A Key to Modern British Poetry

8/18/2019 A Key to Modern British Poetry

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A KEY

TO MODERN BRITISH

POETRY

BY LAWRENCE DURRELL

UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA PRESS

NORMAN

Book by Lawrence Durrell; University of Oklahoma Press, 195! "9 #$s!

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To the followin! "#$nowle%&ent' "(e %)e fo( *e(&i''ion to +)ote *oe&' "n% e,t("#t'-

Me''('. Ch"tto / Win%)' fo( line' f(o& the *oet(0 of Wilf(e% Owen.

The Cl"(en%on P(e''! O,fo(%! fo( line' f(o& The Shorter Poems of Robert Bridges.

M('. W. H. D"1ie' "n% 2on"th"n C"*e Lt%.! fo( line' f(o& The Collected Poems of W. H.

Davies.

M(. W"lte( %e l" M"(e! M(. Sief(ie% S"''oon! M(. Ste*hen S*en%e( "n% Me''('. F"3e( /

F"3e(! Lt%.

M('. Helen Tho&"' fo( " *oe& 30 E%w"(% Tho&"'.

M('. W. B. Ye"t' "n% M"#&ill"n / Co. Lt%.! fo( " *oe& f(o& Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats.

CONTENTS

Preface i,

I THE LIMITS OF CRITICISM 4

II SPACE TIME AND POETRY 56

III THE WORLD WITHIN 67

IV BEYOND THE EGO? 85

V POETRY IN THE NINETIES 74

VI GEORGIANS AND IMAGISTS 447

VII T. S. ELIOT 469

VIII GERARD MANLEY HOPKINS 4:6

IX NEW SIGNATURES NEW VOICES 48;

X POETRY IN THE THIRTIES 47:

N!"e# 5


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By the same author

NOVELS

P"ni# S*(in

Cef"l)

The Bl"#$ Boo$

P(o'*e(o>' CellPOETRY

A P(i1"te Co)nt(0

Citie'! Pl"in' "n% Peo*le

On See&in to P(e')&e

S"**ho- " Pl"0

=1iii=

PREFACE

THIS 3oo$! now %i1i%e% fo( the '"$e of #on1enien#e into e''"0'! i' not one whi#h I wo)l%h"1e w(itten fo( #hoi#e. It w"' #o&*o'e% "n% %eli1e(e% "' " 'e(ie' of le#t)(e' on &o%e(n

*oet(0 %)(in the #o)('e of &0 %)tie' "' " le#t)(e( in Enli'h Lite("t)(e "tt"#he% to the B(iti'h

Co)n#il in A(entin" %)(in 476;. The *(e'ent te,t! whi#h h"' h"(%l0 3een "lte(e% "t "ll! i'

wh"t t0*o("*he(' wo)l% #"ll " >&o#$=)*> fo( the le#t)(e' whi#h we(e %e'ine% to "**e"l to "n

")%ien#e of ("%)"te te"#he(' in Enli'h! "the(e% f(o& the 1"(io)' )ni1e('itie' of A(entin".

The o3?e#t of the e,e(#i'e w"' " %o)3le one- fi('t to ')**l0 " '"ti'f"#to(0 $e0 to the

#o&*le,itie' of #onte&*o("(0 *("#ti#e in *oet(0! "n% 'e#on%l0 to i1e " 3(ief "##o)nt of the

*oet' w(itin to%"0. The li&it"tion' of thi' 3oo$! then! 'ho)l% 3e ?)%e% in the liht of the'e

o3?e#ti1e'. If I h"1e 3een in %"ne( of o1e(='i&*lif0in i%e"' in the int(o%)#to(0 *"''"e'!

"n% of %e"lin too 3(iefl0 with i&*o(t"nt w(ite(' in the )i%e! it i' 3e#")'e I h"% to &"$e 3oth

the $e0 "n% the )i%e fit into the n"((ow #o&*"'' of ten le#t)(e'.

If &o't w(itin "3o)t &o%e(n *oet(0 i' "*oloeti# the (e"'on i' #le"( to 'ee. The )n'*o$en

+)e'tion "t the 3"#$ of the #o&&on (e"%e(>' &in% to%"0 i' "lw"0'- >Wh0 %oe'n>t the *oet '"0

wh"t he &e"n' &o(e #le"(l0@> The #on1i#tion th"t &o%e(n *oet(0 i' 'o&ethin in#(e%i3l0

%iffi#)lt "n% "(#"ne i' *e(h"*' e,#)'"3le. D)(in the l"'t twent0 0e"(' we h"1e 'een

3"(3"(itie' of te#hni+)e "n% #)(io'itie' of fo(& whi#h wo)l% 3e eno)h to f(ihten "n%

%i'*le"'e the &o't well=%i'*o'e% of (e"%e('. Who #"n 3l"&e the *oo( lite("t)(e te"#he( fo(

'to**in 'ho(t "t H"(%0>' l"te( l0(i#' "n% (ef)'in to *enet("te "n0 f)(the(

=i,=

nto the #onte&*o("(0 ?)nle@ A few of the 3ol%e( '*i(it' h"1e ti*=toe% fo(w"(% in the %i(e#tion

of Si( Hen(0 New3olt "n% the e"(l0 %e L" M"(e! 3)t the0 'oon t"$e f(iht when the0 (e"#h the

(e"t &o"t whi#h T. S. Eliot h"' %) 3etween the eo(i"n 'to#$"%e' "n% the *oet(0 of the

l"te twentie'. The *(o3le& of &o%e(n 1e('e i' one whi#h f"#e' the #o&&on (e"%e( no le''

th"n the #o&&on 't)%ent! "n% the *)3li#"tion of thi' 3oo$ (e't' )*on the 3elief th"t " new line

of "tt"#$ i' ne#e''"(0 "n% *o''i3le fo( tho'e who w"nt to #(o'' the (e"t %i1i%e whi#h

'e*"("te' " *oe& li$e The Hound of Heaven f(o& The Waste and o( !lysses f(o& "erontion.

Wil%e '"0' 'o&ewhe(e th"t one of the &o't effe#ti1e w"0' of h"tin "(t i' to "%&i(e it("tion"ll0- "n% thi' i' t()e. So &"n0 #(iti#' "n% le#t)(e(' in thi' %o&"in #)t )* thei( ')3?e#t


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"n% "n"to&ie it ("tion"ll0==th"t in the en% it t"'te' li$e "n "**le #)t with " 'teel $nife. M0

o3?e#t he(e w"' not to *(o1i%e oo% "n% ("tion"l (e"'on' fo( li$in &o%e(n wo($ 3)t 'i&*l0

to hel* &0 't)%ent' "n% now! I ho*e! the #o&&on (e"%e( to who& thi' 3oo$ i' "%%(e''e% to

#le"( "w"0 &)#h of the *e%"oi# l)&3e( whi#h "##)&)l"te' in'en'i3l0 in &in%' 3(o)ht )*

in the t("%ition' of '#ientifi# ("tion"li'&. In o(%e( to #le"( the "**(o"#he' to *oet(0 'o&ethin

li$e " 3(ief %i'into,i#"tion #o)('e i' nee%e%. The *(o3le& i'! in 'o&e 'o(t! how to *e(')"%e *eo*le to 3e#o&e thei( own #onte&*o("(ie'. To thi' en% I h"1e t(ie% to 'et o)t! not "##o(%in

to (ii% *"tte(n 3)t h"*h""(%l0! " few of the infl)en#e' of the "e! *i#$in )* now " theo(0

f(o& *'0#ho="n"l0'i'! now " h0*othe'i' f(o& &o%e(n *h0'i#'. Defi#ient in t()e '#hol"('hi*! I

h"1e 3een "3le to 3(in to the ?o3 onl0 " wi%e if h"*h""(% (e"%in! "n% eno)h *("#ti#e in

w(itin *oet(0 to h"1e le"(ne% to %i't()'t e1e(03o%0>' theo(ie' "3o)t it- &0 own &o't of "ll.

Ne1e(thele'' I #o)nt it "' *"(t of the ')##e'' of the'e le#t)(e' th"t whe(e I %i% not et "

't)%ent to "##e*t &0 1iew' I %i% "t le"'t %(i1e hi& %i'=

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t("#te%l0 in the %i(e#tion of wi%e( (e"%in "n% 3ol%e( "''o#i"tion of i%e"'! whi#h often en%e%in hi& %e1elo*in 1iew' whi#h we(e t()l0 hi' own. I t"$e thi' to 3e the onl0 &e"')(e of (e"l

')##e'' 30 whi#h " le#t)(e( #"n ?)%e the +)"lit0 of hi' &"te(i"l' "n% the %en'it0 of hi' own

tho)ht'.

>I "& ("the( in%)#e% to 'et %own the hi'to(0 of "(t' "' " '*e#ie' of n"t)("l hi'to(0!> '"0' B"#on!

>3e#")'e it i' the f"'hion to t"l$ "' if "(t we(e 'o&ethin %iffe(ent f(o& n"t)(e! 'o th"t thin'

"(tifi#i"l 'ho)l% 3e 'e*"("te% f(o& thin' n"t)("l! "' %iffe(in tot"ll0 in $in%.> I h"1e tho)ht

to *(e'ent *oet(0 "' one %i"le#t of " (e"te( l"n)"e #o&*(i'in the whole )ni1e('e of i%e"'==

" )ni1e('e *e(*et)"ll0 'hiftin! #h"nin it' (el"tion' "n% ten'e' "' 1e(3' %o in '*ee#h!

"lte(in it' o)tline'. B0 thi' &e"n' I ho*e% to t("* tho'e +)"litie' whi#h we(e inhe(ent in the

*oet' of " i1en ti&e! "n% whi#h &"0 3e infe((e% 30 thei( te#hni#"l "**(o"#h to the ')3?e#t=

&"tte( in h"n%.

Fo( )'! in thi' ti&e! the #"(%in"l *oint' of "tt"#$ )*on the 'en'i3ilitie' of the "1e("e (e"%e(

'ee& to &e to lie 3etween the new h0*othe'e' #on#e(nin the 'elf o( *'0#he! "n% the new

theo(ie' "3o)t the &"$e=)* of the )ni1e('e we "(e inh"3itin. P'0#holo0 "n% "nth(o*olo0

h"1e 3oth offe(e% te&*tin *o(t' of #"ll! tho)h I h"1e 3een #ontent to '*en% in eithe( #"'e

onl0 " few ho)(' "'ho(e. S#ien#e i' " #ontinent ("the( th"n " #o)nt(0. I h"1e t(ie% to *oint to "

loo'enin of lin$' in the %ete(&ini'ti# #h"in "' the &o't inte(e'tin thin "3o)t it to%"0.

Whe(e1e( *o''i3le I h"1e t(ie% to +)ote f(o& 3oo$' whi#h we(e o( "(e (e"%il0 "##e''i3le in#he"* e%ition'! 3e"(in in &in% th"t the 't)%ent i' )')"ll0 "' *oo( "' hi' te"#he( while "t the

ti&e the'e le#t)(e' we(e #o&*o'e% A(entin" w"' ')ffe(in f(o& the *o't=w"( 'ho(t"e of

3oo$' whi#h "ffli#te% 'o &"n0 E)(o*e"n #o)nt(ie' "n% whi#h! e1en to%"0! i' not +)ite

3"ni'he%.

Of the 3oo$' whi#h h"1e hel*e% &e to fo(&)l"te 'o&e of &0 own 1")e i%e"' "3o)t lite("t)(e

two 'ho)l% 3e of

=,i=

inte(e't to "ll 't)%ent' of the #onte&*o("(0 '#ene- W0n%h"& Lewi' > Time and Western #an "n% E%&)n% Wil'on $%el&s Castle. It will not 3e %iffi#)lt to *i#$ o)t the i%e"' I h"1e %e(i1e%


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f(o& the'e two "%&i("3le ')(1e0'. A' fo( the &"in 3i"' of &0 own thin$in if I &"0! fo(

w"nt of " 3ette( wo(%! #"ll it th"t! it h"' %e1elo*e% o)t of " 't)%0 of "nth(o*oloi't' li$e

T0lo(! F("e(! Ri1e('! et#.- of *'0#holoi't' li$e 2)n! R"n$! (o%%e#$ "n% thei( (e"t &"'te(!

F(e)%- of '#ienti't' li$e E%%inton! Whitehe"% "n% Ein'tein. I h"1e "lw"0' (e"(%e% the'e

1"(io)' fiel%' of tho)ht "' inte(lo#$in "n% &)t)"ll0 fe(tiliin! "n% h"1e ne1e( he'it"te% to

3o((ow "n i%e" f(o& one to "**l0 in "nothe(. B)t ')#h o(iin"lit0 "' thi' 3oo$ *o''e''e' lie'onl0 in the "(("ne&ent of the &"te(i"l==not in the f"#t)"l #o&*(ehen'i1ene'' of it'

%e&on't("tion. It i' " '$et#h fo( " Metho%==not " *"intin in oil'.

Me"nwhile! of #o)('e! *oet(0 i' the(e in the 'h"%ow'! 'e#)(e f(o& o)( %efinition' "n%

e,*l"n"tion'! in "**e"("n#e "n "l&o't ")tono&o)' f"#)lt0! in o*e("tion *o'in "'

#o&&)ni#"tion. To tho'e who *("#ti'e he( 'he "**e"(' enno3lin "n% e,"'*e("tin to tho'e

who (e"% he( " &"% n0&*h lo#$e% in " *(i'& to tho'e who *(e"#h "3o)t he( too often "l"' "

3)tte(fl0 *inne% to " #o($ 'l"3 "n% #l"''ifie%. A' fo( the *oet! he i' " #hil% of n"t)(e "n% wo)l%

"(ee with B"#on th"t >N"t)(e to 3e #o&&"n%e% &)'t 3e o3e0e%> "n% >th"t whi#h in

#onte&*l"tion i' "' the #")'e! i' in o*e("tion "' the ()le.>

In #on#l)'ion! I "& 3o)n% to th"n$ the B(iti'h Co)n#il fo( *e(&i''ion to (e*(int the'e le#t)(e'!

the #o&*o'ition of whi#h hel*e% &e to *"'' "w"0 " 0e"( in "n )n#oneni"l #li&"te to o)(

&)t)"l *(ofit. A few 3(ief note'! "t the en%! "(e 'in"lle% in the te,t of the fi('t fo)( #h"*te('

30 "n "'te(i'$.

O,fo(%!

475.

=,ii=

CHAPTER I

THE LIMITS OF CRITICISM

O)t of the'e ten'ion' " )ni+)e lite("t)(e h"' "(i'en! "3no(&"ll0 %iffi#)lt to "''e''! i((e'i'ti3l0

f"'#in"tin to 't)%0. Will it *(o1e to 3e &e(el0 the (e#o(% of )n#o=o(%in"te% effo(t'@ Not

)nle'' we e,*e#t " #on1ention"l *(o(e'' "lon "#"%e&i# line'! e"'il0 %i1i'i3le into t0*e' "n%

'#hool'. In'te"% of ')#h #onfo(&it0 we 'h"ll fin% )e''e'! "%1ent)(e'! e,*e(i&ent' whi#h

'ee& "t fi('t to 3e i((e'*on'i3le! 3)t ("%)"ll0 "#+)i(e " #o&&on '*i(it of %i'#o1e(0 *e#)li"(

to the "e. . . . Th"t i' wh0 the 't)%0 of twentieth=#ent)(0 lite("t)(e i' in'e*"("3le f(o& the

't)%0 of i%e"'.

H. V. ROUTH

'nglish iterature and (deas in the T)entieth Century

IT wo)l% not 3e f"i( to e&3"($ )*on " 'e(ie' of le#t)(e' #on#e(ne% with &o%e(n *oet(0

witho)t fi('t t(0in to in%i#"te " few of the &"?o( li&it"tion' of #(iti#"l &etho%. Th"t the0 "(e

not "lw"0' o31io)' to tho'e who t"l$ "3o)t lite("t)(e i' #le"( f(o& the h"3it' of 'o &"n0

le#t)(e(' who ten% to %i'#)'' lite("t)(e in te(&' of it'elf 'o to '*e"$ in'te"% of in te(&' of the

"e whi#h *(o%)#e% it. Now if we "(e to #on'i%e( *oet(0 "' 'o&ethin 'elf=#ont"ine%!

'o&ethin whi#h #"nnot 3e (efe((e% to othe( %e*"(t&ent' of h)&"n tho)ht! we will 3e %oin

it " %i''e(1i#e "' #(iti#'! fo( lite("t)(e i' onl0 one f"#et of the *(i'& whi#h we #"ll #)lt)(e. Allthe "(t' "n% '#ien#e' "(e 'i&*l0 %iffe(ent %i"le#t' of the '"&e l"n)"e! "ll #ont(i3)tin


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tow"(%' "n "ttit)%e to life. Wh"t i' thi' >#)lt)(e>@ I t"$e thi' wo(% to &e"n the ')&! "t "n0

i1en ti&e! of "ll the effo(t' &"n i' >&"$in to inte(*(et the )ni1e('e "3o)t hi&. I%e"' f(o& the

1"(io)' %e*"(t&ent' of tho)ht #(o''=fe(tilie e"#h othe(! "n% it i' 'o&eti&e' " oo% i%e" to

%i'#)'' one $in%

=4=

of tho)ht in te(&' of "nothe(. We will ne1e(! of #o)('e! ')##ee% in f)ll0 %efinin " i1en

#)lt)(e fo( th"t wo)l% &e"n 3e#o&in f)ll0 #on'#io)' of it="n% " #)lt)(e %ie' when it

3e#o&e' #on'#io)' of it'elf.

To%"0 "ll the "(t' "n% '#ien#e' 'ee& to 3e %iffe(enti"te% f(o& one "nothe(! 3)t thi' i' (e"ll0 "n

ill)'ion 3o(n of f")lt0 #(iti#"l &etho%. In "n#ient (ee#e &"the&"ti#'! &)'i#! *oet(0 "n%

'#)l*t)(e we(e inti&"tel0 #onne#te% "n% the '0'te&' of e%)#"tion then in 1o)e (e#onie%

the f"#t. To%"0 we 'till "#$nowle%e thi' )n%e((o)n% #onne#tion 3etween the "(t' "n%

'#ien#e' when we fin% o)('el1e' )'in *h("'e' li$e >" &"n of hi' "e> o( >the *(e1"ilin

#)((ent' of tho)ht.

It i' e"'0 eno)h to 'ee th"t e1en to%"0 the "(t' "(e *e(&e"te% 30 &"the&"ti#"l i%e"'-

"(#hite#t)(e "n% '#)l*t)(e "(e 'till 'e#on%=#o)'in' to &"the&"ti#"l theo(0! while &)'i# "n%

&et(e 3et("0 thei( (el"tion to &"the&"ti#"l +)"ntit0. So it i' th"t when 0o) loo$ "t the "(t of "n

e*o#h in "n0 of it' &o%e' 0o) 'ee th"t! t"$en in the (o)n%! it #on'tit)te' " #o'&olo0! "n

o1e("ll inte(*(et"tion of the )ni1e('e we inh"3it.

Now the %iffi#)lt0 of "ll #(iti#i'&! of "ll inte(*(et"tion! whethe( of " wo($ of "(t o( of " '0'te&

of '#ientifi# i%e"'! i' the ')3?e#ti1e ele&ent. H)&"n 3ein' ')ffe( f(o& 3ino#)l"( 1i'ion- if

0o) loo$ "t the 't"(' th(o)h " *"i( of 3ino#)l"(' 0o) #"n onl0 'ee " '&"ll *"(t of the '$0 "t

on#e. The "#t of thin$in "3o)t 'o&ethin #(e"te' " fiel% "(o)n% the o3?e#t o3'e(1e%! "n% in

o(%e( to thin$ "3o)t th"t o3?e#t 0o) &)'t nele#t the whole f(o& whi#h the o3?e#t h"' 3een

'e*"("te%. It i' e"'0 to 'ee wh"t " ("1e li&it"tion thi' i'! *"(ti#)l"(l0 fo( " #(iti#. E1e(0thin

i' *"(t of 'o&e (e"te( whole. E1e(0thin i' the ')& of '&"lle( *"(t'. How! then! #"n we %e"l

with the o3?e#t=in=it'elf@

Let &e i1e 0o) "n "n"lo0 f(o& the n"t)("li't>' wo(l% to ill)'t("te thi' %e*en%en#e=thi'

(el"tion of one i%e" to the whole of tho)ht. The(e i' "n o("ni'& whi#h

=5=

lo"t' "3o)t in the )lf St(e"&! #"lle% the si*hno*hora.G It #"n 3e fo)n% "' " 'inle #ell "n%

"l'o "' " l"(e #l)'te( of #ell'. Now thi' i' the #)(io)' thin "3o)t it- the 'inle #ell i' "

#o&*lete "ni&"l! e+)i**e% with %ie'ti1e "**"("t)'! enti(e )nto it'elf. Howe1e( when 'e1e("l

tho)'"n% of the'e #ell' ?oin )* the0 )n%e(o " ("%i#"l &o%ifi#"tion "n% 3e#o&e *"(t' of "n

e+)"ll0 enti(e 3)t &)#h l"(e( "ni&"l. So&e of the 'inle #ell' t"$e on the wo($ of the

%ie'ti1e "**"("t)'! 'o&e 'h"*e the&'el1e' into "n "li&ent"(0 t("#t! "n% 'o on. Soon the(e i'

onl0 one 3i "ni&"l! "n% no t("#e of the in%i1i%)"l' #o&*o'in it. So it i' with i%e"'! "n% with

the wo(%' we )'e to e,*(e'' the&. E,i'tin 'inl0! the0 "l'o h"1e the *owe( to &o%if0! "n%

fo(& (e"te( whole' in othe( #onte,t'.

I %o not thin$ I nee% to (e&in% 0o) how in e1e(0 "e the (e"t #on#e*t)"l "3't("#tion' li$e>t()th>! >3e")t0> "n% >ete(nit0> h"1e 3een %i'#)''e% "n% e,"&ine% "n% %efine%- witho)t "n0 fin"l


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te&*e("&ent. I 3elie1e th"t " oo% #(iti# 'ho)l% "1oi% the 'in of " #lo'e% '0'te&- "n% if the'e

le#t)(e' h"1e the "i( of '0'te&"tie% "(("ne&ent it i' 3e#")'e #(iti#i'&

=:=

%e&"n%' "n "**e"("n#e of o(%e( in it' &etho%. Ne1e(thele'' the0 'ho)l% 3e l"3elle%>*(o1i'ion"l h0*othe'e'>. I "& "n,io)' to "1oi% the %"ne(' inhe(ent in thin$in "lon 't("iht

line' in " )ni1e('e whi#h '#ien#e tell' )' i' #)(1e%.

If we "(e to thin$ of the lite("t)(e of o)( own "e we 'ho)l% #hoo'e 'o&e #on1enient *oint of

%e*"(t)(e. Of #o)('e the whole #ontent of " wo($ of "(t i' 3e0on% 'i&*le )n%e('t"n%in 30 the

he"%. The he"1ie't i&*"#t of the wo($ of "(t i' in the )t'. A(t %oe' not (e"'on. It &"nh"n%le'

0o) "n% #h"ne' 0o). B)t the "(ti't i' often %e*en%ent on the "(&"t)(e of *hilo'o*hi# i%e"' o(

(eliio)' #on#e*t'! "n% we #"n 'o&eti&e' ')(*(i'e hi' intention' if we e,"&ine the&. A(t!

"fte( "ll! 3elon' to it' "e. In%ee% the (e"te't "(t #(e"te' it' own "e.

The #hief #h"("#te(i'ti# of "(t to%"0! if we "(e to ?)%e 30 the (e"#tion' of the #o&&on &"n! i'it' o3'#)(it0. E1e(03o%0 #o&*l"in' "3o)t o3'#)(it0 in *oet(0! in *"intin! in &)'i#. I %o not

')e't th"t in 'o&e #"'e' the #o&*l"int i' )n?)'tifie%. B)t we 'ho)l% (e&e&3e( th"t the

(e"ll0 o(iin"l wo($ of "(t in "n0 "e 'ee&' o3'#)(e to the ene("l *)3li#. F(o& " #e(t"in

*oint of 1iew it wo)l% 3e t()e to '"0 th"t no (e"t wo($ of "(t fin%' "n "**(e#i"ti1e *)3li#

w"itin fo( it. The wo($ #(e"te' it' own *)3li#! 'lowl0 "n% *"inf)ll0. A wo($ of "(t i' 3o(n "'

"n intelle#t)"l fo)n%lin. Wh"t i' inte(e'tin to noti#e i' th"t often the "(t='*e#i"li't'

the&'el1e' "(e #")ht n"**in. It w"' An%( i%e! 0o) (e&e&3e(! who fi('t '"w P(o)'t>'

(e"t no1el while he w"' wo($in "' " (e"%e( fo( " fi(& of *)3li'he('. He t)(ne% it %own

witho)t "n0 he'it"tion. Pe(h"*' 0o) (e&e&3e( Leih H)nt>' 1e(%i#t on Bl"$e "' >"n

)nfo(t)n"te &"%&"n who'e &il%ne'' "lone *(e1ente% hi& f(o& 3ein lo#$e% )*>. Wo(%'wo(th

"l'o tho)ht Bl"$e &"%! "n% 0et it w"' he who w(ote- E1e(0 (e"t "n% o(iin"l w(ite(! in

*(o*o(tion "' he i' (e"t "n% o(iin"l! &)'t hi&'elf #(e"te the t"'te 30 whi#h he i' to 3e

?)%e%.>

=8=

Pe(h"*'! howe1e(! the o3'#)(it0 "n% %iffi#)lt0 of &o%e(n *oet(0 &iht 3e 3ette( )n%e('too% if

we #o)l% %i'#o1e( it' *e%i(ee "&on the i%e"' whi#h h"1e infl)en#e% the #onte&*o("(0

"(ti't. Wh"t "(e the0@ Let )' &"($ off " *ie#e of the hi'to(i#"l ti&e=t("#$ "n% 'ee whethe( we

#"nnot e't"3li'h 'o&e 'inifi#"nt (el"tion'hi*' within the &"(in of! '"0! " h)n%(e% 0e"('. If

we '*(e"% o)t the e1ent' "n% i%e"' of thi' *e(io%==if we 'ift o)t the ("1el "n% e,"&ine one o(two of the he"1ie( o3?e#t' whi#h (e&"in in the 'ie1e we &iht (e"#h " few #on#l)'ion'!

howe1e( tent"ti1e. Of #o)('e to )'e the hi'to(i#"l &etho% often le"%' one into o1e(=

'i&*lifi#"tion'==3)t 0o) h"1e 3een w"(ne% of the'e "l(e"%0.

To t(0 "n% %("w the f"&il0 t(ee of the #onte&*o("(0 "(ti't i' not 30 "n0 &e"n' "n e"'0 &"tte(.

It i' li$e %("win " &"* of the )lf St(e"&. It i' +)ite e"'0 to &"($ o)t the (e"te( #)((ent'

"n% to *lot the ene("l %i(e#tion of thei( &o1e&ent'! 3)t we wo)l% not 3e ')(*(i'e% to

%i'#o1e( th"t within the (e"te( #)((ent' the(e we(e #(o''=#)((ent' "n% e1en #o)nte(=#)((ent'

flowin in "(3it("(0 %i(e#tion'. Thi' i' whe(e the #(iti# et' #ol% feet "n% with (e"'on. B)t

the(e i' no hel* fo( it==he &)'t e&3"($ on hi' ?o)(ne0 in the #o#$le='hell of tho)ht! *(e*"(e%

fo( " 'to(&0 *"''"e.


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B)t in o(%e( to 3(in the ')3?e#t of thi' en+)i(0 %own to l"3o("to(0 le1el let &e *(o1i%e 0o)

with " #o)*le of #o(*'e' to %i''e#t. I h"1e #ho'en two *oe&'! one w(itten in 4;6< o(

the(e"3o)t'! "n% the othe( in 475' 3(o"% #l"''i#"l &"nne( "n% hi' 'i&*le '0nt", 't"n% fo( " wo(l% of #le"( thin$in

"n% *(e#i'e (el"tion'. Eliot>' he(o! howe1e(! "llow' the #ontent' of &e&o(0 "n% (efle#tion to

*"'' th(o)h hi& "n% e&e(e in " 'e(ie' of o("#)l"( 't"te&ent'! often "**"(entl0 witho)t "n0

fo(& "n% with onl0 " ')*e(fi#i"l (e'e&3l"n#e to ("&&"ti#"l *(o*o(tion. e(ontion i' ("the(

li$e " 'e(ie' of ti#$e(=t"*e &e''"e' #o&in in f(o& 'o&e (e&ote 'to#$=(oo&! "n% 3ein

(e#o(%e% h"*h""(%l0 one "fte( the othe(. Me&o(0! (efle#tion'! %e'i(e==the0 "ll 'ee&

ine,t(i#"3l0 t"nle% )*! "n% in o(%e( to 'o(t the& o)t we 'h"ll h"1e to %o f"( &o(e wo($ th"n

wo)l% 3e ne#e''"(0 to (e%)#e "n% )n%e('t"n% the #ontent of Ul0''e'.

B)t le"1e the te#hni#"l "'*e#t on one 'i%e fo( " &o&ent "n% let )' 'ee wh"t %iffe(en#e' e,i't

3etween the "#t)"l thin' '"i% 30 the two ol% &en. How %oe' the "ttit)%e of e(ontion %iffe(

f(o& th"t of Ul0''e'@ The &o't o31io)' %iffe(en#e 'ee& to 3e 3etween Ul0''e'> "#ti1it0! hi'

&"'te(f)l 3e"(in in the f"#e of ti&e! "n% e(ontion>' *"''i1it0.

=7=

e(ontion i' " 1i#ti&. Ul0''e' i' 'till the &"'te( of hi' f"te. He %o&in"te' hi' wo(l%==th"t

("1e #l"''i#"l wo(l% whi#h w"' fo)n%e% )*on the i%e"li'& "n% #l"''i#i'& of the Vi#to(i"n'.

B("1e(0! no3ilit0! %init0 "(e the $e0note' to hi' "ttit)%e. e(ontion 'h"(e' none of the'e

+)"litie'. He(e I "&!> he '"0'! "n ol% &"n in " %(0 &onth! 3ein (e"% to 30 " 3o0! w"itin fo(

("in.> He %i'#l"i&' "n0 (iht to 3e #on'i%e(e% " he(o. If the(e we(e "n0 (e"t 3"ttle'! he %i% not

'ee the&- I w"' neithe( "t the hot "te' no( fo)ht in the w"(& ("in no( $nee=%ee* in the '"lt

&"('h! he"1in " #)tl"''! 3itten 30 flie'! fo)ht.>

Ul0''e' 'ee&' to h"1e e'#"*e% the %i'ill)'ion of e(ontion. Hi' h)ne( i' fo( &o(e life- Life *ile% on life we(e "ll too little!> he '"0'! "n% "%%'- All ti&e' I h"1e en?o0>% (e"tl0! h"1e


10/126

')ffe(>% (e"tl0 . . . I #"nnot (e't f(o& t("1el- I will %(in$ life to the lee'.> e(ontion! howe1e(!

(e*lie' to thi'- I h"1e lo't &0 *"''ion- wh0 'ho)l% I nee% to $ee* it 'in#e wh"t i' $e*t &)'t

3e "%)lte("te%@>

Ul0''e' feel' " *"(t of the hi'to(i# f"3(i#- I "& 3e#o&e " n"&e . . . &)#h h"1e I 'een "n%

$nown #itie' of &en "n% &"nne('! #li&"te'! #o)n#il'! o1e(n&ent'! &0'elf not le"'t! 3)thono)(>% of the& "ll.> He i' not *(o)% o( #o&*l"#ent. He i' 'i&*l0 f)ll0 "w"(e of hi&'elf "n%

"li1e "t "ll *oint'. e(ontion on the othe( h"n% h"' no ')#h 'en'e of hi&'elf "' " *"(t of

hi'to(i# *(o(e''- Hi'to(0 h"' &"n0 #)nnin *"''"e'!> he whine'! >#ont(i1e% #o((i%o(' "n%

i'')e'! %e#ei1e' with whi'*e(in "&3ition'! )i%e' )' 30 1"nitie' . . . i1e' when o)( "ttention

i' %i't("#te% . . . i1e' too l"te wh"t>' not 3elie1e% in! o( if! 'till 3elie1e%! in &e&o(0 onl0!

(e#on'i%e(e% *"''ion.> Hi'to(0! then! i' fo( hi& 'o&ethin th"t %el)%e' "n% t(i#$'. Hi' 1oi#e i'

the 1oi#e of 'o&eone who h"' 3een %e#ei1e% 30 the wo(l%! let %own 30 it. Ul0''e' h"' f"#e%

"n% %o&in"te% it.

A' fo( $nowle%e! the #ont("'t in "ttit)%e 3etween the two ol% &en i' e1en &o(e %efinite.

Ul0''e'> >(e0 '*i(it 0e"(nin in %e'i(e to follow $nowle%e! li$e " 'in$in 't"(!

=4Ti' not too l"te to 'ee$

" newe( wo(l%.> Fo( e(ontion the 3o)n%"(ie' of h)&"n tho)ht "n% ho*e h"1e n"((owe%

%own to the'e tho)ht' of " %(0 3("in in " %(0 'e"'on>. The tho)ht' of "n ol% &"n >%(i1en 30

the T("%e' to " 'lee*0 #o(ne(>. In the f"#e of the (ee$ he(oi'& "n% %"(in of Ul0''e' he #"n

onl0 &)tte(-

Thin$

Neithe( fe"( no( #o)("e '"1e' )'. Unn"t)("l 1i#e'

A(e f"the(e% 30 o)( he(oi'&. Vi(t)e'

A(e fo(#e% )*on )' 30 o)( i&*)%ent #(i&e'.

The'e te"(' "(e 'h"$en f(o& the w("th=3e"(in t(ee.

I h"1e '"i% eno)h to 'how! I ho*e! th"t we "(e f"#e% 30 " t(e&en%o)' %iffe(en#e in 1"l)e'

when we #on'i%e( the'e two *oe&' 'i%e 30 'i%e. So&ethin ("%i#"l 'ee&' to h"1e h"**ene%

to the he(o>' i%e" of hi&'elf 3etween 4;6< "n% 475' life. Hi'

'*ee#h i' ("the( %iffi#)lt to follow "t ti&e' 3)t he %oe' 'ee& to i&*l0 " n)&3e( of thin'

"3o)t hi&'elf th"t "(e wo(th o)( "ttention.

Yo) h"1e 'een how 'e#)(el0 (o)n%e% in hi' wo(l% Ul0''e' i'. He %oe' not! to i1e onee,"&*le! fe"( fo( the ')##e''ion of hi' 'on. He i' 'i&*l0 3o(e% with ol% "e!


11/126

=44=

3o(e% with the in"#ti1it0 he i' fo(#e% to en%)(e. He lon' to (e')&e hi' 0o)thf)l! "%1ent)(o)'

life.

Wh"t of e(ontion@ M0 ho)'e!> he '"0'! i' " %e#"0e% ho)'e! "n% the ?ew '+)"t' on thewin%ow 'ill! the owne(.> L"te( on in the *oe& he &ention' th"t it i' " (ente% ho)'e. We $now

th"t ho)'e "' " '0&3ol 't"n%' fo( &o(e th"n fo)( w"ll' "n% " (oof. A ho)'e &e"n' *(o*e(t0!

')##e''ion! ho&e "n% f"&il0 o(%e(. It "l'o! 30 "''o#i"tion! 't"n%' fo( #hil%(en. S)(el0 we &"0

(e"% into thi' *"''"e " *(eo##)*"tion with the 3(e"$=)* of " 'o#i"l o(%e(! toethe( with " f"(=

(e"#hin 'en'e of in'e#)(it0 "3o)t the 1"l)e' )*on whi#h th"t o(%e( w"' on#e fo)n%e%.

Sin' "(e t"$en fo( won%e('. We wo)l% 'ee " 'inJ>

The wo(% within " wo(%! )n"3le to '*e"$ " wo(%!

Sw"%%le% with %"($ne''. In the ?)1e'#en#e of the 0e"(

C"&e Ch(i't the tie(.

It i' (e1el"tion "n% not &o(e $nowle%e th"t e(ontion "**e"(' to 3e w"itin fo( l"te( #o&e'

the *h("'e to 3e e"ten! to 3e %i1i%e%! to 3e %()n$> "n% it (e&in%' )' of the Ch(i'ti"n

'"#("&ent. Yet with " ')%%en i(oni# t)(n Eliot 3(in' 3efo(e )' " "lle(0 of *ersonae ')#h "'

one &iht onl0 'ee in 'o&e '&"ll Flo(entine *en'ion! o( *e(h"*' in " Bloo&'3)(0 3o"(%in=

ho)'e fo( fo(ein 't)%ent'. M(. Sil1e(o . . . who w"l$e% "ll niht in the ne,t (oo& 30

H"$""w"! 3owin "&on the Titi"n'>. The'e! he 'ee&' to '"0! "(e the #(e"t)(e' fo( who&

Ch(i't #o&&"n%e% hi' '"#("&ent to 3e #on%)#te%. The0 "(e &e(e 'h"%ow' of &en he h"' &et

on hi' t("1el'. Yet the'e fi)(e' "(e to e(ontion wh"t the >*ee('> of Ul0''e' we(e on#e. The

(e"t A#hille'> "n% the (e't. The0 "(e &0tholoi#"l 'h"*e' whi#h inh"3it the ')3?e#ti1e wo(l%

of e(ontion. Ul0''e' "n% A#hille' we(e wo(l%=fi)(e'. The0 3elone% to ("#i"l &0th. B)t the

&0th i' %e"% "n% fo( e(ontion onl0 the'e %e*e('on"lie% &"'$' (e&"in in hi' &e&o(0.

So&ethin 1e(0 &0'te(io)' h"' h"**ene% to the fi(&

=45=

#l"''i#"l o(%e( of thin'! "n% to the he(oi# n"t)(e of &"n. In e(ontion e1e(0thin 'ee&' to 3e

#"lle% into +)e'tion! not onl0 the %o#t(ine of hi' "e 3)t the $nowle%e! the &o("l' "n%! on the

'o#i"l *l"ne! the 'e#)(it0 of f"&il0 life "n% n"t)("l ')##e''ion. I h"1e no ho't'!> he '"0'. A'

the *oe& *(o(e''e' in it' )nfo(&"l 0et (h0th&i#"l w"0 0o) 3ein to (e"lie th"t it e,*(e''e' "

1e(0 %ee*='e"te% 'en'e of in'e#)(it0 "n% intelle#t)"l e,h")'tion! toethe( with " 't(on#on%e&n"tion of the &o("l o(%e( )n%e( whi#h the &o%e(n he(o h"' to li1e. Hi'to(0 le"%'

nowhe(e. H)&"n i%entit0 'ee&' to 3e e&*t0 of "n0 ?o0. Co&*"(e the'e 't"te&ent'! with thei(

&o)ntin fl"1o)( of %i'en#h"nt&ent! with the &"(1ello)' #lo'in line' of Ul0''e' whi#h

e,*(e'' f"ith "n% "ffi(&"tion in the h)&"n #on%ition-

The lon %"0 w"ne'- the 'low &oon #li&3'- the %ee*

Mo"n' (o)n% with &"n0 1oi#e'. Co&e! &0 f(ien%'!

>Ti' not too l"te to 'ee$ " newe( wo(l%.

P)'h off! "n% 'ittin well in o(%e( '&ite

The 'o)n%in f)((ow' fo( &0 *)(*o'e hol%'

To '"il 3e0on% the ')n'et! "n% the 3"th'Of "ll the we'te(n 't"('! )ntil I %ie.


12/126

It &"0 3e th"t the )lf' will w"'h )' %own-

It &"0 3e we 'h"ll to)#h the H"**0 I'le'!

An% 'ee the (e"t A#hille'! who& we $new.

Tho> &)#h i' t"$en! &)#h "3i%e' "n% tho>

We "(e not now th"t 't(enth whi#h in ol% %"0'

Mo1e% e"(th "n% he"1en th"t whi#h we "(e! we "(eOne e+)"l te&*e( of he(oi# he"(t'!

M"%e we"$ 30 ti&e "n% f"te! 3)t 't(on in will

To 't(i1e! to 'ee$! to fin%! "n% not to 0iel%.

e(ontion! howe1e(! en%' 1e(0 &)#h "' it 3e"n. Tho)ht' of " %(0 3("in in " %(0 'e"'on.>

The(e i' no w"0 fo(w"(%! the *oe& '"0'! "fte( it h"' en)&e("te% tho'e tho)ht' of " %(0 3("in.

e(ontion i' in "n intelle#t)"l im*asse. He #"nnot "%1"n#e. He #"n onl0 'it "n% thin$ of the

*"'t )ntil hi' &e&o(ie'

=49=

P(ot("#t the *(ofit of thei( #hille% %eli(i)&!

E,#ite the &e&3("ne! when the 'en'e h"' #oole%!

With *)nent '")#e'! &)lti*l0 1"(iet0

In " wil%e(ne'' of &i((o('.

Wh"t i' the 'e#(et of thi' lo'' of f"ith! of thi' ne"tion@ Yo) &"0 *e(h"*' thin$ th"t in *)ttin

')#h " +)e'tion I "& t"$in )n*"(%on"3le li3e(tie' with &0 &"te(i"l. Who #"n '"0 whethe(

the %iffe(en#e in the two *oe&' %oe' not (efle#t *)(el0 te&*e("&ent"l i%io'0n#("'ie'@

Tenn0'on w"' " he(o=wo('hi**e(! while T. S. Eliot w"'! "t the ti&e he w(ote e(ontion! "

#0ni#. The(e &"0 3e 'o&ethin to 3e '"i% fo( thi' 1iew. O31io)'l0 te&*e("&ent "n%

')3?e#t&"tte( *l"0 " 1e(0 i&*o(t"nt *"(t in the *oe&'. Yet if *oe&' (efle#t thei( "e "t "ll we

&"0 3e "3le to %i )n%e( the ')(f"#e fo( thei( #o'&oloi#"l #ontent! "n% le"1e the *e('on"l

%"t" to loo$ "fte( it'elf. It i' #e(t"inl0 t()e th"t the l"te( *oe&' of Tenn0'on "l'o 3e#"&e

*e''i&i'ti#==0et the "* 3etween hi' te#hni+)e "n% th"t of Eliot (e&"in' "' wi%e. C"n we t("#e

hi'to(i# o(iin' fo( the #h"ne@ C"n we! 30 followin )* the #h"ne' of tho)ht "n% 3elief

within the l"'t h)n%(e% 0e"('! fin% 'o&e 'o(t of #l)e to the e,h")'te% ')3?e#ti1it0 of the

#onte&*o("(0 he(o@ I thin$ we #"n.

The *(o3le& i' whe(e to 3ein==fo( 3oth in the "(t' "n% '#ien#e' the l"'t h)n%(e% 0e"(' h"'

3een one of the &o't &o&ento)' e*o#h' in h)&"n hi'to(0. Between 4;6< "n% 47' 'on She&. She& w"' *(o3"3l0

"#+)"inte% with Meth)'el"h! who

=46=

h"% 3een fo( 569 0e"(' " #onte&*o("(0 of A%"&. A%"& hi&'elf h"% 3een &"%e on the 'i,th%"0 "fte( the 3einnin of Ti&e. The e"(th! "##o(%in to the Vi#to(i"n'! h"% 3een #(e"te%


13/126

"3o)t 6!

not "ll.

Hi'to(0 3e"n to e,*"n% in "nothe( %i(e#tion! hel*e% thi' ti&e 30 "(#h"eolo0. In 4;86

S#hlie&"nn>' e,#"1"tion' "t M0#en"e we(e 3e)n. Yo) will (e&e&3e( th"t the *oe&' of

Ho&e( we(e #on'i%e(e% &e(e *oeti#"l f"nt"'ie'. S#hlie&"nn w"' l"te( to *(o1e th"t T(o0e,i'te%. In 4;7 Si( Flin%e(' Pet(ie w"' "t wo($ )*on "n#ient (e&"in' in E0*t! while in 4;77

Si( A(th)( E1"n' 3e"n wo($ )*on wh"t w"' to t)(n o)t to 3e " new #i1ili"tion! )ntil then

)n$nown! #"lle% the Mino"n #i1ili"tion. An#ient #)lt)(e' we(e #o&in to the ')(f"#e! "n% the

#hill win% of (eliio)' '#e*ti#i'& w"' 3lowin h"(%. Fi('t it w"' the #i1ili"tion of E)(o*e

whi#h 3e"n to loo$ (e&ote "n% tin0 'et ""in't the hi'to(i#"l *e('*e#ti1e' o*ene% )*.

Se#on%l0 the hi'to(0 of &"n on e"(th! "' e,*l"ine% 30 eoloi't'! 3e"n to "**e"( of

nelii3le i&*o(t"n#e.

In 4;78! in "n e''"0 )*on lite("t)(e! P(ofe''o( 2. W. H"le' w(ote-

S#ien#e h"' #e(t"inl0 3een in *"(t (e'*on'i3le fo( the (owth of " '*i(it of &"te(i"li'&! "n%h"' #")'e% tho'e who %o not 'h"(e th"t '*i(it to e,"&ine the&'el1e' "n% (e&o)l% thei(


14/126

"()&ent'. S#ien#e h"' the(efo(e ten%e% to %e*(e'' &"n0 who! witho)t "##e*tin &"te(i"li'ti#

o*inion'! h"1e 3een "ffe#te% 30 the &"(#h of tho)ht. On the whole we &"0 '"0 th"t '#ien#e

h"' ten%e% to *o'iti1i'&! "no'ti#i'&! "n% in " wo(% to " ne"ti1e 1iew of thin' '*i(it)"l.

=4:=

The #h"("#te(i'ti#' of the Vi#to(i"n Ae! then! #ent(e% "3o)t thi' intelle#t)"l 3"ttle 3etween

the fo(#e' of (e"'on "n% the fo(#e' of (e1el"tion- 3etween theolo0 with it' %e&"n%' on 3elief!

"n% the new '#ientifi# &"te(i"li'& with it' #olle#tion of %i't)(3in f"#t'. The te&*e( of the

"e w"' 1iolent! "' we &"0 'ee 30 the (e#e*tion "##o(%e% to D"(win>' 3oo$. It #(e"te% "

'en'"tion. All the fo(#e' of e't"3li'he% (eliion we(e 3(o)ht to 3e"( )*on it. It w"' #o&&onl0

o3?e#te% th"t ')#h #(iti#i'&' of the Bi3le we(e " w"nton )n'ettle&ent of the f"ith of 'i&*le

*eo*le! "n% in 4;:6! fi1e 0e"(' "fte( the "**e"("n#e of the -rigin of S*ecies! the O,fo(%

De#l"("tion on In'*i("tion "n% Ete(n"l P)ni'h&ent w"' 'ine% 30 ele1en tho)'"n% &e&3e('

of the #le(0. Thi' w"' " #)(io)' %o#)&ent. A##o(%in to A(#h3i'ho* T"it the effe#t of thi'

%e#l"("tion w"' th"t >"ll +)e'tion' of *h0'i#"l '#ien#e 'ho)l% 3e (efe((e% to the w(itten wo(%'

of Hol0 S#(i*t)(e>.

Me"nwhile! howe1e(! "(#holo0 went it' own w"0! "n% "&on it' %i'#o1e(ie' we 'ho)l%

*e(h"*' (e#o(% the fi('t e,"&*le of P"leolithi# C"1e A(t. B)t we 'ho)l% "l'o h"'ten to

&ention th"t the fi('t 't)%ie' in "nth(o*olo0 we(e 3einnin to o##)*0 the tho)ht' of

'#hol"(' "3o)t thi' ti&e. The effe#t of " 3oo$ li$e F("e(>' The ol%en Bo)h=="n in+)i(0 into

the o(iin' of (eliio)' 3elief==#"nnot 3e o1e(=e'ti&"te% "n% 'i%e 30 'i%e with

"nth(o*oloi#"l '*e#)l"tion #"&e the fi('t "tte&*t' to %e"l with 2e')' "' " hi'to(i#"l fi)(e.

The 3io("*hi#"l 2e')' of Ren"n h"% #")'e% "l&o't the '"&e 'to(& in E)(o*e "' The -rigin

of S*ecies in 'ngland .

The n"((ow i(on=3o)n% theolo0 of the Vi#to(i"n 'i&*l0 #o)l% not "##o&&o%"te "ll the f"#t'

whi#h we(e *ilin )* in the l"3o("to(ie' of the '#ienti't'. It w"' "ll 1e(0 well to "**e"l to

3elief. The "e! with it' &"te(i"li't 3i"' "n% it' 0o)n )tilit"(i"n '#ien#e! tho)ht th"t (e"'on

wo)l% 3e " ')(e( )i%e in h)&"n "ff"i('. S#ientifi# *(oof 3e#"&e one of the w"t#hwo(%' of

the %"0.

=48=

Tenn0'on Ul0''e'! 0o) &"0 (e&e&3e(! 3)(ne% >to follow $nowle%e! li$e " 'in$in 't"(!

3e0on% the )t&o't 3o)n% of h)&"n tho)ht>. It w"' " %e'i(e whi#h fo)n% "n e#ho in e1e(0

Vi#to(i"n he"(t! "n% it w"' to 3e ("tifie% in the &o't lite("l 'en'e 30 the '#ienti't' of the ne,t#ent)(0. Fo( the t(o)3le with '#ientifi# tho)ht to%"0 i' th"t it %oe' "**e"( to h"1e (e"#he%

'o&ethin li$e the 3o)n%"(0=line of h)&"n tho)ht==the 3o)n%"(0=line of it' #on#e*t)"l

"3ilitie'.

The(e "(e 'e1e("l othe( "'*e#t' of the Vi#to(i"n Ae whi#h %e'e(1e &ention. So f"( I h"1e

t(ie% to 'ti#$ to tho'e whi#h "lte(e% the #on#e*t of hi'to(0 in ti&e. B)t while we #"nnot 't"0 to

t(e"t "n0 of the'e (e"t '0'te&' in %et"il! we 'ho)l% not fo(et to "%% to the& the n"&e of

M"(,! w(itten in the &"(in o( o)( note=3oo$'. Das a*ital w"' w(itten in 4;:8. Tho)h

M"(,i'& w"' the )l0 %)#$lin "&on the *hilo'o*hie' f"the(e% on )' 30 '#ientifi#

("tion"li'&! 0et the e1ol)tion of 'o#i"l i%e"' "n% (efo(&' i' "n i&*o(t"nt *"(t of the Vi#to(i"n

*i#t)(e! tho)h not "3'ol)tel0 1it"l to o)( own (e'e"(#h on Ul0''e'. I wo)l% *(efe( to t)(n toLoi#"l Po'iti1i'& fo( " &o&ent "' " *"(t of the Vi#to(i"n inhe(it"n#e. A))'te Co&te! who


15/126

*(o*o)n%e% thi' *hilo'o*h0! w"' 3o(n in 487;. He 3elie1e% th"t e1e(0 '#ien#e followe% "

#le"(l0 %efine% hi'to(i#"l #)(1e! "n% &iht 3e %i1i%e% )* into th(ee 't"e' of 3elief. In the

fi('t! the "ni&i'ti# 't"e! *eo*le 3elie1e% th"t the )ni1e('e w"' ()le% o1e( 30 the

*e('onifi#"tion' of 1"(io)' %eitie'- o%'! o%%e''e'! N0&*h'! et#. In the 'e#on% 't"e the'e

&0thi#"l #on#e*tion' 3e#"&e %e*e('onifie% "n% we(e (e*l"#e% 30 #on#e*t)"l entitie' li$e

fo(#e>! >("1it0> "n% othe( ')#h &e#h"ni#"l i%e"'. In the thi(% o( *o'iti1e 't"e e1en the'e&e#h"ni#"l i%e"' wo)l% %ie o)t "n% wo)l% 3e (e*l"#e% with " *)(el0 ne"ti1e "ttit)%e tow"(%'

*heno&en". The i%e" of n"t)("l fo(#e' wo)l% %ie o)t "n% '#ien#e wo)l% no lone( offe( )'

e,*l"n"tion' of wh0 thin' h"**ene%- it wo)l% 'i&*l0 #ontent it'elf with $ee*in " lo of

=4;=

h"**enin' "n% of 't)%0in the& within " *(o1i'ion"l f("&e of tho)ht.

Now the *hilo'o*h0 of '#ientifi# &"te(i"li'& whi#h *l"0e% 'o (e"t " *"(t in the Vi#to(i"n

o)tloo$ h"% t"$en o1e( the f)ll e+)i*&ent of fo(#e'! le1e('! *)lle0' "n% l"w'! 3e+)e"the% to it

30 Newton.

R"ne% ""in't the fo(#e' of thi' &e#h"ni'ti# *hilo'o*h0 we fin% (e*(e'ent"ti1e' of &"n0

%iffe(in #"&*'! 3oth (eliio)' "n% "e'theti#. The0 '"w with "l"(& th"t the '#ienti't in hi'

"((o"n#e w"' 'ettin )* 'ho* "' " theoloi"n. U* till now the &e#h"ni#"l )ni1e('e *o't)l"te%

30 the &e#h"ni't h"% left el3ow=(oo& fo( the Deit0. B)t the &"te(i"li't' of !lysses> "e we(e

3einnin to +)e'tion whethe( o% #o)l% not 3e (e*l"#e% 30 'o&e h0*otheti#"l fi('t #")'e=

'o&e *)(el0 #he&i#"l fo(#e whi#h 'et the whole 3)'ine'' off. A''"ile% on "ll f(ont' 30

'#ien#e! eolo0! "(#holo0! theolo0 fo)ht on %oe%l0! 3)t witho)t "1"il. The "e w"' "

&"te(i"li'ti# "e "n% it' o% w"' (e"'on.

!lysses of #o)('e "nte=%"te' thi' *e(io% 30 " %e#"%e o( two. B)t 0o) #"n 'ee f(o& hi' 't0le

th"t hi' wo(l% h"' not 3een th(e"tene% "' 0et! h"' not 3een "ffli#te% with %o)3t "n% %e'*"i(. I

wo)l% li$e to ')e't th"t " oo% %e"l of the %e'*"i( in "erontion #o&e' of " (e"li"tion th"t

the wo(l% h"' one off the ("il'. Foo%! "' 0o) $now! t"$e' ti&e to (e"#h the 'to&"#h "n% I

')e't th"t e(ontion e,*(e''e' "ll the %i'ill)'ion of the 4;7'.

The effe#t of the'e i%e"' )*on the Vi#to(i"n wo(l% h"' 3een 1e(0 well e,*(e''e% 30 She(woo%

T"0lo(-

The whole of the lite("t)(e! "(t "n% *hilo'o*h0 of the *"'t w"' 3"'e% on the ",io&' th"t the

#h"ne' of the wo(l% we(e " %("&" en"#te% on the )n#h"nin '#ene of n"t)(e 30 )n#h"nin&"n==" little lowe( th"n the "nel' "n% i&&e"')("3l0 "3o1e the 3e"'t' who h"% no

)n%e('t"n%in. The "(t! lite("t)(e "n% &o("lit0 of E)(o*e we(e 3"'e% on the Bi3le! )n%e('too%

in the ol% 'i&*le w"0. The l"te( Vi#to(i"n'

=47=

i'ol"te% in 1"'t %e'e(t' of '*"#e "n% ti&e! with o% 'ee&inl0 (e&o1e% to the %i& 't"t)' of "

(e&ote A(#hite#t of the Wo(l%! #o)l% no lone( feel the&'el1e' one with tho'e who %welt

#ontente%l0 in the little )ni1e('e of *"'t "e'. . . . An% 'o the Vi#to(i"n &o1e% o)t of &"n>'

"n#e't("l ho&e! with it' te&*le'! *"l"#e'! #ott"e' "n% #"the%("l'! ol%en with "e! ten%e(l0

fo(&e% 30 the h"n%' of the &"'te('! into " fine new #it0 of '#ien#e=='o #on1enient! 'oh0ieni#! 'o (e"'on"3l0 *l"nne%==3)t %e1oi% of h)&"n ten%e(ne'' "n% "n#ient 3e")t0. Thi'


16/126

lo'' h"' ne1e( 3een (e*"i(e% "n% &"n to=%"0 i' 'till " %i'*l"#e% *e('on in " l"n% he h"' 0et to

&"$e hi' ho&e.

I #o)l% not ho*e fo( " #le"(e( ')&&in )* of the &e''"e we fin% i&*li#it in e(ontion>'

"ttit)%e. It i' " &e''"e whi#h "fte(w"(%' (e#ei1e% "&*lifi#"tion in The Waste and whi#h h"'

h"% ')#h " (e"t effe#t )*on the *oeti# t("%ition in Enl"n%. The whole f"3(i# of the *oe& i''hot with (e&ini'#en#e' of hi'to(0! *oet(0! &0th! "ll t"nle% )* "' the0 "(e in "erontion. The

#ent("l &e''"e i'! of #o)('e! %i'ill)'ion. e(ontion hi&'elf &iht e"'il0 h"1e fi)(e% in The

Waste and . He i' w(itten in the '"&e tone of 1oi#e.

An% it i' not 30 "n0 #on#it"tion

Of the 3"#$w"(% %e1il'.

I wo)l% &eet 0o) )*on thi' hone'tl0.

I th"t w"' ne"( 0o)( he"(t w"' (e&o1e% the(ef(o&

To lo'e 3e")t0 in te((o(! te((o( in in+)i'ition.

I h"1e lo't &0 *"''ion- wh0 'ho)l% I nee% to $ee* it

Sin#e wh"t i' $e*t &)'t 3e "%)lte("te%@I h"1e lo't &0 'iht! '&ell! he"(in! t"'te "n% to)#h-

How 'ho)l% I )'e the& fo( 0o)( #lo'e( #ont"#t@

B)t %o not thin$ th"t "erontion i' 'i&*l0 "n% 'olel0 " (e1olt ""in't Vi#to(i"n &"te(i"li'&.

Th"t wo)l% 3e " (i%i#)lo)' o1e(='i&*lifi#"tion. M"te(i"li'& it'elf w"' not " new ene&0!

tho)h it w"' &o't fi(&l0 ent(en#he% 3ehin% the new %i'#o1e(ie' of '#ien#e. B)t the ene("l

*hilo'o*h0

=5


17/126

)n%e('t"n% &e when I '"0 th"t !lysses i' "n o3?e#ti1e *oe& "n% "erontion " ')3?e#ti1e one.

In !lysses the #"&e(" i'! 'o to '*e"$! f"#in o)tw"(%' to the wo(l%! (e#o(%in the fe"(' "n%

*(eo##)*"tion' of the he(o o3?e#ti1el0 "erontion i' e,"#tl0 the o**o'ite. The #"&e("! if I

&"0 (e*e"t the &et"*ho(! i' fo#)'e% inw"(%' )*on the 'e#(et ho*e' "n% fe"(' of the ol% he(o.

It i' " &o1in *i#t)(e of the *(o#e''e' of the )n#on'#io)' "t wo($. In Tenn0'on>' *oe& we

=54=

%e%)#e the inne( 't"te of the he(o f(o& hi' 't"te&ent' "3o)t thin' o)t'i%e hi&'elf. Eliot>'

*oe& %e&"n%' 'o&ethin &o(e. It i' " %ete#ti1e 'to(0 in little "n% we &)'t "ll the ti&e 3e

w"t#hin fo( #l)e' "n% hint' if we "(e to )n%e('t"n% wh"t i' oin on.

The ')3?e#t=o3?e#t (el"tion'hi* i' one th"t i' wo(th 'o&e tho)ht. If we &"($ off the 4' f(o& Newton>' i' the i%e" of the n"t)(e of

'*"#e "n% ti&e "n% thei( (el"tion'hi*. Un%e( the new theo(0 '*"#e w"' #on#ei1e% of "' 3ein

n=%i&en'ion"l! with ti&e "' the fo)(th of it' %i&en'ion'. Thi' #o&*letel0 (e1ol)tionie% o)(

whole "ttit)%e to the )ni1e('e! "n% if we "(e to )n%e('t"n% the ti&e=lite("t)(e of 2o0#e "n%

Vi(ini" Woolf no le'' th"n the *oet(0 of The Waste and ! we &)'t 't(i$e )* " no%%in

"#+)"int"n#e with the new theo(0. Si&il"(l0 if we "(e to )n%e('t"n% the new eo#ent(i#

(owth of "(t we 'ho)l% $now " little "3o)t F(e)%. If ti&e i'! "' I 3elie1e! the &e"')(e of o)(%e"th#on'#io)'ne''! 0o) #"nnot (e1i'e 0o)( #on#e*t of it witho)t "ffe#tin o)( i%e"' of %e"th


18/126

"n% life. So&e of the'e i%e"' "(e e(&in"tin "&on the o("#)l"( )tte("n#e' of "erontion

othe(' "(e to 3e fo)n% in the /our 0uartets of Eliot "n% in the Duinese 'legies of Ril$e no

le'' th"n in 2o0#e !lysses. Ti&e i' one of the (e"t #l)e' to the &o%e(n o)tloo$.

=59=

CHAPTER $

SPACE TIME AND POETRY

With the twentieth #ent)(0! Ph0'i#'! li$e the othe( '#ien#e'! "%1"n#e% into )n#e(t"intie'. In the

f"#e of (el"ti1it0! the +)"nt)& theo(0! "n% the ele#t(on! we we(e on#e &o(e &o1in in >wo(l%'

not (e"lie%>. If o% we(e " &"the&"ti#i"n! &"the&"ti#i"n' 'ho)l% 3(in )' 3"#$ to o%. . . .

We '"w th"t &o%e(n &"n i' te&*te%! "l&o't #o&*elle%! to (e)l"te thi' i%e" Ti&e 30 the

f"#e of " #lo#$ "n% the *"e' of " #"len%"(. Thi' '0'te& i' in%i'*en'"3le to "n "e of fi,e%

ho)(' "n% "**oint&ent'! 3)t #"nnot e1e( '"ti'f0 &"n>' #on'#io)'ne'' of wh"t *"''e' in hi'

own he"%. It ')e't' o( #onfi(&' the fi#tion th"t life i' " 'e+)en#e of #ontin)o)' 0et %i'tin#t&o&ent'! " *e(*et)"l 3i(th of in't"nt"neo)' i&*(e''ion'! whe(e"' "ll "(ti'ti# "n% i&"in"ti1e

e,*e(ien#e in'i't' th"t life "' we *e(#ei1e it i' %)("tion. Fo( e,"&*le the fi('t note of f))e i'

'till *(e'ent when the l"'t note i' 't()#$ the fi('t '#ene in " well=#on't()#te% %("&" i' "' #lo'e

to )' "' the e*i'o%e on whi#h the #)(t"in %e'#en%'. All life i' f)'ion "' well "' fl), . . . "n%

P"'t #o&3ine' with P(e'ent to fo(& the o)tline of the F)t)(e. So&e 1i'ion"(ie' #l"i& the

*owe( to (eli1e thei( own "nte#e%ent' "n% to 3e *(e'ent "t wh"t i' oin to h"**en. The'e

*e(')"'ion' &iht 3e! "n% ene("ll0 "(e! %i'&i''e% "' wi'hf)l thin$in! tho)h the "##e*t"n#e

of ete(nit0 i&*lie' the "##e*t"n#e th"t "ll f"#t' "(e fo(e1e( *(e'ent 3)t now '#ien#e w"'

3einnin to hint th"t Ti&e t"$e' *l"#e within )'. . . . Th)' the &o%e(n '*i(it of in+)i(0 i'

le"%in )' 3"#$ tow"(%' "n#ient O(ient"l &0'ti#i'& "n% &e%ie1"l theolo0. . . .

H. V.ROUTH

'nglish iterature and (deas in the T)entieth Century

WE h"1e not f"( to o with the hi'to(0 of 2o0#e !lysses tho)ht 3efo(e we #o&e to 'o&e new

'#ientifi# i%e"' whi#h h"1e " %i(e#t 3e"(in )*on ti&e! "n% whi#h! I &"$e 3ol% to '"0! #"n 3e

'een (efle#te% in the new 't0le of w(itin

=56=

fo( whi#h o)( "e h"' 3e#o&e %i'tin)i'he%. To the &"te(i"li't'! 0o) (e&e&3e(! ')3?e#t "n%

o3?e#t we(e %i1i%e% off f(o& one "nothe(! while &"tte(==howe1e( f"( 0o) 3(o$e it %own==

wo)l% #onfo(& to the i%e"' of &"'' %e1elo*e% o)t of Newton>' &e#h"ni#'. M"tte(! the0

tho)ht! wo)l% *(e')&"3l0 h"1e " 'oli% #o(e whi#h! howe1e( infinite'i&"l! #o)l% 3e

&e"')(e% "n% weihe% "n% 't)%ie%. A' 'oon "' the l"w' o1e(nin it' 't()#t)(e we(e

)n%e('too% we 'ho)l% h"1e the whole (i%%le of the )ni1e('e in o)( h"n%'.

S#ien#e! "' 0o) $now! i' the "(t of i&"in"ti1e "(("ne&ent! "n% it' ("w &"te(i"l i' f"#t

%e%)#e% f(o& e,*e(i&ent. Soon the 't"e w"' #(ow%e% with 'o=#"lle% f"#t' whi#h #o)l% not

3e "##o&&o%"te% into the ol% w"0 of thin$in==the &e#h"ni#"l theo(0 of the )ni1e('e.


19/126

Ele#t(i#it0 "n% the %i'#o1e(0 of the fi('t ("%io="#ti1e ')3't"n#e' in 4;7; ("i'e% the'e *(o3le&'

in the &in%' of the '#ienti't'! "n% the0 went to wo($ to t(0 "n% 'ol1e the&. Fi('t we 'ho)l%

&ention "n in1e'ti"tion into the *(o*e(tie' of ("%i"tion *)3li'he% 30 Pl"n#$ in 4;77. He 'et

o)t to %i'#o1e( wh0 the ene(0 i1en off 30 ("%io="#ti1e ')3't"n#e' %i% not t("n'fo(& tho'e

3o%ie' wholl0 into ("%i"tion. In o(%e( to f("&e hi' i%e"' '"ti'f"#to(il0 he w"' fo(#e% to won%e(

whethe( he 'ho)l% not i1e )* two *hilo'o*hi# i%e"' whi#h! )* to then! h"% 3een (e"(%e% "'"3'ol)tel0 f)n%"&ent"l to "n0 )n%e('t"n%in of the )ni1e('e. One w"' ti&e! "' we 1i')"lie%

it! "n% the othe( w"' #")'"lit0. Thi'! 0o) will "(ee! i' 'i&*l0 h"i(=("i'in. In 47The &i't"$e!> he

"%%'! th(o)h one of hi' #h"("#te('! >the &i't"$e th"t '#hool &"%e w"' "lw"0' to #)t it' 'li#e

in the '"&e %i(e#tion! "lw"0' lenthwi'e! in the %i(e#tion of ti&e. Wh0 not #)t it )* "n%

%own@ O( "#(o''@ A' fo( &e! I %on>t w"nt to #)t it "t "ll. Yo) 'ee wh"t I &e"n. I w"nt to *)t

e1e(0thin into &0 no1el "n% not 'ni* off &0 &"te(i"l eithe( he(e o( the(e.> Th"t wo)l% 't"n%

"' " 1e(0 oo% wo($in #(e%o fo( the 't(e"&=of#on'#io)'ne'' no1el.

Wh"t of the new i%e" of ti&e! "n% the new "ttit)%e to &"tte(@ Let )' to)#h onl0 the f(ine' of

the ')3?e#t. A' we '"w! the '#ientifi# &"te(i"li't w"' 'h)t off f(o& the wo(l% 30 hi' eo#ent(i#

1iew of thin'. It i' i&*o(t"nt to (e"lie th"t Ein'tein>' theo(0 ?oine% )* ')3?e#t "n% o3?e#t! in

1e(0 &)#h the '"&e w"0 "' it ?oine% )* '*"#e "n% ti&e. Now wh"t i' i&*o(t"nt to )' he(e "(enot the e+)"tion'=e1en if we )n%e('t"n% the&==3)t the '0&3oli# "#t of ?oinin wh"t i'

'e*"("te%.

Now in the &e#h"ni#"l 1iew of thin' whi#h o)( (e"t=

=5:=

("n%f"the(' inhe(ite% f(o& Newton the #on#e*tion' of >&"tte(> >'*"#e> "n% >ti&e> h"% "3'ol)te

1"li%it0. B)t when the *h0'i#i't 3e"n to 3(e"$ &"tte( %own into it' *"(t'! "n% fo)n% th"t

'o&eti&e' it 3eh"1e% li$e " w"1e "n% 'o&eti&e' li$e " *"(ti#le! it 3e#"&e ("*i%l0 o31io)'

th"t 'o&e new #on#e*tion w"' nee%e% if we we(e e1e( oin to &"$e " #ohe(ent *i#t)(e of the)ni1e('e witho)t nele#tin "n0 of the'e *)lin f"#t'.


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While thi' w"' oin on the "'t(ono&e(' h"% 3een "&"''in +)"ntitie' of new &"te(i"l "3o)t

the 3eh"1io)( of 't"('. Thi' h"% to 3e fitte% in "' well. How@ The wo(l% of '#ien#e i' li$e "

n)('e(0 #(ow%e% with %iffe(ent to0'. The '#ienti't! 'ittin on the floo(! t(ie' to fin% 'o&e

'0'te& whi#h wo)l% '"ti'f"#to(il0 e,*l"in thei( f)n#tion. Fin"ll0 he %e#i%e' )*on " f)n#tion

#o&&on to the& "ll==the0 "(e fo( *l"0. B)t it i' e,t(e&el0 %o)3tf)l whethe( f(o& ')#h "

#olle#tion of to0' he will e1e( 3e "3le to %e%)#e the e,i'ten#e of the #hil% who #olle#te% the&.The &"te(i"li't' tho)ht one #o)l%. The &o%e(n '#ienti't h"' 'o f"( lo't #onfi%en#e in hi'

*owe(' th"t he h"' i1en )* t(0in. He i' #ontent with " *(o1i'ion"l 1iew in'te"% of "n

"3'ol)te one.

It h"% 3een $nown! fo( e,"&*le! th"t " 3o%0! " *ie#e of &"tte(! 3eh"1e% "' if it "#+)i(e%

(e"te( &"'' when it w"' #h"(e% with ele#t(i#it0. P)(el0 "' " &"tte( of inte(e't it w"' %e#i%e%

to %ete(&ine how &)#h of the &"'' of "n ele#t(on w"' it' own! "n% how &)#h w"' %)e to it'

ele#t(i# #h"(e. The &e"')(e&ent w"' &"%e with the t()l0 "'to)n%in (e')lt th"t the whole

&"'' of the ele#t(on w"' fo)n% to 3e %)e to it' ele#t(i# #h"(e. So th"t the ele#t(on w"' not "

*ie#e of >o(%in"(0 &"tte(> "t "ll. It w"' 'i&*l0 "n ele#t(i# #h"(e. Yo) #"n 'ee how "'toni'hin

thi' e,*e(i&ent &)'t h"1e 3een. It w"' the fi('t in%i#"tion to #o&e f(o& '#ien#e th"t the&"te(i"l )ni1e('e w"' not the 'oli%! ')3't"nti"l! o3?e#ti1e thin *eo*le h"% t"$en it to 3e.

Wh"t w"' it@ >To t"l$!> '"0' " '#ientifi# w(ite(! >of "n ele#t(i# #h"(e e,i'tin "*"(t f(o&

o(%in"(0 &"tte( 'ee&e%

=58=

to &"n0 &in%' "' in#o&*(ehen'i3le "' t"l$in "3o)t &otion witho)t "n0thin th"t &o1e'.

In%ee% the %i'#o1e(0 #o)l% not 3e )n%e('too% )ntil o)( notion' of &"tte( 3e#"&e &o(e

"3't("#t. The notion of ')3't"n#e h"% to 3e (e*l"#e% 30 the notion of 3eh"1io)(.>

The 'oli% *("&"ti# )ni1e('e! then! &elte% 3etween o)( fine('. M"tte( 3e#"&e " *h"nto&.

Now in o(%e( to o3t"in " #ohe(ent 1iew of the 3ewil%e(in wo(l% of '#ien#e Ein'tein

fo(&)l"te% " theo(0 whi#h e1e(03o%0 h"' he"(% "3o)t "n% 1e(0 few *eo*le )n%e('t"n%. A' f"(

"' we "(e #on#e(ne% onl0 two "'*e#t' of it inte(e't )'- it' "ttit)%e to ti&e! "n% it' "ttit)%e to

the ')3?e#t=o3?e#t (el"tion'hi*. The &"te(i"li't'! "' we '"w! "'')&e% th"t the %i1o(#e w"'

#o&*lete==th"t the o3'e(1e( #o)l% o3'e(1e the o3?e#t "n% ')(*(i'e it in it' *)(e 't"te. The

theo(0 of (el"ti1it0 #ont("%i#te% th"t 1iew. It 'howe% )' th"t the *i#t)(e whi#h e"#h o3'e(1e(

&"$e' of the wo(l% i' in 'o&e %e(ee ')3?e#ti1e. E1en if %iffe(ent o3'e(1e(' "ll t"$e thei(

*i#t)(e' "t the '"&e &o&ent of ti&e! "n% f(o& the '"&e *oint in '*"#e! the'e *i#t)(e' will not

3e "li$e==)nle'' the o3'e(1e(' h"**en to 3e &o1in "t the '"&e '*ee%. Onl0 then wo)l% the0

3e i%enti#"l.

Ein'tein! in o(%e( to i1e hi' new theo(0 " 'h"*e! ')%%enl0 '"w th"t the '*"#e "n% ti&e i%e"'

we we(e )'in we(e not fle,i3le eno)h to fit the *i#t)(e. He ')e'te% " &"((i"e of the two

into " fo)(=%i&en'ion"l 1ol)&e whi#h he #"lle% " >#ontin))&>. Ti&e! then! w"' i1en " new

(ole to *l"0==it w"' not the ol% e,ten%e% ti&e of the &"te(i"li't' 3)t " new ti&e='*"#e h03(i%.

Ti&e "n% '*"#e! fi,e% toethe( in thi' &"nne(! "1e one " #o&*letel0 new i%e" of wh"t (e"lit0

&iht 3e. The &"te(i"li't tho)ht th"t "n o3?e#t to h"1e e,i'ten#e &)'t t"$e "%1"nt"e of

th(ee %i&en'ion' of '*"#e- ti&e w"' "%%e% to thi' *i#t)(e==1e(0 &)#h "' the 'o)n%=t("#$ w"'

"%%e% to the #ine&"! "n% w"' &"%e to '0n#h(onie with the &o1e&ent of the "#to(>' li*'. B)t

Ein'tein>' ti&e w"' not " *"'t=*(e'ent=f)t)(e o3=

=5;=


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?e#t of thi' $in%. It w"' " 'o(t of ti&e whi#h #ont"ine% "ll ti&e in e1e(0 &o&ent of ti&e. A

%iffi#)lt i%e" to ("'* no %o)3t. In th"t *o*)l"( 3oo$ on '#ien#e #"lle% The #ysterious

!niverse 30 the l"te Si( 2"&e' 2e"n' the followin e,*l"n"tion of the new ti&e i' i1en-

It &"0 3e th"t ti&e! f(o& it' 3einnin to the en% of ete(nit0! i' '*(e"% 3efo(e )' in the *i#t)(e!

3)t we "(e in #ont"#t with onl0 one in't"nt! ?)'t "' " 3i#0#le=wheel i' in #ont"#t with onl0 one *oint of the (o"%. . . . A' Pl"to e,*(e''e% it twent0=th(ee #ent)(ie' e"(lie( in the Timaeus- >The

*"'t "n% f)t)(e "(e #(e"te% '*e#ie' of ti&e whi#h we )n#on'#io)'l0 3)t w(onl0 t("n'fe( to the

ete(n"l e''en#e. We '"0 w"'! i'! will 3e! 3)t the t()th i' th"t i' "lone #"n *(o*e(l0 3e )'e%>.

In the '*"#e=ti&e #ontin))&! then! ti&e i' "n >I'=ne''>=" #on#e*t whi#h w"' )n$nown to the

"e of Ul0''e'=e,#e*t *e(h"*' "' "lw"0' 30 int)ition to #e(t"in *oet' "n% &0'ti#'.

Anothe( "'*e#t of the Rel"ti1it0 theo(0 i' the &"nne( in whi#h it 'i%et("#$' #")'"lit0. O)(

3elief in #")'"lit0 i' " 1e(0 't(onl0 (o)n%e% one. We li1e 30 it. It h"' fo( ene("tion' 3een

(e"(%e% "' the 3e%(o#$ of *hilo'o*h0. Until to%"0 onl0 the &0'ti# o( the '"int h"' %"(e% to

%i'own it "' *"(t of the 3eh"1io)( of &"tte(! whi#h he #l"i&' i' >ill)'ion>. B)t i' it *o''i3le tothin$ in othe( te(&' th"n tho'e %i#t"te% 30 " 3elief in #")'"lit0@ If I *l"nt " 'ee% " t(ee will

(ow "n% not " &"n. Why not a man1 Be#")'e . . . 0o) $now "' well "' I %o. Yet the new

theo(0 of the *h0'i#i't' in1ite' )' to &o%if0 thi' #on#e*tion if not "#t)"ll0 to +)e'tion it'

1"li%it0. So f"( "' *heno&en" "(e #on#e(ne%! we "(e tol%! the )nifo(&it0 of n"t)(e %i'"**e"('.

The P(in#i*le of In%ete(&in"#0! "' it i' #"lle%! i' fo)n%e% )*on the theo(0 th"t we #"nnot

o3'e(1e the #o)('e of n"t)(e witho)t %i't)(3in it. Thi' i' the #o&*lete o**o'ite of the 't(i#t

%ete(&ini'& whi#h h"' (eine%

=57=

in '#ien#e )* to now- "n% thi' i' one of the (e"t (e1ol)tion' in tho)ht whi#h #h"("#te(ie the

"e we "(e thin$in "3o)t.

If (e"lit0 i' 'o&ehow e,t("=#")'"l! then " whole new 1i't" of i%e"' i' o*ene% )*==" te((ito(0

hithe(to onl0 #olonie% 30 int)ition. If the (e')lt of e1e(0 e,*e(i&ent! of e1e(0 &otion of

n"t)(e! i' #o&*letel0 )nfo(e'een "n% )n*(e%i#t"3le==then e1e(0thin i' *e(*et)"ll0 3("n% new!

e1e(0thin i'! if 0o) #"(e to thin$ of it li$e th"t! " &i("#le.

Un%e( the te(&' of the new i%e" " *(e#i'e $nowle%e of the o)te( wo(l% 3e#o&e' "n

i&*o''i3ilit0. Thi' i' 3e#")'e we "n% the o)te( wo(l% ')3?e#t "n% o3?e#t #on'tit)te " whole.

If we "(e *"(t of " )nit0 we #"n no lone( o3?e#ti1ie it ')##e''f)ll0. >If we 'till wi'h to thin$of the h"**enin' in the *heno&en"l wo(l% "' o1e(ne% 30 #")'"l l"w we &)'t ')**o'e th"t

the'e h"**enin' "(e %ete(&ine% in 'o&e ')3't("t)& of the wo(l% whi#h lie' 3e0on% the

wo(l% of *heno&en"! "n% "l'o 3e0on% o)( "##e''.> I +)ote f(o& Si( 2"&e' 2e"n'> Physics and

Philoso*hy. An% l"te( in the '"&e 3oo$! in %i'#)''in the new ti&e! he '"0'- >It 'ee&' "t le"'t

#on#ei1"3le th"t wh"t i' t()e of *e(#ei1e% o3?e#t' &"0 "l'o 3e t()e of *e(#ei1in &in%' ?)'t

"' the(e "(e w"1e*i#t)(e' fo( liht "n% ele#t(i#it0! 'o the(e &"0 3e " #o((e'*on%in *i#t)(e fo(

#on'#io)'ne''. When we 1iew o)('el1e' in '*"#e "n% ti&e o)( #on'#io)'ne''e' "(e o31io)'l0

the 'e*"("te in%i1i%)"l' of " *"(ti#le=*i#t)(e! when we *"'' 3e0on% '*"#e "n% ti&e

*(e')&"3l0 into the #ontin))& whi#h i' fo(&e% of " &i,t)(e of 3oth the0 &"0 *e(h"*' fo(&

in(e%ient' of " 'inle #ontin)o)' 't(e"& of life. A' it i' with liht "n% ele#t(i#it0! 'o it &"0 3e

with life the *heno&en" &"0 3e in%i1i%)"l' #"((0in on 'e*"("te e,i'ten#e' in '*"#e "n%ti&e! while in the %ee*e( (e"lit0 3e0on% '*"#e "n% ti&e we &"0 "ll 3e &e&3e(' of one 3o%0.


22/126

In 3(ief! &o%e(n *h0'i#' i' not "ltoethe( "nt"oni'ti# to "n o3?e#ti1e i%e"li'& li$e th"t of

Heel.>

Now while the #on#e*t)"l "3ilit0 of the '#ienti't 'ee&'

=9


23/126

whi#h i' to le"1e )' "ll e&3e%%e%! 'o to '*e"$! in E)#li%e"n '*"#e "n% ti&e! while hi' own

i&"in"tion i' 3)'0 with the new (e"l&. I %o not 'ee wh0 l"#$ of &"the&"ti#"l "3ilit0 'ho)l%

*(e1ent )' f(o& %i'#o1e(in wh"t he i' thin$in.

Ale,"n%e(! in hi' 3oo$ #"lle% S*ace2 Time and Deity! ')e't' th"t the '*"#e=ti&e &"te(i"l i'

the *(i&o(%i"l (e"lit0 o)t of whi#h thin' h"1e e1ol1e%. He #l"i&' th"t e1e(0thin in thewo(l% w"' &"%e of '*"#e=ti&e 't)ff! 'o to '*e"$! "n% th"t 30 ("%)"l %iffe(enti"tion of &"tte(

life

=95=

"(o'e! whi#h i' %e1elo*in 'lowl0 into #on'#io)'ne''! "n% 'o into Deit0. E1e(0one h"% 3een in

the h"3it of (e"(%in '*"#e=ti&e "' " #(e"tion of the h)&"n &in%. Ale,"n%e( (e1e('e% thi'

i%e" "n% %e#l"(e% th"t &in% w"' onl0 " f)n#tion of the '*"#e=ti&e 't)ff in it' ("%)"l

e1ol)tion tow"(%' Deit0.

In the lite("t)(e of the l"'t %e#"%e the(e h"' 3een " %i'tin#t (owth of inte(e't in &0'ti#i'&!"n% &o(e noti#e"3l0 in E"'te(n (eliion. The fi('t (eliio)' #l"''i#' of the In%i"n' "n% Chine'e

we(e t("n'l"te% "3o)t the t)(n of the #ent)(0. The Theo'o*hi#"l So#iet0 w"' fo)n%e% in 47


24/126

in the wo(l% of tho)ht. He loo$' on in%i1i%)"l e,i'ten#e "' " 'o(t of *(i'on "n% w"nt' to

e,*e(ien#e the )ni1e('e "' " 'inle 'inifi#"nt whole.

Thi'! 0o) will "(ee! i' " f"( #(0 f(o& the #o#$')(e "ttit)%e of the Vi#to(i"n &"te(i"li't. In

*l"#e of the *("&"ti#"ll0 "n% ete(n"ll0 t()e! '#ien#e h"' *l"#e% " new! " &o(e h)&3le

o3?e#ti1e- *(o1i'ion"l t()th! "' #o&*lete "' *o''i3le! "n% "' f)ll0 "w"(e of the li&it"tion' oftho)ht "' *o''i3le.

B)t wh"t of the new '*"#e=ti&e i%e"@ We fin% o)('el1e' )* ""in't the 3"((ie( of

&"the&"ti#'. Unle'' we )n%e('t"n% the e+)"tion'! the0 tell )'! we will ne1e( )n%e('t"n% the

(el"ti1it0 *(in#i*le. He(e I wo)l% li$e to t)(n fo( hel* to " Ren"i''"n#e *hilo'o*he( #"lle%

io(%"no B()no. He w"' " #onte&*o("(0 of Sh"$e'*e"(e. He (e'e&3le' Ein'tein in one

thin==he th(ew A(i'totle o1e(3o"(%. Now while B()no h"% no &"the&"ti#"l "**"("t)' to

f("&e hi' i%e"' fo( hi&! no #)(1e% eo&et(ie'! he %i% h"1e " %i'tin#t "n% )ni+)e i%e" of the

)ni1e('e whi#h "t 'o&e *oint' (e'e&3le' the '*"#e=ti&e #on#e*tion. He fo)n% hi&'elf 1e(0

&)#h in the *o'ition in whi#h we 't)%ent' "(e to%"0. He h"% to %e*en% on i&"e' "n%

&et"*ho(' to e,*(e'' hi'

=96=

1iew of the )ni1e('e. Fo( hi& the '*"#e "n% ti&e whi#h A(i'totle h"% (e"(%e% "' finite in

%)("tion "n% e,tent tho)h infinitel0 %i1i'i3le==too$ on othe( *(o*o(tion'. The0 we(e

)nli&ite% in thei( %i&en'ion' 0et #on'i'te% of %i'#(ete &ini&"l *"(t'. He(e i' B()no>'

%e'#(i*tion of ti&e-

In e1e(0 *oint of %)("tion i' 3einnin witho)t en% "n% en% witho)t 3einnin. It i' the #ent(e

of two infinitie'. The(efo(e the whole of %)("tion i' one infinite in't"nt! 3oth 3einnin "n%

en%! "' i&&e"')("3le '*"#e i' "n infinite &ini&)& o( #ent(e.>

In "nothe( *l"#e he "%%'-

o% %oe' "ll thin' witho)t %eli3e("tion! "n,iet0! o( *e(*le,it0==*(o1i%e' fo( inn)&e("3le

'*e#ie' "n% fo( "n infinite n)&3e( of in%i1i%)"l'! not in "n0 o(%e( of ')##e''ion 3)t "t on#e

"n% "ll toethe(. He i' not li$e " finite "ent! %oin thin' one 30 one! with &"n0 "#t'=="n

infinite n)&3e( of "#t' fo( "n infinite n)&3e( of thin'==3)t he %oe' e1e(0thin! *"'t! *(e'ent

"n% f)t)(e! with one 'i&*le "n% )ni+)e "#t.

Now I h"1e +)ote% B()no fo( two (e"'on'- fi('tl0 3e#")'e 3ein fo(#e% to thin$ in te(&' of"n"lo0 "n% &et"*ho( he i' 3ette( "3le to i1e )' " *i#t)(e of the 'i&)lt"neit0! 'o to '*e"$! of

ti&e! th"n " &"the&"ti#i"n wo)l% 3e- 'e#on%l0 we $now how &)#h 2o0#e w"' infl)en#e% 30

the i%e"' of B()no "t the ti&e when he w"' #o&*o'in /innegan&s Wa+e. I %"(e not #l"i& th"t

hi' '0'te& '+)"(e' with (el"ti1it0 "t "ll *oint'. I %o not $now eno)h "3o)t it to ')e't th"t.

B)t the(e "(e 'e1e("l (e'e&3l"n#e' whi#h "(e 't(i$in. In %i'#)''in the &on"%! fo( e,"&*le!

he '"0'-

Nothin 1"(i"3le o( #o&*o'ite #on'i't' "t two &o&ent' of ti&e wholl0 of the '"&e *"(t' "n%

the '"&e o(%e( of *"(t' 'in#e the effl), "n% infl), of "to&' i' #ontin)o)'! "n% the(efo(e not

e1en f(o& the *(i&"(0 inte("tin *"(t' will 0o) 3e "3le to n"&e " thin "' the '"&e twi#e.

=9=


25/126

We h"1e 'een how ti&e "' hi'to(0 (e#ei1e% it' %e"th3low f(o& eolo0 "n% f(o& D"(win

now we 'ee th"t ti&e "' *(o#e''! "' e,ten'ion "lon " 'e(ie' of *oint'! h"' 3een h"lte%! h"'

3een! 'o to '*e"$! %"&&e% )*. Now l"n)"e! "' I h"1e t(ie% to 'how! i' 1e(0 %e*en%ent )*on

o)( #on#e*tion of ti&e. I wo)l% li$e to ')e't th"t the (owth of the'e new i%e"' h"' h"% "

%i'()*ti1e effe#t )*on lin)i'ti# 't()#t)(e. The (el"tion of ')3?e#t 1e(3 "n% o3?e#t in the

'i&*le 'enten#e h"' 3een %i't)(3e%! no le'' th"n the (el"tion of the 'enten#e to the *"("("*h"n% the *"("("*h to the 3oo$. Befo(e thi' new i%e" (ew )* l"n)"e w"' 'o to '*e"$

A(i'toteli"n in 't()#t)(e- now it i' t(0in to (en%e( " 'o(t of i&&e%i"#0 of i&*"#t==the i&*"#t

of "ll ti&e #(ow%e% into one &o&ent of ti&e. I #"n %o no 3ette( th"n to +)ote Ril$e in thi'

#onte,t. In one of hi' note' )*on *oet(0 he %eli1e(e% hi&'elf of hi' 1iew' )*on the n"t)(e of

ti&e in the followin wo(%'-

We! of thi' e"(th "n% thi' to=%"0! "(e not fo( " &o&ent he%e% in 30 the wo(l% of ti&e! no(

3o)n% within it- we "(e in#e''"ntl0 flowin o1e( "n% o1e( to tho'e who *(e#e%e% )' "n% tho'e

who "**"(entl0 #o&e "fte( )'. In th"t wi%e't >o*en> wo(l%! "ll "(e==one #"nnot '"0

>'i&)lt"neo)'l0>! fo( the 1e(0 f"llin "w"0 of ti&e #on%ition' thei( e,i'tin. . . . etters!

475.

I h"1e "l(e"%0 %e'#(i3e% ti&e "' the &e"')(e of o)( %e"th=#on'#io)'ne''! "n% ')e'te% th"t if

0o) #h"ne o)( i%e"' "3o)t ti&e 0o) #"nnot 3)t hel* #h"ne o)( i%e"' of %e"th "l'o. It i' one

of the *"("%o,e' of the new '*"#e=ti&e th"t! if ti&e i' (e"ll0 '*(e"% o)t in thi' w"0! )e can

4ust as easily situate death in the *resent as in the future. It i' thi' &)lti*le 't"te 3i(th=life=

%e"th in one whi#h the *oet i' t(0in to #"*t)(e. B)t 'in#e the lin)i'ti# e+)i*&ent he h"'

t"$en o1e( i' in"%e+)"te to the t"'$ he i' fo(#e% to (ef"'hion it! to t("n'fo(& it into " we"*on

#"*"3le of (en%e(in i&&e%i"#0. In 4759 Ril$e w(ote-

=9:=

It lie' in the n"t)(e of the'e *oe&'! in thei( #on%en'"tion "n% "33(e1i"tion in the w"0 the0

often 't"te l0(i# tot"l' in'te"% of linin )* the 't"e' ne#e''"(0 to the (e')lt th"t the0 'ee&

inten%e% to 3e ("'*e%! ("the( th(o)h in'*i("tion in tho'e 'i&il"(l0 %i(e#te% th"n with wh"t i'

#"lle% >)n%e('t"n%in>.

The *h("'e >l0(i# tot"l'> 'ho)l% i1e )' " #l)e to the o("#)l"( )tte("n#e' of e(ontion "n% to

the "**"(ent l"#$ of ("&&"ti#"l #ontin)it0 3etween the 1"(io)' *"(t' of the *oe&. It i' "

f"ithf)l eno)h (efle#tion of " new #o'&oloi#"l "ttit)%e! "n% it f"ithf)ll0 *e(fo(&' wh"t it

'et' o)t to %o==to 't"te " >l0(i# tot"l>. We 'ho)l% "l'o noti#e th"t in fo(& it i' #0#li#==it en%'

whe(e it 3e"n. Thi' >#0#li#> fe"t)(e i' one whi#h 3e#o&e' &o(e "n% &o(e "**"(ent in the "(tof the "e. In hi' l"te( *oe&'! whe(e f"ith "n% "ffi(&"tion (e*l"#e the 'te(ilit0 "n% e,h")'tion

of e(ontion>' "ttit)%e! T. S. Eliot &"$e' " f"( &o(e f"ithf)l *i#t)(e of thi' new te((ito(0. One

of the /our 0uartets i' 3)ilt )*on the *h("'e >In &0 en% i' &0 3einnin>! "n% thi' i' (e*e"te%

in the fo(& of f))e! 'o&eti&e' #h"ne%! 'o&eti&e' t)(ne% )*'i%e %own! "n% 'o&eti&e'

(e*e"te%. It i' in '&"ll thin' li$e thi' th"t we %i'#e(n the new 1"l)e' of the "e. Nothin h"'

*e(&"nent 1"l)e==th"t i' (e"ll0 the &e''"e 3ehin% it==e1e(0thin %e*en%' )*on it' #onte,t in

" i1en '0'te&! %e*en%' on the w"0 0o) )'e it. The i%entit0 of o**o'ite' *(e#l)%e' "n0

#o&*lete "n% fin"l ?)%&ent )*on (e"lit0.

The &"((i"e of ')3?e#t "n% o3?e#t i' 'o&ethin whi#h I wo)l% *(efe( to le"1e )ntil we #o&e

to 't)%0 the infl)en#e of F(e)%. Let )' (et)(n to the +)e'tion of %e"th='it)"te%in=the=*(e'ent==


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if the i%e" %oe' not 'ee& to 0o) #o&*letel0 f"nt"'ti#. In thi' #onne#tion I wo)l% li$e to (et)(n

to Ril$e. S*e"$in of the Duinese 'legies he '"0'-

Affi(&"tion of life "n% %e"th "**e"(' "' one in The 'legies. To "%&it one witho)t the othe( i'!

"' i' he(e le"(ne% "n% #ele3("te%! " li&it"tion th"t in the en% e,#l)%e' "ll

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infinit0. De"th i' the side of life th"t i' t)(ne% "w"0 f(o& )'- we &)'t t(0 to "#hie1e the f)lle't

#on'#io)'ne'' of o)( e,i'ten#e! whi#h i' the '"&e in the t)o unse*arated realms!

ine,h")'ti3l0 no)(i'he% 30 3oth. The(e i' neithe( " he(e no( " 3e0on% 3)t the great unity! in

whi#h tho'e #(e"t)(e' who ')(*"'' )'! the "nel'! "(e "t ho&e.

Thi' i' not onl0 oo% &0'ti#i'&! it i' " not enti(el0 in"%e+)"te 1iew of the $in% of thin the

(el"ti1it0 *hilo'o*he(' "(e t"l$in "3o)t. Both in the 't"te of l"n)"e! "n% in the

*(eo##)*"tion o( the #onte&*o("(0 *oet! 0o) &"0 'ee (efle#tion' of it.

Ti&e *(e'ent "n% ti&e *"'t

A(e 3oth *e(h"*' *(e'ent in ti&e f)t)(e!

An% ti&e f)t)(e #ont"ine% in ti&e *"'t.

If "ll ti&e i' ete(n"ll0 *(e'ent All ti&e i' )n(e%ee&"3le.

Yo) *(o3"3l0 (e#onie the +)ot"tion. It i' f(o& T. S. Eliot>' Burnt 5orton! "n% I thin$ in the

liht of wh"t we $now "3o)t *h0'i#' we #"n 'ee==tho'e of )' who h"1e not the 'en'i3ilit0 o(

e,*e(ien#e to )n%e('t"n% 't("iht off=the 'o(t of thin the *oet i' ettin "fte(! the 'o(t of ti&e

he i' t(0in to #on1e0. It i' " 1e(0 %iffe(ent i%e" f(o& th"t of Vi#to(i"n >ete(nit0>! thi' new

'*"#e=ti&e. It i1e' " %iffe(ent #olo)( to (e"lit0.

In *(e'entin the'e 1"(io)' f"#t' "3o)t the l"'t h)n%(e% 0e"(' of &"n>' thin$in "n% feelin I

%o not wi'h to ')e't th"t "n0 one %i'#o1e(0 i' (e'*on'i3le fo( "n0 of the othe('. Hi'to(0 i'

too tihtl0 wo1en fo( )' to *(o#ee% in thi' &"nne(. So&e of the'e 'o=#"lle% >new i%e"'> "(e

tho)'"n%' of 0e"(' ol%. If I ')e't th"t the infl)en#e of F(e)% "n% Ein'tein i' %i'#e(ni3le in

the int(i#"te "n% 3e")tif)l wo($&"n'hi* of the &o%e(n *oet. I %o not w"nt 0o) to (e"(% it "'

*)(el0 " #")'e="n%=effe#t 't)%0 of lite("t)(e. If 0o) %o! then I 'h"ll 3e fo(#e% to *oint o)t th"t

&"n0 of F(e)%>' i%e"' we(e "nti#i*"te% 30 Niet'#he "n% Do'toie1'$i! "n% th"t 'o&e of

Ein'tein>' e+)i*&ent i' "' ol% "' P0th"o("'.

=9;=

The t(o)3le "3o)t thin$in "n% t"l$in i' th"t we &)'t #"'t o)( tho)ht' "n% o)( wo(%' within

the f("&e of " &etho%. In li'tenin to &e 0o) &)'t "%o*t 'o&e of the h)&ilit0 of the &o%e(n

'#ienti't fo( who& the(e "(e no &o(e >f"#t'> 3)t 'i&*l0 >*oint=e1ent'> 't()n o)t in (e"lit0. The

(el"tion' we 'ee! o( thin$ we 'ee! 3etween i%e"'! "(e onl0 )'ef)l if we )'e the& "' '*(in=

3o"(%' f(o& whi#h to ?)&* into (e"lit0 o)('el1e'. A(t %e'#(i3e' the $in% of (e"lit0 whi#h i'

"l(e"%0 %e"% fo( the "(ti't. On#e 0o) f)ll0 )n%e('t"n% " wo($ of "(t 0o) no lone( h"1e "n0

nee% of it. So th"t if we t"l$ "3o)t the l"'t h)n%(e% 0e"(' "' " *(o(e''ion of " 'o(t! it i' 'i&*l0

to ')it o)( "(3it("(0 &o%e of tho)ht. In (e"lit0 we "(e 'i&*l0 &"$in " (o)h="n%(e"%0 't"(=

&"* of " )ni1e('e whi#h we %o not *e(fe#tl0 )n%e('t"n%.


27/126

Sin#e we h"1e "%o*te% the hi'to(i#"l &etho% the(e i' "nothe( #)(io'it0 whi#h %e'e(1e' noti#e.

Th"t i' wh"t we &iht #"ll the >The Se&"nti# Di't)(3"n#e>==the %i't)(3"n#e of &e"nin within

the 't()#t)(e of l"n)"e. I "& thin$in now of th"t (o)* of w(ite(' Ri&3")%! L"fo()e!

Lewi' C"((oll! Niet'#he==0o) will o3'e(1e th"t I "& *)ttin the& "ll toethe(! (e"(%le'' of

thei( (el"ti1e 'ie=whi#h 3e"n to 't()le with " new $in% of *(o3le&. In (e"%in the& 0o)

feel "lw"0' th"t the (e"lit0 the0 t(ie% to e,*(e'' w"' 3e0on% the 3o)n%' of the lin)i'ti# "n%#on#e*t)"l "**"("t)' "t thei( #o&&"n%. The0 wo($e% l"n)"e 'o h"(% th"t it fell to *ie#e'.

The0 wo($e% 'o h"(% to #on#ei1e! to ("'* "n% e,*(e''! thi' new (e"lit0 th"t &"n0 of the&

*"i% the *en"lt0 whi#h lie' in w"it fo( tho'e who o1e(wo($ thei( 'en'i3ilit0. The f"te of

Niet'#he! of V"n oh (e&in%' )' of thi' onl0 too fo(#i3l0. Ri&3")% f(ihtene% hi&'elf with

hi' "tte&*t on the "3'ol)te whi#h! he felt! l"0 3ehin% >)n lon! i&&en'e et ("i'onn

%(le&ent %e to)' le' 'en'>. Thei( wo($ i' #h"("#te(ie% 30 " h0'te(i#"l ')3?e#ti1it0 whi#h

nothin! "fte( the t)(n of the #ent)(0! #"n &"t#h. How t"&e! 3e'i%e Ri&3")% "n%

=97=

L"fo()e! 'ee& the effo(t' of the S)(("li't'. Yo) feel the %iffe(en#e of timbre "t on#e! when0o) *i#$ )* B(ton. Fo( whe(e the ')((e"li't' "(e t(0in to *(o1o$e "n e&otion Ri&3")% w"'

t(0in to describe a state. Wh"t w"' thi' 't"te@ We #"nnot '"0 #le"(l0. B)t we feel it e1e(0

ti&e we he"( tho'e "onie% "##ent' whi#h (e"#h )' in the l"te't wo($ of Niet'#he! in

Ri&3")%! "n% e1en 3ehin% the *"%%e% #ontent&ent of Lewi' C"((oll.

I wo)l% li$e to ')e't th"t the new (e"lit0! whi#h %i'()*te% l"n)"e "n% li1e' whole'"le!

w"' ("'*e%! #on#ei1e% "n% "''i&il"te% "3o)t the t)(n of the #ent)(0. Afte( 47"i *"' )n "&i +)i *o)(("it ("#onte( &on hi'toi(e! )n "&i +)i &e *(#%e("it *"(to)t

*o)( &>1ite( le' e,*li#"tion' +)i &e t)ent. 2e n>"i *"' )ne ?e)ne fille +)i '")("it &e ote(.

Ah o)i! )ne "(%e=&"l"%e. Une "(%e=&"l"%e *o)( l>"&o)( %e l>"(t! ne %onn"nt 'e' 3"i'e('+)> %e' &o)("nt'! %e' en' ine,t(&i'! +)i ne *o)(("ient *"( #on'+)ent '>en 1"nte( en')ite.

Et ") fon%! %i(e +)e ?>e,i'te. )e ?>"i &" 1ie &oi. L>te(nit en 'oi "1"nt &" n"i''"n#e!

l>te(nit en 'oi "*(' &" &o(t. Et *"''e( "in'i &e' ?o)(' t)e( le te&*'.

=6


28/126

Et +)>on &e (e"(%"it *"''e( %"n' le' ()e' en '>tonn"nt %e &on "ll)(e t(i'te@ Et +)e %>")#)n'

'e t)e("ient %e1"nt l>ni&e %e &" 1ie. O K"te! 'i t) '"1"i'. Ce %("&e=#i! #e n>e't (ien! ?e l>"i

#on) et t("1"ill ") &ilie) %e (*)n"nte' *(o##)*"tion' %o&e'ti+)e'.

If I +)ote L"fo()e it i' 3e#")'e Eliot h"' "l(e"%0 #onfe''% th"t thi' F(en#h *oet w"' "n e"(l0

infl)en#e. So&e of the %i'lo#"tion of l"n)"e! 'o&e of the "n)i'h of L"fo()e! toethe(with hi' "3ilit0 to t"$e leen%"(0 *ersonae "n% w(ite *oeti#"l ")to3io("*h0 (o)n% the&! we

'h"ll 3e "3le to t("#e in the 1e('e of Eliot>' &i%%le *e(io%.

B)t hi' l"te't *oeti# %e1elo*&ent in the lon *oe& #"lle% /our 0uartets i' f"( &o(e

(e*(e'ent"ti1e of the "e>' *(eo##)*"tion' th"n "erontion i'. Thi' lon *oe& 3elon' 3e'i%e

Ril$e Duinese 'legies "' " &"'te(l0 e,#)('ion into " new (e"l& of 'en'i3ilit0.

Fo( o)( *)(*o'e! howe1e(! the #o&*"(i'on 3etween Tenn0'on !lysses "n% "erontion i'

ne#e''"(0 )ntil we )n%e('t"n% " few &o(e of the i%e"' whi#h 'e*"("te the&! whi#h %e#(ee

thei( %iffe(ent &o%e' of e,*(e''ion. He(e ""in I "& "n,io)' not to ')e't th"t o)( hi'to(i#"l

1iew i' "n0thin 3)t "(3it("(0. We h"1e t"$en " *e(io% in o(%e( to t(0 "n% %i'tin)i'h 'o&e ofit' &"?o( #h"("#te(i'ti#'. It wo)l% 3e i&*e(tinent to 3in% it too #lo'el0 30 the te(&' of

(efe(en#e whi#h we 'ee$ to i&*o'e )*on it. I "& (e&in%e% "' I t"l$ th"t 3oth the ("1in' of

Bl"$e "n% the &e%it"tion' of Kie($e""(% 't"n% o)t'i%e the 3o(%e(' of thi' *e(io%. B)t if we

t"$e " the'i' "n% t(0 to fo(#e hi'to(0 o( (e"lit0 to #onfo(& to it we will onl0 3e 1iol"tin o)(

own intention' in 'ettin o)t ')#h " '#he&e of 't)%0. We wi'h to )n%e('t"n% #onte&*o("(0

lite("t)(e 3ette(. We %o not e,*e#t to

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(e"#h eithe( " fin"l )n%e('t"n%in of it! o( " fin"l ?)%&ent )*on the "e whi#h *(o%)#e% it.

O)( #ont(i3)tion i' " *(o1i'ion"l one.

We h"1e '*o$en of the Se&"nti# Di't)(3"n#e. The(e i' "nothe( #h"("#te(i'ti# of the *e(io%

)n%e( (e1iew whi#h i' inte(e'tin to o3'e(1e. Th"t i' the ("%)"l inte(e't th"t lite("t)(e 3ein'

to t"$e in %o)3le=*e('on"lit0. F(o& the ti&e of B"l"# Sera*hita we o3'e(1e " ("%)"ll0

(owin inte(e't in the the&e of the %o)3le whi#h ()n' 'i%e 30 'i%e with the ("%)"l #)(1e of

')3?e#ti1it0! th(o)h Do'toie1'$i 6The Double7! E%"( Allen Ste1en'on Poe Dr. 8e+yll and

#r. Hyde )* to O'#"( Wil%e The Picture of Dorian "ray. Of #o)('e the %o)3le i' not "

no1elt0. Sh"$e'*e"(e )'e% the i%e" &o(e th"n on#e to *(o%)#e 'it)"tion' the $e0 to whi#h l"0

in &i't"$en i%entit0. P'0#holoi't' ')e't th"t he(e *e(h"*' we h"1e the #l)e to (e*(e''e% o(

)n#on'#io)' ho&o'e,)"lit0 in hi' n"t)(e. Thi' &"0 3e 'o. B)t the(e i' one #)(io)' thin "3o)tthe the&e of the %o)3le in the *e(io% we "(e e,"&inin. In ne"(l0 e1e(0 #"'e we "(e i1en "

%o)3le whi#h i' eithe( " '"int! " #(i&in"l o( " &on'te(. Ste1en'on! "' 0o) *(o3"3l0 $now!

%(e"&e% the 'to(0 of Dr. 8e+yll and #r. Hyde. Hi' wife w"' "w"$ene% 30 hi' 'ho)t' "n%

e,#l"&"tion'. She in t)(n wo$e hi& )* "n% he tol% he( th"t he h"% 3een %(e"&in )* " fine

>3o0&"n 'to(0>! whi#h he i&&e%i"tel0 *(o#ee%e% to w(ite! the(e "n% then.

In thi' '"&e #onte,t I "& (e&in%e% of " *h("'e of Ri&3")%>' whi#h &iht "l&o't 't"n% "' "n

e*i("*h to "n0 3oo$ "3o)t thi' *e(io%. >2e e't )n ")t(e.> It i' " &"i#"l *h("'e! fo( it not onl0

e,*(e''e' thi' feelin of d9doublement 3)t in it' 1e(0 %i'lo#"tion of the ("&&"ti#"l fo(& it

*(efi)(e' &)#h th"t i' to #o&e. It i' 3oth &"nti# "n% 'e&"nti# in it' i&*li#"tion'. If we "(e to

t"$e thi' *(eo##)*"tion "' 'inifi#"nt=="n% the(e "(e &"n0 othe( e,"&*le' of it in the lite("t)(e


29/126

of the *e(io% )n%e( (e1iew==we &iht i&"ine th"t it 'inifie% " %ee*='e"te% '*lit in the

*'0#he

=65=

whi#h! "fte( the t)(n of the #ent)(0! w"' no lone( *o''i3le o( ne#e''"(0. He(e ""in! wo)l% it 3e )n?)'t to "tt(i3)te &)#h of the ?oinin "n% (e#on#ilin infl)en#e to the %i'#o1e(ie' &"%e 30

F(e)% "3o)t the )n#on'#io)' i&*)l'e'@ It i' 'o&ethin whi#h e"#h of )' &)'t %e#i%e fo(

hi&'elf. It wo)l% *e(h"*' 3e *o''i3le to '"0! howe1e(! th"t *"(t of thi' '*lit! thi' %)"lit0 in the

*'0#he! &iht 3e 'een (efle#te% in the ene("l *hilo'o*hi# 1iew of ')3?e#t %i1o(#e% f(o&

o3?e#t! whi#h i' one of the 3elief' th"t h")nte% !lysses> "e. In the *oet' of the Se&"nti#

Di't)(3"n#e 0o) 'ee "n "tte&*t 3ein &"%e to ?oin )* ')3?e#t "n% o3?e#t! to &"((0 the (e"lit0

"(o)n% the& "n% (eno)n#e thei( in%i1i%)"l i'ol"tion. The0 we(e 1e(0 f"( f(o& the

#onte&*o("(0 1iew whi#h! on#e ""in! I wo)l% li$e to t(0 "n% e,*(e'' in the wo(%' of

io(%"no B()no-

How #"n i&&o3ilit0! ')3'i'ten#e! entit0! t()th! 3e )n%e('too% 30 th"t whi#h i' "lw"0'%iffe(ent f(o& it'elf! "lw"0' "#tin "n% 3e#o&in in %iffe(ent w"0'@ Wh"t t()th! wh"t

(e*(e'ent"tion #"n 3e %e*i#te% o( i&*(e''e% when the *)*il' of the e0e' "(e %i'*e('e% into

w"te(! the w"te( into 1"*o)(! the 1"*o)( into fl"&e! the fl"&e into "i(. . . . @ Into the 1e(0 life

of the ene(o)' 'o)l the(e ente(! "##o(%inl0! the #ont("(ietie' 30 whi#h! on " lowe( *l"ne! the

'o)l i' o1e(ne% . . . The(e i' no *le"')(e of ene("tion on the one 'i%e witho)t *"in of

#o(()*tion on the othe( "n% the thin' th"t "(e 3e#o&in with tho'e th"t "(e %e#"0in "(e

#on?oine% in one "n% the '"&e #o&*o'ite 3ein. . . .

It i' " (ef)'"l to "##e*t the te(&' of the %)"lit0 )n%e( whi#h we li1e th"t #h"("#te(ie' tho'e

"(ti't' of who& we h"1e '*o$en. Slowl0! *"inf)ll0! the le''on w"' le"(ne%=3)t e1en to%"0 #"n

it 3e '"i% th"t it h"' 3een tho(o)hl0 le"(ne%@

"erontion i&it"te' &"n0 of the fe"t)(e' of the "e of Ri&3")% "n% Do'toie1'$i. The Waste

and #ontin)e' the "tt"#$ 3)t the t"(et 'ee&' to 3e no lone( wh"t it w"' fo( Ri&3")%==

nothin le'' th"n the "3'ol)te. B0 the ti&e the

=69=

en% of the #ent)(0 w"' (e"#he% *oet' we(e 'till #"((0in on the lin)i'ti# e,*e(i&ent'

3e+)e"the% to the& 30 the 'e&"nti# inno1"to('. B)t thei( te(&' of (efe(en#e h"% 3een

n"((owe% 30 " new h)&ilit0. Li$e the '#ienti't the0 we(e no lone( #on#e(ne% with e,*l"inin(e"lit0! 3)t with te"#hin )' how to "##o&&o%"te o)('el1e' to it. The #)(1e f(o& 475tho)h it follow' o)t the ene("l 't()#t)("l *"tte(n whi#h we h"1e l"i% %own fo( it! i'

+)i#$ene% 30 " new "ttit)%e. B)t thi' we will %e"l with l"te(.

So f"( I h"1e "1oi%e% the *)(el0 'o#ioloi#"l inte(e't in the w(itin of o)( #onte&*o("(ie'

3e#")'e it 'ee&e% the &o't o31io)' *"(t of *oet(0 to%"0. Yo) %o not h"1e to o 1e(0 f"( to

%i'#o1e( withe(in #(iti#i'&' of the )tilit"(i"n wo(l% whi#h we h"1e 3)ilt )* "(o)n% )'=="

wo(l% 'o %e't()#ti1e of h)&"n "n% '*i(it)"l 1"l)e'. If 0o) #hoo'e to %i'#)'' "erontion in

the'e te(&' 0o) wo)l% not 3e w(on! fo( the *oe& i' "l'o " ?e(e&i"% ""in't the #on%ition in

whi#h h)&"nit0 fin%' it'elf to%"0. I %o not nee%! I thin$! to &ention eithe( the l"'t w"( o( the

l"te't==o( e1en the w"( to #o&e=="' "nothe( *o''i3le %ete(&in"nt of *oeti# 't0le. Th"t "'*e#t of


30/126

"(t h"' 3een %one==*e(h"*' we &iht '"0 o1e(%one. I *(efe( to 'ti#$ to " 1e(0 ene("l *"tte(n!

in the ho*e th"t 0o) #"n fill in the %et"il to ')it 0o)( own te&*e("&ent"l in#lin"tion'.

The onl0 *l"#e whe(e I wo)l% li$e to l"0 'o&e 't(e'' i' in #l"i&in th"t "(t i' onl0 " %i"le#t of

" l"n)"e! "n% th"t we et " wi%e( 1iew of it if we %on>t (o*e it off f(o& e1e(0thin el'e "n%

t(0 "n% #on'i%e( it "' "n i'ol"te% *heno&enon. The(e "(e! "' 0o) *(o3"3l0 $now! &"n0 $in%'of t()th! 'o&e of whi#h h"1e little eno)h to %o with (e"'on "' we )n%e('t"n% it. Yet "ll

&etho%' of "**(o"#hin t()th "(e leiti&"te. The0 "(e when "ll i' '"i% "n% %one onl0 l"%%e('!

'o&e lon! 'o&e 'ho(t. We &)'t! howe1e(! h"1e the #o)("e to %i'#"(% tho'e l"%%e(' whi#h

*(o1e! when we t(0 the&! too 'ho(t to (e"#h o)( o3?e#ti1e.

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M"the&"ti#'! 3iolo0! *"intin "n% *oet(0 "(e %iffe(ent w"0' of loo$in "t (e"lit0 "n% t(0in

to #on't()#t 'theti#"ll0 '"ti'f0in *i#t)(e' of it. The i&*o(t"nt thin "3o)t "ll the'e *i#t)(e'

i' not thei( (el"ti1e t()th! 3)t the ?o0 the0 #"n #o&&)ni#"te. An% o)( feelin fo( lite("t)(e #"n

onl0 "in f(o& "n "**(e#i"tion of the f"#t.

All th"t I h"1e '"i% "3o)t the ti&e='*"#e i%e" 'o f"( I h"1e "tte&*te% to ill)'t("te in te(&' of

lite("t)(e! 3)t &0 the'i' #o)l% e+)"ll0 well 3e ill)'t("te% in te(&' of *"intin. Fo( e,"&*le the

%iffe(en#e 3etween " 't(i#t (e*(e'ent"tion"l *"intin "n% "n "3't("#t with the '"&e title i'

e"'il0 eno)h )n%e('too% in the liht of the ')3?e#t=o3?e#t (el"tion'hi* "n% the #h"ne' we

h"1e (e&"($e%. In the one #"'e the "(ti't h"' *"inte% the o3?e#t! "n% in the othe( he h"' *"inte%

hi' feelin "3o)t the o3?e#t in'te"% of the o3?e#t it'elf. It i' 1e(0 &)#h the '"&e with the

')3?e#ti1it0 of lite("t)(e to%"0.

In 2o0#e !lysses! fo( e,"&*le! the in%i#"tion' of '*"#e! ti&e! lo#"tion "n% 'o on "(e h"(%l0

i1en. In 'o&e #"'e' one h"' to infe( the&. Thi' &etho% wo)l% h"1e ho((ifie% "n% *)le%

Sten%h"l o( B"l"#. B)t wh"t inte(e't' 2"&e' 2o0#e i'! 'o to '*e"$! the te&*o("l #o#oon th"t

')((o)n%' "n o3?e#t o( " #h"("#te(. It i' &e(el0 " '*(in3o"(% f(o& whi#h he ?)&*' to the

netwo($ of '0&3oli# "''o#i"tion' ')((o)n%in it. Th"t i' wh0 e1e(0thin in !lysses i' #o"te%

in " thi#$ f)( of "''o#i"tion. If 0o) $ee* 'to**in to "'$ 0o)('elf! >Whe(e i' he now@> "n%-

>Wh"t i' he %oin@> 0o) will 3e lo't. The fi('t "(ti#le of f"ith with ')3?e#ti1e w(itin i'

#o&*lete ')((en%e( to the "''o#i"ti1e fl), "n% (efl), "3o)t the o3'e(1e% o3?e#t. Vi(ini"

Woolf h"' e,*(e''e% thi' "ttit)%e 1e(0 #le"(l0 in " *"''"e f(o& he( Common Reader -

E,"&ine fo( " &o&ent "n o(%in"(0 &in% on "n o(%in"(0 %"0. The &in% (e#ei1e' " &0(i"%

i&*(e''ion'==t(i1i"l! f"nt"'ti#! e1"ne'#ent! o( en("1e% with the 'h"(*ne'' of 'teel.

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F(o& "ll 'i%e' the0 #o&e! "n in#e''"nt 'howe( of inn)&e("3le "to&' "n% "' the0 f"ll the0

'h"*e the&'el1e' into the life of Mon%"0 o( T)e'%"0. . . . So th"t if " w(ite( we(e " f(ee &"n

"n% not " 'l"1e! if he #o)l% 3"'e hi' wo($ on hi' own feelin "n% not )*on #on1ention! the(e

wo)l% 3e no *lot! no #o&e%0! no t("e%0! no lo1e inte(e't! no #"t"'t(o*he in the "##e*te%

't0le. Life i' not " 'e(ie' of i=l"&*' '0&&et(i#"ll0 "(("ne%. Life i' " l)&ino)' h"lo! "

'e&i=t("n'*"(ent en1elo*e ')((o)n%in )' f(o& the 3einnin of #on'#io)'ne'' to the en%. I'

it not the t"'$ of the no1eli't to #on1e0 thi' 1"(0in! thi' )n$nown "n% )n#i(#)&'#(i3e%

'*i(it@


31/126

At "n0 ("te! th"t i' the t"'$ th"t 3oth 2o0#e "n% Vi(ini" Woolf 'et the&'el1e'. A 'i&il"( $in%

of o3?e#ti1e lie' 3ehin% the o("#)l"( &)&3lin' of "erontion! tho)h we #"nnot $now how

&)#h the ")tho( hi&'elf w"' #on'#io)' of the f"#t.

I '*o$e " few &o&ent' "o "3o)t two #ont("%i#to(0 i%e"' 3ein 'i&)lt"neo)'l0 t()e )n%e( the

te(&' of the new tho)ht. It i' " ')3?e#t whi#h %e'e(1e' to 3e e,"&ine%. It w"' fo(ein to&"te(i"li't thin$in! tho)h of #o)('e the theo(0 of the i%entit0 of o**o'ite' i' "' ol% "'

tho)ht it'elf. Pe(h"*' it fo)n% it' w"0 into the '#ientifi# f("&ewo($ via Heel! the

*hilo'o*he(. At "ll e1ent'! one %i'tin)i'hin fe"t)(e 3etween the new tho)ht "n% the ol% i'

the %e(ee to whi#h it "##e*t' the %)"lit0 inhe(ent in 't"te&ent. The Vi#to(i"n' we(e #ontent

with " &o("li'ti#! one=w"0 1iew. The #h"("#te(i'ti# of o)( "e i' the "##e*t"n#e of %)"lit0! "n%

" non=&o("l 1iew of thin'.

Let &e t(0 "n% &"$e thi' #le"(e(. When we ?)%e the 3l"#$ne'' o( oo%ne'' of 'o&ethin we

"(e (e"ll0 &e"')(in it ""in't it' o**o'ite. If 0o) '"0 'o&ethin i' >oo%> 0o) "(e (e"ll0 )'in

" ("%)"te% 0"(%'ti#$ of >e1il> to &e"')(e it 30. Th)' the )'e of " *h("'e #"ll' )* it' o**o'ite

==fo( if we h"% no i%e" of e1il we 'ho)l% 3e )n"3le to &e"')(e oo%ne''==fo( we &e"')(e one""in't the othe(. When we '"0 >oo%> we "t on#e int(o%)#e the #"teo(0 >e1il>! "n% the '"&e

with "ll the othe( o**o'ite'. B)t

=6:=

l"n)"e! 0o) will *(ote't! i' 3)ilt )*on wh"t 'ee&' to 3e " %)"li'ti# fo)n%"tion. Th"t i' the

*(o3le&. If the o**o'ite' "(e i%enti#"l then 't"te&ent i' " (el"ti1e "ff"i(! not! "' o)( (e"t=

("n%f"the(' tho)ht! "n "3'ol)te "ff"i(.

Philo'o*hi# i%e"' #)t %own to %iffe(ent le1el' in the #on'#io)'ne'' of the 3o%0 *oliti#.

So&eti&e' the0 "(e fo(&)l"te% "n% lie fo(otten. At othe(' the0 *enet("te &o(e %ee*l0 "n%

infl)en#e the ene("lit0 of *eo*le. Thi' +)e'tion of the inhe(ent %)"lit0 in thin'! "n% "n

"##e*t"n#e of it "' *"(t of the h)&"n li&it"tion! 0o) will fin% 3oth in the (el"ti1it0=1iew "n%

l"te( when 0o) #o&e )*on the te(& >"&3i1"len#e> in F(e)%. It w"' *e(h"*' the (ef)'"l to

"##e*t==o( *e(h"*' the i&*o''i3ilit0 of )n%e('t"n%in==thi' %)"l *(in#i*le "t the (oot of

thin$in "n% 3ein! th"t *(e1ente% the w(ite(' of the Se&"nti# Di't)(3"n#e f(o& "#hie1in the

3"l"n#e "n% h"(&on0 whi#h thei( %e'#en%"nt' "(e "tte&*tin to fo(&)l"te "n% e,*(e'' in thei(

wo($ "n% *(e')&"3l0 in thei( li1e'! 'in#e the wo($ i' " (efle#tion of the life. It i' " h"(&on0! "

t("inin! whi#h "ll the (e"ll0 (e"t "(ti't' "**e"( to h"1e "#hie1e% in thei( &"t)(it0. B)t it i'

'o&ethin fo( "n "(ti't to feel to%"0 th"t he i' &o1in with the ti%e in'te"% of ""in't it.

If! then! the o**o'ite' "(e (e"ll0 i%enti#"l f(o& one *oint of 1iew! the0 "(e *e(h"*' (efle#tion'

of 'o&e thi(% )n'*e#ifie% thin@ It i' " +)e'tion I wi'h %eli3e("tel0 to le"1e h"nin in "i(==

in%ee% I &)'t %o 'o 3e#")'e I %o not $now how to "n'we( it. In the l"te( w(itin' of Al%o)'

H),le0! in the l"te't *oet(0 of T. S. Eliot 0o) will fin% #l)e' whi#h &"0 ')e't "n "n'we( to

the +)e'tion. B)t whethe( "n "n'we( t"$en f(o& the C"tholi# &0'te(ie' o( "n "n'we( t"$en

f(o& the '"#(e% 3oo$' of the E"'t '"ti'fie' 0o) &o(e will 3e *)(el0 " +)e'tion of

te&*e("&ent"l en%ow&ent.

I "& f)ll0 "w"(e th"t I h"1e ("e% " n)&3e( of ')3?e#t' "n% " n)&3e( of *hilo'o*hi# '0'te&'

witho)t oin 1e(0 %ee*l0 into "n0 of the&. I will e,#)'e &0'elf 30 '"0in

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A Key to Modern British Poetry

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