A High-Statistics Neutrino Scattering Experiment Using an On-Axis, Fine-grained Detector

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A High-Statistics Neutrino Scattering ExperimentUsing an On-Axis, Fine-grained Detector

in the NuMI Beam

Quantitative Study of Low-energy - Nucleus Interactions

Northwestern University7 February 2005

Jorge G. MorfínFermilab

MINERA (Main INjector ExpeRiment -A)

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Neutrinos Are Everywhere!

• Neutrinos outnumber ordinary matter particles in the Universe (electrons, protons, neutrons) by a huge factor.

Depending on their masses they may account for a fraction (few % ?) of the “dark matter”

Neutrinos are important for stellar dynamics: ~6.61010 cm-2s1 stream through the Earth from the sun. Neutrinos also govern Supernovae dynamics, and hence heavy element production.

If there is CP Violation in the neutrino sector, then neutrino physics might ultimately be responsible for Baryogenesis.

To understand the nature of the Universe in which we live we must understand the properties of the neutrino.

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What are the Open Questions in Neutrino PhysicsFrom the APS Multi-Divisional Study on the Physics of Neutrinos

What are the masses of the neutrinos? What is the pattern of mixing among the different types of neutrinos? Are neutrinos their own antiparticles? Do neutrinos violate the symmetry CP? Are there “sterile” neutrinos? Do neutrinos have unexpected or exotic properties? What can neutrinos tell us about the models of new physics beyond the Standard Model?

The answer to almost every one of these questions involves understanding how neutrinos interact with matter!

Among the APS study assumptions about the current and future program:

“determination of the neutrino reaction and production cross sections required for a precise understanding of neutrino-oscillation physics and the neutrino astronomy of astrophysical and cosmological sources. Our broad and exacting program of neutrino physics is built upon precise knowledge of how neutrinos interact with matter.”

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The MINERA Experiment

Objectives of the Experiment

Bring together the experts from two communities

To use a uniquely intense and well-understood beam

And a fine-grained, fully-active neutrino detector

To collect a large sample of and scattering events

To perform a wide variety of physics studies

1) The MINERA Collaboration2) Beam and Statistics3) Survey of Physics Topics4) Description and Performance of the Detector 5) Cost and Schedule6) Summary

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Bringing together experts from two communities to study low-energy - Nucleus Physics

Red = HEP, Blue = NP, Black = Theorist

D. Drakoulakos, P. Stamoulis, G. Tzanakos, M. ZoisUniversity of Athens, Athens, Greece

D. Casper, J. Dunmore, C. Regis, B. ZiemerUniversity of California, Irvine, California

E. PaschosUniversity of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

D. Boehnlein, D. A. Harris, M. Kostin, J.G. Morfin, A. Pla-Dalmau, P. Rubinov, P. Shanahan, P. Spentzouris

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois

M.E. Christy, W. Hinton, C.E .KeppelHampton University, Hampton, Virginia

R. Burnstein, O. Kamaev, N. SolomeyIllinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois

S.KulaginInstitute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia

I. Niculescu. G. .NiculescuJames Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia

G. Blazey, M.A.C. Cummings, V. RykalinNorthern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois

W.K. Brooks, A. Bruell, R. Ent, D. Gaskell,,W. Melnitchouk, S. Wood

Jefferson Lab, Newport News, Virginia

S. Boyd, D. Naples, V. PaoloneUniversity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

A. Bodek, R. Bradford, H. Budd, J. Chvojka,P. de Babaro, S. Manly, K. McFarland, J. Park, W. Sakumoto

University of Rochester, Rochester, New York

R. Gilman, C. Glasshausser, X. Jiang, G. Kumbartzki,K. McCormick, R. Ransome

Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey

A. ChakravortySaint Xavier University, Chicago, Illinois

H. Gallagher, T. Kafka, W.A. Mann, W. OliverTufts University, Medford, Massachusetts

J. Nelson, F.X.YumicevaWilliam and Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia

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To use a uniquely intense andwell-understood beam. The NuMI Beam.

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The NuMI Beam Configurations.

For MINOS, the majority of the running will be in the “low-energy” (LE) configuration.

There will be shorter runs at higher

energies as well.

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LE-configuration: Events- (E>0.35 GeV) Epeak = 3.0 GeV, <E> = 10.2 GeV, rate = 60 K events/ton - 1020 pot

sME-configuration: Events- Epeak = 6.0 GeV, <E> = 8.0 GeV, rate = 132 K events/ton - 1020 pot

(ME = 230 K events/ton - 1020 pot)

sHE-configuration: Events- Epeak = 9.0 GeV, <E> = 12.0 GeV, rate = 212 K events/ton - 1020 pot

(HE = 525 K events/ton - 1020 pot)

To collect a large sample ofand scattering events…

Move Target Only

Move Target andSecond Horn

With E-907 at Fermilab to measure particlespectra from the NuMI target, expect to know

neutrino flux to ≈ ± 4 - 5%.

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MINERA will have the statistics to cover awide variety of important physics topics

Main Physics Topics with Expected Produced Statistics

Quasi-elastic 250-400 K events off 3-5 tons CH Resonance Production 470 K total, 350 K 1 Coherent Pion Production 20 K CC / 10 K NC Nuclear Effects C:0.5 M, Fe: .75 M and Pb: .75 M DIS and Structure Functions 1 M DIS events Strange and Charm Particle Production > 60 K fully reconstructed events Generalized Parton Distributions few K events

Assume 9x1020 POT: MINOS chooses 7.0x1020 in LE beam, 1.2x1020 in sME and 0.8x1020 in sHE

Event Rates per fiducial tonProcess CC NCQuasi-elastic 82 K 27 KResonance 156 K 48 KTransition 164 K 52 KDIS 336 K 100 KCoherent 7 K 3.5 KTOTAL 745 K 228 K

Typical Fiducial Volume = 3-5 tons CH, 0.6 ton C, ≈ 1 ton Fe

and ≈ 1 ton Pb

2 - 3.5 M events in CH0.5 M events in C.75 M events in Fe.75 M events in Pb

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Why study low-energy scattering physics?

Motivation: NP - Compliment Jlab study of the nucleon and nucleus

Significant overlap with JLab physics kinematic region and introduces the axial-vector current

Four major topics:

Nucleon Form Factors - particularly the axial vector FF

Duality - transition from resonance to DIS (non-perturbative to perturbative QCD)

Parton Distribution Functions - particularly high-xBJ

Generalized Parton Distributions - multi-dimensional description of partons within the nucleon

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MINOS: Neutrino Beam

NuMI Off-axis Neutrino Beam

We need to improve our understanding of low energy -Nucleus interactions for

oscillation experiments!

Why study low-energy scattering physics?

Motivation: EPP - Neutrino Oscillation Experiment Systematics

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How MINERA Would Help MINOS How Nuclear Effects enter m2 Measurement

Measurement of m2 with MINOS Need to understand the relationship

between the incoming neutrino energy and the visible energy in the detector

Expected from MINERA Improve understanding of pion and

nucleon absorption Understand intra-nuclear scattering

effects Understand how to extrapolate these

effects from one A to another Improve measurement of pion

production cross-sections Understand low- shadowing with

neutrinos

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How MINERA Would Help NOA/T2K:

Current Accuracy ofLow-energy Cross-sections

QE = 20%RESDIS

COHFe

With MINERAMeasurements of

QE = 5%RES(CC, NC)

DISCOHFe

Total fractional error in the predictions as a function of Near Detector off-axis Angle

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Okay, Motivation is there however - Haven’t we measured these and effects long ago?

Exclusive Cross-sections at Low E: Quasi-elastic - DISMAL

World sample statistics is still fairly miserable! Cross-section important for understanding low-energy atmospheric

neutrino oscillation results. Needed for all low energy neutrino monte carlos. Best way to accurately measure the axial-vector form factors

S. Zeller - NuInt04

K2K and MiniBooNe

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n–p0 n–n+

p–p+

Typical samples of NC 1- ANL

p n + (7 events) n n 0 (7 events)

Gargamelle p p 0 (240 evts) n n 0 (31 evts)

K2K and MiniBooNe Starting a careful analysis of single 0

production.

Strange Particle Production Gargamelle-PS - 15 events. FNAL - ≈ 100 events ZGS - 30 events BNL - 8 events Larger NOMAD sample expected

CC

Exclusive Cross-sections at Low E :1-Pion and Strange Particle- DISMAL

S. Zeller - NuInt04

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How about Tot?

Low energy (< 10 GeV) primarily from the 70’s and 80’s suffering from low statistics and large systematics (mainly from flux measurements).

Mainly bubble chamber results --> larger correction for missing neutrals. How well do we model Tot?

D. Naples - NuInt02

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F2 / nucleon changes as a function of A. Measured in /e - A not in

Good reason to consider nuclear effects are DIFFERENT in - A. Presence of axial-vector current. SPECULATION: Much stronger shadowing for -A but somewhat weaker “EMC” effect. Different nuclear effects for valance and sea --> different shadowing for xF3 compared to F2.

Different nuclear effects for d and u quarks.

Knowledge of Nuclear Effects with Neutrinos: essentially NON-EXISTENT

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

1.2

0.001 0.01 0.1 1

EMCNMCE139E665

shadowing EMC effect

Fermi motion

x sea quark valence quark

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Nuclear Effects A Difference in Nuclear Effects of Valence and Sea Quarks?

Nuclear effects similar in Drell-Yan and DIS for x < 0.1. Then no “anti-shadowing” in D-Y while “anti-shadowing” seen in DIS (5-8% effect in NMC). Indication of difference in nuclear effects between valence & sea quarks?

This quantified via Nuclear Parton Distribution Functions: K.J. Eskola et al and S. Kumano et al

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High xBj parton distributionsHow well do we know quarks at high-x?

Ratio of CTEQ5M (solid) and MRST2001 (dotted) to CTEQ6 for the u and d quarks at Q2 = 10 GeV2. The shaded green envelopes demonstrate the range of possible distributions from the CTEQ6 error analysis.

Recent high-x measurements indicate conflicting deviations from CTEQ: E-866 uV too high, NuTeV uV &

dV too low

CTEQ / MINERA working group to investigate high-xBj region.

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MINERA Scattering Physics Program

Quasi-elastic Resonance Production - 1pi Resonance Production - npi, transition region - resonance to DIS Deep-Inelastic Scattering Coherent Pion Production Strange and Charm Particle Production T , Structure Functions and PDFs

s(x) and c(x) High-x parton distribution functions

Nuclear Effects Spin-dependent parton distribution functions Generalized Parton Distributions

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What detector properties do we needto do this physics?

Must reconstruct exclusive final states high granularity for charged tracking, particle ID, low momentum

thresholds, » e.g. n–p

But also must contain electromagnetic showers (0, e±) high momentum hadrons (±, p, etc.) from CC need ± (enough to measure momentum)

Nuclear targets for the study of neutrino induced nuclear effects

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…fine-grained, fully-active neutrino detector

Active target of scintillator bars (6t total, 3 - 5 t fiducial) Surrounded by calorimeters

upstream calorimeters are Pb, Fe targets (~1t each) magnetized side and downstream tracker/calorimeter

C, Fe and PbNuclear targets

Coil

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Active Target Module

Planes of strips are hexagonal inner detector: active scintillator strip tracker rotated by 60º to get stereo U and V views Pb “washers” around outer 15 cm of active target outer detector: frame, HCAL, spectrometer XUXV planes module

Inner, fully-activestrip detector

Outer Detectormagnetized sampling

calorimeter

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Extruded Scintillator and Optics

Basic element: 1.7x3.3cm triangular Basic element: 1.7x3.3cm triangular strips. 1.2mm WLS fiber readout in strips. 1.2mm WLS fiber readout in

center holecenter hole

Assembleinto planes

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Extruded Scintillator and Optics

Basic element: 1.7x3.3cm triangular Basic element: 1.7x3.3cm triangular strips. 1.2mm WLS fiber readout in strips. 1.2mm WLS fiber readout in

center holecenter hole

Assembleinto planes

Absorbers between Absorbers between planesplanes

e.g., E- or H-CAL,e.g., E- or H-CAL,nuclear targetsnuclear targets

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Calorimeters

Three types of calorimeters in MINERA ECAL: between each sampling plane,

1/16” Pb laminated with 10mil stainless (X0/3)

HCAL: between each sampling plane, 1” steel (0/6)

OD: 4” and 2” steel between radial sampling layers

ECAL and HCAL absorbers are plates, rings

HCALDS

ECALSideECAL

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Electronics/DAQ System

Fermilab Network

DAQComputerwith RAID

Cluster

PermanentStorage

Control RoomConsole

VME Crates

PVIC/VME Interface

CROC VMEReadout

Module (x11)

M64 MAPMT andTRiP-based Multi-BufferDigitizer/TDC Card withEthernet Slow-Control

Interface(12 PMTs/Ring)

LVDS Digital Token Ring(4 Rings/VME Module)

Two-tierLow-Voltage

Distribution SystemOptical FibersFrom Detector

48V, 20 A DC

Data rate is modest ~1 MByte/spill but many sources!

(~31000 channels) Front-end board based on

existing TriP ASIC sample and hold in up to

four time slices few ns TDC, 2 range ADC C-W HV. One board/PMT

DAQ and Slow Control Front-end/computer interface Distribute trigger and

synchronization Three VME crates + server

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Performance: Optimization of Tracking in Active Target

technique pioneered by D0upgrade pre-shower detector

Excellent tracking resolution w/ triangular extrusion ~3 mm in transverse direction from light

sharing More effective than rectangles

(resolution/segmentation) Key resolution parameters:

transverse segmentation and light yield longitudinal segmentation for z vertex

determination

3.3cm

Coordinate residual for

different strip widths

4cm width

3cm width(blue and green

are different thicknesses)

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Performance: 0 Energy and Angle Reconstruction

0’s cleanly identified 0 energy resolution: 6%/sqrt(E) 0 angular resolution better than

smearing from physicsCoherent, resonance events with

0

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Performance: Particle Identification

p

Chi2 differences between right and best wrong hypothesis

Particle ID by dE/dx in strips and endpoint activity

Many dE/dx samples for good discrimination R = 1.5 m - p: =.45 GeV/c, = .51, K = .86, P = 1.2

R = .75 m - p: =.29 GeV/c, = .32, K = .62, P = .93

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Performance: Quasi-elastic n–p

Reminder: proton tracks from quasi-elastic events are typically short. Want sensitivity to pp~ 300 - 500 MeV

“Thickness” of track proportional to dE/dx in figure below proton and muon tracks are clearly resolved precise determination of vertex and measurement of Q2 from tracking

p

nuclear targets

active detector

ECAL

HCAL

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Performance: 0 Production

two photons clearly resolved (tracked). can find vertex. some photons shower in ID,

some in side ECAL (Pb absorber) region photon energy resolution is ~6%/sqrt(E) (average)

nuclear targets

active detector

ECAL

HCAL

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Location in NuMI Near Hall

MINERA preferred running position is as close as possible to MINOS, using MINOS as high energy muon spectrometer

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MINERA CC Quasi-Elastic MeasurementsFully simulated analysis, - realistic detector simulation and reconstruction

Average: eff. = 74 % and purity = 77%

Expected MiniBooNE and K2K measurements

Quasi-elastic ( + n --> + p, around 300 K events) Precision measurement of E) and d/dQ important for neutrino oscillation studies.Precision determination of axial vector form factor (FA), particularly at high Q2 Study of proton intra-nuclear scattering and their A-dependence (C, Fe and Pb targets)

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Coherent Pion Production Fully simulated analysis, - realistic detector simulation and reconstruction

Selection criteria reduce the signal by a factor of three - while reducing the background by a factor of ≈ 1000.

signal

±

0 ±

N N

P

Z/W

Coherent Pion Production ( + A --> /20 K CC / 10 K NCPrecision measurement of for NC and CC channelsMeasurement of A-dependenceComparison with theoretical models

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Coherent Pion Production

MINERA

Expected MiniBooNe and K2K measurements

Rein-Seghal

Paschos-Kartavtsev

MINERA’s nuclear targets allow thefirst measurement of the A-dependence

of coh across a wide A range

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Resonance Production -

Total Cross-section and d/dQ2 for the ++ - Errors are statistical only

T

Resonance Production (e.g. + N --> /600 K total, 450K 1) Precision measurement of and d/dQfor individual channelsDetailed comparison with dynamic models, comparison of electro- & photo production,

the resonance-DIS transition region -- dualityStudy of nuclear effects and their A-dependence e.g. 1 2 3 final states

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Nuclear Effects

Q2 distribution for SciBar detector

MiniBooNEFrom J. Raaf(NOON04)

All “known” nuclear effects taken into account:Pauli suppression, Fermi Motion, Final State Interactions

They have not included low- shadowing that is only allowed with axial-vector (Boris Kopeliovich at NuInt04)

Lc = 2 / (m2 + Q2) ≥ RA (not m

2) Lc

100 times shorter with mallowing low -low Q2 shadowing

ONLY MEASURABLE VIA NEUTRINO - NUCLEUS INTERACTIONS! MINERA WILL MEASURE THIS ACROSS A WIDE AND Q2 RANGE WITH C : Fe : Pb

Problem has existed for over two years

Larger than expected rollover at low Q2

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Nuclear EffectsDifference between and nuclear effects

Sergey Kulagin

.1.01.0010.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Pb/C

Fe/C

Kulagin Predictions: Fe/C and Pb/C - ALL EVENTS - 2-cycle

x

R (A/C)

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Strange and Charm Particle Production

Existing Strange Particle ProductionGargamelle-PS - 15 events. FNAL - ≈ 100 events ZGS -30 events BNL - 8 events Larger NOMAD inclusive sample expected

MINERA Exclusive States

100x earlier samples 3 tons and 4 years

S = 0- K+ - K+ - + K0 - K+ p

- K+ pS = 1

- K+ p - K0 p - + K0n

S = 0 - Neutral CurrentK+ K0 K0

Theory: Initial attempts at a predictive phenomenology stalled in the 70’s due to lack of constraining data.

MINERvA will focus on exclusive channel strange particle production - fully reconstructed events (small fraction of total events) but still

. Important for background calculations of

nucleon decay experiments With extended running could study single

hyperon production to greatly extend form factor analyses

New measurements of charm production near threshold which will improve the determination of the charm-quark effective mass.

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Cost and Schedule SummariesG&A and Contingency included

WBS Code

Materials and Supplies

Salaries, Wages, Fringe

Engineering and Design TotalProject

Scintillator Extrusion / plane assembly 1.1 $1,240,739 $1,394,944 $47,911 $2,683,594

Clear Fibers and connectors 1.2 $445,864 $369,740 $68,960 $884,564

PMTs, boxes, testing 1.3 $1,263,124 $417,112 $1,680,236

Electronics, DAQ and Controls 1.4 $595,730 $19,714 $533,759 $1,149,203

Frame and absorbers 1.5 $882,105 $882,105

Module assembly 1.6 $154,666 $576,932 $177,164 $908,762

Coil 1.7 $208,600 $91,000 $299,600

Installation Preparation 2.1 $65,800 $254,800 $279,160 $599,760

NuMI Hall Infrastructure 2.2 $142,800 $164,500 $70,000 $377,300

Detector Installation 2.3 $494,060 $494,060

Total $4,999,428 $3,691,802 $1,267,954 $9,959,184

FNAL $ > 33% FNAL $ > 66%

14.8%

11.5%

52.7%

21.0%

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Schedule26 months: design, fabrication and installation

Many immediately starting projects: purchases, or continuing design work Plane assembly, fiber, PMT factories run ASAP until almost project end Project uses simultaneous plane assembly, module assembly and installation Electronics is done earlier than appears; installation in PMT box is last step

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Milestones

December 2002 - Two EOIs for neutrino scattering experiments using the NuMI beam and similar detector concepts presented to the PAC. PAC suggests uniting efforts and preparing proposal.

December 2003 - MINERA proposal presented to PAC. PAC requests more quantitative physics studies and details of MINERA’s impact on Fermilab.

January 2004 -Submit proposal for MRI funding support (maximum $2M) of partial detector to NSF. Rejected due to no guarantee for funding rest of detector.

March 2004 - MINERA Impact Statement submitted to Directorate and presented to an Impact Review Committee.

April 2004 - Proposal addendum containing additional physics studies and report from the Impact Review Committee presented to PAC. Receive Stage I approval.

Summer 2004 - Very Successful R&D Program concentrating on front-end electronics, scintillator extrusions and a “vertical slice test”

October 2004 - Proposal to NP and EPP of NSF to fund MINERA.

December 2004 - Proposal to NP and HEP of DOE to fund MINERA.

January 2005 - First (successful) Director’s Review of MINERA Submit MRI to construct the inner detector.

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Summary

MINERA, a recently approved experiment, brings together the expertise of the HEP and NP communities to address the challenges of low-energy -A physics.

MINERA will accumulate significantly more events in important exclusive channels across a wider E range than currently available. With excellent knowledge of the beam, will be well-measured.

With C, Fe and Pb targets MINERA will enable a systematic study of nuclear effects in -A interactions, known to be different than well-studied e-A channels.

MINERA results will dramatically improve the systematic errors of current and future neutrino oscillation experiments.

We welcome additional collaborators!!

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BACKUP SLIDES

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How MINERA Helps NoA/T2K:Background Predictions

Current Accuracy of Cross-sectionsQE = 20%

RESDIS

COHFe

With MINERA Measurements of QE = 5%

RES(CC, NC)DIS

COHFe

Total fractional error in the background predictions as a function of Near Detector off-axis Angle

With MINERA measurements of cross sections decrease fractional error on background prediction

by a factor of FOUR

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R&D Goals for this summer -Electronics / Vertical Slice Test

Phase 1: Testing the TriP Chip

Test board being designed by P. Rubinov (PPD/EE); piggy back on D0 work

Reads out 16 channels of a MINOS M64

in a spare MINOS PMT box (coming from MINOS CalDet)

Questions:

1. Noise and signal when integrating over 10 s.

2. Test self-triggering and external triggering mode for storing charge.

3. Test the dynamic range (2 TriP Channels / PMT channel)

4. Procedure to get timing from the TriP chip.

fully active area

Phase 2: Test our full system

Build a small tracking array in the new muon labusing strips and fibers of the proposed design and the readout system from Phase 1. Use CR and sources.

Questions:

1. Light yield – does it match our expectations?2. Spatial resolution via light sharing in a plane3. Timing 4. Uniformity

Early summer Late summer

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Calorimeters (cont’d)

OD: 4” and 2” steel between radial sampling layers coil at bottom of the detector provides field in steel

OD steel

OD strips

coil pass-through

partial side view, many detector modules

coil

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Extruding Scintillator

Process is inline continuous extrusion improvement

over batchprocessing(MINOS)

Tremendous capacity at Lab 5 the 18 tons of MINERA in < 2 months, including startup and

shutdown time

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Extruding Scintillator (cont’d)

Design of the die in order to achieve the desired scintillator profile collaboration with NIU Mech. E. department

(Kostic and Kim)

2x1cm rect. die developed at NIU

for Lab 5

simulation of performance (design tool)

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PMT Boxes

Design is similarto MINOS MUXboxes but no MUX!

Mount on detector minimizes clear

fiber length

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stripoccupancyper spill

astr

ophy

sica

l sca

le

Front-End Electronics

FE Readout Based on existing TriP ASIC builds on FNAL work. existing submission “free”. ADC (dual range) plus few ns resolution timing

TriP ASIC provides sample and hold slices

four-sample mode works on bench; this is our default each time over threshold also recorded in spill

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Light Yield

Critical question:does light yield allow forlow quantum efficiencyphotosensor?

Study: use MINOS lightMC, normalized to MINOSresults, MINERA strips

Need roughly 5-7 PEs for reconstruction

Must mirror fibers!

Fully Active Detector Strips

4m Muon Ranger/Veto Strips

Average PE/MIP vs Distance from Edge

10 PE 10 PE

10 PE

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Fiber Processing

Mirrors are clearly necessary Lab 7 vacuum deposition facility (E. Hahn)

Fibers (WLS, clear) bundled in connectors working with DDK to develop an analog to MCP-10x series used in

CDF plug upgrade polishing also most effectively done at FNAL

MRI proposal included costs for contracting FNAL effort through Universities