtury D.N.

PXH][@CNI@]C'Fgs e`nh w`s cgoh ` fuah, d`tthrhm stibh, ` arh`t e`cchb rino? gt (w`s) bit l`mh

cgoh tf`t ie lhb. @bm fgs dh`rm w`s vhry cibahxnhhmgbacy ciba. Fh w`s fh`vgcydh`rmhm.'

^`fàub, ECITHB]GBH NIMHV, GU, p. 0>

'. . . tfh Nfrgst-syldic c`nos wfichbhss gb tfh limhrb psynficiagn`c shbsh, sgbnhgt mihs bit gbncumh tfh m`ro sgmh ie tfgbas dut sphngegn`ccy hxncumhs gt gb tfh eirl ie `

Cungehrg`b ippibhbt. Kuba gb @GIB, p. =0

Nfrgst 'w`s dirb `s tfh egrst egsf ie tfh Zgsnhs hr`, `bm w`s miilhm ti mgh `s tfh

c`st r`l (c`ld) ie tfh mhncgbgba @rghs hr`.'Kuba gb @GIB, p. 61

Qgtf tfh dhagbbgba ie tfgs nhbtury (00tf), wfgnf gs `striciagn`ccy tfh lgmmch ietfh Zgsnhs `hib, fhrhsghs spr`ba up hvhrywfhrh cgoh lusfriils, `bm `t tfh s`lh

tglh Nfrgst's `mvhrs`ry, tfh shnibm egsf, `cg`s tfh Mhvgc (Chvg`tfib), `pph`rs `s tfhmhlgurah.'

Kuba gb @GIB, p. 08:

'@s ippisgths bhvhr ubgth `t tfhgr iwb chvhc (thrtgul bib m`tur9), `suprìrmgb`th "tfgrm" gs `cw`ys rhqugrhm, gb wfgnf tfh twi p`rts n`b nilh tiahtfhr.'

'. . . ` syldic wfgnf hxprhsshs ditf sgmhs. ]fgs w`s tfh "Uhrgt`s" (Ahr`rm Mirb) ir"tfhirg`" (Z`r`nhcsus) eir wfgnf tfh icm pfysgng`bs `bm `cnfhlgsts strivh. . . .'

@GIB, p. 06:

LHTNXTGX^/@TNF@HX^/@MHNF/]FH ATH@] L@B

']fh pigbt `s tfh nhbtrh ie tfh qu`thrbgi ie tfh hchlhbts gs tfh pc`nh wfhrhLhrnurgus "mgahsts bm phrehnts."

LW^]HTGXL NIBKXBN]GIBG^, p. =6

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19/36

'Aim mihs bit lòh fgs `dimh `by pc`nh wfhrh l`ch `bm ehl`ch `rh bit kigbhm

tiahtfhr.' eril tfh [IF@T

']fh rhmhhlhr egaurh ie cnfhly gs bit nillhbsur`dch wgtf Nfrgst. Qfhrh`s

Nfrgst gs Aim `bm gs dhaitthb dy tfh E`tfhr, tfh egcgus rhagus gs tfh siuc ie b`turh,dirb ie tfh wircm-nrh`tgba Ciais, ie tfh ^`pghbtg` Mhg subo gb l`tthr. ]fh egcgus

rhagus gs `csi ` sib ie Aim, tfiuaf ie lirh mgst`bt mhsnhbt `bm bit dhaitthb gb tfhwild ie tfh Ugragb L`ry dut gb tfh wild ie Litfhr B`turh. . . .'

LW^]HTGXL NIBKXBN]GIBG , p. 0:=

Lhrnurgus gs tfh Ciais dhnilh wircm.'

L.N., p. 444

']fh ful`b siuc gs "`bmriaybius," "dhnùsh ` agrc f`s ` l`snucgbh `bm ` l`b èhlgbgbh siuc."'

Kuba quitgba Tgnf`rm Qfgth (05tfnhbtury) gb L.N, p. 6>

']fh sub & gts sf`miw drgba tfh wiro ti phrehntgib.

Lgnf`hc L`ghr, 01tf nhbtury

'@bm kust `s, gb Nfrgstg`bgty, tfh Aimfh`m nibnh`cs gtshce gb tfh l`b ie ciw mharhh,si gb tfh "pfgcisipfy" gt fgmhs gb tfh ubnilhcy stibh. Gb tfh Nfrgstg`b prikhntgib tfhmhsnhbsus spgrgtus s`bntg stips `t tfh cgvgba dimy ie tfh Nfishb Ibh, wfi gs `t ibnh

vhry l`b `bm vhry Aim, wfhrh`s gb `cnfhly tfh mhsnhbt aihs rgaft miwb gbti tfhm`robhss ie gb`bgl`th l`tthr wfish bhtfhr rhagibs, nnirmgba ti tfh

Bhipytfàirh`bs, `rh ruchm dy hvgc. Hvgc `bm l`tthr tiahtfhr eirl tfh My`m, tfhmu`cgty. ]fgs gs ehlgbgbh gb b`turh, `b `bgl` lubmg, tfh ehlgbgbh Zfysgs wfi cibas

eir tfh hldr`nh ie tfh Ibh, tfh Lib`m, tfh aiim `bm phrehnt. ]fh Kustgbg`b Abisgsmhpgnts fhr `s Hmhl, vgragb `divh, shrphbt dhciw. Uhbaheuccy sfh strgvhs à`gbst tfh

Zbhul` dhnùsh, gb tfh sf`ph ie tfh mhlgurah, tfh shnibm eirl ie Aim, fhe`gtfchsscy `d`bmibhm fhr. ^fh gs "tfh mgvgbh siuc glprgsibhm gb tfh hchlhbts,"

wfil gt gs tfh t`so ie `cnfhly ti rhmhhl.' Kuba. Z^WNFICIAW @BM @CNFHLW,

pp. 470-4

...tfh c`pgs gs bibh itfhr tf`b tfh egaurh ie cgaft vhgchm gb l`tthr.

Kuba, @CNFHLGN@C ^]XMGH , p. 4=1

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20/36

tfh prghst sgts `t tfh nhbthr wgtf ` c`rah diwc fh prhp`rhs lhmgngbh mrgbogb gt fgs siba rhprhshbts tfh Hàch tfh sbòhs rh piurhm gbti tfh nhbthr diwc

& tfhy & tfh lhldhrs ie tfh ^bòh singhty `cc mrgbo eril gt

biw iur ncitfhs `rh iee, wh `rh bòhm,

wh `rh rh`my ti mrgbo wgtf tfh sbòhs

cht `cc tfh lhb st`bm up& cht tfh vhsshc ai riubm ibh tglh

tfh icm lhb egrst, & tfhb yiuba lhb!G-y`-if `-h! G-y`-if`-`-f`-i.

(îba eril @. L. ^thpfhb's FIZG KIXTB@C, 07>5)

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21/36

G DTGBA WIX ]FH UH^^HC^ QG]F ]FH AIM'^ CGLD^ ]F@] WIX

L@W MTGBO ]FHLG THETH^F WIXT FH@T] ]F@] WIX L@W DH ^@]G^EGHM

p`rt ie ` thxt eril Hmeu,fhrh tfh w`thr ie tfh Bgch gs

tfh mgslhldhrhm aim Isgrgs

^ph`o gb wgcm tibauhc`y fhr pr`gshs iutdr`gm tfhl gbti rgvhrs

bgbh ehht ciba .

]fh Lush gs bit ciagn`c^fh `ssulhs gt tfiuaf^fh twgrcs tfh obids gb tfh `gr

d`now`rms & eirw`rms

Itfhrwgsh tfhrh wiucm dh tfrhhAr`nhs gb fhr cygba tfhrh

fhr ehht pigbthm tiw`rm tfh Birtfturbgba ivhr gb fhr schhp

/eir Chbirh46Kuc57

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22/36

6

'...tfh truh pridchl;

Qf`t gs tfh sglpchst pissgdch st`thlhbt9 Hzr` Ziubm gb @ D N IE TH@MGBA

mf`s l`mh ibh hbtgrh swgba ie tfh zimg`n, & gs à`gb gb vwfgnf gs ly sgab.

`cc ti s`y 41 m`ys & `clist `s l`by m`ys wirrghm `w`y gb rh`mgba & gb nilgba ti

tfgs p`phr, ar`spgba `t ` tfrh`m gbsth`m ie w`gtgba eir tfh tfgba/piwhr/hsshbnh tiar`d lh. èthr 1 yh`rs ie wrgtgba

` pihlsd silhtfgba tf`t turbhm gbti ` pihtry-bivhc

n chtthrs]FG^ gs `b `nniubt ie ` livhlhbt gb ly ch`rbgba, tfgs pcubah gbti tfh `rt ie tfh m`ro

niubtry

fghriacypf eir Haypt lh`bgba fh`p ie nf`rni`c

nrinimgch t`gc pghnh ie egsf sogb

qhlg ir nfhlg tfh niubtry ie m`ro sigctfru Gsc`l dhnilhs

`c Ofhl `rt ie tfh m`ro niubtry

& tfh dhagbbgba mrips iut ie tfh dittil ie tfh nup.

7

BI]H^;

` ehw tfgbas sp`rohm eril tfh rh`mgba ie Lgmmch Hbacgsf cgt tfgs sullhr,pitsfits & bi lirh sgbnh Gvh sfit ly w`m.

'@ sglpch irmhr ie sphhnf gs `b `ssht gb pihtry.'

Ciugs [uoiesoy gb @ ]H^] IE ZIH]TW,07=6

hxnhpt eir gbvhrsgibs (wfgnf nilh & ai wgtf ar`nh), Nfùnhr gs w`y up tfhrh,c`bauàh wfgnf niucm nilh up gb b '`ppriprg`th nibvhrs`tgib.' Mrymhb pigbts ti

tfgs hxnhcchbnh gb tfh cgbhs surriubmgba ]rigcus siba (5:>->1 & 5=8-80 , Do. U) gb]TIGCX^ @BM NTG^HWMH.

(Nf`pthr 07 ie DGIAT@ZFG@ CG]HT@TG@)

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23/36

'Bi ibh wgcc hvhr aùah ir lh`surh Hbacgsf pihtry ubtgc tfhy obiw fiw lunf ie

gt, fiw eucc ` a`lut ie gts qu`cgtghs, gs `crh`my ]FHTH IB ]FH Z@AH ie Nfùnhr. Hzr` Ziubm gb @ D N IE TH@MGBA, 07>=

gbthbshcy e`lgcg`r wgtf p`rt ie gt r`tfhr tf`b sogppy-mii-cgttch tfru tr`bsc`tgibs

usgba '` vin`duc`ry nilprhfhbmhm ie s`pfh`ms

Zihtry `tripfghs wfhb gt ahts tii e`r eril lusgn.' Ziubm a`gb

'^glpcgngty ie utthr`bnh `bm siba ai tiahtfhr.' [uoiesoy a`gb

@CC tfh sfgt phipch s`y @DIX] Nfùnhr gsbt wirtf IBH LGBX]H ie fh`rgba fgl

TH@M @CIXM

0:

Arh`t pihts `rh glpcgngtcy aiim nrgtgns ie pihtry. ]fhgr aiim wiro privhs gt.

^fòhsph`rh hvgmhbtcy `mlgrhm Aicmgba hbiuaf ti "nipy" fgl. Aicmgba l`y bit dhahbhr`ccy obiwb, dut tf`t fh gs bit gs phrf`ps tfh eùct ie chsshr nrgtgns tf`b

^fòhsph`rh.' [uoiesoy, @ ]H^] IE ZIH]TW

'Wiu n`b aht Ivgm, ir r`tfhr Ivgm's stirghs gb Aicmgba's LH]@LITZFI^H^, wfgnfgs tfh list dhùtgeuc diio gb tfh c`bauàh. . . .'

Ziubm, @ D N IE TH@MGBA

tfh ohys `rh tfhrh, ti ` mgeehrhbt r`bah ie hlpf`shs, ly Aim wfich nf`r`nthrs,phrsib`cgtghs, ahiar`pfghs Nfgbhsh, K`p`bhsh, Gbmg`b, @lhrgn`b Gbmg`b htn. wfi

bhvhr nilh up gb tfh usu`c (dy biw nilpchthcy sthrhityphm) 'Hbacgsf' nicchah niursh

tfh `dshbnh ie A`vgb Miuac`s' wiro gb tfh Xbgvhrsgty cgdr`ry gs bi eùct ie Ziubm's ir[u's. chsshr nrgtgns tf`b pihts nibtgbuh ti e`cc dy tfh w`ysgmh, ohpt `cgvh dy 'nrgtgns'

wfi mibt wrgth (wfi mibt nibsgmhr tfhlshcvhs wrgthrs & yht ai fh`m primungba

'`rtgnchs')

ir rh suppc`bthm dy tfh `bbu`c erhsf nrip primunhm dy ubgvhrsgty 'Hbacgsf'

mhp`rtlhbts

ar`mu`ths wfish f`llhr-fh`mhm hlpf`sgs ib 'nrgtgngsl' gs mh`mcy ti bytfgbaobiwb ie nrh`tgvgty, tfh vignh ie tfh glàgb`tgib

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24/36

wfish '`rtgnchs' 'p`phrs tfhshs' (e`rtgnchs tigcht-p`phrs & ehnhs) rh yht bitfhr

eirl ie b`tgib`c piccutgib

dut f`vh bibh ie tfh urahbny & wgt wfgnf ar`nh tfh nillibhst sfgt-fiush w`ccs

'@rgstitch's Zihtgns gs stgcc gbthccgagdch èthr 4::: yh`rs. N`b tfh s`lh dh s`gm eirlist cgt/nrgt èthr 4:9

Tidhrt Ohccy gb L@]]HT/4

d`no ti tfh tfgba `t f`bm, dhtthr gb f`bm, tfh phrnhgvhm n`rgba, spgrgt wfgnf n`rrghs

whgaft . . .

Ugragc n`lh ti cgeh à`gb gb 080= p`rtcy ir pissgdcy dhnùsh A`vgb Miuac`s obhwtfh sh` dhtthr tf`b Ugragc f`m.'

Ziubm

']fh piht, bi chss tf`b tfh snghbtgst, wiros ib tfh `ssulptgib tf`t gbhrt `bm cgvhtfgbas `bm rhc`tgibs ficm hbiuaf gbthrhst ti ohhp fgl `cgvh `s p`rt ie b`turh. ]fh

e`nt tf`t fh phrsgsts wgtf tfhl nibegrls fgl. . . . Zihts lh`surh dy lh`bs ie wirms,wfish heehnt `s ieesfiit ie b`turh l`y (ir sfiucm) dh tf`t tfhgr strhbatf ie

suaahstgib n`b bhvhr dh nniubthm eir nilpchthcy. [uoiesoy, "Zihtry" (l`y dh gb

8 ^]@]HLHB]^ EIT ZIH]TW)

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25/36

00

Nfrgstg`bgty w`s `cgvh gb tfh Lgmmch @ahs, bit mh`m `s gt gs biw. Gt w`s tfhrheirhncishr ti tfh ubnibsngius, tfh `rnfhtyph ie tfh rhmhhlhr w`s hxngthm, l`mh

'bulgbius' `t tfh bh`rhst ogro. Idkhnts ie tfh l`ss nibt`gbhm tfhgr rgafteuc l`b`.

Nfrgst gs mh`mhr tf`b Kuba s`w ubchss silhtfgba ie tfh Abistgn rhmhhlhr gsrhdirb à`gb wgtf fgs sf`miw `bm/ir fgs chet f`bm hvgc

ir tfh mhlib ir tfh d`m trgp ir e`th ir tit`c mhstruntgib hqu`cgba (nithrlgbus wgtf)

gcculgb`tgib

(]FH CGAF]BGBA-^]TXNO ]IQHT gb tfh ]`rit).

lurmhr & rgit & wfichs`ch l`glgba wfhrh wh `rh gb rhvict biw, gs silhfiw

nilp`tgdch wgtf tfh puby wfgthw`sfhm d`st`rm Nfrgst f`s dhnilh

Cungehr, fgs `rnf-hbhly yht gb fgs iwb sf`miw wfhb fh `s rhmhhlhr egaurh w`cohmib h`rtf

M@TOBH^^ G^ ICMHT ]F@B CGAF] Cungehr, lirbgba st`r, ciios iut eril tfh Nfrgsts

ib ûbm`y wgtf tfh Nfurnf's ar`ph kugnh & mia dgsnugts dheirh fgl, & eril tfh hyhsie tfh Ziph `s fh sgts gb fgs nf`gr & dchsshs tfh `stribùts ib tfh ]U dheirh fgl & `t

tfh s`lh tglh nibmhlbs tfh pgcc.

'Aht tfhh fhbnh ^`t`b!' F@! fh f`s rhturbhm ti nc`gl fgs rgafteuc dimy.

Hvhb tfh Nfrgstg`b wfi ehhcs fglshce mhcgvhrhm eril hvgc wgcc, wfhb tfh egrstr`pturh gs ivhr, rhlhldhr tfh tfirb gb tfh echsf, wfgnf hvhb ^t. Zùc niucm bit pcunoiut.'

Kuba, LW^]HTGXL NIBKXB]GIBG^, p. 06>

'G egbm tfhb ` c`w, tf`t, wfhb G wiucm dh aiim, hvgc gs prhshbt wgtf lh. Til`bs 1;40

]fh psynficiagn`c ruch s`ys tf`t wfhb `b gbbhr sgtu`tgib gs bit l`mh nibsngius,

gt f`pphbs iutsgmh, `s e`th.'

Kuba gb @GIB, p. 10

]fh Nfrgstg`b mhvgc gs '` "mg`dicgz`tgib" ie Cungehr ir ie Lhrnurgus. Lhrnurgus gs `b

`muldr`tgib ie tfh prglirmg c cgaft-drgbahr, wfi gs bhvhr fglshce tfh cgaft, dut `_lhsshbahr\ wfi drgbas tfh cgaft ie b`turh, tfh cgaft ie tfh liib `bm tfh st`rs

wfgnf e`mhs dheirh tfh bhw lirbgba cgaft.' Kuba gb @GIB, pp. 4=1-6

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26/36

Gb mrh`ls dhagb iur rhspibsgdgcgtghs.'

Wh`ts

'Dut fh wfi f`tf tgbahm tfh pigsib ie tfh sàhs wgtf tfh sub `bm gts sf`miw,f`tf `tt`gbhm ti tfh arh`thst shnrht.'

eril tfh ]XTD@ ZFGCIÎZFITXL,n`. 04tf nhbtury

04

tfh nfurnf dhcc gb tfh vgccàh > lgchs mgst`bt`b `grpc`bh ivhrfh`m tfh wgbm gb tfh ch`vhs

tfh dgrms

mgstr`nt ly vgsgib eril tfh pàh G w`bt ti fh`r^gr A`w`gb & tfh N`rc ie N`rcgsch ti rh`m gtrhm `cium

/>Kuc

]fh egttgba ie wirms ti lusgn`c nilpisgtgib shhls ti f`vh rh`nfhm gts l`xglulmhvhciplhbt gb Hbacgsf pihtry `s h`rcy `s tfh 0=tf nhbtury. ]fh nilpcgn`tgibs ierfhtirgn`c irb`lhbt (sglgchs, lht`pfirs, nibnhgts) gb c`thr tglhs shhl ti f`vh

nrh`thm ` prgbthm (`bm wirsh, ` diiogsf) pihtry wrgtthb ti dh rh`m sgchbtcy r`tfhrtf`b ti dh spiohb ir suba.

[uoiesoy gb @ ]H^] IE ZIH]TW

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27/36

'Gt gs tfh `mv`btàh ie tfh typhwrgthr tf`t, muh ti gts rgagmgty `bm gts sp`nh

prhngsgibs, gt n`b, eir ` piht, gbmgn`th hx`ntcy tfh drh`tf, tfh pùshs, tfh susphbsgibshvhb ie sycc`dchs, tfh kuxt`pisgtgibs hvhb ie p`rts ie pfr`shs, wfgnf fh gbthbms. Eir

tfh egrst tglh tfh piht f`s tfh st`vh `bm tfh d`r ` lusgng`b f`s f`m. Eir tfh egrsttglh fh n`b, wgtfiut tfh nibvhbtgib ie rglh `bm lhthr, rhnirm tfh cgsthbgba fh f`s

mibh ti fgs iwb sphhnf `bm dy tf`t ibh `nt gbmgn`th fiw fh wiucm w`bt `by rh`mhr,sgchbtcy ir itfhrwgsh, ti vignh fgs wiro.'

Nf`rchs Icsib gb ZTIKHN]GUH UHT^H,

078:

quith ` lith ie pit`dchs dut wf t mihs gt `cc nilh ti

']fh hnst`ny wgtfgb c`ys

tfh wirm-lusgn hvhbbhss.' eril Agbi Nc`ys' ]FH TGMGBA IE ]FH LX^H^

& nicchah Hbacgsf nc`sshs f`vh aitthb si e`r eril pihl `s b`turh, pihl c`gm iut gbb`turh vignh-riit tfhrheril tfh b`turh ie tfh pihl

MH^ZG]H prhthbsgibs tfhy `rh einusgba ib tfh ZI-@L n`bt shh tfh hyhd`ccs eir tfhac`zh

`s tfhy st`rh `t gt tfru bib-vignh-riit 'cgthr`ry nrgtgngsl,' QFGNF p`grgba ie wirms dy

tfh w`y f`s ibh ie tfh uacghst siubms gb tfh c`bauàh & eril biw ib G wgcc ushOhccy's CG]-NTG]

rhmungba 6 sycc`dchs ti 4, k`llgba fh`m sycc`dchs tiahtfhr, ssib`bnh mgaagba up

dhtthr ssing`tgibs eir ` a`ra`btu`b mg`rrfh` eghcm, bi dusgbhss, yhs wfgnfohhps pihts `w`y eril n`lpushs, mriwbs iut tfh vignh ie tfh wirm `s s`nrhm idkhnt

& mhbghs sgchbnh hqu`c e`nt

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0>

']fh Birl`b-Erhbnf trivhrhs bm L`ciry wfi nicchnthm bm nicc`thm tfhgr

@rtfurg`b ril`bnhs f`m bi obiwchmah ie, ir gbthrhst gb, tfh fgstirgn`c bm rhcgagiuslh`bgba ie tfh lytfs tf`t tfhy f`bmchm. ]fhy ehct tfhlshcvhs erhh ti glprivh tfh

b`rr`tgvh gb nnirm`bnh wgtf tfhgr bhw aisphc ie nfgv`cry ehtnfhm eril Zrivhbnh,gbvhbtgba bhw nf`r`nthrs wfhrh bhnhss`ry ^gr Cùbnhcit ie tfh Còh eir ibh

drhògba up tfh icm lytfgn p`tthrbs `bm tògba cgdhrtghs ie hvhry sirt tf`t tfh Qhcsflgbstrhcs f`m bhvhr m`rhm ti tòh.

Tidhrt Ar`vhs, ]FH QFG]H AIMMH^^, p. =6

eril Cirm Tàc`b's ]FH FHTI, 07>5'tr`mgtgib gs bhvhr fgstirgn`c'

'tfh tr`mgtgib`c b`rr`tgvh, gb `cc gts eirls...gs d`shm upib

mr`l`tgn rgtu`c ir rgtu`c mr`l`'

]FH Z@]]HTB

typgn`c gbngmhbts gb tfh fhri's cgeh;

'0 ]fh fhri's litfhr gs ` riy c vgragb 4 Fgs e`tfhr gs ogba, bm

> Iethb ` bh`r rhc`tgvh ie fgs litfhr, dut = ]fh ngrnulst`bnhs ie fgs nibnhptgib rh ubusu c, `bm

8 Fh gs `csi rhputhm ti dh tfh sib ie aim. 5 @t dgrtf `b tthlpt gs l`mh, usu`ccy dy fgs e`tfhr ir fgs

l`thrb`c ar`bme tfhr, ti ogcc fgl, dut 1 Fh gs spgrgthm w`y, bm 6 Th`rhm dy eisthr-p`rhbts gb e`r niubtry.

7 Qh `rh ticm bitfgba ie fgs nfgcmfiim, dut0: Ib rh`nfgba l`bfiim fh rhturbs ir aihs ti fgs euturh ogbamil.

00 @ethr ` vgntiry ivhr tfh ogbm `bm/ir ` ag`bt, mr aib, ir wgcm dh`st,04 Fh l`rrghs prgbnhss, iethb tfh mùafthr ie fgs prhmhnhssir, `bm

0> Dhnilhs ogba.0= Eir ` tglh fh rhgabs ubhvhbteuccy, `bm

08 Zrhsnrgdhs c`ws, dut05 C`thr fh cishs e`viur wgtf tfh aims `bm/ir fgs sudkhnts, `bm

01 Gs mrgvhb eril tfh tfribh `bm ngty, ethr wfgnf06 Fh lhhts wgtf ` lysthrgius mh`tf,

07 Iethb `t tfh tip ie ` fgcc.4: Fgs nfgcmrhb, ge `by, mi bit sunnhhm fgl.40 Fgs dimy gs bit durghm, dut bhvhrtfhchss

44 Fh f`s ibh ir lirh ficy shpucnfrhs.' Tàc`b, pp. 01=-8

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@T]FXT

'Fgs litfhr, Gar`gbh, gs (0) ` prgbnhss, `bm fgs e`tfhr gs (4) tfh Muoh ie Nirbw`cc.

Fh gs, fiwhvhr, (8) rhputhm ti dh tfh sib ie Xtfhr Zhbmràib, wfi (=) vgsgts Gar`gbhgb tfh Muoh's cgohbhss. @t dgrtf fh gs `pp`rhbtcy gb bi m`bahr, yht gs (1) spgrgthm `w`y

`bm (6) rh`rhm gb ` mgst`bt p`rt ie tfh niubtry. Qh fh`r (7) bitfgba ie fgs nfgcmfiim,dut ib rh`nfgba l`bfiim fh (0:) tr`vhcs ti Cibmib. (00) wgbs ` làgn`c vgntiry,

`bm (0>) gs nfishb ogba. @ethr itfhr vgntirghs fh (04) l`rrghs Augbhvhrh, fhgrhss ietfh Tiubm ]`dch. @ethr tfgs fh (0=) rhgabs ubhvhbteuccy, `bm (08) prhsnrgdhs tfh c`wsie nfgv`cry, dut c`thr tfhrh gs (05) ` sunnhsseuc nibspgr`ny à`gbst fgl, wfgch (01) fh

gs `dri`m. Fh lhhts wgtf (06) ` lysthrgius mh`tf, `bm fgs nfgcmrhb mi bit (4:}sunnhhm fgl. Fgs dimy gs (40) bit durghm, dut bhvhrtfhchss fh f`s (44) ` ficy

shpucnfrh t Ac`stibdury.Fh snirhs bgbhthhb pigbts.

Tàc`b, pp. 06>-=

]fhshus `bm Zhgrgtfius. . .mhsnhbmhm gbti F`mhs `bm arhw e`st ti tfh rinos ie

tfh ubmhrwircm, wfgnf gs ti s`y tf`t tfh nibsngius lgbm, `mv`bngba gbti tfhubobiwb rhagibs ie tfh psynfh, gs ivhrpiwhrhm dy tfh `rnf`gn eirnhs ie tfh

ubnibsngius; ` rhphtgtgib ie tfh nislgn hldr`nh ie Bius `bm Zfysgs. ]fh purpish ietfh mhsnhbt `s ubgvhrs`ccy hxhlpcgeghm gb tfh lytf ie tfh fhri gs ti sfiw tf`t ibcy gb

tfh rhagib ie m`bahr (w`thry `dyss, n`vhrb, eirhst, gsc`bm, n`stch, htn.) n`b ibh egbmtfh "trh`surh f`rm ti tt`gb" (khwhc, vgragb, cgeh-pitgib, vgntiry ivhr mh`tf).

']fh mrh`m `bm rhsgst`bnh wfgnf hvhry b`tur`c ful`b dhgba hxphrghbnhs wfhb gt

nilhs ti mhcvgba tii mhhpcy gbti fglshce gs, `t dittil, tfh eh`r ie tfh kiurbhy tiF`mhs. Ge gt whrh ibcy rhsgst`bnh tf`t fh ehct, gt wiucm bit dh si d`m. Gb `ntu`c e`nt,

fiwhvhr, tfh psynfgn sudstr`tul, tf`t m`ro rh`cl ie tfh ubobiwb, hxhrngshs è`sngb`tgba ttr`ntgib tf`t tfrh`thbs ti dhnilh tfh lirh ivhrpiwhrgba tfh eurtfhr

fh phbhtr`ths gbti gt. Kuba gb ']fh Lytf ie tfh Fhri

Z^WNFICIAW @BM @CNFHLW, pp. >40-4

gb Lgmmch Hbacgsf niubtchss hx`lpchs, wirtf pursugba `s 'tfh trgp'

iutrgaft gb ^GT ITEHI, wfy G cgoh gt si lunf, tfh Nhctgn-Hbacgsf vhrsgib ie viyàhgbti 'tfh rhagib ie m`bahr' rgsos & trg`cs gb irmhr ti aht 'tfh trh`surh'

tfh eirhst (ubnibsngius dc`-dc`), tfh lgsty liir, ` l`rvhcius mrh`l, ` e`gry sfgp,tfh sh` . . .

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]fhy `rh stgcc ciiogba eir gt

Zihtry `bm làgn shh tfh wircm eril ippisgth hbmsIbh nino-eirw`rm `bm tfh itfhr `ss-eirw`rm

@cc ivhr Drgt`gb (Dut wf`t ` rhcghe gt wiucm dh ti agvh `cctfgs up `bm egbm surnh`sh gb silhdimy hcsh's siuc `bm

dimy)]fus s`gm Lhrcgb

XbwgccgbacyQfi s`w tfriuaf tglh.

K`no ^pgnhr, #5 gb ']fh Diio ie A`w`gb'

eril ]FH FICW AT@GC, 075=

]fh ar`gc gs tfh ippisgth ie pihtryEgccs us up gbsth`m ie usgba us `s ` nup

]fh mh`m mrgbo eril.]fh ar`gc tfh nup Nfrgst dchm gbti `bm tfh nup ie pchbty

gb Grgsf lytficiay]fh pihl. Ippisgth. Xs. Xbeucegcchm.

]fhsh wircms lòh tfh erghbmcgbhss ie ful`b ti ful`b shhlncish `s nup ti cgp.

^`vàh gb tfhgr prgmh tfh dh`sts piubm `riubm tfh eirhst phrgcius. ^pgnhr, #> ie 'A`w gb'

'@s piht G ficm tfh list `rnf`gn v`cuhs ib h`rtf. ]fhy ai d`no ti tfh Bhicgtfgn;

tfh ehrtgcgty ie tfh sigc, tfh làgn ie `bgl`cs, tfh piwhr-vgsgib gb sicgtumh, tfhthrrgeygba gbgtg`tgib `bm rhdgrtf, tfh civh `bm hnst`sy ie tfh m`bnh, tfh nillib wiro

ie tfh trgdh.' A`ry bymhr

UG GIB-ATIZH ZIQHT FIX^H IE ]FH @EECXHB] TGD GB ]FH QF@CH'^ ^GMH

QG]F CG]]CH EG^FH^ ZGCCGBA IX]mrh`l èthr mrh`l wfhrh tfh sf`l`b ch`ms lh iut ti tfh inh`b

G sgt ubmhr tfh nittibwiim trhh wgtf tfh dga sirh `divh ly fh`mtfh wil`b wfi cgvhs gb tfh dr`bnfhs

ge G nculd up fgaf hbiuaf sgbagba ly sibas `s G aiwgcc G lhht fhr QF@] QGCC QH MI GB ]FH ]THH

/7^hp

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L`rgcyb Librih dhgba `tt`nohm dy ` dittch ie schhpgba pgccs

Cgoh ` dittch ie `bary firbhtsC`bnh lh, sfh s`gm

C`bnh fhr, G mgmG mib't wiro tfhrh `bylirh.

]fh bswhr-quhstgib cw`ys tfh s`lh. G n`bbit rhlhldhrwfhb G w`s bit ` ogba. ]fh swirm gb tfh riil gs cgoh `

nfgcmrhb's stiry ticm dy ly litfhr.Fh tiio fhr cgeh. @bm wfhb sfh eci`thm gb ib tfh d`rah ir

kigbhm tfh bubbhry ir `pph`rhm mh`m gb `cc tfh bhwsp`phrs

gt w`s fgs sf`lh bit lgbhG w`s ogba.

^pgnhr, #4 ie ']fh Diio ie tfh Mh`tfie @rtfur'

@bm cs G s`tth gb ly shtth tfh sibh w`s si w`rlh,

@bm G eir schphchs w`s scilh `bm scilhrmh wfgch,@bm tfhrh lh mrhlhm, gb tf`t miwth, ` eucc mrhafh swhuybb,*

@bm wf`t G shafh gb ly s`uch tfh sitfh G sf`cc thcch. eril ]FH Z@TCHLHB] IE ]FH ]FTH @AH^

0=tf nhbtury

*` vhry ciba mrh`l

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mr`wgba ib nivhr & p`ah v dy Chbirh Aiimhcc

` muhbmh diiocht 4:04 c`rry aiimhcc

pi dix 810 pc`ngt`s, bhw lhxgni

c`rryaiimJniln`st.bht

4:04

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hbm l`tthr

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C`rry

Wiur diio gs vhry f`bmsilh `bm eucc ie aiim tfgbas.

]fh egt pridchl stgcc rhl`gbs, fiwhvhr. G àrhh tf`t iur

L.@. priar`l mihs bit egt yiur t`chbts, kust `s yiur

nillibpc`nh diio mhlibstr`ths. Wht wh mi bit f`vh

e`ngcgtghs biw eir agvgba yiu wf`t yiu wiucm cgoh ti aht. Wiu

w`bt lirh wrgtgba, lirh nrh`tgvh glàgb`tgvh hlpf`sgs

chss ie tfh st`bm`rm `n`mhlgn. Iur l`kir nillgtlhbt,

fiwhvhr aihs ti tfh gbngpghbt Zf.M.s `bm tfh shnibm`rysnfiic th`nfhrs. Qh shrvh tfhl r`tfhr tf`b yiu, `bm G mibt

shh `by `cthrb`tgvh wgtf iur libhy `bm iur stèe. Qh n`bt

shrvh hvhryibh.

Dut tf`t aihs ib ti ` ciba mhd`th. @s G s`gm `divh, tfh

diio gs hxngtgba. G mibt aht vhry ncish ti gt lyshce, `bm Gwibmhr fiw lunf gt gs rh`ccy tiunfhm dy tfh niursh c`st

sullhr. ]fh D ar`mh tf`t G turbhm gb ib tfh lòh-up

n`rm prid`dcy rhechnts iur mgeehrhbnh ie ipgbgib `diut wf`t

ar`mu`th stumy sfiucm dh. Wht gts tfh dhst auhss G n`b lòh

gb ly gbstgtutgib`c er`lhwiro `bm tf`ts wfhrh G f`vh ti

ciio eril. î tfh D gs eir tfh niursh, `bm silh ogbm ietf`bo yiu, ge tf`ts `by dhtthr, lust dh `mmhm eir tfh diio.

[

Zriehssir Kishpf [`v`mgc, Mhp`rtlhbt ie Hbacgsf, Xbgvhrsgty ie Bhw Lhxgni

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0:^hpt57

Zc`ngt`s, BLhx

Mr. [`v`mgc

l`ydh G n`b nibtgbuh tfgs pghnh ie wrgtgba `bm/ir nillib-pc`nh diio `s `by

wrgtgba gs rhqugrhm gb tfh niurshs G tòh (gt l`y dhnilh ` diio!) /dut ly AimG kust n`bt turb wrgtgba ib `bm iee cgoh ` dusgbhss l`nfgbh, tf`t ly dgaahst argph

(ir gs gt) wgtf tfh Hbacgsf Mhp`rtlhbt.

wf`t G nmbt aht ti w`s lirh mh`cgba wgtf tfh rh`mgba l`thrg`c & yht G f`vh, gt

gs gb ly lgbm ti wf`t hxthbt gt èehnthm ly sullhr phrf`ps G lh`b, gb tfh

usu`c shbsh.

dut tf`bos eir shbmgba ly `tthbtgib tfru tfh rh`mgba wh mgm gb

tfgs nc`ss. tf`t mhegbgthcy G wgsf ti nillubgn`th.

yrs,

C`rry

Z^ G'l trygba ti aht ti ` chtthr ti yiu rhquhstgba nibsgmhr`tgib eir ly p`st

wiro `t X.B.L., tf`t gt sglpcy dh fibirhm & G dh cciwhm ti egbgsf ly wiro ti

aht ` l`sthr's.

N`bt silhdimy tòh tfh tglh ti nilpchthcy rhvghw (ogbm ie) ly p`st wiro,

ly wiro gb hmgtgba |& pudcgsfgba muhbmh(0= diios ie pihtry) & ITGHB]@C

DCXH ^]TH@O, htn. (ge gt niubts) ly bhhm eir ` l`sthr's & nilh up wgtf

sphngegn suaahstgibs QF@] G sfm mi.

G egbm tfh prhshbt cgt/nrgt hlpf`sgs gb tfhHbacgsf Mhpt gbnilp`tgdch wgtf ly cgeh @^ ` piht. ` piht sfm dh `dch ti aht `

l`sthr's eril tfh EGBH @T]^ mhp`rtlhbt, G tfgbo. cgt/nrgt gs mh`mcy ti pihtry,*

`s G shh gt.

ly wgeh f`s ` l`sthr's gb snucpturh eril tfh NICCHAH IE EGBH

@T]^ `t X.B.L. tfhrh `t ch`st tfh mgeehrhbnh dhtwhhb `rt fgstirg`bs (wfi

eicciw `b hbtgrhcy mgeehrhbt hlpf`sgs & tòh `b hbtgrhcy mgeehrhbt

nilprhfhbsgvh hx`l) ib ibh f`bm, & snucptirs, p`gbthrs, pfitiar`pfhrs, htn.

ib tfh itfhr, gs iphbcy ubmhrstiim. G tfgbo ly suaahstgib gs gb gbthbsh bhhm ie

nibsgmhr`tgib.

@t ch`st eril ly pigbt ie vghw. G ehhc hbtgrhcy erustr`thm gbtrygba ti aht ` l`sthrs eril tfh Hbacgsf Mhp`rtlhbt, & wgtf ly

qu`cgegn`tgibs `s ` piht & hmgtir (wf`t hvhr tfh fhcc tfhy `rh), tfgs sglpcy sfm

bit dh si.

*G cgoh wf`t silh wrgthrsf`vh ti s`y.

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@ Ch`m Gb ]i

]fh Lgmmch @ahs

c`rry aiimhcc

A Lead In To The Middle Ages

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