A+ Hardware Flash Cards 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1234567 transistor What device replaced the Vacuum Tube?

A+ Hardware Flash Cards1 2 3 4 5 6 7

transistor

What device replaced the Vacuum Tube?

What is the software called that lets the operating system and peripheral devices talk to each

other?

DRIVER or

Device Driver

Name two examples of Operating Systems that are not GUI

(Graphical User Interface)

DOS, UNIX, LINUX

What is the special kind of RAM that needs a battery to keep the data you enter in

the BIOS?

CMOS orComplimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

What is another name for the Motherboard?

System Board

The collection of wires that connect to the CPU and the rules that describe how data

should flow is aka…

da BUS

Which is bigger?Go to the calculator

2 GB

2 billion bytes

2.1 million kb

2 GB

2 billion bytes

2.1 million kb

3B in hexadecimal is equal to what in Decimal?

59

1101 in binary is what in decimal?

13

In any troubleshooting model, what is one of the first things you should try?

Look for simple or obvious solutions

What is the formula for POWER?

P = I x V Power (watts) = Current (amps) times Voltage (volts)

The more that electrons flow through a wire describes…

CURRENT

The push or force behind the flow of electricity is…

VOLTAGE

If resistance increases and voltage stays the same, what should happen to the current?

DECREASES

Express OHM’s law with only I on one side of the equation

I = V

R _

A volume control on a radio is an example of variable

Amperage

Voltage

Resistance

Amperage

Voltage

Resistance

What things can you use a multimeter for on a

computer?

Power Supply

Connectors

Continuity of wires/cables

How many volts does it take before you can feel it??

3,000VAt 6,000V you will see the spark!

Describe Conductor, Insulator, and Dissipator

ConductorCan build up an ESD charge, but will release it if there is a circuit or a ground connection

InsulatorCan build up an ESD charge, but will not release it if there is a circuit or a ground connection. Charge can be released if released by ionized air

DissipatorAllows electrons to flow through it, but has enough resistance to slowly lose the charge through dispersion on itself or through a ground

What is the name of the form that needs to be made available to

employees when working around hazardous chemicals ?

MSDSMaterials Safety Data Sheet

What does LASER stand for?

Light

Amplification by

Stimulated

Emissions of

Radiation

Class B

What class of fire distinguisher would you use

on a GAS fire?

What is P.A.S.S.

PULL the pin from the handle

AIM the nozzle at the base of the fire

SQUEEZE the handle to activate the extinguisher

SWEEP the base of the fire from side to side going up

THAT’S ALL FOR NOW!

Need a break?

Check out Intel’sThe journey inside

or see if you’re a nerd

Can you guess the computer?

http://www97.intel.com/scripts-tji/index.asp

http://www.pbs.org/nerds/game.html

Part II

Which type of ROM chip programs electrically, but

erases with UV light?

EPROM

What is the most common type of RAM?

DRAM

Dynamic RAM

Which of the following Os’s are not Plug and Play?

Windows 95Windows 98Windows NT 4.0Windows 2000

Windows 95Windows 98

Windows 2000

This bus operates at 10 MHz and can accept 16 and 32 bit cards

8 bitISAEISAMCAPCI MCA

This bus operates was used on XT machines

8 bitISAEISAMCAPCI

8 bit PC bus

Settings for this kind of card were saved on an EEPROM chip

8 bitISAEISAMCAPCI

ISA

This bus got its initiation with the 386

8 bitISAEISAMCAPCI

EISA

Most common bus today

8 bitISAEISAMCAPCI PCI

In the CMOS setup program, what is the difference between the

supervisor password and the user password?

Supervisor gets into the BIOS

User just gets into the computer

Identify the following componentschipset 168 PIN DIMMsPII/III CPU

CMOS batteryIs this an AT or an ATX motherboard?Is this an AT or an ATX motherboard

On an ATX motherboard, the expansion slots are perpendicular to the back of the board!

WHY?

What are the two types of power overages?

Surges and Spikes

What is the minimal device needed to protect from surges

and spikes?

Surge Suppressor

What is Avogadro’s Number to four decimals and what does it

mean?

Just kidding!Here it is just in case you were curious!

http://www.rit.edu/~comets/pages/lessonplans/avogadro.html

What device is used to solve SAG problems?

Online UPS

What are some reason you may need to flash your BIOS?

New Hard drivesPlug and Play supportY2K complianceMMX support

Power connectorParallel ConnectorSIMMsBIOS chipIs this an AT or an ATX motherboard?Is this an AT or an AT motherboard

On an AT On an AT motherboard, the motherboard, the expansion slots are expansion slots are parallel to the back of parallel to the back of the board!the board!

WHY?

Identify the following components

What type of instruction set do most Intel processors fall into?

CISCComplex Instruction Set Computing

What type of memory has a backside bus?

L2 CacheTo the CPU

A processor with a 20 bit address bus can address how

much RAM?

220 = 1 MB

What are some of the new features of an ATX system

board?

One 20 pin power connectorCPU closer to fanPS/2 vs 5-pin DIN connectorsSupports Energy Star compliant soft power switch

Which IRQ is the Floppy?

6

Which IRQ is COM 1?

4


Need a break?

Check out AMI’s Motherboard UtilityHow much memory do you need?

Check out the AMD processor roadmapDilbert Desktop Diversions

http://www.ami.com/support/mbid.html

http://www.kingston.com/tools/umg/default.asp

http://www.amd.com/gb-uk/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_608,00.html

http://www.dilbert.com/comics/dilbert/desktop_diversions/index.html

Part III

What physical device can you add to most communication

ports for testing functionality?

LOOPBACK PLUGSSee examples

http://www.passmark.com/products/loopback.htm

What is the name of the collection of chips on the

motherboard that support the CPU?

CHIPSET

e.g. Intel 845

http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/linecard.htm

What 2 physical aspects define the various types of cables?

The shape and the number of pins

What is the IEEE standard that defines parallel transmission?

1284

What is the name for the potential interference when two

or more lines are physically close to each other??

CROSSTALK

What is the term that describes a signal getting weaker the further

it travels down a cable?

Attenuation

Each adapter in a system must have a unique range of this. This is often used to

provide a buffer space, or a control program execution on a card.

InterruptI/O AddressBase Memory AddressDMA (Direct Memory Access)Base Memory Address

This is a technique for speeding data transfers within the computer. In this

scenario, the cpu and adapter are assisted by transferring data to memory directly.

InterruptI/O AddressBase Memory AddressDMA (Direct Memory Access)DMA (Direct Memory Access)

This is a hardware line connected to a controller chip and assigned to a device.

InterruptI/O AddressBase Memory AddressDMA (Direct Memory Access)

Interrupt or IRQ

This marks the beginning and end ranges of memory used for communications between

the processor and the adapter.

InterruptI/O AddressBase Memory AddressDMA (Direct Memory Access)

I/O Address

Synchronous transmission usually occurs with what type of

communications lines?

DIGITALe.g. T1, ISDN, T3

What type of serial connection can be used to interconnect two

computers?

Null Modem

IEEE 1284 connector standard that uses 36 pin Centronics with bale locks

Type AType BType CType B

IEEE 1284 connector standard that uses DB-25 pin

Type AType BType C

Type A

IEEE 1284 connector standard that Centronics mini connectors with clip latches

Type AType BType CType C

How many pins are there on a PS/2 mouse connector?

45671525

6

What is another name for a PS/2 connector?

Mini-DIN

How much power (volts) is carried along with a USB signal?

45671525

5 volts

What What types of connectors are used for IEEE 1284

connections?

DB-25 and/or36-pin Centronics

Which standard is used by non-printing peripherals?

EPPEnhanced Parallel PortsOrECPExtended Capability Ports

EPPEnhanced Parallel Ports

What types of cables are used by USB?

Type A & BWhich one is square?

B ….to connect to peripherals

What is the throughput of USB 2.0?

360-480 Mbps

What is the IEEE standard for Firewire?

1394

What is the limitation on USB 1.0 cable?

5 meters

What is the new standard that will combine USB and Firewire

interfaces?

Device Bay

http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/releases/cn33197b.htm

THANKS FOR PLAYING!

Part IV

What things must exist for an Ultra DMA drive to function in

your system?

OS supported (98 and greater natively)

It’s been enabled in the OSEnabled in the BIOSUsing the correct cable (80-pin)

If the read/write head on a disk touches the platter, you get this

Head Crash

What form factor does an XT box use for drives?

2.03.55.258.0 5.25 inches wide

What is the rule of thumb for plugging the ribbon cable into a

drive?

Red pin goes towards the power connector on the drive (Molex)

What makes the floppy ribbon cable stand out?

It has a twist in the center

What version of RAID provides fail over but no extra speed?

1 Mirroring

If there were 5 disks in a RAID 5 disk array, how much disk utilization would we have?

80%Where (n-1)/n = utilization and n = 5 disks

What colors are the phosphors in a CRT ?

RGBRedGreenBlue

What does SCSI stand for?

Small Computer System Interface

What is the name for a SCSI “controller”?

HBA orHost Bus Adapter

What was the data transfer rate of SCSI I when it first came out?

5 Mbps

Your SCSI device is not working. What things would you check?

SCSI IDSCSI BIOSTerminationDevice DriverPower

What has higher throughput, SCSI II Fast or Wide?

Wide is 40MBpsFast is 20 MBpsRemember the commercial…Wider is Better!

What are some of the limitations of IDE?

528 MB drive sizeNo CD supportOnly one controller on the Motherboard by default

What methods were used to break the 528 MB barrier?

Extended CHS andLBA, Large Block Addressing

What methods were use to break the 8.4 GB barrier?

Interrupt 13h by Phoenix …64bitLarge LBA uses 48 bitBoth allow up to 137GB

What is the Blue end of an IDE cable used for?

Plugs into the Motherboard

How many devices per controller are allowed for EIDE?

2 per controllerThere are usually 2 controllers per motherboard

What was the first graphics adapter to allow for 256 colors?

MDACGAHGCSVGAVGAVGA

What was the first graphics adapter to allow for 16 colors?

MDACGAHGCSVGAVGA

CGA

The describes an isolated section of a disk that functions like a separate physical drive

TrackSectorCylinderClusterPartitionPartition

Low level formatting creates these two structures

TrackSectorCylinderClusterPartition

Tracks andSectors

This describes the tracks that can be accessed on all platters without moving the R/W heads


Cylinder

This is the logical space that the Operating System uses to store

files

TrackSectorCylinderClusterPartitionCluster

This is the smallest unit that can be written to on a disk


Sector

Concentric circles on a platter


Track

Identify the following parts of the hard drive…

Platter

Spindle

Voice Coil Actuator

Actuator Arm

Read/Write Heads

Hard drive maintenance tools

ChkdskDefragDisk ManagementFdiskFormat

Disk Management andFdisk

This is used for Disk Partitioning



Disk Management and

Format

This can make the partitions usable by the OS



Defrag

This rearranges files on your hard drive to optimize

performance



Chkdsk

Use this to check your hard disk for errors

What tool then can be used to fix any errors found?

SCANDISK

THANKS FOR PLAYING!

Part VI

Pick the keyboard

XTAT standardAT enhancedDVORAKNatural (ergonomic)

AT standard

Pick the keyboard

XTAT standardAT enhancedDVORAKNatural (ergonomic) DVORAK

Pick the keyboard


XT

Pick the keyboard


AT enhanced

Tape Drives

QIC4mm8mmDLTSDLT

8mm

This is popular for Unix/Workstations. Developed

by Exabyte

Tape Drives

QIC4mm8mmDLTSDLT

QIC

The oldest, most reliable form. Slowest transfer of options

Tape Drives

QIC4mm8mmDLTSDLT

4mm

Originally designed for Audio Tape.

Tape Drives

QIC4mm8mmDLTSDLT

QIC

Originally known as Travan

Tape Drives

QIC4mm8mmDLTSDLT DLTSDLT

Developed by DEC and sold to QUANTUM. High speed and

capacity

Backup Types

Full (Normal)DailyIncrementalCopyDifferentialDifferential

All files that were created or modified since the last full

backups

Backup Types

Full (Normal)DailyIncrementalCopyDifferentialCopy

Only files specifically selected

Backup Types

Full (Normal)DailyIncrementalCopyDifferential

Full

Incremental

New files/folders created since the last archive attribute has

been cleared

Boot DisksIO.SYSMSDOS.SYSCONFIG.SYSCOMMAND.COMBOOT.INIWIN.ININTLDRSYSTEM.INI NTDETECT.COM

Files contained on 95 boot disk

IO.SYSMSDOS.SYSCONFIG.SYS

WIN.INI plus WIN.COM

SYSTEM.INI plus AUTOEXEC.BAT


MS-DOS boot disk contains…

IO.SYSMSDOS.SYSCONFIG.SYSCOMMAND.COM

plus AUTOEXEC.BAT


NT/2000/XP boot disk contains

BOOT.INI

NTLDR

NTDETECT.COM optional Ntbootdd.sys and Bootsect.dos

What is the maximum capacity of a 5.25 inch floppy

1.2 MB

What things might you configure with jumpers for an IDE drive?

Base I/O addressBase memory addressDMA channelIRQ

What are some other noted examples of removable storage

media?

ZipSysquestJazzCD/DVDTape (DAT, DLT, QIC, 8mm)

If the mouse doesn’t work, what is one of the first things you’d

check?

Dirt and Debris inside


Need a break?

Check out Display Mate’s Video Test Pattern Utility

Play the “Tower of Hanoi Game”Or, Just play some “Classic Arcade Games” at

Midway

http://www.displaymate.com/patterns.html

http://www.dynamicdrive.com/dynamicindex12/towerhanoi.htm

http://www.midway.com/cgi-bin/gx.cgi/AppLogic+FTContentServer?GXHC_gx_session_id_FutureTenseContentServer=dc58eef306aa880d&pagename=FutureTense/Apps/Xcelerate/Midway/RSK_Home

Part VIILessons 8 & 9

review

What type of printer would have an OPC drum? Organic Photoconductor

Ink JetDot MatrixLaserThermal WaxDaisy Wheel

Laser

How is dot pitch measured?

dot pitch is the difference between adjacent slots that pass through an electron beam of the same color measured in mm. See also

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci211995,00.html

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/question401.htm

How many MB are required for 800 x 600 resolution?

RESOLUTION NUMBER OF COLORS MEMORY

640 x 480 256 (1 byte ) .5 MB

800 x 600 High Color ( 2 bytes ) 2 MB

1,024 x 768 True Color ( 3 bytes ) 4 MB

1,600 x 1,200 True Color 8 MB

What of the following represents a Macintosh resolution?

1,600 x 1,200 1,600 x 1,200

1,280 x 1,024 1,280 x 1,024

1,152 x 870 1,152 x 870

1,024 x 768 1,024 x 768

800 x 600 800 x 600

680 x 480 680 x 480

This chart represents This chart represents relative screen sizes relative screen sizes for computer monitorsfor computer monitors

(UXGA)(UXGA)

(SXGA)(SXGA)

((MMaacciinnttoosshh))

(XGA)(XGA)

(SVGA)(SVGA)

(VGA)(VGA)

What is the process of de-magnetizing a monitor?

Degaussing

If a print head in a dot-matrix printer overheats, this suspend

printing

Thermistoror thermal resistor

Do printers communicate uni/bi directionally

and half/full duplex?

Bi-directionally and half duplexThis was a result of ECP (<- see)

http://www.fapo.com/ecpmode.htm

What are the seven steps of the LASER printing process?

1. Cleaning2. Erasing3. Charging or Conditioning4. Writing5. Developing6. Transferring7. Fusing

http://computer.howstuffworks.com/laser-printer1.htm

What does RIP stand for and do for printers?

Raster image processorConverts the page data and breaks it down into an array of tiny dots

http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci214294,00.html

What is the most modern printer interface standard?

USB

What IRQs will a local printer use by default?

5 - LPT27 - LPT1

Which of the following are impact printers?

Ink JetDot MatrixLaserThermal Wax

Dot Matrix

What is the name of the mechanism that pulls the paper

through a Dot-matrix printer?

Tractor

What is another name for an Active Matrix Screen?

TFT or

Thin Film Transistor

What is the new standard for PC Cards that allow for 32 bit bus mastering and

speeds up to 33 MHz?

CardBus

What type of slot is typically used for fax modems and NICs

in a laptop? Type I,II or III

I – RAM or ROMII – Modems, NICsIII – HD, CD, DVD

THE END!


Student Reviewby topic

BUSES

InternalExternalSystemFrontsideBacksideData

The main communication path between the processor and major system components

SystemFrontside

BUSES


This Carries Values and program instructions between the CPU and RAM

Data

BUSES


Communication between the CPU and the L2 Cache

Backside

BUSES


A pathway that resides in the CPU itself

Internal

Factors that affect CPU performance

MIPSSuperscalarSuperpipeliningSpeculative executionDIBMMXSIMD

Ability of CPU to overlap execution steps (fetch, decode, execute, and write)

Superpipelining



Additional instructions to support sound, video and graphics

MMX



CPU trying to guess which code will be used next , based on history, and executing

that code

Speculative execution



Ability of CPU to overlap execution steps (fetch, decode, execute, and write)

Superpipelining



Used in MMX, this allows a single instruction to work on multiple pieces of

data

SIMD – Single Instruction Multiple Data



The number of instructions that a microprocessor can perform in a given

second. A slower clock speed can be offset by a higher MIPS

MIPS



CPU can execute two instructions simultaneously using two different pipelines

Superscalar



Uses a bus between the processor and the main memory and another bus between the

processor and L2 cache

DIB – Dual Independent Bus

OLDER CPU Performance Factors

Real ModeProtected ModeVirtual MachinesDXSXSL

The full featured version of the 386

DX



Memory is partitioned so that each partition runs its own copy of DOS

Virtual Machines



The full laptop version of the 386

SL



The CPU addresses the 1st 1MB of conventional memory by assigning real

addresses to real memory

Real Mode



The cost-conscious version of the 386

SX



This allows information in RAM to be swapped to the disk to make room for other

information to go into RAM

Protected Mode

CPU Package Types

FC-PGAFC-PGA2OOIPGASPGAPPGASECCSECC2

603 Pins insert into a socket. Intel XEON

PGA

CPU Package Types


370 Pins staggered. Pentium III and Celeron

FC-PGA Flip Chip Pin Grid Array

CPU Package Types


423 Pins with integrated heat sink. P4

FC-PGA2

CPU Package Types


Gold Contacts. Thermal plate as a heat sink. Integrated L2 cache. PII and PIII

SECC – Single Edge Contact Cartridge

CPU Package Types


370 pins. Early Celeron

PPGA – Plastic Pin Grid Array

CPU Package Types


Staggered arrangement of pins around socket’s outer edge

SPGA – Staggered Pin Grid Array

CPU Package Types


242 gold contacts. No thermal plate. PII and PIII

SECC2

CPU Package Types


423 pins. Integrate heat spreader to assist the heat sink. P4

OOI – Organic Land Grid Array On Interposer

MEMORY

RAM

ROM

SIMM

DIMM

CMOS

Transfers information 32 bits at a time on a single circuit board. Need in pairs on

Pentiums

SIMM

MEMORY

RAM

ROM

SIMM

DIMM

CMOS

Special type of memory that has its own battery to store BIOS information

CMOS – Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

MEMORY

RAM

ROM

SIMM

DIMM

CMOS

Volatile memory that can be Dynamic or Static

RAM – Random Access Memory

MEMORY

RAM

ROM

SIMM

DIMM

CMOS

Permanent memory used to store programs to boot the computer and perform

diagnostics

ROM – Read Only Memory

MEMORY

RAM

ROM

SIMM

DIMM

CMOS

Transfers information 64 bits at a time on a single circuit board.

DIMM

RAM TYPES

FPM

EDO

SRAM

DRAM

RDRAM

SDRAM

VRAM

WRAM

A special type of DRAM used on Video cards that can be written to and read from

at the same time

VRAM – Video RAM

RAM TYPES

FPM

EDO

SRAM

DRAM

RDRAM

SDRAM

VRAM

WRAM

32 pin SIMMS

FPM –Fast Page Memory

RAM TYPES

FPM

EDO

SRAM

DRAM

RDRAM

SDRAM

VRAM

WRAM

Faster than VRAM. Optimized for Display adapters in Windows 3.x

WRAM – Windows RAM

RAM TYPES

FPM

EDO

SRAM

DRAM

RDRAM

SDRAM

VRAM

WRAM

Has its clock synchronized with the CPU

SDRAM – Synchronous DRAM

RAM TYPES

FPM

EDO

SRAM

DRAM

RDRAM

SDRAM

VRAM

WRAM

Used in SIMMS and DIMMS. Needs to be refreshed to retain information

DRAM – Dynamic RAM

RAM TYPES

FPM

EDO

SRAM

DRAM

RDRAM

SDRAM

VRAM

WRAM

A type of DRAM that enables a memory address to hold data for multiple reads

EDO – Extended Data Output

RAM TYPES

FPM

EDO

SRAM

DRAM

RDRAM

SDRAM

VRAM

WRAM

Gets its charge from the system board battery. Used for cache memory (L2)

SRAM – Static RAM

RAM TYPES

FPM

EDO

SRAM

DRAM

RDRAM

SDRAM

VRAM

WRAM

Used by RAMBUS on RIMM Modules

RDRAM – Rambus DRAM

CPU INSTRUCTION SETS

CISC

RISC

EPIC

Uses simpler instructions to the CPU but more of them

RISC


CISC

RISC

EPIC

INTEL ITANIUM USES THIS

EPIC – Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing


CISC

RISC

EPIC

Mostly find this on RS/6000 and SUN workstations

RISC


CISC

RISC

EPIC

Allows for more complicated functions to be executed in one instruction

RISC

A+ Hardware Flash Cards 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1234567 transistor What device replaced the Vacuum Tube?

Documents

windows nt

electrons flow

esd charge

x v power watts

xt machines8 bitisaeisamcapci

common type of ram

special kind of ram

kind of card