A Grammar of the Kachin Language

KACH IN GRAMMAR .

INT RO DUCT IO N .

1 . The Kach in,or more properly the J inghpaw

or Ohinghpaw , language , compri ses one of the

branches of the great Mongolian fam ily . In itsna ture and geniu s it is strictly monosy llabic bu tmany ind ications are at hand to show tha t it. hasentered upon its agglu t inative s tage . Its Grammar agrees in the main w ith the rest of the dia

lects belonging to the sam e stock, and its vocabulary presents a strong relationship w ith Burmese ,

Shan and Ch inese . Other d ialects k indred toKachin are also spoken in Upper Burma

, of whichthe most important are Maru and Atsi , the one

known as Lash i being but a modifica tion of thelatter. The origin of these dialects wou ld be

an interesting subj ect in itself, but must as y et beregarded as undeterm ined .

2 . The vocabulary in Kachin is not as meagreas has often been asserted . It must contain about

words, which is sufficient to express morethan ord inary thought , and to describe almost anyphenom enon in everyday life . Its grammar isremarkably full and even exact , and not withoutserious d ifficulties to a western m ind . To thinkand speak as a Kachin i s no easy matter, and

the main trouble in und erstand ing even ordinaryKachin must be sought in the fact that the fullforce of their numerous particles and other grammatical peculiarities have not been sufficientlymastered.

8 . The Kachins , never having been a literarypeople, being broken up into a great number of

6 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

tribes, clans and famil ies,cannot be expected to

agree with each other in all particulars regard ingpronunciation or vocabulary . More or less important differences may be noticed in almost everyvillage , or at least among every fam ily and tribe .

To treat of all these d ifferences and peculiaritieswould be an endless and useless task . It w ill be

n ecessary , however, to point out the general variations , characterizing and d istingu ishing the repre

sentative branches of the whole Kach in race .

4. For the sake of convenience, we will divid e

the whole Kachin race 1n upper Burma into three

great divisions , which we will call , the Southe rnChinghpaws , the Cowries , and the NorthernChinghpaws, without attempting any definite demarcation for either

,and in a g eneral outline

notice the chief d ifierenc es in their otherwisecommon language .

(1) S. Chinghpaw. 00207156 .

(61) D ifference of vocabulary‘

Dai . to be sharp Jung .

Ekali , fever Ara .

Mid i,to be moist Ke .

L iis i, to be lean Makhra .

Upreng , a qua Galik .

Anhté, we I or i hteng .

Nanhté, you Ni or ni hteng .

A , sign of the genitive ; Ya or yé.

Ai, a general connective De .

(b) Use of different performativesBungli , work ; Mangli .Gintawng , the morning star; Kantawng .

Shingtai , a worm Dungtai .Nhtu ,

a sword Ninghtu .

Nhung , wind Mabung .

REM . The,use of m

'

ng in Cowrie where th eS . Ching . has n, is very common . The 71 should beconsidered an abbreviation of wing . Thus the Cow‘r le

INTRODUCTION . 7

wou ld say ninghtoi , where the S . Ching . u se nhtoz’

.

(0) D ifferent use of aspirates and lakialsHky en , to cut jungle Shen .

Hka,a river Kha .

Mahkawn ,a maiden ; Makhawn .

Hpun , wood Pfun .

Hpan , to create Pfan .

Pyaw ,to feel happy Praw .

REM . The us e of th e aspirates , just illustrated ,

wh ich runs all through the Cowrie d ialect, must

be considered one of its chie f characteristics .

(d) Different use of final letters and sy llablesMa

,a child Mang .

Masha , a person Mashang .

Kiibawng , to burst Kabum .

Majaw , becau seNa , fromMalut

,tobacco Malawt.

(6) Use of Chinese words introduced intoCowrie

Hking , a saddle

Jarit , food for a journey

(2) The differences between th e S . and N.

Chinghpaws are to a certain extent the sam e as

those between the S . Chinghpaws and the Cowries .

The Kach ins north of My itky ina , on both sides ofthe Irrawaddy , all have a tendency to use the final

ng where the S . Chinghpaws would end in a vowel .The use of the pronouns also more oftenagreewith th e Cowrie , than with the S . Chinghpaw . B e

sides these , the following pecu liarities may be

noticedS . Chingkpaw. N . Ckz

’

nyhpaw.

(a) Use of different word sTam , to seek

Shaman, to blessNoihkrat, rubberShat mai . curry

8 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

Hpa , what Hkai.Grade

, how many Galaw .

REM . This list m ight be somewhat enlarged ,but it should not be though t that these and sim i

liar words are unknown in different localities . NoS . Chinghpaw wou ld have any difficulty in und erstanding one from the North , even though h is ownidiomatic u sage may be different .

(6) D ifferent pronunciations of the same word

Chye, to know Chyoi or Chy eng .

(0) D ifferent usage of the same wordNgawn ,

to rejoice , considered indecent bymany of the N. Chinghpaw s .

Num,a woman

,considered dis respectfu l

in some localities N . and also in certaincases by the S. Chinghpaws .

5 . Words introduced from kindred d ialects .

w ill naturally vary in d ifferent localities . Thusthe word for taxes is generally [cause or hkcmsz

in and around Bhamo . In the Mogaung d istricthpunda, was often h eard , and kantawk seems to beconfined to My itky ina and surround ings . The

words used to designate Government officials , forexample , may be da m

'

agyz'

m’

; atsu ya. m'

; hkun

m'

or j au 112,all except the first being borrowedfrom the Burmese or Shan .

6 . The same word , even in the same locality ,may have d ifferent pronunciations . Thus kdkup ,

a hat, may also be pronounced ldkup ; pungkum, a

chair, ldkum; nlung , a kind of root from which a

yellow dy e is extracted , shd lung ; shinglung or yan

lung . The general tend ency is . to interchange land m, j and sh. Thus ldhkam or mdhkam, a trap;j dhpawt or shcihpawt, a morning . Such peculiarities as

,md lz

’

manglz'

or bangle, work mdla , minla

or numla , a spirit , d eserve attention, but do not

appear-to be very numerous .

INTRODUCTION . 9

7. In view of the g reat diversity and differencesin pronunciation, it w ill not be insisted upOn thatthe way an ind ividual word is spelled in th is workmust correspond to its pronunciation by each andall of the Kachin tribes . The same must be said in

regard to idiomatic usages . A very common id iomin one district may be very little used in another .

Beside s , the Kachins themselves d istingu ish be

tween the “children’

s language”(ma) ya); the lan

guage in everyday use (md ioz'

ya ); and the lan

guage of the eld ers” (sdlcmg get), and each may besaid to have som e d istinct feature of its own . At

present our only attempt is to present the

general broad outlines o f the language .

8 . Some attention mu st here be paid to ; the

religious , or the mat, language of the Kachins .

The d efinite m eaning of all the terms used in con

nection with th e nut worship is not known tothe average Kachin . All have a general idea as

to their import, b ut Only the“e lders"(sd lcmg

the Nat-priests , (dumsa the professional storytellers (j a/i wot and the nat prophets (myihtoz

’

are able to give the full m eaning Of the Wordsand phrases they employ . It is a great m istaketo think that the long and tiresom e raphsodies ,

to which a visitor to a Kachin village may havean opportunity to listen ,

are all a meaningless

jargon . Every word and sentence has some mean

ing . NO doubt a large part of this vocabularyechoes reminiscences from an earlier date , and isantiquated so far as its

'

daily use is concerned , buta still larger part is still in use, especially among“the elders in conversation among themselves , orin general consultations. No one can have a com

prehensive knowledge of Kachin without a fa irunderstanding of this important and interestingpart of the language .

9 . The figurative and consequently , what we

for want of a better term ,may call the poetical

G 2

10 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

structure of the mat language is very marked . In

connectian with this the following points may be

noticed :

(a) Employment of unusual terms . Thus , water,nts'in , is here called dingm ; liquor, j etru , is calledhpang; an egg . adz

'

, is called kkaklum.

(b) Figurative names for comm on objects .

Thus , water , ntsz'

n , may be called scm hpungsan ,

l’i hpangnamor lam gd lu,‘

j a'

m , liquor , may be calledldmu sd lat; adz

'

, eggs , 6am barn; wa , a hog , mdhkawhkz

’

ngyz’

.

REM . Often d ifferent nam es are employ ed bythe dumsa , findwe and my ihtoi . Thus mdhkawhkz

’

ngy z'

, a hOg , wou ld by many be called myz’

htoz'

ga ,

“prophetical language

”, while a phrase such as

j z mm hpm'

nhpm ,

“before the beg inning”wou ld

be called j az'

wa ya ,

“the story letter’

s language .

(0) The para llelismus membram m, or the at

tempt to unfold the same thought in two success ive parallel members of th e sam e d ivision :

Shalung mahtan y in nga ga

Shela mahtan hpy in se wa ga

Akawng ginngai ya du ga

Marawn g indai ya pru ga"‘Let u s pass the Shalung treeLet us go by the Shela treeWe w ill arrive at the low hillLet us go forth to the high hill .

Hkauka n ingshan manau n rat ,

Si myan ari hta gau n hkrat.

Dancing on the sword’

s edge he

hurhWalking on a cotton thread; he d oes notfall .

(d) In connection with the parallelismus membrow m, which is the m ost characteristic of thereligious language , may also be notice d the use ofcouplets .

INTRODUOTION . 11

Wawri hpe mangawp ; wawren hpe makawp ;Lamun lam wunli lan ; latsa lam wungan hpan .

Here wawn'

, a cold , has as its couplet wawren;maikawp , to protect , maingawp ; d un and lcitsa

,a

hundred ; d z'

and wungau, blessing , and lam and

hpan., to create , are all couplets . A s tructure likethe following is also very common

Ja li la ni hpe, ngai gun ring ring,Ja tsen ma ni hpe ; ngai hpai ding d ing .

I take perfect care of goldenyouth ,I guard the golden maidenhood .

(e) A certain attempt to metre and also rhymeTsingdu ngai nau nem

,

Tsingman ngai nau gyem ,

Htaw Matsaw ga n dap,Ntsang ga 11 hkap .

"

10. It should not be supposed that every nat

priest repeats the same formula verbatim et liter

atim,as his predecessors or associates in the pro

fession . The general ou tline is the same everywhere ; but the form of the vocabulary is left to alarge extent to the choice of the dumsa, him self.Thus here as everywhere else , it would be difficultto say exactly what is the standard to follow ,

and

must for the present at least be left to the individual judgment of each one interested in the

strange beliefs and traditions of an equally strange

people .

ABBREVIATIONS.

The following are some of the abbreviationsused

Adjective .

Adverb or adverbial.Couplet.Compare.

12 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

Nat or religious

or pronomina l .

Example .

Grammar .

Interrogative .

ORTHOGRAPHY . 13

P A R T I .

O RT HOGRAPHY.

THE ALPHABET.

l . The Kachin Alphabet contains fourteenvowels, and thirty -one consonants, or in all fortyfive elementary sounds .

2. Powers of the Kachin vowels .

Powers. Examples.

Sound of a , as in father . La, to take .

Represents a vary ing vow Galaw, to do; Mai .

el sound ,a lways some gwi, an elephant .

what suppressed .

Short sound of e,as in Rem to tend .

ten, met .

Long sound of a , as in ale . Bé be ln vain.

Sound of ay , as_

1n prayer .

(a) Sound of i, as in ma Hpa galaw na i ?

chine, when stand ing what shall I do?alone

,or at th e end of My i, the eye .

a word or sy llable .

(A few exceptions are Ti-n‘

ang ; Hkrihere found .) tung .

(b) As initial or In the l ug , to overflow ;middle of a sy llable, it ning , thus .

takes the short soundof i , as in tin .

Nearly the long sound of

O,as in old . 35 , 2, a.)

Sound of 6, as the Ger

man miiglich , or almostthat of u in murky .

(a) Sound of 00,as in Uri , a pheasant ;

moon, when initial;by u,bird lu, to

itself or at the end of a have.

word or syllable .

14 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

(b) When in the m iddle Num sha,a women;

of a sy llable it takes mung , also .

the sound of 00 as in

wool .U

,as in tub, plum.

Long sound of i,as in

‘

Ma i, good .

aisle .

Sound of ow,as in cow . Kau , to throw a

way .

aw Sound of aw,as in law . Baw

,the head .

Sound of oi, as in oil . Roi , to deride .

REM . (a ) The letters 0 and ii have been introduced in order to faciliate the writing Of kindredd ialects . It should be not i ced , however , that soundsare found in Maru ,

Lashi and A tsi not providedfor in this system .

(6) The usage of e as d istinct from c is some

what doubtful . The real ex 1stenc e of 0, except asan interj ection may also be ques tioned . The ex

ample given may also be pronounced wawra .

(c) The Kach in tones often determine,if a

vowel is to \ be pronounced long or short,in

fact each vowel , may have as many variations as

there are tones .

3. Powers of Kachin consonants .

Cons . Powers . Examples

As in English . Ba,to be tired .

As ch In ch ild .

N0 equivalent in English . Chya , to paint .

(Comp . Bur .

As in Engl ish . Du, a

chief.Hard sound of g, as in go . Ga

, the earth .

A combination of hard g Gy it, to tie .

and y .

As in English .

As in English . Jum, salt.

ORTHOGRAPHY 15

As initial almost 1 Ka,towrite ;htak,

lfihmfinal like k In Eng to guess .

1s

Combination of the k and Kyem ,to put a

y sounds . side

Aspirated k . Hka, a river .

A barsh guttural sound , Kha , a river .

stronger than the Ger

man ch in madchen,

used mostly by the

Cowries instead of hk . Makhawn,a mai

den.

A sound somewhat softer Hky et , a valley .

than ch , but vary ing toa great degree in different localities .

As in English . Lam ,a road .

Sound of m as in English Ma, a child .

(a) Sound of n as in Eng Nam ,a jungle .

l ish

(b) When standing alone , N galaw , no t to do;or immediately pre ced nta , a house; ning anoth er consonant, gam ,

a precipice .

only its pure consonant._

al sound is heard .

As initial without an equ i Nga l , I ; leng , a

valent in English , as fi cart .

na l like ng in bring .

No equivalent in English . Nyet, to d eny .

Almost a bp sound . Pat, to obstruct.Aspirated p. Hpai , to carry .

A blending of p and f; Pfun, wood .

mostly used by the Cowries instead of hp .

As in English . Ri, rattan .

Sa, to go.

Sha, to eat.

Almost a d t sound . Tai , to become .

A blend ing of t and s . Tsun , to speak.

Aspirated t . Htu, to dig .

16 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

As in English .

Wa , to return .

Ya,now .

Z up , to congre

ga te .

REM . (a) The tendency among the Kachins issligh tly to aspirate nearly all of the ir denta ls , gutturals , labials and sibilants (Comp . Thusb,d, g , s , etc . ,

are often , strictly speaking , not pronounced exactly as they are in English . These

pecu liarities vary , however,in different localities .

(b) The ch sound as,d ifferent from th e hky is

questionable . The pure h is never found as an

initial . The sound of, v which by some is pronounccd as vf

'

, is by some Cowries, in certain wordsonly , used where y would be used by the Chinghpaws .

(0) Before the labials b, p, hp and m, the per

formative n Comp . Introduction 4, (b) Rem. )

partakes of the m sound . l‘

hus nba,is often pro

nounced mba .

(d) When n precedes g and y a hyphen is in

serted between these letters when they are meantto be sounded separately . Thus : n-

ga; n-

gam;n-gang; n-

yawt. The sam e is true when two

vowels combined as a d iphthong are pronouncedseparately , net -um and not naum.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF THE CoNSONANT s .

The consonants may be divid ed into seven

classes viz

DentalsGu tturalsLabialsLinguals

PalatalsSibilantsAspirate :

ch, t, ht,

g : ng , kh '

hp-7In

, W,

I‘ .hky . ny . y ,

ORTHOGRAPHY. 17

5 . THE ToNEs IN KACHIN .

(a ) The tones of the Kach in language , althoughnot of so great importance as in Chinese or

Shan ,must how ever be carefu lly mastered and

practised , as accuracy in Speaking depends to a

great extent on the power to enunciate them c'

orreotly .

(b) Th e tones Often g ive to a Vowel naturallylong , a shorter sound than it otherwise would take ,and vice b ersa .

(6) Five tones are eas ily distingu ished inKachin,and may , for lack of better tonal marks , be indicated by the num erals 1

,2 , 3, 4, 5 .

( l ) The first tone is the natural pitch of the

vo ice , w ith a slight rising inflection at the end . Itmay be called the natural tone .

(2 ) The second“

is a bass tone it may be calledthe grave tone .

(3) The th ird is a slightly higher tone than thesecond , be ing pronounced w ith an even prolongedsound it may be called the rising tone .

(4) The fourth tone is very short and abruptit may be called the abrupt tone .

(5 ) The fifth tone is somewhat h igher than thethird and is u ttered with more emphasis it

may be called the emphatic tone .

The following words may be used to illustratethe power Of the tones

Wa l , a hut in a paddy field wa J, to return ;to pay back ; iua 3, a male human being , a father

(Comp . a tooth,the thread of a screw

'

;ma 4, to. w eave a ma t

,a hOg ; a d 5 , to bite an

intensive verb . par . ,bamboo

, when used in compos ition (Comp .

Nga to be nga 3, to speak ,cattle ; nga 4, to

bend or incline the head,to be aslant ; nga 5 , fish .

G 3

18 KM 'HIN GRAMMAR

2,to gamble ; taw 3

,to recline taw 4

, tobe scarce ta u) 5 , verb . p

'

ar if.

Hka 1,over aga ins t ; him 2, to bring from a

short d istance ; hha 4,a river, water in a river

or lake , to be divided ; hha 5 , a d ebt ; hi m 5 or2, a verbal emphatic assertative .

(07) Out of a vocabu lary of over w ordsthe follow ing calculations may be approximate lycorrect . About 200 words take all the tones ;

or more take two or three, whi le the res t

wou ld se ldom have more than one . It is not

to be , expected , however, tha t uniform ity in thisshou ld be found among all the Kachins . Important d ifferences are found , even w ithin comparatively short d istance s .

6 . FORMATION o r SYLLABLES .

Origina lly Kachin, like all the languages of theMongolian stock

,must have be en purely monosyl

labic , as a large part of its vocabulary stillshows . Neverthe less a large percentage of wordsare d issy llabic , and the i r number is rapid ly increasing . Thus it will be necessary to notice thefollow ing pecu liarities of syllab ication

(a ) The performative a is often used i n the

formation of general words . Comp . 12,3,

a ;

5 6 , 2 72 , 2, b .

(b) The sy llables ding , gum,hknm, sum,

nnm,

hpnng , h ing and shing , must all be regarded as

general performatives , each w ith a pe culiar forceof its own . A s a ru le :

D ing , gum and hknm point toward s the agre eable

,beautiful , faultless , or straight .

Sum,num and hpang , ca rry with them the idea

of fulness , completeness , abundance or grandeu r .

Ning and shing have a telic s ignificence.

ORTHOGRAPHY . 19

REM . The M ag and nnm are

'

often abbreviatedto n; shing often becomes sha; ding and gumbecome

(Ia or ga“

.

(0) According to ou r system of writing the

pe rformatives , gay ka, hi m“

, let, ma“

,hp a

“

,etc .,

oughtalso to be regarded as short sy llables . Ga-law ;hka-nu ; hpa

-htau .

(d) The n before a hyphen, or when serving as

the sign for the negative , or as a pronominal‘

par

ticle , being an abbreviation of nang , ning or num,

shou ld be regarded as a short sy llable . Comp .

3,Rem . d ; 67, a; 6 5 , a .

REM . For further illustrations on syllabicationcomp . Kachin Spelling Book, paragraphs 1 to 19 .

7. A CCENTUATION .

(a ) In words beginning with any of the per

formatives ga“

,ha

,la

, etc . ,the accent always rests

on the ultima,such word s being rea lly in the

Kachin m ind monosy llabics, This is also truewhen case end ings or other particles are added .

Kasha’

; kasha’

gaw kasha’

ui hpe .

Kaba ’

; kaba’

hpe : kaba’

gMasha

”; masha

’

gaw ; masha’

kaw na .

(b) In pure d issyllabic words the accent res tson the first sy llable . Gum

’ra ; num sha . The

same is true when a s ingle particle is affixed,but

when two are requ ired the accent is shifted to theu ltima , and if a trisy llabic aflix is used the

first sy llable of the affix will take the accent .

Gum'ra hpe gumra

'

kaw na ; gumra kaw' nna .

La’

sha hpe lasha'

hpe gaw ; lasha kaw’

de na .

(0) With verbal roots of one sy llable , or withany verbs ,with the above mentioned performative s ,the accent is retained on the ultima throughouta ll its forms of inflection , provided t hat the tenseand mode particles are words of one syllable Only .

20 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

If, as in some forms of the Perfect Indicative , a

dissyllabic tense affix is u sed,the accent is trans

ferred to the first sy llable of the tense particles .

Sa’

; sa’

ai '

: sa’

sai ; se ngut’

ma sai .

Galav

w'

;galaw’

sa i galaw ngu t’

sa i ; galaw ngut’

ma sal .

(d) When two Word s , (gene rally verbs are

united in such a way that the last is use onlyto strengthen or complete the m eaning of thefirst,the accent usually rests on the auxiliary , eventhough a particle should be affixed to it.

Bai wa’; ba i wa’u la kau

’

; la kau’

ya e

Ru bang’; ru bang r it ; shat sha’; shat sha'

my it dai .

(e) In the Imperat ive the accent rests on theroot of the verb , but when a prohibitive particle

preced es (comp. 64,

the stress of the voicenaturally falls on this word or on its auxiliary .

La' 11 ; sa'mu ; sa

'ma r it.

Hkum’

galaw ; shum’sa my it !

Hkum galaw ét’

; hkum’mani my it !

Hkum se wa my l t'.

(f ) When the nega tive is used , the stress ofth e voice is alway s thrown back on the n.

N’

galaw lu ; n' kaja ; n mu

_ln .

8 . PUNCTUATION .

(a) The punctuation marks in Kachin are the

same as in English , and are used in the same wayas far as the principles can be carried ou t.

Comma . Exclamation point.Semicolon . Dash .

Colon . Parentheses .

Interregation pom t. Brackets .

Period .

22 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

round; ski la ilca , a newspaper, from shi , news , and

laika , a book or letter; hkddawng hkalung , a youngcricket , from hkddawng a cricke t and hkd lung , the

young of animals ; dumsu hasha , a calf. from dumsu,a cow,

and hasha ,a young one

, lit. a ch ild .

(6) A noun and a verb ; Ex. j an p ru ,sun rise ,

from j an, the sun,and p ru ,

to proceed from.

(c) A noun and an adj ective ; Ex . my it haba ,

prid e, from my it, m ind ,and kdba , big or great .

(d) A verb and a noun , commonly united by a t

or in the Cowrie dia lect by do; Ex. masu a i masha , a. liar

,from masu, to lie , and mdsha , a person

shawng npa zvt, a beginning , from shawny , to be first ,and npawt, a foundation .

(3) A noun , verb and a noun , generally with theuse of a connective; Ex. nga rem a i mdsha , a herdsman

, from nga , cattl e , rem,to tend , and mdsha ,

a

person u j u la the one preparing the fow ls at a

nat offering , from u , a fowl , j u ,to offer a fowl

,and

la a male being .

3. D erivatives, nouns of th is class are formedin the following way s

(a ) From roots of simple verbs by prefix ingthe performative a; Ex . amging , a name , fromraging to name ; a lau a temptation from lau totempt .

(17) By the use of the pe rforma tives ga‘

,ha

, la,ma, n , etc . , w ith simple verbs ; Ex . getsat, a fight ,from sat, to fight;manep ,

a pavement , from nep, to

pave; mdkam,a support , from harm

,to believe or

trust in .

1This way of form ing nouns is especially

common in the religious or Nat language .

(c) By add ing the noun Shara, a place or occa

sion, with or without th e connective , to a simpleverb ; Ex. khrit Shara , danger, from khrit, to fear ;sa ai Shara , occasion for G oing , from sa to go . Lam

ETYMOLOGY , 23

o r .na lam are some times used in the same way as

Shara; 8a na lam nga , there is occasionfor going .

(d) By the use of -the connective ai and thenominative sign gaw; Ex . hkge la at gam,

salvation, from khyo la , to save . Very often the a i isused alone in such combinations .

(e) By the use of the affix hpa with a simpleverb ; Ex. sha hpa ,

food , from sha , to eat;mau hpa ,a wonder, from man to wonder; tu hpa , drink, fromlu

,to drink . These comb inations are rare .

(f ) A noun, lagut, a thief, is in some d ialectsformed from la'gu , to steal , bu t s eems to be withoutanalogy .

(g) A few nouns are formed by the combinationof a verb and a nou n, the performative of thenounbeing lost Ex . hpyen mu, a battle , fromhpyen, war, and mu , from amu, work.

4. Foreign nouns , introduced from Shan, Bur

mese or Chinese . These words should not be confounded with such

’

roots as are'

common to all theselanguages . (Comp . app . II .)

GENDER .

13. The Kachin language recognizes three

genders masculine , fem inine and Common or neu

ter as it may also be called . They may be dis

tinguished in the follow ing way s :

1 . By the use of d ifferent words , as

kdwa , a father harm, a m other.

hatsa , a father-in -law ; Ia inan, amother-inl aw.

dingla, an old man aumga i , an old women .

V

ngasu, a bullock ; dumsu, a c ow .

2 . By prefixing , lasha , male for the masculine,and namsha , female for the feminine , as

lasha ma , a boy namsha ma . a girl.lasha mag/am. a male slave n

'

umsha mag/am,

a female slave .

24 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

3. By prefixing shading , for the masc. and shdy'i

for the fem . as

shading ska ,a son shag/i ska ,

a daughter .

4. By affixing ma for the masc . and j am forthe fem . as

madu wot , a husband ; nmdu j an, a wife .

5 . The g ende rs of bru tes , birds , etc .

,are dis

tingu ish ed by affixing la (Cowrie rang ) for the

masc. and y i , and som etimes in th e relig ious lan

guage hi m, for the fem . ,exept as shown und er

5 13. 1 .

mm la ,a male dog n

’

y e,a bitch .

u la ,a cock u gt, a hen .

a la ,an ox, (N . L u hi m

,a heifer, (N . L .)

6 . Nouns of the common or neuter gender arethe most numerous in Kachin ,

as nearly all inani

mate things would fall und er this class ,the ten

deney being to overlook any re lation of g ender,which does not consist in the d istinction of thesexe s .

NUMBER .

14. The Kachin nouns have regularly onlytw i » numbers the singular and the plural, but incertain instances by the help of the dual pronounsand word s ind icating duality , the dual is a lso re

cognized . (Comp. 46 . The plural is not

a lway s ind icated when no ambigui ty is likely tooccur . Som etimes a noun is used in its genericsense , and has the same form in all its numbers .

15 . The plural is indicated in th e follow ingways

1 . By the affixes m'

, hté or htang . Nz'

is the onein most common use

, and is often used collectively .

Ex . mdsha m‘

,the persons , j am 117

’

instead of j a nnut m, the sun nats m

’

ins tead o f sima

ETYMOLOGY . 2 5

md ska m’

,the people of Sima . Hté is generally used

with adj ectives of number or quantity , as , mdska.nlang hte

‘

,a ll (the whole number) of the persons .

Eteng is m os tly used to specify things in general ,as daz

'

m i kteng , these things ; ldkkcm ldhka , gazi

tsu kteng , these dried fishes and prawns . Comp .

the use of hte‘

and kteng with the pronouns .

2 . By the use of th e adjectives makkm , law law,

skdgu, yawng , etc .

, (Comp . 35 . 2b .) which all carryw ith them the id ea of multiplicity , fulness or

collectiveness , as nta makkm , all the houses ; malaw law,

a number of (many ) children ; (mag/u bawskdgu, a ll tribes and races yawkg la wa md Mt,bring all (the things) here .

3. By the use of a numeral adj ective, either

preced ing or following the word , as : U ldkkawng .

two fowls ; mdsum ning , three years .

4. By repeating the las t syllable of a word, as

amyu myu,a ll races .

16 . The dual is made by add ing yak , both,(Cowrie yen), or prefixing an or sktm to the noun

,

as : ski kdun kciwa yak gaw,his (lit. both h is, etc .)

father and m other ndw’

skan la. gaw, that couple ,these two an kpu an m mm

’

, our (yours and m ine)brothers and sisters .

REM . (a) Certain well known words like ngacattle , u, fowls etc .

, often omit the plural signs ,be ing used as collectives ski a nga nga i rem m ,

I will tend his cattle daz'

m’

nga i nga lung na , Iwill offer (any species of the bovine genus) to-day .

(b) A t times the plu ral can only be inferredfrom the connection ; nta d ran 5 , between thehouses; sz

'

na hpe, those dy ing .

(c) When an adjective like makkm or law lawfollows a noun

, the plural s ign alway s follows theadj ective and not the noun to wh ich it belongs

e 4

26 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

kpyen md ska makkm i i i sci ma ma sa i , all the

sold iers have gone .

17. There are properly speaking no deelen

s ions in Kachin . The relation of nouns expressedin the Latin languages by inflections , are he reind icated by the particle s affixed to the noun ,

w ithou t any change of the word itself. In the

vocative , however , the particle is often prefixed .

THE NOM INATIVE .

18 . (a) The only real nom inative particle isgaw , which denotes the subj ect or agent of theverb; ski gaw kpa w gala /r lu a i

,he cannot do any

thing . Gaw is how ever often omitted in genera lusage , a s the verbal particles wou ld preven t anym isunderstand ing as to the person or th ing referred to ; nga i 3a "a wi nga i , I w ill go .

(b) Ga n, is often used w ith (Mi or nda i , its

noun be ing understood bu t not expre ssed . D a i

ga u, that (thing); i ida i gaw j aw 6 , g ive (this nearth ing) to m e . ( Comp . 35 . 2-a . )

(c) The adversative postpositions chyam orckg/awm,

are commonly u sed before gaw,for the

sake of d efinitness or emphas is ; nga i ckyawm ga ngas for m e ,

or a s regards me ; k a kkté ckyawm gaw

k md dat Tug/it da i , as for y ou , y ou do not obey or,

you , ( in spite of it a ll) do not obey .

THE GEN ITIVE .

19 . (a ) The genitive in Kachin is generallya pure possess ive , and is known by the particle at ,

(Cowrie ya , y é or affixed to the noun ; ski a,

la ika m i a i , it IS his book ; (mkff a win,our

house .

ETYMOLOGY . 27

(6)_

Some times the noun denoting the thingposs essed is repeated before and after the wordrepre sen ting the possessive , in which cas e the a

i s.generally om itted ; k da i gamm ski gumm m i la

a t , this (horse) is his horse .

(0) Occasionally , where the genitive is as mucha g en i tive of quali ty as of possession, the a is omitt

pd ; g i ri met

-n, dog’

s hai r ; shamm la'

mg/in, tiger’

s

c aw .

(d) The genit ive may at times be used as a

dat i ve ; na a mam instead of nang kpe mata ,for

you ; nga i a kpa galaw i i ta instead of nga i ki d.

in kpa e tc,wha t do you do for m e 9

THE D ATIVE .

§ 20. (a ) The particles of transmiss ion are

hp e, (Cowrie pfc, and by some he), and kaw ; nga ikpe j aw e give to me ; k ing m i ski ska kkte

'

kawktet (Ia sa i

,he gave this order to them The

kpe in common usage is often abbreviated to e; skie j aw a !

give to him . (Comp .

(b) The particle matu , or its couple t mam ,or

both toge ther, are used to express the pe rson orthing in respect of whom or which any thing isdon ski mdtu nga i da i gd law we a i , I d id it

for h im ; na k ska mata mam sham ay a , perseverefor the sake of y our ch ild .

(0) A dative of tim e is sometimes especia lly inthe rel igious language , expressed by the use of 5 , u

goi gari e‘

, at (the time of) the cock-crowing .

THE ACCUSATIVE .

21 . A noun in th e accusative is often used

w ithou t any determ ining particle , and is d is tin

guished only by its position in the sentence ; k tsikla n

'

a rit, bring water, nga i gamm j awn ”nga i , I

28 KACH IN GRAMMAR .

ride a pony . Hpe or kpe gaw,are however used

when greater clearness is requ ired,nga i ski hpe

k tsawmiga i , I do not l ike him , ski hpe gaw [rak ingm i skamy ing ya ii a ii ii i how will you nam e

h im

THE Loc ATIVE.

22. The locative is expressed by the use ofde and e

‘

, the last particle having the force of in,

at or among ; nga i zaam sham de sa may a unga i ,I des ire to go to that place ; nda i kkan e

”

kkr it

sham law nga a i,the re is great danger in th is vi

c inity . In certain localities the é is exchanged fora i , and the particles ii a and kta are u sed much inthe sam e way as this locative ; da i mare kta in

that city , ii a a my i na kpa nga k ta what is iny our ey e

THE ABLA'rIVE.

23. The ablative is form ed by the use of a rt ,

from, [raw mm , or de na

,kg? nta na , from my

house ; da i kpawt ski kaw ifw a nga i sa ii i a i , Icam e from h im this morn ing ; wom mare de na ,

from that city . Genera lly kaw is u sed w ith persons

, while de is impersonal .

THE IN STRUMENTAL .

24. The ins trum ental is formed by the us e ofkte, w ith; kp ri kte dii a na il it w ith iron ; i iktukte kaktam a cu t with a kn ife The kte is oftenshortened to e, or by some changed into a i in comm on speech , nkta e or nkta a i kaktam a

THE VOCATIVE .

g 2 5 . The vocative , as in Bu rmese, is often ih

d icated by the S imple stress la id on the word .

Som etimes however in grave d iscourse the inter

30 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

PECULIAR IT IES on THE Nouns .

27. Nouns indicating fam ily relations haveeach three distinct forms showing their relationto the speaker , the person spoken to , and the per

son Spoken of. Ex em , a father;ay e”

(or ny e‘

a) ma ,my father nwa , a father n , no doubt be ing an

abbreviation of the 2nd per . sing . pronoun nang; na

(or na a ) nwa , your fa ther ; kdwa ,a fathe r, the

7rd , alway s ind icating the 3rd per . sing . or plural;ski a kdwa , his fa ther .

ny e’

ska , my child , a kkte“

a ska,our child .

na nska , y our ch ild , nankté a nska , y our child .

ski kdska , his ch ild , skankté a Ica’

ska , their child

REM . (a) Many Kachins often use the [at

both in the 2nd and 3rd per . plural, thus saying nakkte

‘

a kawa instead of mm ; kdska instead ofaska , etc .

(b) This use of the nouns enables a Kachin toleave out the pronouns in gene ral conversation

,

without danger of be ing m isund erstood , the personalways being determ ined by the form of the noun.

Thus , ska n’l é , (my ) ch ildren , instead of ”y e

" ornga i ska i i i e

‘

; nshu la n ska a i kpe , to your children and grand children

§ 28. The pe rformative a is frequently used

w ith monosy llabic nouns in an enumera tive d is

course ; nga i gaw a nga ,a j a , a skan la a i ra i , I

have cattle, gold and mea t .

§ 29 . The word s for y ear , shak ing month,

skdta; and day , skd ni , etc .

,alway s drop their per

formative ska in composition. Ex . masum ning ,

three y ears ; k ing mi , one year ; kaskang ta , thecold season, lit. the cold months ; a i i i i , two days .

§ 30. Generic terms such as lagat, bee , ldpu,snake ,

lose their performative la when one of itsspecies is nam ed . Thus gat guiig (commonly pro

ETYMOLOGY . 31

nounced g it ga ng ), large yellow bee,ins tead of

lagat gang; pa kkmm,the cobra

,instead of lapu

kkmm; lama , bamboo , ma gat, the g igantockleaabbociliata .

ADJECTIVES .

§ 31 . Adject ives may precede or follow the

noun . If preced ing ,are alway s connected by a i ,

(Cowrie de) , to the follow ing word , laska makaj a ,

a good boy kaj a a i k amska ,a good wom en .

OLAssEs or ADJECTIVES .

§ 32 . Adjectives m ay be d ivided into two ge

neral classes , viz D escriptive and Definit ive .

33. D escriptive adj ectives may be d ivided intotwo classes

1 P rimitive or underived . There are few adj ectives of this class , all the words serving as suchbe ing verba l roots . Some of th e most common are

the following : be‘

be‘

,vain ; lila ,

useless ; s/eawng ,firs t kkru , good yawng , a ll gm u

, great .

2 . Compounds : These are formed in the following way s

(a) By the u se of the performa tives ga‘

, ka, la’

, 72,

etc .

,ka

‘

ma k , use less , from man,to be empty ; ka

‘

kta ,

upper, from kta , upon ; kaba , big , great , from ba ,to

be first . To this class belong a grea t number ofadj ectives the derivation of which can not now be

tra ced with certainty , kaj i , small; gala , long ; lawa ,

lower ; ka’

ta ,ins id e iikka ,

inside ima k or ningii a ii , new dingsa or k ingsa , old gada k , short

(b) By the reduplication of a verbal adj ec tive ;ding ding ,

true,from cling , to be true tsawm

tsawm, pretty , from tsawm, to be pre t ty ; la v la a ,

qu ick from la a , to be qu ick; kp ra'v kpra zv, white ,

from kpraw, to b e wh ite .

32 KACH IN GRAMMAR .

(0) By prefix ing the performative a to a nounor a verb, ackgakg , black ,

from ekga iig , blackness ;aka

,broken ,

from ka , to break .

(d) By the combination of a noun and a verb

tsi 'ngdu ska , herbivorous , from tsingdu , grass , and

ska ,to eat;my it kaktet, hasty , passionate .

(e) By prefix ing th e negative i i to a verbal ad

jective , n kaj a ,bad

,from kaj a , to be good .

(f ) By the combination of a noun,the nega

tive ii,and a verb, asak n m wkg , inanimate , from

a sak, life , and ra ivng , to contain .

(g) By the use of the connective a i , when really a participial adj ective is form ed

, tsap a i ma“

ska , a stand ing person,or the person who stands

,

from tsap , to stand ; gap a i wa ,a sleeping man

from gap ,to sleep .

34. In th is conne ction must also be noticedsuch indefinite adj ective phrases as are formed bythe repetition of a verb

,connected by md , ind ica

ting fu lness or comprehensiveness, nga manga ,

all that is , all existence ; kkawm makkawm, all

things walking , from kkawm, to walk; ta mata ,all

that grows , from ta, to grow ; pgen mapgek ,

all

fly ing things , from pgeii , to fly . To express thisidea d ifferently , the id iomatic usage wou ld requ irethat the verb be connected by a i to e itherbaw,

kind,or m i , th ing ; kka ium a i baw ii la iig , all

th ings walking , all wa lking kind s; tu a i va i ma

khm ,all that grows .

REM . The ma is no doubt a shortened form ofma , to be finished . (Comp . 35 . 2 . d .)

35 . D efinitive adj ectives are of three kind s,

viz Articles , Pronominal and Numeral .

1 . Articles : (a ) Nda i , fo r things near at hand ,da i for th ings at a distance , are often in careful

ETYMOLOGY . 33

Speaking used as the Definite Article in English ;nga i ski kpe da i mam j aw, m i ti mung ski n la

kkm w a i , I gave h im the paddy , but he did not

agree to take it ; nda i bum gaw j a j a tsaw ai , the

mountain is very h igh .

(b) The Numeral adj ectives mi , ma , ngai mi ,langa i nga i , etc . (Comp , 37, are often used

as indefinite articles; gwi mi nga i kpe kawa sa , a

dog bit me ; gumm nga i mi nga i mu ai , I see a

pony ; ga langa i nga i ska , only a (lit. one) word .

2 . Pronomina l adj ectives may be classified as

follows

(a) Demonstrative: These are, nda i , this, dai ,zoom or camera ,

kta iom and lem , which all maybe transla ted into that . Nda i ma , th is person ;da i nta , that house . (Comp. 35 . 1 . a .) Wom , is

used of objects on the same level with the speaker,ktawm , with things above , and lem , with thingsbelow him . Wom gumm kpe so; ya su / go and

see that pony ; ktaw m nta kpe j a j a tsawm a i ,that house (up there) is very beautiful; lem kka

nau sung a i , that river (down there) is too deep;nda i gang , this thing .

REM . (a) The above named adjectives become

plural by the use of ui or kte’

, (Comp. 15 , 1) andmay be translated into thos e , these, or w ith the

personal pronouns plural you ,or they , as deter

mined by the connection . Nda i ni ngai n ckge‘

nnga i , these I do not know ; wom ni sa skaga su!

go and call those (over there;) or, go and call them ;ktawm ui gala io ma sa i , they (or those up there)did it; lem ui lung mat rit! you (down there) come

up ! nda i u i , these things.

(b) Some Kachins seem to use um ,instead of

zoom , when a small distance is indicated .

(b) D istributive: The most common of these

34 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

Skagu, every ; used mostly with nouns indicating,division of tribes , time or places; amgu baw

skagu, every kind and race ; skani skagu skana

skagu, every day , every night ; sham skagu kkan e,

at or in every place .

Magup , the whole , every ; used only with nounsindicating place ; mung magup na , from everycountry ; mung magup kta , in the whole of (that)country .

Gu gu each, every one ; gu gu j aw u, give to everyone, or g i ve all around .

Kadai , kada i mung or kada i m i ti mung , oftenabbreviated to, kada i m i ti m’

, whoever, any one,

no one, according to its position; kadai n ckge‘

, no

one knows ; kada i mung chge‘

a i , any one knows ;kadai m i ti mung sa mag/u a i sa lu ai , whoever d esires to go, may go .

Nga manga , every , each and all ; mdska ngamanga si na m i , every person , or each and allmust d ie .

A form g lide ai mung or gade ai muk, is freelyused instead of kadai etc . ;gade a i mung n ckge, no

fine knows; g lide a i mule galaw la a i , any one can

0 it.

(c) Reciprocal : Those in common use are

Sheida da , each other, one another;

Langai kte langa i , one another, one by one ; one

after another .

Ex. Nankté skada da tsun mu, tell one another;skankte skada da n tsaw n ma ma a i

, they do notlove each other; skankte

‘

langa i kte langai j aw mu !give (them) one by one; skankte langa i kte langa ida mum na , they w ill come one after another,

ETYMOLOGY . 35

(d) Indefinite: These are quite numerous , butthe following are in most common use :

Makkm (from , ma ,finished and kkm ,

until,)

nlang ,and yawng, having the meaning of all;maskamakkm

,all persons ; skankte

’

nlang sa wa ma sa i ,they have all returned ; am i yawng j aw p it, giveall the things ; (on the las t Ex . Comp . 64.

N lang is often followed by th e plural kte andgawng by kteng for the sake of emphasis ; nanktenlang kte sa ma vit, com e all of you ; nang gvupgm p am i yawng htong e gu mu

! see or behold a llthe things around h ere .

In the religious or N . L . numerou s combinations , such as : dangkta ,

dingtang , ding-

gawng , dingtawng or hkumhkam,

a re used with the same forceas makkm etc . It would be impossible to pointout any fixed law by wh ich each or any of theseadj ectives are governed . They are all used interchangeably , som e be ing preferred in som e localities m ore than in others . Pi ding -

yawng lun u !

pa dingtawng gun u ! bring all of any worth; lit .

a ll solid substance .

Tup ,all , the whole , alway s used with nouns of

time ; skani tup ,all (the whole) day ; skana tap ,

the

whole night; skaning tap the whole of the y ear;nda i ning tup , throughout this y ear ; this whole

year, p rat tap ,the whole age .

Ting , all , the whole, u sed with nouns indicatinglocation ; dai nta ting kta ,

in the whole house;Jinghpaw mung ting kta , in the whole Kachincountry .

Gum gum,kkum hkum,

and sometimes num,all

,

complete; am i gumgum kaj a nga a i , all the thingsare good ; maska kkum kkum galaw ma a i

,all per

sons do it.

Hpa kpa; lama ma , som e , nkkau mi , some, few.

36 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

Skat kpa kpa nga a i , there is some rice , (a usage

ra ther rare ;) n-

gu lama ma j aw e! give me som e

rice; maska nkan mi shat ska nga ma a i,a few

persons are eating ;gumm nkau mi ska nga a i , hereare only a few ponies .

3. Numeral adj ectives are written as follows

Langai ,

Lahkawng ,Masum

,

Shi langa i,

Shi lahkawng ,

Hkun,

Hkun langa i ,

Sum shi, 30

Mali shi , 40

Latsa , 100

Ni tsa, 200

Masum tsa, 300

Hky ing m i ,Mun m i,

Mun lahkawng ,

Sen m i,

Wan m i,

Ri mi,

There are properly speaking no ord inalsin Kachin, but skawng na or shawny ole

, areoften

38 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

stars They are counted by som e as follows othersmay use form s som ewhat d ifferent , 1 hkciba i ,2, hkdbawng , 3

,dumbm ng , 4, ngadi , o , ngada ,

6 , dumdu, 7, dumdit, 8 , dumdat, 9 , dumdu ,10, dum

di, 11, dumda i , 12, dumbawng etc .

COMPAR ISON or ADJECTIVES.

41 . The P ositive degree is expressed : (a ) bythe simple u se of the adj ective , as laska kdj a ,

a

good man ,or (b) by the us e of the comparative

adv. zawn zawn, (Comp , § or late. Nda i gumm ,

zoom gumm gawn za wn ka’

j a nga a i m i , this ponyis as good as that; nda i gaw zoom kte moren, thisis the same as that .

42. The Compa rative is expressed e ithe r : (a )by the u sed of hte and g ran,

or (b) by the u se ofnachging ,

often pronounced la chg/ing . (Comp .

Nda i la ika gaw zoom la ika, kte gmu ka‘

j a ai , thisbook is better than that ; l it. this book as (compared ) w ith that book is more good ; ny e

‘

nta ski

a nta kte nachying kcij a a i , my house is much better than h is . This last u sage is not very common .

43. The Superlatioe is form ed by the use ofhta (by some ht?) w ith htum or nhtum,

the end,

perfection ,either preceding or follow ing the ad

jective ; nda i la ika math/rm ni hta htam kcij a or, c j ahtum a i

,this is the best book of all ; da i we shi hte

nhtum n hkru ,that man (com pared w ith h im ) is

the worst .

Nouns USED ADJECTIVELY .

44. The following classes of nouns are oftenused as adj ectives .

(a ) PrOper nouns such as names of races,coun

tries, towns etc ., Inglik mung dam, the country of

ETYMOLOGY . 39

England ; Myen ya , the Burmese Language ; Sinkai mare, the town Of Sinkai ; the Chinese forBhamo .

(6) Common nouns qualify ing a following nounhpri nta , an iron house ; sinp raw mdga , the eastside .

(0) Generic nouns , such as names for tree,flower, plant, etc . , when following the names of

their species, make the se occupy an adj ective posi .tion , Maisak hpun, teak wood ; mari pan, a roselit. the dew flower .

PRONOUNS .

45 . The pronouns follow the same law as the

Nouns in regard to Gender, Number and Case .

Nga i n sa la , I cannot go , nga i , being ieither masenline Or femenine as the case may be ; shanhté a i

they , a usage found at tim es ; nga i hpe, to me .

46 . The Pronouns may be divid ed into fourclasses , viz : Personal, Possessive, Interrogative andReflexive.

47. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Sing : Dua l. P lur.

An,we (two ;) Anhte

‘

,we (three ormore;)

Nang , you ,thou ; Nam, you (two;) Nankté;you , ( three or

more ;)Ski , he , she , it. Shan ,

they (two .) Shanhte‘

, they , (three or

more. )REM . It will be noticed that the plural forms

anhté etc .

, are formed by the dual and the plurals ign hté . Some Kachins seem to Observe an addi

tional form , namely anhte etc .

, (formed as before byhte, with,) when just three or any other definitenumber is indicated . In this case ankie

‘

, etc .

, wouldonly be used when the number referred to is in.

definite or unknown.

40 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

48. Instead Of the pure Chinghpaw ankté ,the Cowries use i , or i htong , th e last form alsobeing common among the Northern Kach ins . In

stead Of nanhte‘

,a i or ni kteng , are used in the same

localities . Frequently hkavhté , is heard instead ofshanhté , and among th e tribes just m entioned ,such forms as shamhtang , or skan ii i , are also found .

The 3d . Per . Sing . ski,is by some pronounced hky i .

Nam) , in a d irect discourse is Often pronouncedning; ning galaw nda i , you d id it. Som e , probablyinfluenced by A tsi, use ngaw instead of nga i , when

s eaking adversatively ; nga io a la , I (as for m e

I have it not .

49 . The Possessive is rendered by the add i

tion Of a ,either expressed or understood , (Comp .

19 . a ) to the personal pronouns , or by the changeOf the form Of these pronouns .

Dual.

Nyé or ngai a ,my ; An a , ours ; Anhté a , ours ;

Na or na a , your; Nan a, your; Nanhté a , your;

Ski a ,his

,hers , its . Skan a , their . Shanhte

"

a,their .

REM . Instead Of ny é , ny e’

a,may also be used ;

ny é a yumm ,my pony . The simple from ski , is

o ften used without the a ; ski kasha , his ch ild

(Comp . § The forms an a , etc ., are used ,but many prefer to say an la

'

hkawng a , etc ; nan

ld hkaumg a nta , your house ; sham. lahkawng a li,

their boat.

5 0. The followmg are the Interrogative P ro

nouns : kadai who g rim or yam mahtang , which ?and kpa (by some Northern Kachins hka i) what ?

REM . (a) The Inter . Pron . d o not as a ruleask questions by themselves , but are genera llyfollowed by a verbal inter . indicating number

,

person etc.

ETYMOLOGY . 41

Ex . Nang keida i ? who are you ? a more ex

act way would be to say : nang kada i m i n ta ?

nang grim la magu ? or , nang gam la md’

gu n ta ?

which w ill you take gd ra maktang gm u ma i a ii ? which is the best nang kpa gala iv n ta ? whatare you d oing ? Only in an abrupt almost disrespectfu l manner would : nang kpa galaw be used ,

(b) An inter . auxiliary mi or me, (probablyfrom the numeral form mi

,one ; (Comp . 31) is

Often,for the sake of d efinitness

,used w ith both

the pronom inal and adverbial interrogatives . Withsome mi , or me, are used interchangeably , butothers only use mi , with the pronom inal and me,with the adverbial inter . (Comp . Hpa mi

galaw n ta ? what (one th ing) are y ou doing ? nda imaska kaba gaw, kada i wa mi m i ta ? this large

person—who is he or who is etc . gam mi la na n

ta which (one) will you take ?

5 1 . The Reflexive P ronouns, are formed as

follows :

(a) By the use of hkum,nan

,or lala , added to

th e personal pronouns; hkum,is the one in gener

al use and nan, or lala , may be added for the sake

of emphasis .

Ex . Ngai hkum sa na , I my self will go ; nangkkum galaw na

, you yourse lf W l ll do it; ski kkumnan tsun sa i , he himself said it; ski nan gat a i ,

he himself is running ; nanhia’

lala da i amu galaw

na my itda i , you yourselves will do the work; skihkum lala kpdga n ga ai , h e himself does not trade .

(b) By a combination of the demonstrative pronom inal adj ectives dai , or ndai , with general noun

particles .

Ex. D ai do, that thing itself; da i or ndai ni ,those or these things themselves . At times dai , is

reduplicated following the Pers . Pron . when it

G 6

42 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

takes th e meaning Of se lf; nga i da i da i , myself;nang da i da i , y ourself ; ski dai da i dau sat a i , he

hanged himself: lit. killed h imself by hanging .

(o) By the use of kkm i , alone , follow ing the

Pers . Pron. ; nga i kkm i lung na , I will go upmy self; nang kkm i kti u! read y ou rself; skanktékkra i da ma a i; they have com e themselves .

REM . Hkm i , alway s carry ing with itself theidea Of exclusiveness or separation is more defini tethan kkum.

(d) The reflexive tinang , him self, herself, y ourself (eith er singu lar or plural ,) or with the pos

sessive a , y our own, his own, etc . stands w ithoutanalogy , but is a form very much used ; tinangkte seng a i amu, work concerning him self; kada imung tinang a lam tsaw a i

,every one likes h is

own way ; tinang ui a gumm , th eir own pony ;ski gaw tinang a ga py i n ekge

'

a i , he does not evenunderstand his own words .

5 2. There are no relative pronouns in Kachin

,but re lative clauses are rendered :

(a) By the use of the general connective a i;(Comp . nga i hpe gumkpm w j aw a i zva , theman who gave money to m e .

(b) By the use of a verbal noun ; skingnoi kata de nga a i gaw,

the thing that is in the basket .

(0) The d istributive pronom inal adjectives kadai mung , and kadai m i ti mung , may Oftenbe translated as compound relatives

, whosoever ,

whichsoever. Kada i m i ti mung sa magu a i sa lua i , whosoever wishes to go may go .

VERBS .

5 3. In respect to usage , Kachin Verbs maybe either Transitive or Intransitive . Ex . anu, to

ETYMOLOGY . 43

beat : sat, to kill; tu ,to grow as a flower; bung , to

blow . Transitive Verbs are some times made fromIntransitive in the following ways

(a) By the addition of a final consonant;madit,to moisten, from madi, to be moist . In all suchcases the preceding vowe l is necessarily shortened .

(6) By the shortening of the intransitive verbmalan, to straighten from malang , to be straight.

(o) By the use of an aspira te of the same class ;hpawng , to collect, unite , from pawng , to be collected . (Comp. Judson’

s Burmese Grammar

5 4. There is no passive voice in Kachin, but

passivety is expressed as follows :

(a) By the use of the accusative with a transitive verb as; Gam gaw Ma na io hpe anu sa i , whichmay be translated : Ma Naw was struck by Gram .

The most natural way , however, is to translatewith the active use Of the verb, thus , Gam struckMa Naw.

(b) By the use of the tones; mm, (the quicktone) to liberate ;mm, (the grave tone) to be liberated ; ski hpe mw kau u! s et him free; ski gaw

raw nga a i, he is made free ; ski mw a i we. re, he

is a liberated man .

(0) By the use of hkrum,to meet with ; eXperi

ence ; ski gaw tsaw m a i law hkrum a i, he is

much beloved ; lit. he is meeting with much love;da i ma gaw anu hkrum sa i , that child was beaten;lit. met a beating .

CAUSATIVE VERBs .

5 5 . A great number Of Verbs are used as

causatives , by the help Of verbal particles, preform .

atives, or verbal auxiliaries . Thus

KACHIN GRAMMAR .

(a ) By prefix ing ska“

. or j a, (Comp. Introduc .

tion to the root of a simple verb; j cikkm'

t, or

sheikkrit, to frighten ,cause to be afraid

,from kkrit,

to fear; shangut, bring to a clOse , cause to finish ,from ngut, to be finished ; skcinem, hum iliate , causeto be low ,

from nem, to be low. This is a verycommon u sage .

(b) By the use Of shaugun, to cause , to send ;ski kpe sa skangun u ! send him ! lit . cause h im to

go ; ski hpe hkum sa skiingun, d on’t send him ; lit.

cause h im not to go .

(o) A very common causative is formed by the

following verbal particles , thus

2d . Per. Sing . n ga 2d. Per. Plur . my it ga .

3d. 11 ga . 3d . mu ga .

Ex . Nang la ika kti n ga , nang kp e nga i tsun do

a z'

,I am telling you so that you may be induced

(caused) to read .

D a i nli in u ga nga i kka i we a i , I am sowing theseed , so that it may grow . (Comp . 5 9 g .)

Nanhia‘

n meisu myit ga , nankte‘

kpe gubak j aw made ga , I punish you so that you may not lie ; lit. tocause you not to lie , I etc .

(d) In close relation to this is an id iom whichm ay be regarded as partaking Of the Optativeforce . It is formed by the combination of the ex

hortative ga , (Comp . 64 and the Affirmativepossessive particles (Comp . 60. a . )

l st. Per. Sing . li ga . l st. Per . Plur . m 5 li ga .

2d . lit ga . 2 . m 5 . lit ga.

3d . ln ga . 3. ma 111 ga.

Ex . Ny e"

m i law li ga , may my riches increase

Na mung dan maiden wa lit ga , may your country extend .

46 KAOHIN GRAMMAR .

(f ) Many verbs are form ed by repeating (a)the last syllable Of their preceding noun, or (b) byrepeating the noun itself ; krikup kup a i, to puton a hat; kgepdin din a i

,to put on a pair of shoes ;

namsi si , to bear fruit; tsi tsi , to give med icinefrom tsi , medicine ; da da , to weave; from da ,

a web .

(g) To this class must a lso such verbs be re

ferred , as are formed by a, continuative , even

though the a , is separated from the verb . root inspelling; a mu,

to be in a state of seeing; a kamm,

to be constantly helping ; the a, giving to the verb

the idea of protraction or continuation; ski gaw

galoi mung a maekgi nga a i, he is always ill.

THE A CCIDENTS or VERBS .

5 7. No inflections and consequently no changeof the verb itself is poss ible in Kachin . All accidents Of mode , tense , number and person are ex

pressed by the u se Of verbal particles followingthe verb . These particles , which are very numerous, give to the languag e when rightly used , a

great degree of flexibility and definiteness.

MODES.

5 8. The Modes are six in number, viz : The

I nfinitive, Afi rmative, Indicative, Potential, Sub

j unctive and Imperative.

REM . (a) The particles of Mode and Tense can

Often not be separated , as the special function of

the verb is not so much to express time as progress .

(6) As a general rul e a i , in all its combinations,li ai, nda i , nnga i , ring nga i , etc . may be said torepresent the Affirmative and Indicative in all

the tenses , being with daw and taw, (Comp .

6 2 . the only pure mode par . in Kachin; we,

ETYMOLOGY . 47

ui , etc . for the Present, se, sa , and its modificationsai , for the Past , and na , for the Future, may beregard ed as tense particles only .

(0) Ai,e ither in its u sual form

,or abbreviated

to a , is frequently used as a Sign for an indefinite

present; nga i galaw maiga a , I wish to do it; anktéa se nga a i , we are going .

(d) N0 separate particles are found for the

Dual , these being the sam e as those of th e Plural .

5 9 . THE INFINITIVE MODE.

(a) The Infinitive is used to express intention,d es ign or resu lt ; ntsin lu na nga i sa nnga i , I come

to drink water . It may also be used as a verbalnoun or substantive, and thus become the subj ector Object of a verb; antke

‘

kpe kamm na p m sa ,

our help is coming ; mziekgi na kpe gu mu ! helpthe suffering .

(b) The Simple unmodified verb, in generalspeaking , often stands for the Infinitive; ankle

nam kkgen sa na , we will go to clear jungle .

(0) Na,is the usual Infinitive Sign to which the

verbal auxiliary nga , is sometimes added ; nangkpe ga tsun na , ski lung nu a i , he came up to speak

to you ; nankté kpe skeidum na nga , ankte'

tsun ga

a i . we speak to rem ind you .

(d) Ehm ,may at times be used in the same

way as na ; ga tsun kkm ngai se se a i , I came to

speak .

(e) Among the Cowries an infinitive in de, is

Often found ; mdkkm i galaw de i sa sa , we came

to bu ild a bridge .

(f ) Maj aw, preceded by na , (Comp. 87) mayalso be rendered as an infinitive ; nda i li mu na

mej aw ski’

gu wa sai, he went down to see this

boat.

48 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

(g) Very often the most natural way to translate the forms u ga , mu ga etc . (Comp . 5 5 .

would be by the help of the infinitve; dai amu

gd law u ga ski hpe ski skzingun sai , he sent h im to

do the work.

60. THE AFFIRMATIVE MODE.

The particles belonging to this mode, d irectlyaffirm , either (a ) possess ion real or supposed , or

(b) a state closely related to the subj ect or the

d irect object .

1. PRESENT .

PRESENT ABSOLUTE.

li ai . 1st Per. I’lur.

lit dai.

ln ai .

Ex . Nge‘

a la ika m i li a i , it is my book.

Na (or na a) gumm m i lit da i , it is your pony .

Nankte‘

a palawng n m i mzi lit da i, it is not

y our coat.

Ngé akkging gzim i n dik li a i , my time is notyet fulfilled .

Nankte‘

a ahkging ya da nga ma“

lit dai , y ourtime has now come .

(b) PRESENT CONJEGTURAL.

l st . Per. Sing. na li ai; l st . Per . Plur. na mii li ai.

2d. na lit dai ; 2d . na m5 . lit dai .

3d . na ln ai; 3d . na ma ln ai.

Ex . Nye“

a la ika m i na li a i , it may be mybook .

Shankle‘

a nta m i na ma lu a i , it may be theirhouse .

ETYMOLOGY . 49

REM . The same particles are used when pre

ced ed by an adverb of time indicating the past;mani nga i mu a i gumm nanhia a gumm m i na and

lit da i , the pony I saw yes terday may be y ours .

2 . PAST .

This is formed by prefix ing sd , to the particlesof the Present Ab solute

,but in the plural th e

sa‘

,must follow the plural Sign ma.

Ex. Da i laika nga la ika m i sci li a i , that bookbecam e mine.

Wom nta kriba ma ning unkte a nta m i wa ma“

sci

li a i , that large house became ours year beforelast .

Nda i amu gaw ngutmat sci li ai , the (my ) workis completed .

Ankte‘

a ntsa e“

, da i nhiai gingdawn gaw ktoi pmma sci li a i law,

the morning star shone Over u s .

3. THE FUTURE .

l st . Per . Sing. m i nu ma a i , or , m i wa nu ma a i ,etc .; the same particles being used all through th esingular and plural .

Ex. D a i gumm nga gumm m i na m M . that

pony will become mine . Ski a gi nga7 a gi m i wa

na m ai , his paddy field will become mine .

REM . I have not been able to satisfy my self,that th e above particles are very commonly Ob

served except in certain localities . Still therecan be no doubt that they are everywhere knownand occasionally used , especially among the Older

people

5 0 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

61 . THE IND ICATIVE MODE .

The Indicative mod e , d escri bes in a general waythat which is or, that towards which an action hasbeen, is, or will be progressing , be ing less emphatic and of wider usage than the Affirmative .

1 . PRESENT .

(a) PRESENT INDEFIN ITE.

The present indefinite , simply d escribes a stateor action as now existing .

1st . Per . Sing . nngai . 1st Per. Plur . ga ai .

2d. ndai . myit dai .

3d. ma ai.

Ex . Ngai la ika ka da nngui I am writing a

letter .

Nang nta galaw nda i, you are bu ilding a house .

Ski dai amu galaw a i , he is doing the work.

Ankie‘

nang kpe san ga a i,we are asking you .

Nanhia gap nga my it da i , you are sleeping .

Skankté lam kkawm ma a i,they are walking .

REM . The Cowries as a ru le d rop these particlesand substitute ski , for the a i , both in the singularand in the plural ; ski galaw ski , he is doing it;gam i n my in ski

,not y e t ripe ; skankte gam i n da

ski , they have not y et arrived .

(6) Present Indefinite , used chiefly with verbsof motion such as

,sa

, to go or come; da , to arrive ;lung , to ascend ;gu, to descend , etc .

"

l st. Per. Sing . ring ngai. l st . Per . Plur. rii ga. ai .

2d . rin dai . 2d . me. rin dai .

3d. ra a i; (or . 3d . m5. ra or mii

ETYMOLOGY . 5 1

Ex . Nga i sa ring nga i , I am (in!the act of)com ing .

Nang du Vin da i , you are arriving .

Ski gu m a i , h e is d escending .

Ankte‘

ba i wa m ga a i , we are returning .

(0) DESCR IPTIVE PRESENT .

(a ) Th e particles here illustrated are used

with great freedom both in the present and in

the past (Comp . 61 . 3. d . ) The sam e particlesmay also follow either the subj ect or the Obj ectaccording to the emphasis laid on the one or th eother . Thus in the sentence , nga i ski kpe tsun we

a i , I am telling h im , the we, may follow nga i , Or

ski kpe; nang nta galaw wu a i , yo u are bu ild ing a

house ; here wu ,may emphasize the fact that you

are bu ilding, or the other fact that you are building a house. A S a rule in sentences like thesethe particles follow the Obj ect, the subj ect be ingfollowed by the particles of th e Present Indefinite

, (a .)

(b) The l st . Per . Plural, when subjective , hastwo forms; ga , when th e object is in the s ingular ,and gaw, when in the plural .

The 3d . Per . Plural , when obj ective , also has twoforms ; ume, when the subject is in the l st . Per .

Singular, and,mu, when the subj ect is in the 2d .

or 3d . Per . Singu lar .

(e) The following list and examples w ill illustrate the change of particles , as they are governed

e ither by the subj ect or the object . The formsnot exemplified follow the analogy of the PresentIndefinite .

5 2 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

wu ai de ai or, di ai .

ga ai or , gaw ai . m i or, m i ai ,

m i ai , not de ga or, unit de ai ,

nme ai or,mu ai .

Ex . Ngai la ika ka da we a i , I am writing a letter .

Nang kkauna gei law wv a i, y ou are preparing a

paddy field .

Nga i nang kpe tsun de a i, I am telling you .

Ski la ika kti wu a i , he is read ing a book .

Ankte’

nang kpe tsun ga a i , we are telling you .

Ankte’

shankle kpe tsun gaw a i , we are tellingthem.

Nang ankté kp e j aw mi ga mi , g ive thou to us .

Nankte'

nga i kpe tsun mi a i , you are telling me.

Nanhia‘

hpe nga i tsun ma de ga , I am telling you ;(or let me tell y ou .)Ngai skankte

‘

kpe tsun nme a i , I am telling them .

Ski skankte'

kpe tsun mu a i , h e is telling them .

REM . Two other plural forms are also found ,viz : mci we, and skajjang . Mei we is , in certa in 10calities , used interchangeably with ume. Skaj ang ,is a general plural of a partitive force ; ankté nda i

ga na skaj ang ga a i , we (all, each and all) hearthis word ; nanhia mung na skaj ang my it dai , youalso hear; skankte

‘

skaga skcij ang ma a i, they are

calling .

2. PRESENT PERFECT .

l st. Per. Sing . ui ai l st . Per. I’lur. sii ga ai.

29 2do manit dai.

3d ‘ 3d : masai.

5 4 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

(b) Certain Kachins affix an a i,afte r the 2d . and

3d . person ,both s ingu lar and plural in this tense ,

apparently for emphas is .

Ex . Ski geilaw nu a i , he did it, would be , ski a i

grilaw nu a i; nankte‘

a i skawng de kkmw mci nu a i,

instead of,nankté skawng etc .

, you agreed to itbefore .

(b) A Past Ind efinite is frequ ently made by af

fixing sa,to all th e form s both s ingular and plural .

Ex . Nga i gd law sa,I did it .

Nang maning mung ankté g i galaw sa, we made

a paddy _field here even last y ear .

(c) All th e forms of the D escriptive Pre sent

(Comp . 6 1 . c .) may also be used in the Past, whenthe speaker , as is common in Kachin , in thoughtremains in the present, but by the conn ectionshows that the actiOn be longs to the past.

Nanhia‘

nga i kpe tsun mi a i maj aw,nga i meidat

nnga i , becau s e you told m e I obeyed .

Often ,however, the modified form of sa

, sa“

,

precedes , while th e ga , (Comp . 6 1 . c. c .) is d ropped for a i .

Nankté kpe nga i tsun ma“

862 de a i ga ,the word s

I told y ou .

4. (a) PAST PERFECT .

1st. Per . Sing . yu se ai . l st. Per . Plur . yu saga ai .

2d. yu nu ai . 2 . yu manu ai .

3d . yu nu ai . 3. yu m 5. nu ai.

Ex. Gat de gara i n du gang da i da wa kpe nga i

mu y a so a i , I had seen the chief,before I arrived

at the bazaar .

ETYMOLOGY . 5 5

Nankte‘

ski kpe tsun gu sci ga a i , m i ti mung ski n

madat a i , you had told him ,but he does not Obey .

(b) A second form of the Past Perfect is made

by substituting ga , for ya , followed by th e particles described under 6 1 . 1 . a .

Ex . Nga i laika gam i n skcirin gang , j am nga i

lu ga nnga i , I drank whisky before I had learnedto read ; lit . before I learned books .

Maisum ning kaw nna ski da i amu galaw ga a i , he

had done the work three years ago; lit. from three

years .

REM . (a ) The difference between gu, and ga , is ,that gu, points as a rule to a single act comple tedin a s ingle moment , while ga , indicates that thestate or action had been going on , or had been habitual before it was brought to its final clos e .

(b) In this , as in the case Of the Present Perfeet (Comp . § 6 1 . 2 . b .) ngut, may be u sed with orwithout the se, etc .

Maisum ning me, nga i da i amu galaw nugt se a i , Ihad finished this work even three years ago .

5 . THE FUTURE .

(a) The ordinary fu ture is formed by the use

of na ,followed by the particles under 6 1 . l . a ; re

“

is , how ever, used instead of ai , in the 3d . personSingular .

Ex . Nga i dai mare de sa na nnga i , I will go tothe village .

Ski galaw na we, he w ill do it.

Nunkis‘

da i amu galaw na my it dai , y ou will do

the w ork .

5 6 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

(b) A more d efinite fu ture is formed by na , fol

lowed by the particles as described under b .

Ex . Nankte‘

kaw gat gang nga i sa na ring nga i ,I will come to you after a little wh ile .

Ny e“

kpu kpawt de da nu ma ai , my brother willcome to morrow .

Ankté wom skzim de sa na m ga a i , we will go

to that place .

Da i ning nankte'

galaw nu ma"rin dai , you will

do it this y ear .

(c) An immediate and somewhat emphatic future, is formed by the u se of ga , with the particles of the D escript ive Present (0) In fact in ordinary Speaking it would be impossible to d istingu ishthe two forms except by tone and connection, andfrom the fact that a i , wou ld never here be used .

Ex. Dai laika nga i nang e j aw do ga , I will

give you th e book .

Nga i skankté kpe tsun ma“

we ga , I will tell them .

In the 1st, and 2d . person singular na , abbreviated to n, is sometim es used .

Ex. Nga i da i kti n ga , I will read it ; something like :

“let it alone , or “don’t trouble yourself about it,

”is here implied .

Nang galaw na n ga m na , You will do it; (nothe or I .)

(d) A general future following the analogy of

the Past Indefinite , used mostly among the Cowries, is formed by the u se of m na , in both singular and plural .

ETYMOLOGY . 5 7

Ex . Nga i galaw m na , I will do it.

Skankte'

galaw m na ,they will do it.

6. FUTURE PERFECT .

1st Per. Sing .ngutna ré ai ; l st Per. Plur. ngut na raga ai;

2nd wu dai; 2nd mu dai ;

3rd 3rd m5. ru ai.

Ex. Dai skata grim i n si gang , nda i amu nga i

galaw ngut na re“

a i , before th e month is out, Iwill have finished this work .

Jan gcim i n alu gang , skankte'

ngut nu ma“

ma ai ,they will have finished before sunset .

62. THE POTENTIAL MODE .

The PotentialMode asserts capacity or necessity ,

and is rendered as follows

1 . As a compound verb, by the use of ln, to beable, followed by the particles of the Affirmativeand Indicative mod es .

Ex. Ngai galaw lu nnga i, I can do it ; skankte‘

la ika kti lu ma a i , they can read ; ma ui nga i galaw

la 36 a i , I could do it day before yesterday ; nanggalaw lu nktawm e

'

n galaw nit da i, you cou ld havedone it, but have not ; lit. you can do it, but you

have not done it, (Comp . 61 . 3. d kpawt de

ski dai amu galaw lu na , he can do the work to

morrow .

2 . By the use Of the adverb nkten, may , probably ; nga i sa na nkten, I may go ; ngai laika kti

skdrin na nkten, I may probably learn to read .

3. By the use of la,or lu na , must ; nang nda i

galaw in nu, you must do this kpawt de nang gat

G 8

5 8 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

de sa lu na rin dai , you mu st go to the bazaar tomorrow nanhia

'

ga nta de wa lu na my it dai , you

must now return to the house . (Comp . 64.

4. D aw,m igh t, usually with th e verbs lu,

and

nga , always has reference to the past whether com

pleted or incompleted .

Ex . D a i kpawt nang nta é nga daw, nga i myit

nna sa nngui , m i ti mung nang n nga nda i , th inking that you m ight be in your house th is m orning ,I went , but you were not there ; ski gumkp raw la

‘

tsa

lu daw ski na gu nna sa san wu a i,having heard

that he m ight have one hund red rupees , he wentand asked .

REM . Ckge’

,to know ,

is Often used with thesame meaning as lu; thus : ski da i amu galaw ekgé

a i,h e knows how to do the work ,

may only be an

other way of say ing , he can d o the work .

63. THE SUBJUNCTIVE MODE .

1 . The Subjunctive Mode expresses a thing as

poss ible , cond itional or hypothetical . Its particlesare as a ru le preced ed by th e following particlesind icating numbe r and person :

l st Per . Plur . ga ;

2nd Per . Sing . 11 ; 2nd my it;3rd a 3rd ma .

7

2 . The par . for the Present or F uture are

Yang or gang gaw. if; dam or dam yang , if, incase that ; daw,

if, supposing that .

Ex . Nang j ci ru lu gang , nang na nda i , if you

drink liquor you will be drunk nang nda i ui kpe

galaw n gang gaw, if you do these things ; ngai Si

mat dam gang , nge‘

ara i matma na ring nga i , in

case I die my property will be lost ; nang gum

ETYMOLOGY . 5 9

kp raw lu daw, gumm nang moiri lu nda i , if y ou hadmoney , yo u cou ld buy a pony ; nang nda i n mu ludaw, mgi kten nga nda i , if you can not see this youare blind .

3. A Past P erfect is formed by the use of taw,

if, in case—had .

Ex. Da i kpawt nang nta e“

nga n law,nga i kte

hkrum na, if y ou had been in your hou se th is

m orning you wou ld have met me ; nang nang nga

taw ngai gang n si na m i , if y ou had been here,

my brother would not have d ied ; ski keij i nga a

gang , la ika sharin a taw gaw, ski la ika ekge‘

na sa i,

if he had learned (books) while small,h e would

have known ; nankte‘

mtini sa my it taw gaw,skankte

‘

kte hkrum na my it da i , if y ou had come y esterday ,you would have met them .

REM . A general Subjunctive probably neverus ed except with the l St Persons Singular and

Plural is formed by the use Of mi .

Ex. Ski nga nga u ga nga i my it tsaw a i re a i

mi , da i , nang kte kpa seng n ta ? If I desire thathe shall remain , how does that concern you ?

64. THE IMPERATIVE MODE .

1. The Simple form of the verb when pronounced w ith the emphatic tone , often stands for theImpera tive .

Ex . Ski kpe kkge la , save him ; ngai kpe j aw,

give to me; ngaga madat ga ,listen to my words .

2 The verbs sa , to com e , wa , to re turn, j aw,

to give , kkan, to follow, and the ir cognates , are.

in

the i mperative proper , followed by the locati ve

rit, when a motion towards or in behalf of the

Object is implied .

60 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

Ex . When calling in a gener Sing . Sa rit,come here .

al way from a distance . Plur. Sa mci rit, come here .

When calling known per Sing . Wa rit, come here ,

sons at a near distance . Plur. Wa mat rit, come here.

Nang aj aw rit, give here ; nda i nga i kpe j aw rit,

give this (thing) to me ngai kpe hkan ma rit, fol

low me .

REM . The wa,may b e used as a polite expres

sion when add ressing visitors , thus imply ing thatas friends they are recognized as being on familyterms.

3. The general Imperative s igns are somewhatnumerous and may be explained as follows

l st Per. Sing , e ;

2nd u nu su , sit;°

3rd

Plur . m i;

mu, manu ,

ma su, ma sit;mu .

U, and mu, are used in ord inary requests or com

mands ; nu, is more urg ent than u; su, directs attention towards a known obj ect and implies im

m ediate action; sit, stands in Opposition to rit, and

implies motion away from the subject .

REM . In the N. L . a form nit,is found as a

couplet of both rit,and sit.

Ex. Sa u, go, (you may gO;) sa nu, go , (atonce;) sa wa eu, go , (at once over there;) galaw maeu, work, (at once ;) nanhia

‘

nlang gat de sa mci sit,

go to the bazaar all of you ; amu galaw mu, do thework; ngai kpe ntsin j aw e, give m e water; skanktékpe

'

ktirummu, help them ; ankte‘

kpe j aw mi, giveto us .

62 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

REM . E't, is used in reference to an instantaneous state or action, while nit, carries the prohibi

tion into the future .

(b). The negative adverb gam i , either alone orwith kkum,

may at times serve as a prohibitive .

(Comp. 74. b.)

Ex . Gri ra i m i , don’t do it yet ; lit. not y et do

Gam i hkum sa , don t yet.

REM. (a). The Cowries instead of gcirai ra i ,would say gara i sku.

Lu, is at times especially in the N L . used

as a prohibitive with or w ithout hkum ; hkum

galaw lu, don’t do it pang maskawt ma ui é

matsaw kkungga ga i na tu, you who prepare the

pung , (a kind of net offering ) do not scatter aroundthe Offering .

65 . INTERROGATIVES.

1 . In asking general questions the interrogative

particles may be preceded by m i skawng na laska

gaw krida i m i ta? who was the first man ski kpa

galaw na m i ta what wil l he do

2 . In d irect questions,besides the genera! con

nective a i , almost any one of the particles belong .

ing to the Affirma tive and Ind ica tive modes, may

precede the interrogative particles . Those in

most common use, however, are the following

(a) PRESENT .

l st Per . Plur. ga;2nd Per. Sing. n, wu ; 2nd myit;ard a ; 3rd ma .

ETYMOLOGY . 63

(b) PAST .

l st Per. Plur. sit ga ;

2nd Per. Sing . wu rin,nit , 2nd marin manu ,

(e) FUTURE .

1st Per . Sing . na° 1st Per . Plur . na ra ga ;

2nd 2nd ma marin;

3rd na ru Or , ra ; 3rd na maru or, ra

REM . In the Future na , followed by the particles of the Indicative Present is a frequent idiom .

3. The interrogative i,used very freely by

some Kachins , is by others restricted to questions

put to one’

s self or in behalf of one’s self.

Ex . Nga i kpa galaw na i what shall I do

Skankte‘

krining di nu ma i ? how will they doit ?

Ski gride sa na m i where wil l he go

Aukte’

kada i kpang de sa na i ? to whom shall

we go

4. Ta , is used when information is sough t , inreference to a perfectly unknown subj ect .

Ex . Nang kpa galaw n ta what are you

doing

Ski kanang nga a ta where is he

Nankte‘

gade nga my it ta how many are you

Ski kpe [reining ré a i wa re‘

nang ngu wu ta 2 whatkind of man do you say he is

Na mgi leaning m i hpaw lit ta how were youreyes opened

KACHIN GRAMMAR .

Hpa ra t nanhia ski kpe n woi wa ma rin ta ? whydid you not bring him ? ski gaw leaning m i na m

ta ? what will become of him or, what will he do?

5 . Ni , is used where some knowledge , real orsupposed , is implied , e ither (a) for confirmation,

or (b) to ascertain, if the state or action is stillcontinu ing .

Ex. Nda i wa , da i kpg i ska a i wa n ra i ni? thisis the begger, is it not nankte

’

skat ska nga my it

ui? are you eating ? ski tsun ai ga nang n kam n

ui? don’t you believe his words ? nanhia'

a dumsa

ning nga a i . n m i ma lit ui? thus your Dumsa said ,

is it not so nankté kpe mung tau kau ma“

nit ni?

have you also been dece ived (and do you still continue in this state?)

6 . Hka , and Ira , are found with questions , im

ply ing a strong uncertainty or surprise . For thesake of additional emphasis the inter . i , is fre elyused with these particles .

Ex . Skankte’

dai amu ckge‘

galaw ma kka ? dothey really know that work

,or

, to do that work?nang Mgen ga ckge n kka i? do you really knowBurmese ngai gin di ckge

‘

ka i how can I know?shing ngu ai ga gaw, kpa nga ai m i lu ai Ira i ? wordsspoken thus—what is he really say ing ? or, whatis it he said ?

REM . The kka , should not be confounded w iththe same par . used as an affirmative; skankte

'

Mgen

ga ckge‘

ma kka , may be translated : do they reallyknow Burmese? or, they do really know Burm ese .

The d ifierence is indicated by the tone .

7. The inter . Sign for, (a ) questions of alternatives , or (b) for ind irect interrogations is kun

,

which may or may not be preceded by the mostcommon particles of th e Present and Future .

ETYMOLOGY . 6 5

Ex. Ngai galaw na kun, n galaw na kun, ngaiekge

‘

nnga i , I do not know if I shall do it or

not.

Nang galaw na n kun, ski galaw na a kun, ngai

kte n seng nnga i , it does not concern me , whether

you will do it or he , (will do it.)Ski nang é nga a i kun, skankte

'

san ma a i, theyasked , wheth er he was here ; nanhia kpa ska na

kun, kkummy it ru my it, be not anxious for what

you shall eat.

8. Among the Cowries law,and among other

tribes te, are used as interrogatives mostly in re

tortive questions; nga i 16? me ? do you mean me

kpa galaw law? what am I doing

66. QUOTATIONS .

D a , generally preceded by the particles illustrated under 6 5 . 2 . a . , is alway s used as a Sign of

both d irect and ind irect quotations .

Ex . Nang eu lu na , tsun n da , you said , you can

Ngai n sa lu, ngu a da , h e say s , I cannot go .

Aukte galoi'

n j aw ga a i , nga ma da , they say , we

will never give it ; dai lam n kaj a , nga a da , he

says , that the road is not good .

67. THE NEGATIVE.

A question is not answered by yes, or no ,as in English, but the verb or the whole statementis repeated for the affirmative , and n, is prefixedfor the negative .

Ex. Na hkum pgaw n ui? are you well ? lit.

does your body feel comfortable? affirmative , pyawa i , negative, npyaw a i ;nangsa na n ta? affirmativese na , negative n sa na , or, n sa na nngai .

G 9

66 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

2 . The Modal adverbs (Comp . can onlybe used after d eclarative sentences , to which as

sent or dissent is expressed .

3. For the use of the Prohibitive negativeSee 64. 7

68 . PARTIC IPLES .

While there are no proper participles in Kachin,participial constructions are formed as follows

1 . By the use of th e ad verbs gang , gang gawand shatoi .

Ex . Nda i hka rap gang ski skang si sa i , he was

drowned (while) cross ing the river; skat ska nga a i

shaloi ski yup nga a i,he was sleeping while eating .

2 . By the use of the conjunctions , let, nktawmand ninglen .

Ex . Sa let ska na , eating while walking sa let

gut a i , goes running ; sa nktawm makkawk nga a i ,

goes away singing .

3. By the use of the connective a i ; gat a i

gumra , a running horse ; tsap a i wa , the stand ingperson . (Comp . 34.

§ 69 . AUX IL IARY VERBS .

The following verbs may be designated as auxiliaries

Nga , to be , exist , to remain , to have ; always

withythe idea of stability or constancy ; ski nang e

“

sa nga ai , he i s stay ing here ; lit. he came and i s

remaining here ; ski a nga nga a i, he is staying ;

nda i li kta kada i gu nga n ta ? who has gonedown into the boat ?

Tai , to become ; only used with wa .

ETYMOLOGY . 67

Wa, to move , to becom e ; ta i wa , to become ; sa

wa , to go ; gu wa , to d escend ; lung wa , to ascend ;nga i ski kpe tsi j aw a i maj aw ski bran wa sa i , herecovered because I gave him m ed icine .

Ra i or re"

, to be , to exist, (simply affirm ing the

fact of existence ,) to be truly so ; nang ma ska re‘

,

you are only a child ; nda i ga m i nga a i m i , thisw ord is true .

Ya, to give , have ; u sed w ith verbs denoting a

mental faculty or act; ckge‘

ga ,to know ; mu ga ,

to see ; my it ya , to think; ski ngai kpe ekge'

ga a i ,he knows me .

Kau , to throw away , get rid of ; ntsin ru kaumu, pour out the water ; namsi kkum kaba i kaumu

,don’t throw away the fru it .

70. OTHER VERBAL PARTICLES .

Bes id es the common particles already given,others of which som e in difi

'

erent combinations dothe service of verbs

,are used as qualify ing parti

cles w ith regu lar verbs . The m ost common of thesemay be d ivided as follows

1 . TEMPORAL .

Ni , near,at hand

,about

,at the point of ski

skat ska ni a i , he is about to eat; da i poi du ni a i ,the feast is draw ing near , or , is near at hand .

Magang or, makang, to be nearing; in the act ofarriving ; wora li du magang sa

,that boat is draw

ing n ear ; mam ting a i akkging du magang sa i , the

paddy sow ing season is at hand .

B oi , finished amu ngut boi sa , the work Is fin

ished .

68 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

2 . DECLARATIVE .

Kam, to be willing ; nda i mriska dai amu [ram grilaw ai , this person is w illing to do the work; nga in kam galaw a i , I do not w ish, or , I am not w ill

ing to do it .

Mrigu, to wish , long for, desire ; ski sa magu a i ,he desires to go ; ski nang kpe karum magu a i , he

wish es to help you ; nga i ski kp e mu magu a i , Iwish to see him .

Ba i , to repeat; ba i grilaw na n ma i , to do itover again is not good ; ,

ankté da i amu ba i galaw

magu ga a i , we wish to repeat that work .

3. EMPHATIC A SSERTATIVE .

R i , also; nga i ri sa na kun? may I a lso go nga i

ri galaw na , I will also do it .

Law, and gaw, give add itional force to what hasbeen said .

Nga i sa na law, I will go ; ga‘

galaw mu gaw,now

do it; ning m i ski tsun a i law, thus he said .

Le, and in the N. L. its couple t e, are often used

in the same way as law; galu mahkawng klran nit

le, kaba madung gaw kkan sit e, follow the longroad

,follow the big path .

Ra i , with the idea of tru ly , surely ;nga i kpe klran

gang gaw,nang lam n dam na m i , if you follow me

you will not lose the road , or , you will surely etc .

71 . VERBAL COUPLETS .

1. Two synonyms are often combined for thesake of add itional force or perspicu ity ; kabu gri ra ,to be happy ; tsaw m , to love ; galu kriba

,to be

great;Kara i Kasang grilu Irriba nga a i , God is great .

These combinations are often used as substantiveswith the verbal auxiliaries .

70 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

j ective s nda i or da i , for the Present, ma“

, ma or,moi ,for the Pa st, and ktri or, hp ru, for the Futu re , or,by affixing do, for the last named tense . (For Ex .

see 74.

(f ) A number of adverbs are formed fromnouns or adj ectives by the use of the Locative case

particles ; lrigaw de, afoot , from , lagaw, a foot; nkku de, inside , from nkku, the inside .

73. When an adverb modifies an adj ective ora verb it generally preced es , but follows when

used w ith an other adve rb .

Ex . Nda i maska law krij a ,this pe rson is very

good .

Alriwan gat a i gumra , a fast running horse .

Hpawt de j au j au sa mu, go early to -morrowmorn ing .

In regard to their m eaning and usage all adverbsm ay be d ivid ed into the follow ing classes :

74 ADVERRS OF T IM E .

1 . The mos t common are those formed according to 72 . 2 . e . viz . :

D a i ui , to day ; da i kpawt, this morning ; da i nathis evening ; da i ning, this y ear .

Mani , y esterday ; mak ing, last year; mana , lastnigh t;magat, just now .

Ma ui , day before last ;ma na ,night before last;

ma ning , year before last; ma ui kpawt, morningbefore last .

Moi ning , three y ears ago or more ;moi moi , IOngago .

Htrining , next y ear .

Bpm n i , three days from now; kpm ning , threeyears from now .

ETYMOLOGY . 71

Hpawt de, to-morrow ; kpawt nor do, to morrownight .

Rem. (a) Another form for the Future, mostlyused by the Ch inghpaws , is mad e by the help ofdin, be tween , betwixt; kpawt din ui , day after tomorrow ; kpawt din kpawt, morning after to -mor

row morning .

(b) The Cowries generally use kpm , where theCh inghpaws use din; thus : kpm ui, with themwould mean

,day after tom orrow .

2 . The most common of the regular adverbs ofthis class are the following :

Na , a long time , ago , since; ski si a i gaw na sa i,

it is long ago since h e died ; na , is often reduplicat

ed ; kaga mung e“

ski na na nga sai , for a long timehe has been in another country .

Crim i , not yet, usually followed by the negative ;ski grim i n galaw lu a i , he cannot do it y et; gam im i, d on

’

t do it y et; lit . not yet do it.

She, when; ski nda i ekg e‘

a i she, when he knew

that .

Hkm,until; ngai da a i du kkm nga nga u,

re

main until my arrival ; kkm , might also be regarded as a conjunction .

Yat, in a moment; gat nktang wa , I will returnin a moment; gat galaw na nnga i , I will do it immediately .

Kalang lang , at times, sometimes; krilang tangning m i bgin wa sa i, sometimes it happens thus .

Jang , when; at the time that, pointing towardsa completed action ; ski da i ga tsun ngutj ang , whenhe had spoken thus ; ankte

‘

nda i amu galaw ngut

j ang, when we have finished this work .

Yang , when; indicating the action as Incom

pleted ; nang ndai ga‘

law gang , when you do th is .

72 KAOHIN GRAMMAR .

The gang , is often followed by gaw; nankte‘

nda i

galaw gang gaw nga i kpe dum 6 law, remember me

wh en you do this;gang me, may be used in the

same way .

Skriloi , when; at that time, or moment; ski ning

m i tsun a i skri loi ankté marlat sri ga a i , when he

spoke thus we listened ; dai skri loi skankte‘

a p oi kri

ba nga ma a i , at that time ( then,) they had theirgreat feast .

Lang lung ska seldom ; nang é lang lang ska ma“

rang ktu a i , it seldom rains h ere .

Tut, generally reduplicated , tut tut, alway s, ever ;

ski gaw dai skrim e”

tut tut nga na re a i , he w ill al

way s stay at that place .

Nde de, nde law, or nde nlaw,so long; nga i gaw

nde de nankté kte mu nga se a i , I have been with

you so long .

Skawng de, or , skawng na , before; ski gaw nga a

skawng de re“

a i , he is before m e .

3. O ther adverbs of this class such as , galoi

mung , for ever; hpang de, afterwards;ga kkring maor , ga kkring ska , in a moment

,after a little ; ga é ,

just now , and gride n na gang , withou t delay , in a

moment, will be easily understood and need no

further explanation .

75 . ADVERBS or PLACE .

Among the numerous adverbs belonging to th isclass , the following are in most common use :

Lrikta or krikta , above , at the higher place, overhead ; ski gaw lrikta de na du sa i , he has come fromabove . This as well as mos t of the adverbs of thisclass may also be used adjectively ; ktaw lakta

mung na mriska , a man from the upper country .

Lriwu, below, the Opposite of lakta; ski gaw nanglawn e

“

nga ai, he i s here below; is lawumung de nga isa na nnga i, I will go to the lower country .

ETYMOLOGY. 73

Npu ,under, below , beneath ; ndai wa gaw nta

upu e“

nga a i , the hog is under the house .

Nang , nang e“

, nang de, here , at this place ; skinang nga a i , he i s here ; nang e

‘

sa ma“

rit, comehere . Nang ,

i s often pronounced ning .

W0,or

, waw, wo de, wo nang , wora de, (Comp.

35 . 2. a .) there , over there, yonde r; shankle

'

wo

nang nga mri sa i , they are over there ; wora de kpan nga , th ere is nothing ever there ; wo de sa mu, go

over yonder.

Htaw, htaw de, ktaw nang , ktawra de, over there ,up there ; htaw nga a i

,it is up there ; htaw demu tu

a i , up there it can be seen; htaw nang skrim w law

nga a i , there are many tigers up there ; ktawm de

nga i lung wa na nnga i , I w ill go up there .

Le, te de, le nang , lem do, there , down there; nanhte

‘

kpa m i lera de sa my it ta? why d id you go

down there

Skawng , skawng de, before , in front , ahead ; ngaiskawng de sa wa na nnga i , I will go ahead ; nangskawng a tsap nga u, you stay in front .

Hpang ,kpang de, after, behind ;ski makhrakpangde sa a i , he goes behind all .

Man, man 5, man de, before , in the _presence of;

ski man de ski p ru wa sa,he wen t before h im ;

skankte a man 5 skang mu, come before them .

Skingdu, or , shingin, behind ; nga a skingdu de

tsap mu, stand behindm e .

Skingkan, outside ; skingkan de j a j a kriskung aiit is very cold outsid e .

Ntaw, outside , in front of; ndai ekginglrka ntaw

depru mu, go outside , or, in frOnt of the door; ntaG 10

74 KAOHIN GRAMMAR.

utaw e“

kpun law nga ai, there are many trees infront of the house; nta ntaw grup grup ja j a tsawmai , it is very pretty all around , outsid e the house .

Kata , in, inside; nam kata de dusat dumgeng law

nga a i , there are many animals in the jungle; nda isampu krita é bang u, put it inside the box .

76 . ADVERBS or MANNER .

The most common are the following

Sawng , fully , perfectly ; mai sawng m i sa , it is

perfectly good ; makkm kten sawng m i sa , it is allcompletely broken.

B e“

be, in vain, perfectly useless; ski nang kpe ndai

gumkpmw be“

be“

j aw kau a i . he gives you this man .

ey in vain .

Kaman, for no purpose;nang krimun se ndai, you

go for no purpose.

Lila , in vain, for no reason; lila nga i skaga ai n

m i,I do not call withou t a purpose .

Lagaw rte, afoot; ski lagaw de sa sa , he went afoot.

Alriwan, quickly ; alawan sa rit, come quickly ;alawan galaw mu, do it qu ickly .

Yat gal, slowly ; gut gat grilaw mu, do it slowly ;ski gat gat da m ai

,he is coming slowly .

Angwi , or, angwi ska , kindly , softly ; tend erly ;skiangwi ska ga tsun ai, he speaks tenderly ; angwi ; isoften reduplicated ; angwi ngwi grilaw mu, do if,tend erly .

t en, perhaps, probably ; ski da na nkten, hewill probably come .

ETYMOLOGY . 75

Dan dan, plainly , d istinctly , Openly ;ga dan dantsun u, speak distinctly ;nda i amu ski dan dan galawnu a i , he d id this work openly .

Leng leng , clearly , Openly ; ski ga tsun gang skileng leng tsun a i , when he speaks he speaks clearly .

D ing ding , truly , perfectly , completely ; ski dingding sa m na

, he will really go; n-gu hte u ni gawding ding ma sa , the rice and chickens are com

pletely exhausted .

Ma i, well ; nda i ga‘

law gang gaw ma i a , if y ou do

this , it is well;nda i law ma i a , this is very well.

77. ADVERBS or CAUSE .

Maj aw, (Cowrie maj oi,) dai maj au ,because of,

for that , for this reason ,therefore ; ski ning de ga

law a i maj aw nga i masin pawt nnga i , I became

angry because of his doing this; gumra mari a imrij aw nga i eu ui a i , I went in order to buy a pony ;ski n galaw magu a i , da i mrij aw nga i galaw se a i

,

as he d id not wish to do therefore I d id it. The

forms skingm i ma'

j aw, da i re”

a i maj aw, are used

as the above , and need no further illustrations .

Kaning m i nme law, because , for this reason .

Rem. Nearly all of the conjunctions describedunder 81 . may at times be trans lated as adverbs ,alway s being in some way , closely connected withthe the preced ing verb . It would be impossible tolay d own any d efinite rules , as to when one or the

other of these express ions shou ld be used , but must

be learned by observation .

78. ADVERBS or COMPAR ISON.

Gmu, more than; ski gaw nga i kte mam grau lua i, he has more paddy than I; nda i ma wora kte

nga i grau tsaw nngui , I love this ch il d more thanthat one.

76 KACHIN GRAMMAR.

Maren, the same , just as , alike ; nan a ga mriren

m i my it da i , you r words agree, lit. are alike; ngai

tsun a i kte mri ren galaw u,do as I told you , ndai

gumra wora gumra kte maren hpu ai, this pony isas expensive as that one .

Z awu, or , zawn zawn, as , in the sam e way ; nga i

grilaw a i zawn galaw mu, do a s I do .

D a i kta kaga , or, simply , kta kriga , besid es ,

moreover apart from ; gumkp mw ski j aw, da i ktakriga am i law law ski j aw a i , he gave money and

beside this many other things; ski kta kriga krida in grilam lu a i , no one apart from him can d o it .

Hte, like unto, as; nda i wora kte gridaw a i, thisresembles that, l it. this like unto that etc .

B rimm, about, like as,according as; gumkpmw

lap ski driram ski lu ai , he has about ten rupees;ski nga i kpe j aw dat a i damm ngai ba i j aw wu a i ,I gave back according a s he had given me .

Rem. In the N. L . nna , often abbreviated to n,

is used very freely , ins tead of sawn; da srilang uiu kku n

’

rawn nga ma kka gaw, may y our chiefs andelders grow fat (or be at general ease) l ike heifers .

79 . ADvERRs or DEGREE.

Ai, somewhat, to a certain d egree ; da i numska ai

n Iraj a, that women is somewha t bad .

Grinoi noi , nearly , almost, not far off; ski grinoinoi si sa , he almost d ied ; ndai wa kpe ngai ganoinoi kkm nnga i, I nearly hit this man.

Nachging ,or , laekging , very ; ski nachg ing yak ai ,he is very d ifficult; nachg ing grilu kaba a i wa

, a

very great man.

Apa , much, very much ; ski skat apa ska a i, heeats very much rice .

78 KAOHIN GRAMMAR .

Gride na , or, gade m m? from where ? whence ?nanhia

‘

gade nna m i my it ta? where are you from

Kanang ,where? wh ither? ski kanang nga ? whereis he

Kanang , kanang na , or , krinang nna whence ?

ya kanang na m i wa sri ta ? where do you come

from now ?

Rem. Gade, and krinang , are genera lly used in

terchangeably , but the tendency is to use gade,w ith places thought of as d istant, while krinang ,is lim ited to places supposed to be near by .

3 Of manner

Krining , [caning m i , krining m i ume, krining di ,the last often changed to g in di

? how ? in whatway? nga i kaning m i galaw lu na i ? how can I doit krining m i nme by in ln a kka i ? how can it hap:

pen ? n skri rin taw, gin di ekgé lu na a kun? not

having learned how can I know it ?

4. Of cause :

Hpa m e, when the cause is though t of as d is

tan t, and nkpa m i , when near , (Cowrie pfd ,or

, n

i ,) why kpa m i gri law nu ta ? why d id you

do it npka m i grilaw a i i? why shall I do it.

5 . Of quantity

Gade,grideme , or, gridemi , how much? how many?

gride j aw n ta ? how much shall I give you maska

gride nga ma ta ? how many persons are there ?nang gride mi j aw mrigu n ui ? how much do youwish to give ?

Rem. The tones of gade, where etc . and that of

gride, how much etc . should be carefu lly d istinguished . The first takes the short abrupt, andthe last the emphatic tone . (Comp . 5 : 4.

ETYMOLOGY. 79

81. NUMERAL ADVERBS.

Lang , times; ldkkawng tang sa su, go twice;sanitski lang ski grilaw sa i , he d id it seventy tim es .

Lang , is used in a number of combinations such as,

lang mi , once; lang mam ng mnk, once ; gride lang ,how many times ? lang mi ska ski galaw a i , he

‘

d id

it only once ; lang mdm ng muk ska ski n gd law lu,he could do it not even once ; gdde lang tsun my itni ? how many times d id you speak ?

Nga i muk, once , singly ; ski nga i muk sa a i , he

went once (rare ;) usually used as a numeral adjective ; ngai mnk n nga , there is not even one thing .

Bak bak, untold numbers ;masha bak bak nga ma“

sa i,there are numbers of beings .

REM .

3a) In the N. L . ldmun, latsa , and ladi ,

frequent y combined w ith lang , are freely used

when an ind efinite number is ind icated ; lamnn lamwunli nga i lan , latsa lam wumgau nga i kpan, Icreate hund reds of way s of blessing , m eaning , an

indefinite number of blessings .

(b) In ordinary usage these adverbs may alsobe regarded as numeral adjectives .

82. CORRELATIVE ADVERBS .

Ning , or , ning de, sking , or , shiny de, all mean ,

thus , and are used interchangeably . In the same

way , ning m i , and shiny m i , are used w ith thesame meaning .

Ning ski tsun nga a i , thus (in this way) hespeaks; sking m i grilaw mu, do it thus .

83. MODAL ADVERBS . (Comp.

Gaj a truly , really ; gaj a gasatma ai i? do theyreally fight

Gaj a ski ma i wa ai, truly he is recovering .

80 xs onm GRAMMAR.

Akka,truly , verily , indeed ; ski a gri law nga

akka , he is actually working .

Rai sa , it is right , may at times be used as our

yes , (Comp . m i sa ning mi nga ai , y es, it is

so; ski grilaw a i sawn, m i sa , it is right as he

does it .

N m i , it is not right, not according to fact,may at tim es be used as no , or, not; n m i , ningm i n nga a i , no , it is not so ; nang grilaw a i sawn

n m i , it is not as you do it .

Kani,or

, kani gaw, well ! I do not know; kani

gaw, nga i n cky e‘

nnga i, well, really , I do not know .

Sham,I do not know the thing ; skata , shi my it

nga i n chy é , I do not know his mind .

REM . Kani, has reference to the subject only ,while skdta , points towards the obj ect .

Other words or express ions indicating assentand at times used as our yes, are the follow ing :am

, y es, usually followed by m i sa; am ,am m i

sa, y es, yes, so it is; an, y es, used mostly by the

Kachins up north; mlaw, y es, used mostly by thewomen .

POSTPOSITIONS .

84. There are properly speaking no prepositions in Kachin, as such particles as ma , or, ma,should be regarded as tense formatives only . Therelations of nouns to the other words in a sen

tence expressed by prepositions i n English are

here ind ica ted by postpositions, answering thequestions : whence where and whither ? Regarding the se postpositions the following should beobserved

(a) Nearly all of the adverbs of place and someof the others, may be us ed as postpositions without any change of the word itself (Comp.

ETYMOLOGY . 81

(b) The postpositions always follow the nounto which they belong .

(0) When the noun is followed by its case ending, the postposition is alway s placed betweenthe noun and the case affix.

(d) Some postpositions are compound , beingformed from two or more words of the same class .

We need to give only a few examples of themost common postpositions as they will be easilyrecognized

Gmp , often reduplicated , gmp gmp , around,about; hpyen masha ni nda i mare gmp gmp nga masai , the soldiers were a ll about (or round about)the city .

Nisa , or , ningtsa , upon ,above ; ski dai nta ntsa e

“

nga ai , he is upon the h ouse ; snmwi ningtsa skilung wa sai , he went (ascend ed) above the clouds .

Lai , bey ond , on the farther side of; dai m i womkpun lai nga ai , that thing is on the farther side

of the tree . In the N . L . y in and hpy in are used

in the same way ; samsa i daw gawng y in sa wa ya;abawng htumbyen hpy in sa wa ga , let us pass be

yond the great post, let us pass beyond the paddymill.

Lap mn, or, kap mn between;nda i mare wom bum

lap mn e“

nga ai , th is village is situated betweenthe mountains.

Kaw,in , with ; ngai ski haw nga nngai , I am with

him ; dai sumpu haw bang a , put it in the box.

Hta , in, more comm only used for in than haw;saa nda i pyengdin hta m bang a , pour oil in the

lamp;ntsin hta da i bang a , put it in water.

Hie mu; with; ski nga i kte mu nga ai , he is with

me.

82 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

Nkkn, or, ktahku, in, into; nta nhkn a"ski skang

sai, he entered into the house .

Na , from ; shankte‘

a kaang na ski p mwa sai, he

went out from their midst .

00NJUNCTIONS .

The conjunctions may be classified as follows

85 . COPULATIVE .

Ai , is a general connective , and although at

times it may be rendered as a relative,often it

has no corresponding m eaning in English; sat a imasha , a murderer, l it. the man who kills; ngai

kkawm a i shalai , when I was walking; ski kpa ga

law ai i? what is he doing gri law shangun ai kte

maven, as he was caused to do .

Hte, and ; gumm langa i me hte, dumsa langai mengai dut kan se ai , I sold one pony , and one cow .

Nna , and ; ngai sa nna da se a i, I went and

arrived .

Ma , and , besid es that;gwi ma , ma ma, a ma ngaim nngai , I want dogs , pigs and fowls.

Rai ti m’

(pronounced , m i tim, Comp . and ,is also used only in enumerative discourses; Myenmasha m i tim, Sam ni m i tim, Miwa wa ni m i timnda i amu cky é ma a i , Burmans and Shane and

Chinese know this work .

Mung , also, and l ikewise ; ngai sa nna , ski manyan na , I will go, and he w ill also go .

Dai hta kdga , also, besid es that, moreover; ngainta galaw, dai hta haga ngai li gri law na nnga i , I ambuilding a house and also (besides that) a boat.

ETYMOLOGY . 83

Nate mung n-ga , moreover, lit. this much and

over; over and above this ; nga i lap sum ski j aw, ndemung n-

ga mam naw j aw 36 a i , I gave thirty rupees ,and moreover

,I gave paddy .

Shaloi , or , shaloi gaw, then,how then ; nang li n

lu, nda i kka mung sung a i,shaloi gaw, nang kaning

m i map in nawu ta y ou have no boat, and the riveris d eep, how then will you cross over

D ai m i gang , or, shing m i gang , therefore , sinceit is so .

86 . ADVERSATIVE .

Ti , m i ti , m i ti mung , the last often abbreviated to, m i ti m

’

,but

,however, nevertheless , al

though , notwithstanding ; amu yak ti ngai dang luna kuga i , the work is d ifficu lt but I will overcom e

it; nga i k anhte'

hpe tsun ma sci de a i , m i ti mungnankte

‘

n madat my it da i . I told y ou , n evertheless

you do not obey ; nga i amu lu m i ti mung nga i sa

na nnga i , I am engaged (lit . have work) but w ill

go however .

87. CAUSAL .

These are all expressive of reason or cause

Maj aw,that; dai maj aw, for; ning m i , or , shing

mi maj aw,because of

,since . All these combina ‘

tions may be used interchangeably .

Ski nga i kpe matsun dum ai maj aw nga i habu

nnga i , I rej oice because he has mercy on me ; ngai

kpe kamm na maj aw ski du sa i,he arrived that he

m ight he lp me ; ski lagu a i , da i maj aw aukte’

ski

kpe rim la ga a i , he was stealing , for that reasonwe captured him; shing m i maj aw,

ankte‘

n kkmw

ga ai , since it was so , we d id not agree .

84 KAOHIN GRAMMAR .

N htawm, (from ktawm, after,) nktawmme, since ,because that , seeing that , inasmuch as; nang g rilaw

nktawm me “nga i n gri law nngai ,

”nga nda i , s ince

you have done it, you say , I have not done it;

nang hka dc sa nktawm kka n j a wa nda i , although

you went to the river (or, you having gone , etc .)you d id not bring water .

Nlen or ninglen, but, because , inasmuch ; nga iChg/é nlen nang kpe a san nnga i , inasmuch as Iknow, I ask you . This may also be translated

,I

know we ll enough , but because of this, or not

withstand ing , I ask you .

Gawp ,because of; ski a gawp a i nga i a nga nga ,

because of him I exist .

Kaning m i nme law,for

, since ; leaning m i nmelaw, ski hpe madun ga na nga i skam ng nga nda i

,

for,I am endeavoring to show h im . This is a very

common id iom in Kach in,alway s having a pre

ced ing sentence as its anteced ent .

88 . COND ITIONAL .

f ang , if; da i m i gang , if it is ; shing m i gang , if

so ; ski sa gang anhte‘

sa ga a i,if he goes we will go ;

da i m i gang , ngai kpa n tsun lu a i , that being so ,

I can say nothing .

She, whatever, however; ngai kpa galaw a i she,ski n hkmw a i , whatever I do

, he disagrees w ithit; she frequently has only a copulative force .

86 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

A PPEND IX I .

KACHIN NAMES .

Ma les : (Shadang sha .) Females : (Shay i

Ma Gam , the l st born ,Ma Kaw .

Ma Naw ,the 2nd born, Ma Lu .

Ma La , the 3rd bo-rn,

Ma Roi .

Ma Tu, the 4th born, Ma Htu .

Ma Tang , the 5 th born, Ma Kai .

Ma Yaw ,the 6th born, Ma Hka .

Ma Hka, the 7th born ,

Ma Pri .

Ma Yun, the 8th born ,Ma Yun .

Ma Ky ing , the 9th born ,Ma Ky ing .

Ky ing nang , the 10th born, Ky ing nang .

Rem. (a) When grown persons are ind icated Nis generally substituted for Ma

,thus

, NGam ,

NKaw, NNaw , etc .

(b) Besides these general names others are alsoused as more respectful or fam iliar d esignations .

Some of these may be thus illustrated :

Ma. Gam ,may also be called : Ma Shawng ;Ma

, or Shawngbrang .

Baw Naw ; Grawng Naw

Baw Grawng .

La nau ; La do i.

Lum , Tu Lum .

Gun , Ma Gun.

Htung , Yaw Htung .

Tawm ,Hka Tawm .

APPEND IX . 11. 8?

called :

APPEND IX . II .

1 . The following vocabulary will give som e

idea as to the s imilarity betwe en Kachin and Bur

m ese . In many instances , however it would beimpossible to say w ith any d egree of certaintywhether a word has been borrowed from the Bur

m ese or Shan . Thus the word for an image of

Gaudama, pronounced Bpm or Hpam ,no doubt is

to be d erived from the Shan Bpm ,rather than the

Burmese oqcp

1 . Words most likely derived from the Bur

mese .

Amn.Wsrk,Akyu, favor, grace ;Akgawng , because of.

Akhung, permission, affair.

Agyang , habit, behavior.

Amgat, profit , gain .

Amyu, a . kind,tribe .

Ana , a disease .

Ma v

‘

Shawng ,Hkin. Nau ,

Chyem.

Ma Baw,Baw ,

Baw Tawng .

Ji , Roi Ji , Nau ,Roi Nau .

Ma Lum, Htu Lum .

Htang , Ma HtangTawm

,Hka Tawm .

Pri Lum, Ma Ti .

88 o HIN GRAMMAR .

A1) , to hand over.

Aga , an office .

Up , to rule.

Utawng , a peacock.

D ek, a treasury .

d ya , a robber.Dukka , m isery . 703D asik

, a seal.

D agu, power . oo$8n

Gawng-lawng, a large bell . oo

‘

l SzemoSa

Haw, or Hkaw, to preach . ew cmé n

Jawng , a school .

Jariti food , provision .

Kingit, au .1ron sty le .

n’

j u, or ckgéj u, grace .

Hkauling , a sheaf of rice .

Lam, a road .

Mandan,a charm .

Ngam i , punishment , he ll .

Sakse, a w itness, testimony .

Seng , a shOp .

Sama , a master. 0009 3"

Sanat, a gun

Tawng ban, to beseech .

2. Boots in Kachin and Burmese derived froma. common source :

Ani , to be near.

Akawk, knock,rap .

Bat, to wind around .

APPENDIX ‘

II’

.

Bung , to concord .

Bga , to show ,exhibit .

D an, to be worthy of.

D a , to put. coo sa

D aw, to have something in common. 0008"

Gwi , a dog.

Eu, to dance .

Kang , custom ,duties paid .

Eu, to worship .

Ku , a bed , a table .

Kahtap , put upon .

Kawa,bamboo.

Kawan, to encircle .

Kai , to hide from .

Hka , to be‘

bitter.

Hkun, to be dry .

t e, to save .

La , a verba l emphatic.

Lam,to expose to the sun .

Li , to be heavy .

Li , a boat .

Law,verbal empha tic.

Lawt, to escape .

Loi , easy .

Lagu ,to steal .

Lapan, a flower .

Man, true .

Manam,smell.

Mani , yesterday .

Manga, five .

Not, the ear.

ssf

90 o nm GRAMMAR .

Nat, afinat.Ni , to be near.

Nga , fish.

Nem, to be low .

Ngam, to be saltish .

Poi , a feast .Pgen, to fly .

Hta , to arise as billows .

(3) Aspirates changed sibilants.

Asak, life .QQOSI

Sat, to kill.

Si , to d ie .

Si , fruit.

Sumsaw, a key .

Sung , to use .

Sadi , to be careful .

Ska, a child .

Ska ,only . a ”,

This list might be indefinitely enlarged, but theabove examples may be sufficient for our purpose .

It is easy to-

point out similarities in numerouscases even where , because of the lapse of time,more striking and interesting changes have taken

place .

II . Wards derived from Shan may be classified

as follows .

Shari word . Kachinequivalent.

(1) General words

Bye jau ,to resolve,

Dakhpai , a paddle,

APPEND IX III . 91

Danam , a shore , river bank; Hka kau.

Mai na , a nail .

Ling , to serve at a feast; Jan.

(2) Nouns in Hkaw, a palace

Hkawhkam,a king, ruler .

Hkawseng , couplet of

Hkawhkam .

Nouns in Jan, a chief, princeJaubu, a military leader .

Jankang , a custom houseofficer .

Janlung and its couplet

jauhpai an elder in a

village .

Jan padu , a gate keeper.

Nouns in Nam, waterNamdan, apitcher .

Nam man, oil; Sau .

Nam hkun, a well; Hka htung.

Nam woi , Shan sugar .

Nam ling , dropsy .

Nam ya, starch .

The names of the months are often givenShan among the Kachins . (Comp. App. III .

APPEND IX III.

KACHIN TIME .

1 . SEASONS. (Du hkra liidaw .)

(a) Grinhtawng ta, the dry season. (OctoberMarch.)

92 KAOHIN GRAMMAR .

Lanam ta , the rainy season . (April—September .)

(6) Within these two general d ivisions , the following sub -d ivisions are found

1. Ginhtawng ta

Mangai ta , the time for thenew rice . (October—November.)Kaehung ta, the cold season. (December

March .)2 . Lanam ta

Nlum ta, the hot season. (April to middleOf

May .)Htingra ta, the paddy planting season. (Mid dle

Of May—June .)Mayu ta, the paddy growing season. (July

September .)REM . Some give Only two months to Edshaug

ta, namely December: and January and call February—March , Htawng ga ta , or the real dry season .

2. MONTHS . (Shata)Kachin Names : Shan Nam es

Kala, Lunj ing , October.

Maji , Lungam , November .

Maga, Lunsam , December.

Hkru , Lunsi , January .

Ra , Lunha , February .

Wut, Lunhuk, March .

Shala , Lunkyet April .Jsh tum ,

Lunbet, May .

Shangan, Lungau , June.

Shimsri, Lunsip, July .

Gupshi, Lunsipet, Augus t.Guptung, Lunsip sawng, September.

REM A month, which always means a lunarmonth in Kachin, is roughly speaking the time

94 RAGRIN‘

GRAMMAR .

one nmaw, a festal pole; j an skang madu, the sun

about to enter; nrim, the evening ; skang tawm, the

time when all enter their houses ; p ran tawm,the

tir

l

ne when the y oung people are enjoy ing themse ves.

APPEND IX IV .

KACHIN WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND

MONEY.

l . WEIGHTS . (Shen ai baw.)

Lem mi,

the weight of One malem ,

(a kind Of seed )equal to two lems .

d ums.

the half Of a visa.

one viss .

2. MEASURES OF LENGTH.

(Shadawna i baw .)

Lamyin chyang, the breadth of a finger-nail .

Layung tsen, one finger’s breadth .

Léhkawng pren, two

Masum pren, threeMali pren, fourLéhpa mi, the breadth Of the hand .

Gumdum ,from the end Of the thumb tothe end of the first finger .

Gumchyan , or lahkam, from the end Of thethumb to the end Of the second finger.

Litup dawng, from the elbow to knuckles on

the fingers.

APPEND IX Iv. 95

Dawng mi,‘

from elbow to the second fingertip.

two dawngs.

a fathom .

3. MEASURES OF CAPACITY.

(Shadang ai baw.)

One handful ; the hand nearly closed .

two latups; one Open handful .two lapais.

two lakus .

four jares .

four byes ; the fourth Of a basket.two j iks; the half of a basket.

two hpais; one basket.

ten dangs, or baskets.

4. MONEY. (Gumhpraw.)

Ka mi,

Hpaisan,Pe m i,

Mu m i, two annas .

Hti m i, four annas .

Lap, or, gyap one rupee .

Rawng mi, two and a half rupees.

Hkan mi, ten rupees.

Ga hkan, fifty rupees.

Pan mi, seventy -five rupees; onehkan and ten rawngs .

JOi mi, one hundred rupees.

CONTENTS.

PREEAOE, PAGE . 3

INTRODUCT ION, 5 —12.

PA R T I .

ORTHOGRAPHY.

SECT IONS.

The alphabet: number of letters,

Powers off Kackin vowels . Rem. a) use

of o'

,and a

,b) use of 2, e and o; (c tones

a s affecting t e vowels ,

P owers of Kachin consonants : Rem .

aspiration; (b) use Of ck, khy , h, and o

n, before labials ; (d ) use of hyphen,

Classification of the consonants,

Tones : (a) their importance ; (b) powers;(0) numbers; how distributed,

F ormation of syllables . (a) a preforms.tive; (b) force Of

yning , ding , shiny etc.

, (c)preformativesget, ha, la

“

, etc .

, (d) n beforea hyphen,

Accentuation,

Punctuation,G 13

98 CONTENTS.

SECTIONS.

PAR T II.

ETYMOLOGY.

CLASSES or WORDS,

NOUNs .

NOUNS : Proper and Common,

P roper Nouns : Rem . Names such as

N-Gam etc .

Common Nouns : l . Primitives ; 2 . Com

pounds, how formed ; 3. Derivatives ; 4.

Foreign Nouns,

Gender : how d istingu ished ; 1 . use of

different words ; 2. prefix ing laska , and

namsha; 3. shading , and sha'

gi; 4. affixingwa , or j an; 5 . gend er of brutes etc . 6 .

Nouns Of Common Gend er ,

Number: how indicated ,P lural: 1 . h i , kte

"

, htong; 2. mahkm , law

law,etc .; 3. Numeral Adjectives; 4,

re

petition Of the last

Dual: gau, shan, nan, etc ;Rem . (a) collective nouns ; (b) plural inferred fromconnection; (c) posi tion Of plural Signwith adj ectives,

Casefhow ind icated ,

Nominatioe: (a) gaw; (b) nda i gaw; (c)chyam etc .,

Genitioe: (a) possession; (b) inversion of

the possessive ; (c) genitive of quality ; (d)genitive as a dative ,Datioe: (a) kpe, (he,) haw; (b) matu etc .

(0) dative of tim e e“

,

CONTENTS.

Accusative: hpe, or, kpe gaw,

Locative: de, e, ai , hta , na ,

Ablative: na , haw nna,ale nna ,

Instrumental: kte, e, ai ,

Vocative: o, e,

Rem . (a) position of particles (b) freQ.

dom in the use of the particles,Paradigm,

Forms OfNOuns ind icating family relations etc . ,

Preformative a , with monosy llabicnouns,

Change of words in ska“

,

Change of forms Of generic terms,

ADJEOT IVES .

Position Of Adj ectives,

Classes of Adjectives,

D escriptive: l . Primitives ; 2. Com

pounds,

Indefinite adj ective phrases ; Rem . de

rivation of m i ,

Definitive: 1 . Articles . (a) dai , ndai; (b)Numeral adjectives serving as articles,

2 . Pronominal Adjectives : (a) Demonstrative, dai , ndai

,wora , htaw m, lem ,

Rem . (a ) their use with ui; (b) ura instead

‘

of wora; (b) D estributive , shagu,

magup etc . (b) Reciprocal, shada (la, la

ngai kte langai (d) Indefinite , makhra , tupting etc ,

3. Numerals

99

100 GONTENTS.

Formation Of ordinals,

Let, in ordinary usage ,

Use of mi, ma etc .

Ni , instead of lakkawng .

Numeral auxiliaries , (a) gan, tawng etc .

(b) dual forms, Rem .

The Positive degree ,

The Comparative ,

The Superlative ,

Nouns used adjectively ,

PRONOUNS .

Position of Pronouns ,

Classes Of Pronouns ,Personal Pronouns , Rem .

Peculiar forms ,

Possessive Pronouns, Rem .

Interrogatives : Kada i , gam , kpa; Rem .

(a) pronouns and verbal interrogatives ;(b) use of mi , and me,

Reflexive Pronouns , (a) kkum, lala , nan

(b) da i de etc . (c) use Of kkm i; Rem . ; (d)use Of tinang ,

Relative clauses (a) u se of ai; (b) useof a verbal noun ,

VERBS.

Transitive a'

n’

d Intr’

ansitive verbs,

Passivity : how expressed,

Causatives : how formed , Rem .

CONTENTS.

THE POTENTIAL : 1 . Use of la; 2. ad

verb nkten; 3. In, or, lu na ; 4. daw with

the verbs la , and nga . Rem . chgé used as

lu,

THE SURJUNOTIVE: 1 . Particles in general use; 2. Present and Future, gang ,

dam, daw; 3. Past Perfect w ith taw. Rem .

use of mi ,

THE IMPERATIVE : 1 . Emphatic ‘

tone ; 2.

rit, with verbs Of motion; 3. ImperativeSigns e, u, mu, mi ,mu , etc .

, 4. dat, law, gaw

as emphatics; 5 . Exhortative, ga , gaw; 6 .

strong command , lu na; 7. Prohibitive;(a) hkum, etc . (b) garai; Rem . use of shit,as m i,

INTERROGATIVES : l . Rai in generalquestions; 2 . general particles; 3. forceof i; 4. ta; 5 . h i; 6. kka and ha; 7. kun;8. law,

and lo,

Da , sign Of quotations,

The Negative : (1) use Of n; (2) modaladverbs; (3) Prohibitives ,

Participl es : (1) gang , shalai; (2) letnktawm, ninglcn; (3) the connective a i

Auxiliary verbs,

Other verbal particles , 1 . Temporal ;2.Declarative ; 3. Emphatic Assertatives ,

Verbal Couplets,

ADvERRs .

Classes of Adverbs : 1 . Proper; 2. Com

pound ,

Position Of Adverbs,

CONTENTS. 103

SECTIONS.

Adverbs of Time : 1) forms'

in dai ,ma,ma , hta etc . (2) regu ar adverbs Of time;(3) forms as galoi mung , etc .

,

Adverbs of Place : Lahta , lawn, nanghtaw, wonang etc.

,

Adverbs Of Manner : Be“

be“

, kaman, alawan etc . ,

Adverbs of Cause : Rem . Conjunctionsused as adv

'

erbs,

Adverbs Of Comparison : Grau, sawn,maren etc . ,

Adverbs of Degree : Ai, nachging ,sha , etc . ,

Interrogative adverbs : (1) time , galoi ,(2) place , gride, kanang etc; Rem . difference be tween, gade and kanang; (3) manner , [caning etc . (4) cause , kpa m i; ( 5 )quantity , gade; Rem . tones of gride,

Numeral adverbs lang , bah, etc .

Correlative adverbs ning, shing etc .

,

Modal adverbs gaj a, ahka,m i kani, au,

etc. Rem . d ifference between kani and

POSTPOSIT IONS.

Force and position; (a) adverbs of

place used as postpositions; postposi

tions following the nouns; postposi

tions and case end"

ompound

postpositions ; most common postposi

tions, grup , utsa, lai, lapran etc .

104 ,CONTENTS.

SECTIONS.

CONJUNCTIONS.

.Copulative : ai, kte, nna, mung , shatoigaw, etc .,

Adversative : ti , m i ti , m i ti mung,

Causal : maj aw; nktawm,nlen, etc .,

Conditional : gang, etc .

,

INTERJECTIONS.

List Of Interjections ,

APPENDIX .

I . Kachin names .

II . Comparative vocabu lary . I . Burmese and

Kachin. II . Shan and Kachin .

III. Kachi n Tim e . 1 . Seasons; 2. Months; 3.

Hours Of the day ;meaning of terms .

IV . Weights ,Measures and Money : 1 .Weights;2. Measures of length; 3. Measures ofcapacity ; 4. Money .

CORRIGENDA .

6—Line 9 from the foot, for performa

tives, read preformatives; the sam e

misprint is found in two or threeother places .

1 5 —Line 7, for his, read kk.

—Line 9 , for madchen read madchen.

39—Line 1 5 , for femenine, read feminine .

106

Ji awi ,

Ji ke dwi ,

I i hka i ,

Hkai awi

KACHIN GRAMMAR.

A sister, (generally thought Of as a

y ounger s ister) Of a man .

See aj i ni; a grandfather, see j i hkai .

A maternal grandfather.

A paternal great-grandfather .

A maternal great-grandfather.

A paternal grandfather .

Ancestors , viewed collectively

(1) Cou sins , a paternal aunt’

s malechildren wh en addressing th e mother’e n eph ew and vice versa; (2)a brother-in-law , a w ife’

s bro'

ther’

s , used on both sid es; (3) apolite term between young menOf equal age and standing .

Same as woi awi but more respectful .

1) Cousins , a paternal aunt’

s (moi a)female children; (2) a paternaaunt

’

s husband’

s s isters ; (3) thechildren of a sister, e ither a

nephew or niece ; (4) a son-in -law;

( 5 ) a respectful compellation used

by a man , when addressing a wo

m en of equal age and standing ,not being a relative .

A child .

1) A paternal aunt, a father’

s sisterwhether y ounger or Older; (2) amother-in-law,a husband

’

s mother.

SUPPLEMENT . 107

Madu j an, A wife .

A husband .

1) A w ife ’

s relatives; (2) all tribal families with which intermar

riage is allowed , and from whichwives may .be taken

May a dama , Relations in general; See parts .

( 1) An elder sister; (2) a husband’

s

e lder brother’s wife,a Sister-in

law ; (3) cousins, an uncle’s or

aunt’s female children Older thanthe speaker; (4) a respectful andfriend ly compellation addressed toa female acquaintance , Old er thanthe speaker .

1) A s ister-in - law , a wife’

s youngersister ; (2) a sister-in-law , us ed

by a husband s eld er broth er; (3)a daughter-in-law; (4) the child ren Of a brother-in -law ; ( 5 ) anephew or niece , a wife

’

s brother’schildren .

1) A mother-in-law, a wife’

s mother;also the mother-in -law

’

s sisters .

(2) a wife’s brothers wife , a sister

in vlaw .

( 1) A sister-in-law ,a husband ’

s SiSa

ter; (2) a wife when addressed bythe husband

’

s aunts ; (3) a com~

pellation between women of equalage and standing addressed in theway Of affection or friendship .

A mother .

108

Shingkm ,

Sku maski,

Shu masha ,

KACHIN GRAMMAR .

1) A younger brother or sister; (2)cousins, an uncle’s or aunt’s children y oung er than the Speaker;(3) a brother-in-law,

a wife’

s

younger sister’s,

husband ; (4) asister- in—law

,a man

’s younger bro

ther’e wife .

( 1) A mother’

s younger sister, an

aunt; (2) a father’s younger brother’e wife .

A bastard .

1) An elder brother; (2) cousins , anuncle’

s or aunt’s male childrenOlder than the speaker; (3) a

brother- in l aw, womans elder sis

ter’s husband .

1) A sister-in - law , a wife’

s elder sister , addressed by her husband or

vice versa . (2) an elder brother’swife ; (3) a husband ’

s youngerbrother .

A child , a son, or a daughter . (2)

a nephew or niece, a wife’

s youngersister’s children .

A widower .

( I) A grand child ; (2) a. sister’

s children

’

s (hkri ni a) husbands and

children; (3) an afl’

ectionate termused by Old people to children .

Descendants of the third generation .

Descendants of the fourth generation .

1 10 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

A brother, (generally a y ounger bro

ther) Of a woman .

READING LESSONS.

The student will find some easier read ing mat

ter in the Kachin Spelling-book . The examples

here g iven are chosen to illu s trate the g eneralsty le Of Kachin story telling and religious lan

guage .

1 . MANAU. MANAU A I LAM .

Moi shawng é manau kadai mung n chye galawma ai . Dai Shaloi jan sha u i sha chye ma a i rai

nna , Shanhté manau galaw ma a i shaloi , u mahkra

hte hpe shaga mu ai . Dai rai nna u mahkra jan

ga d e jan manau sa manau lawm ma a i . Da i hpangshanhté bai wa ma yang , Si my in nga ai lagat hpunlanga i m i mu m u ai shaloi, Nny ing ny et u ny e tnna

,Sha gaw ,

nga ai . Npring pri u mung pri mi.

na u galaw nna,Sha gaw ,

nga a i . Dai ga hkan nna

jan sha ni a len ningli chyaw , u sha ni manau ga

law ma ai . Da i hpang u sha n i a len ningli da i

chyaw ,Sh ingra wa Gumja, Madai num Hpraw

nga , yan la manau ma ai .

2 . SHAWNG HKA HKRAT SI AI MASHA .

Jahkrai ma langai mi hka makau hkan é nga

hkan hkawm nga a yang , dai hka makau é tu ai

hpun langai mi hta shatung shang nga ai hpe

krau kau wu ai . Da i hpang sh i ba i hkan hkawm

a yang, dai yang na hka laing hta rawng nga ai

SUPPLEMENT . 1 1 l

baren langai mi phe shi a sumgawn hte kaba-i ding

grup tawn wu ai . Shaloi gang la yang , ja a i ma

jaw , hka kau é tu a i hpun langai m i hta , da i sum

gawn sumri matu shi gy it tawn da kau nna, nta de

wa mat ai .

Shi wa mat ai hpang , baren a numsha kasha langai

m i hka kau d e pru nna,dai shatung krau kau ai

hpun hpe , Nang kaning rai mai mat n ta? ngu nna

san wu ai . Dai hpun gaw , Jahkra i ma é tsi nna

mai m at nugai , ngu nna htan wu ai . S-baloi daibaren numsha , Dai j ahkrai ma nang de bai n sa na

a ni ngu wu a i . Hpun gaw ,Sa na ra a i, ngu wu

a i . Shaloi baren numsha , Jahkra i ma sa yang ngai

hpe shaga tsun e , ngu wu a i .

Dai hpang jahkra i ma sa du a i . Shaloi barennumsha hpe shaga tsun wu a1 Dai baren numsha

jahkrai ma kaw sa pru nna, Nang ndai hpun hpe

chye tsi ndai , nyé a wa mung machy i nga li ai ; wa

hpe mung tsi ya é, ngu wu a i . Shaloi , Nwa hpe

ngai ts i shama i ya d e yang , nang hpa j a na n

ta ngu wu ai . Baren numsha gaw , Wa hpe nangshamai ya jang gaw ,

nang kaw ngai wa na nngai ,ngu wu ai . Shaloi dai jahkra i ma gaw hkrutum

du hkra gang gun da nna , nta de wa mat ai .

Hpang jahpawt shi bai sa nna , Nwa 101 m i 11

mai lit ni ngu nna san wu a i . Hkrutum du hkramai sai , ngu wu ai . Shaloi jahkrai ma Shi a sum

gawn hpe,lahput du hkra gang gun kau da wu

ai . Hpang jahpawt bai sa nna shawng jahpawt nahte maren san wu ai . Baren munsha gaw , Lahpu t

du hkra ma i sai, ngu wu a i . Dai hte marenhpawt m i loi loi gang gun kau ya nna

,hpang 6 ma

hkra gang gun kau ya wu ai . Dai rai nna barenwa mai m

'

at ai . Dai mejaw baren numsha jahkraima kaw wa ai .

Shing rai shan htinggaw rawn nga ma ai shaloi ,

112 KACHIN GRAMMAR .

m iisha ni shawa tsun galaw sa ma a i . Da i rai nna

baren numsha jahkrai ma hpe : Hka é nga mangahpu yung hpu ja ui hkrai rai ma ai, nang nga

hkum la wa z sa gaw sa lawm su ,ngu wu ai .

Shana de tsun galaw ngut nna wa ma yang , ma

sha ui jahkrai ma hpe manawn mu ai majawn-

gang matu é sumrawn langa i m i matep ya mu

a i . Sh ing d i matep ya mu a i gaw , jahkrai ma n

chyé wu ai . Nta du wa yang, sh i a madu jan,

Hm ! hpu rawn manam ai,ngu wu ai . Jahkrai ma

gaw , Ngai hpa 11 la wa nngai , ngu wu ai . Rai ti

mung , shi tam yu yu wu yang , n -gang matu esumrawn langa i m i matep nga ai, mu wu ai . Dai

majaw dai baren numsha hka de hprawng sa wa

nna , Shi a kawa nga ai laing kata de shang mat wa

ai . Da i jahkrai ma chyawm gaw ,shi a madu jan

shang mat wa a i laing makau na nlung hta sa

hkrap dung nga nga ré ai .

Shing rai Shani shanang sa hkrap hkrap ré ai

majaw ,bi ren numsha Shi a kawa hpe , Wa 6 j i

hkrai ma nlung hta sa hkrap hkrap rai nga ai , woi

la na kun ? ngu wu ai . Kawa gaw,Woi la 11 , ngu

wu a i . Dai majaw dai baren numsha dai nlungutsa é sh i a kara hpyan lam da wu ai . Jahkraima bai sa dung jang shi a kara é hka laing de shi

hpe karawt dun bang 1a wu ai . Shing ra i Shi Si a i

majaw shawng hka hkrat si ai gaw ,dai jahkra i ma

ré ai rai . Da i gawma l gawsha galu a i majaw ya

masha hka hkrat si a i, sh ingrai Jinghpaw masha

ui my it ma ai .

3. NAT NAWNG AI .

(COMP . INTRODUCTION 8

DUMSA : Hka hpaw ! Matsaw manam nga ,Ntsang manam sa ni é;

114

DUMSA

KACHIN GRAMMAR .

Sut pungting é ning ngai,Gan pungting é chyaiHpa n nga , kungla laka 11 ga

Ngai Matsaw m ii rang ai giiru ,

Ntsang shingkang ai kabu na masai .

Hkringwa é ngai MatsawDu shing lan,

Ntsang du Sh ing hpan da sing ngai :

U Si shan shale t ya e,

U ya shan shakyet sa e .

M'

rai law ! Mali La Nau hta na ,

Nat htingtsam jung ai malaw,

Ji htingtsam jung ai Shaw ;Nang Matsaw krang de kanawm ,

Ntsang hkungri de gumbawm ;M i

,hkinjawng la hkalai masha 6,

N .gu rung , nhpang htung ,Shadu ngut , shanai bkut ,Hpaw go i ningdung é mayawn,Hpaw lap ningtsing ai sh iibawn ;Hpaw ngup reng , hpaw ga tseng ,Matsaw krang é lau ,

Ntsang hkungri hta hkrau rai sai ;Hpaw dung nawn la ,Hpaw lang krawn sha

Hpaw dung kawa i n’

lun,

Hpaw lang makai n’

gun

Matsawl

htawt h tang hta na mang mu

u,

Mats i tsa hku chyuMatsaw krang na rawt ,Ntsang hkungri nna htawtMatsaw hkring

-

yu gamoi ,Ntsang hkringdat wundoiHkrun é hkum yan,Lam é hkum hpyan

Htaw Matsaw hkring -yu shanap,Ntsang hkringdat shahkap .

Dai u i na udung minu ,u la Shinggu

SUPPLEMENT . 11 5

Htaw Matsaw ulawng hta lup,Ntsang u lawng hta sup ,Htaw d e lamun ning rem

,

Nang d e lamun ning ningran ,

Htaw d e latsa ning h-

py em ,

Nang de latsa -ning hkrau hkrau .

Matsaw sumri hta nu,

Ntsang sumdam hta gu

Matsaw hkring-y u é du sin,

Ntsang hkringdat é pru lang lungga

nga sit é.

REM . The above example Of the Kachin reli

g ions language gives in the ma in the thought,style and contents , as used 1n their everyday ceremonies . The vocabu lary and order Of proceedingswill vary if it is a Mu nat, Ga nat, or Masha nat

tha t is addressed . The usual ord er , however, i sas follows1st . Praise to the nat, extolling his greatness ,

abil ity to help, and willingness to hear .

2nd . Answer Of the nat. m aking known hisabod e , demands and general interest in th e caseat hand .

3rd . Statem ent of the case,help de sired for

whom and what ; the nat asking particu lars In re

gard to the Offering , altar, perform er, place , andtime .

4th . Sa crifice prom l sed t1me , place and other

particu lars stated comp . Spelling-Book 30.

5 th . Preparations and slaying of the sacrificethe nat priest re cites a formula for each part Of

the ceremony .

6th . Exh‘orting the mat to accept the Offeringand remov

'

e'

the trouble .

The part' here g iven is an outline of the formu

la used in part 6 . The nam e Of the person forwhose benefit the Offering (in this case a fowl ,)has been made , is La Nau ; comp . app . 1 . Rem .

V OCABUL A R Y .

This vocabulary contains a little over On e -fifth

Of all the words in Kachin . Its chief aim is to

give the primary m eaning of the words used in

the Grammar and Spelling Book .

For g rammatical term s and phrases , and other

parts already expla ined , the student is refe rredto their respective sections and paragraphs .

Compound words are given in a lim ited number,as they will be easily recognized , the ru les forth eir formation having been mastered .

No a ttempt to ind icate tones has been mad e,

but the ir importance shou ld not be overlookedcomp . 5 .

The words in a have been placed after the fullvowels .

for the various uses of th is particle see 6 . a ; 12. 3. a ; 19 . a ;5 6 . 2. g ; an 72 . 2 It.

blessing , happiness a . fortunate ;a nga a i wa

to hinder , impede , interrupt; tostrike against a thing as when

walking ; comp . ba i .

Adip akrip adv. forcibly ; by constraint; comp . dip .

Agam n . modesty , honor; v. to hOnor , reverence , agam j aw.

Agung a temptation generally agungalau; comp . gang and tau.

Agyang habit, behavior aquired by practice : comp . Bur . $10cto be striped ; to variegate withlines of d ifferent colors .

Akawk to knock lightly , to rap.

118

Ana akra

Ahpraw

rawng

S

S

S

F

F’

VOC-ABULNRY.

a foreboding , premon ition ; m makm ga a

'

i,he gives (evel) pre

monitions ; comp. hkawya .

illness, s ickness ; a malady , epid em ic .

to be near; se e ui .

to compress , pack ,make compact

to beat, strike ; comp . kag/at.

for anhté and an se e 46 .

to have reference to :; to allude,

hint at,ski hpe ano nna tsun a i;

comp . sawt. 1

directly , straightforwardly .

a person som ewhat, irrational , Sillypuerile ; comp . mana . 1 111

'

to hand over ; Bur . 908

to comm it,d eliver

,empower se

‘

e

partssee 1§

-79 .

spotted ; ateng apang .

tobe speckled .

fault , guilt, an evel '. d eed Bur .

SSQSSappearance ; likeness personal

presence ; comp . usam.

beautiful; pleasing form and countenance .

see parts .

fever (Cowrie .

to have fever .

capital ,money invested as in trad ecomp. atu

punishment, correction, d iscipline .

to pun ish , chastise ; see parts .

to rub,scour, polish .

to rub out or Off ; see parts .

to swallow eagerly to gulp ; da ishat ma i nga i kpe araw sha

“

ngun e.

1

.

Arai 1 :

Arawng

nga

A sak e : n‘

Asi J 1 l !

Asawng“

h ‘s\

t awan

A tengAtu

Atu

Ahtik

n

Abtu

Ahtawk

Ahtoi

rawng

A tsam

sha

.4

.4

11 .

V .

V .

V .

Atsin lattsu . V S

Apsu.atsam

KAOHIN GRAMMAR . 119

things , property , goods ; see mi

glory , power, honor ; mostly

to be glorious ; see parts .

lifé ; age ; Bur .

fruit; comp si and 28

to ridicule , mock, deride comp.

roi .

animals Of all kinds.

to shake , stir by Shaking .

same as ashun .

se e apang .

to shine ; atu kabrim.

interest, as On money ; Bur 90031 ;the Kachin term is gumhprawhasha; comp. a rang .

_

a history , especially of an ind ividuals pedigree

same as ahtih; most common .

to relate, narrate the history of a

certain personto strike against ; comp . htu; to

push , crowd .

to touch lightlylight se

’

e htoi .

the nam e of a traditional person ;See Spelling Book 19, third

part ; also called Ahtoi rawngP) “

to be decayed , crumbling comp.

tsamto chop, m ince atsat atsa .

to. gaze, stare at.

see parts .

to be q uiet silent atsin nga a i .

adv. quietly , Silently ; calmly , softly .

to keep qu iet.

pain, suffering, afl iction.

120 VOOABU-LABY.

pollution , corruption comp. wu.

same as awu; most common.

to pollute, defile , befoul ; see parts .

see supp . part 1 .

a place ; situation ; Bur . seq-

1

continuous, un interrupted ; comp.

gau .

fine dust , powder ayun agaw.

to scatter, throw things around ;aya i kau a i .

A zin see next.

accurately , percisely in all res

pects.

par. see 20. (a ); 24and 64. 3.

par. s ee 20. (c) ; 22. and 25 .

see 64. 7. (a) and comp . Bur .

908 :

pron . see 48 .

see 65 . 3.

as , like as; used mostly in the re

ligious language, and Often ahbreviated to n; in itself may bea shorter form of nna; comp.

78. Rem .

to overflow, inundate ; skau skating;see Spelling Book 27.

v. to conceal, hold back, as a part oftruth ; by some pronounced y ip .

122 vocARULARY.

'

Uraw

to trap, insnare as birds;see parts .

small chickens .

living animals; Opp. to usi .

medicine as given by the hats.

a cook.

a livmgmale human being ; comp .

_

kabang; mostly used in theN. L.

and by some pronounced mali .see wali; a male .

an inclosure'

for domestic animalsa barn .

a buffalo; comp . nga loi .

the y oungest ma le child in the fami ly Of a chief, succeeding hisfa ther .

pregnancy of irrational animals .

feathers .

domesticated animals;Opp. to uzai .to rule

, preside over.

a pigeon .

see 35 2 . Rem. (b.)phesant.

horns;m ore common forms nrungor ngarung .

a bird’s cage ; a basket for bring

. ing fowls to market.a dead animal; N. L . comp. u

kkrung .

fodder for cattle ; pasturage .

a peacock . Bur. 80918:

a kind of fish; used as nat Offerings .

to be sterile ; used Of animals.a Spa rrow .

a bird ’

s nest; comp. tsip .

Aw law

s a

KAOHIN GRAMMAR . 123

par. see 24; 5 8;and 85 .

adv. see 79 .

adv. l ee 83. Rem.

to snap , snatch at as a dog ; comp.

Bur . 008 .

see parts ; ma langai mi kpe gwiauh di nu a i,

to Open a little; di leap aw kau a i;coup . of hpaw; figuratively ,to speak; Open the mouth for

Speaking .

to consent; regard as correct,good , or just.to be happy , satisfied , content; tobe fortunate, prosperous ; comp.

skamwng .

to overcome,beat, conquer; Bur.

099 08 .

a custard -apple;Bur.

to be tired , out Of breath, fatigued;comp . khi , tsu, and pu.

to carry a child On the back ao

cording to Kachin custom .

a word of respect,used by a younger child to an elder brother or

Sister .

see 81 .

124

kashan

hkawm

htawt

P

P

F

VOCABULARY.

to be damp , dank, moist; comp .

mafai , and ngaw.

see Introduction 9 . (b .)to rest

,have leisure , cease from

work ; comp . sa , and mu.

to obstruct; to put up a temporarybarricade ; comp . pat.

thatch -grass before it is cut.

an ear ornament; the flat silverear -bob .

to put or place on or in ; to pour,ru bang; comp . tawn, and da .

to wind around , encircle ; comp .

labat, gumbat, and Bur . 005 .

see 76 .

to put On ,as a pair of trousers

comp . kpun .

to have fever , hkali bu ai; to be

hot with rage , ning -

gun bu ai .

to be torn with rage ; also calledhtan kaskan.

a habitation, birth-

place ; place of

origin .

to visit,especially early places Of

habitation .

inhabitants of a certain place

nanhte'

kada i bu ui ? who are you?

lit. where is your birth -

place, orhabitation ,

as the case may be .

to change place of residence ; lit.move from the birth -

place .

stout and short : stubby .

the betel leaf.a mountain .

a mountain range .

to swell , as the limbs when diseased ; comp . bawm.

a bamboo used for cooking pur

poses .

126 VOCABULARY .

Baw mung n .

Barenn

lungpu n ‘

Bram

Bran

the man next to the chief in a Kaf

chin village ; bawmung bawmang .

to swell , as from dampness .

to consu lt , counsel , deliberate to

gether ; comp. salang bawng .

a man in confinement .One confined in fetters or chains ;a prisoner .

s ee 70. l .

to swarm as bees , lagat boi a i .to lend as money or rice on interest; comp . khoi .

an alligator .

a cave where an alligator dwells ,(Kach in trad ition;) also a figurative nam e for the house (htingnu ,) Of a chief; comp. mam a)

to scatter, disperse; disband .

the same,s ee parts and 69 .

to wander about,rove, stray , brak

hkawm a i .

to seek, hunt for; used mostly upNorth; comp . tam; hka i mi bram

n ui ? where a S . Kachin wouldsay , kpa mi tam n ui

to revIve , convalesce bran wa; toreanimate , bring to health and

strength , bran shangun a i .

see skabm ng and comp . 29 .

a y outh , see parts .

to conduct funeral ceremoniesskanhte

'

da i Ladu wa Pungnganghpe habung luhkwi dum nna bru

mu a i . see Spelling-book 29 .

to destroy , demolish ; degrade;comp . kten, run, and byah mat.to Show, exhibit; comp . app. II . 2.

sam e as bya; most common form :

see parts.

KAOHIN GRAMMAR . 127

Byawn

CHY.

‘

Chyap

to be -

spoiled .

to be ru ined , destroyed ; see parts .

see app . IV . 3.

wisdom ,understanding; comp.

hpaj i and the Bur . 08 9 .

a maggot;worms, as in a carcass .

see app . II . II .to be obstructed , closed.

to happen , chance , take effect;comp . words in 69.

a kind of tree.

a place where the Bging grows;bging tu mali a i ngat, see parts,and comp . Spelling

-book 30.

to proceed ou t from; Opp. to tap .

to melt, as wax before fire; comp.

tun.

to lead to as a road to a certain

place; nda i lam icora h'kmn

bgawn.

to besmear, paint over; comp. 114;to try , experiment;same as chyam, see p arts.

to Spread ; to extend in all f'direc

tions; to be,

over-Spread ; .mgihprap lama chgam hkra ; htoi kabrim a i .

to be black.

to hire , a s a day laborer;to serve;nchgang chyang a i .

to hurry ;mostly u sed as an adv.

ckgang chyang,: comp . § 72. 2. (a;)

chyang chyang di u , do it quickly .

to know, as a dog his master’svoice ; dai gwi shi mean a nsen

chgap ai; to be a'

cquainted/With.

al‘

l l l )

128

n chy lp

VOCABULARY.

to be narrow , close, so as to hardly admit of passage , ekpat a i

sham ; to stick, be fast as when

attempting -to pass a too narrow

place ;shi .ckgatmatsai; comp . j at.to pick, as a fowl .to -divid e in halves .

to split in two equal parts; see

parts .

one half of a thing.

to know ; pronounced ckgeng a nd

ckgoi in different localities; seeIntroduction 4. (b;) ckge

‘

is

freely used with its coupletchyang,

: comp . 0’

t ning chyang ,

the omniscient one.

to know; to understand;see parts .

see parts , and c omp . 69 .

to set fire to ; comp skachgi .

to taste .

to try by tasting .

the common,long native drum

a large ancient kind of drum.

a door.

a hook , a bracket.

a bamboo floor; bamboo flooring .

the native mustard plant.

the sesamum p lant.

to be in ord er;mostly used in itstransitive form skachy ip ; nda i

am i shackgip u; comp. 5 5 .

properly , thoroughly , chgip ckg ip' laj ang i t.

lead ; by som e pronounced ju .

to depend on, to stay with; nda i

ma nang é .ckyu nga aimilk .

to suck; to nurse as a baby .

130

P

9

51

par .

VOCABULARY .

see app . II . 11 . (L)to lose the way , lam dam ai; to

e rr, dam shut.

see 63.

see supp . l .

a country ; coup . of mung .

to be worth , worthy of; to be ao

ceptable ; comp . ging and Bur .

o3$nto cu t in two , as a rope ; sumri

dam u .

to show , to indicate , point out;comp . maidun and bya .

plain ly , clearly ; see 72 . 1 .

76 .

se e app . IV . 3. and Bur . 008

to choke,

smother,

suffocate ;comp . dau .

to die , as by suffocation .

abou t;mam dang mdsum dang m i

nga M .

to be able ; to overcome , over

power, conqu er .

to ove rthrow ,subjugate .

see 35 . 2 . (d .)a fireplace in or ou tside a Kachinhouse ; ntaw dap , lupdaw clap ,

nla clap; a camp, hpyen dap;comp . Bur . 008

to prepare a camp.

coup . of hiccup; comp . Introduction9 .

ashes ; wan dap .

to loose , set free , liberate ; comp .

m w .

to send away as free ; comp . 64. 4.

to found , bu ild as a village or alarge hou se .

see 22 . as a verbal par . see 61 .

1 . (c )

hkrat

.4

P

KACHIN GRAMMAR . 131 =

see 23.

whenever , ag e a fter age ; often

galoi de a i me; coup . of j aw a i

me; de a i me hkum ya , j aw a i me

hkum pm .

to cast out, expel ; mostly used in

in the form shadan.

to reach up to a thing; dep n ni .

9

can you reach 1t.

to do, make

,form

,fashion; often

u sed as an auxiliary ; qd law di ,pyan di .

to close the ey es my i di .

to set aside ,leave ou t as one of a

party .

see part; nchyang ngai mi nga i di

da na .

to pick, as fru it from a tree or

flowers from a stalk .

t o pick and throw down; to fallfrom a he ight .

the common rice pot .

a large bow l , or pot .

an egg , see adi .

to lay an egg .

the she ll of an egg .

to be satisfied , my it dik, a i; to becompl ete , fulfilled , ahky ing dik

sa i .

to obstruct , hinder, prevent .

se e parts .

see 74 hka nang de din nga

a i,in this case din may be trans

lated as a noun , an interveningspace .

to put on shoes kyepdin din ai;comp (f.)

to be stra ight, rectilinear; m a

mora l sense to be honest , upright , true ; comp . 6 . b .

132

H 71

H H

,7

VOCABULARY .

an arch ; see part .

the sou th ; comp . nda .

see 76, and comp . man man.

the north ; also length in Opposition to breadth .

see § 35 . 2 . (d ); also pronounced

a locu s t; ding gam yaw.

to be firm ,durable , permanen t .

to cover,as with a net; sumgawn

kaba i dinggrup .

a fam ily ; all within a house .

married man ; also called htinggaw y awn a i wa .

a bamboo drinking vessel .to pass through as a pole througha baske t .

an old man .

honest , true ; see parts .

retribu tion; a woe ;to suffer punishment, or woe .

to bend low . squat;Bur . Q8.

see Introduction 9 . (a .)old ; comp . nsa .

to do w ith fu ll determ ination,

dingsa sa nna galaw.

to beckon ; question by a s ign .

a small bell .

the common small lizard .

to cut across ; go a short road .

to shorten ,abbreviate a s in speak

ing .

the world in which we l ive,ding

hta ga ,as distingu ished from

katsan ya; also called chy inghta

9“to press on or down .

to force a person to do a thing;comp. kamyet.

134

daw

Daw

hkrawng

hpum

Dawn

VOCABULARY .

pro . see § 5 l . (badv. for dai with adverbs oft ime s ee

72 . 2 . for adv . ofcomparison see 78.

conj . see 85 .w

n .

v .

Shara 11.

V.

v .

fi

F

F

.4

e

<

fi

s

s

the nave l ; see shada i .to be born; lit. cut the nave l .

place of birth .

to ' kill by hanging .

to be entangled; comp . khang .

a pack, a load on a beast of burden;also the basket used .

see 62 4

to break;divide in certain parts;n . a part , division . 1

to have something in common; tobe related ;Bur . . c ooS .

a post; see shadaw .

a stafi; comp. samdoi

the large post in front of a Kachin“house .

to take back ,nw-ithdr

'

aw as a thingoffered ; dawm la .

to geld , castrate , as fowls; (Shan)comp . dawng , mawn.

to angle comp . hkan,, hkwi .

see app . IV. 2.i i

to suddenly proj ect out from ; tobecome visibl e , dawng pm .

a flag , banner; sai l of a boat .

to swear; take an oath ; to cu rse .

sam e as dingqup ; to bow d own ;to put on, as a finger-stall.see 78

dysentery ; damn ren,v. to suffer

from d ysentery .

to rebuke , sco ld , threaten warn .

‘ to butt; da m hka t bainam damhkat a i .

great, excellent; coup. of mag/am.

KACHIN GRAMMAR .

‘

135

Baz ik

n . the earth ; the form aga is alsou sed ; also soil or a division ofland ; comp . mung.

see 5 5 . 5 .

to cleave ; split lengthwis e ;a word ; speech , language ; v. tospeak

-

ya ya a t .

v . to quarrel;u sua lly ( a law ga la; n .

-a quarrel , contention .

lachyum n . m eaning , sense , import of a word .

Gram n . see l l . Rem ; app. I .

Gam v . to avoid,refrain , abstain from . ,

Gram v . to be lucky , fortunate : gam m wnga i wa; comp . Bur .

property , wealth ; sat gan .

steel .v . to pull , d raw ,

tug; comp . karawi .

t o fire a s a gun ; to shoot as an ar

row ;pala gap .

see 40. b .

a bazaar; (Shan )to sow ,

scatter around ; nli gat a i .a bee ; see 30.

wax .

a horn et; also gatn'a ladung .

a general preformative ;comp . § 6.b .

see 80. 3.

a spid er .

v . to dis tinguish ,d iscrim inate se

parate .

a’

stamp ,a seal ; Bur ,

:also

pronounced idasik.

to stamp, s eal ; a lso called dazikdawk.

to be sweet .

see 40. (b) .

G .

136

hkrang

sup v.

htawng n .

Ging V .

Gingwang n .

rawng V .

VOCABULARY .

back and forth, to and fro; gin

hkrang hkawm a i .

to play as a child .

see app . III.

to be worthy , deserving; oftenused with dan; g ing dan .

subu rbs , circumjacent parts, as a .

round a village ; a d istrict .

to be fu ll , complete ; to have ar

rived , used of time , akky ing gu a i .see 35 . 2 b .

to bow the head or body ,a preformative; see 6 . b .

elephant grass as used by the nat

priests;gumba gungj i .a ball , a globe ; v. to round . make

globu lar; also to collect , gatherin a heap . comp . lahkawu .

an old woman .

see 35 . 2 . d .

guard ian nats ; gamgun gumpha i;see parts .

to cause m ischief, to trouble ; n . a

mischief-maker, a rebel , an nu

ruly person ; shi gumlaa kaba

m i nga a i .

to jump up and down as for joy .

a fortune -teller; a creator, gumlangumhpan, se e parts .

silver;money .

a pony , a horse .

a blessing , favor; gumring yamrat.a necklace ; a silver ring wornround the neck.

to be proud , puffed up, arrogant;n . pride .

to creep, crawl as a snake ; gumrawt hkawm a i .

138

Gawt

Gawt

VOCABULARY.

to drive as cattle , dumsa ni nau

gawt yang gaw si na ma ai; to

drive as a caravan .

to destroy ; punish , avenge ; to ra

vage in fierce anger; natgawt ai;sharaw yawt a i .

to swing ; n-goi goi a i .

see 80. 2, and 5 ; 8 1 .

to be short; opp . to gala .

to compare ; to be alike , to resemble , (Cowrie) comp . kazawt.

s teep; hilly ; lam ga‘

dawng .

to cut, to clip ;mostly used by the

Cowries ; comp . dan .

see 83.

other; masha gale. n . a part re

maining .

to put on and wear as a ne cklace;gumritgali a i .

to be long .

to roll around as in dust, wallowas in mud ; also to daub . steepas in a fluid . comp . Bur . q :

to recall, bring up again , as an old

nearly forgotten d ebt , hka galaa i; to call for vengeance , sa i . ortsu gala a i; to repeat itself, as amisfortune , gawma i gawsha galaM .

to thrust , pierce , as with a spear;77: hte galun u .

to change , as clothing, comp . kanti

gala i; to exchange , barter .

to turn over; to roll over, to roll ,gale galau; to be unsettled

,in

constant , without certainty .

see Introduction 4. 2 .

to do , work,labor, amu grilaw,

to

serve, provide , grilaw j aw,or y é

~

law ya .

KACHIN GRAMMAR . 139

Galaw v. to pacify , settle, as a quarrel,n-

gung grilaw a i; to pay ind emni

ty , as for a broken marriage vow ,

nga i e n la tang yang galaw mi;to pay a certain sum to an e ldersister, who according to Kachincustom is disgraced by her

y ounger s ister being asked inmarriage , kand hpe grilaw na;money or other articles thusgiven are called shingkawt a i j a .

ind emnity paid , as for a brokenmarriage vow.

see 74. 3. 80. l .

to strike with the back of a knifeor sword

,n—gung gamai .

nung to delay ; to be slow in acting;comp . lanyan.

see 79 .

see 5 0.

to be happy , to rejoice ; see kaba .

to shake, as from a chill; to

tremble .

unalterable , immutable ,changeable ; dingqrin.

to shout , y ell, raise a war-crycomp . marawn.

see 84. adv. aro'und , in a circle ,on every side .

see 64. 7. b; 74. 2.

see 79 ,and comp. j a, j a .

a dooly ,a litter .

see 42; adv. see 78 .

to fight, engage in a combat;comp . sat.

see 80. 1 .

a dog ;Bur . °8’to fall in, as a river bank,

v. to be pressing , urgent, serious ; tobe shortened ; shdgy in.

140

kadang n.

VOCABULARY .

to be fad ed, wilted , shrunken;

comp . ny ip .

to tie , bind , sumri hte gyit u .

unstable , changeable , unsettled .

to be hard opp . to kya, a . strong ,hard , intense , comp. ng un j a a i

,

my it j a a i, jan j a a i , etc .

see 79 .

to draw or bring water, hka j a a i .

gold ; property ; the amount ne

cessary to procure a woman inmarriage .

a chief, or other male members ofa community ; N. L .

females ,especially of a chiefs

hous ehold so addressed by the

nats .

to open the mouth widely ; thus

j a la , to gape .

a respectful female designa tion ;nga i j an, my wife , or my (elde r)s ister ; comp supp. 1 .

the sun ; also the sun nat; j an ni,

the sun nats .

for this and other divis ions oftime ,

see app . III . 3.

to shine , em it light .

an eclipse ; lit. th e sun swallowedby a frog .

see g 74. 2 .

a steelyard a Roman balance;(Ch inese )the second spokesman in a marriage affa ir .

to add on to, increase , augment .

to stick temporarily as on sand or

inmud ;li j atmat sa, comp. mam .

142

wa

VOOABULLBY.

to snatch, to seize abruptly and

repeatedly , sharaw j u a i maj awu . wa ma sai

,fig . to be impu

dent, brazen, grasping , j a a i wa,

comp. nj a .

endless , unceasing , everlasting .

to

l

take hold ; to hold , grasp, seize .

sa ta band , strap by which somethingis carried ; also pronouncedj ingpha .

to happen in accordancew ith pred iction or wish ; my ihtoi ga j una i; matsa ga j un a i; comp. dik

and yam.

to raise as a post of a new house .

to be sharp; (Cowrie ;) see da ito be set, firm ,

e stablished ; myit

j ung a i , machy i j ung a i , a chronicdisease ; comp . noi .

a corner .

to Spend , as money ; to be currentas certain kind of coined money ;da i baw gumhpraw nang ee

‘

n j a ila a i .

see Introduction 8— 9 .

early .

early , in good season; comp . 73.

for words in Jan, see app . III. II. a.

a man skilled in any art; ndan j au

yawng an archer .

to serve as before a chief or at a

special occasion comp . paj au.

to give , because requested or

otherwise inclined ; comp. ya .

ee app . IV . 3.

together, in company , in union ;

j awm galaw ma, j awm sha ma

,

nanhté j awm sa ma sa '

Jawng

hka

hkan

hku

hku

hky i n .

hkyawn n.

hkrai 11.

mm 11 .

hten vlaby e

htuk

KACHIN GRAMMAR . 143

to ride a pony or in a carriage;gumm j awn a i; leng j awn ai .

to engage in rivalry ; to compete ,contend

,amu gd law j awnq ai ,

also pronounced shing j awng;comp . j ing .

an umbrella; comp. Bur .

a school, monastery , Bur , ooqo’

c‘

:

see app . IV. 1 and 4.

see Introduction 6 and 5 5 .

liquor drawn from the rice (tsaafter the best part machyanhas been prepared , or rawn .

to separate , d isunite; comp. hka ,

a fresh water crab .

juice , sap of vegetables.

the number nine ;j ahku shi , ninety .

th e barking dee r ;Bur .Q,a wolf.an orphan .

the mother of N-

gawnwa; Kachintradition .

the price , cost, charge , worth ofany thing; comp . hpa ,

the morning .

a thresh ing floor.

see . app . IV. 3.

a frontier, boundary ;lama ga j an'

i .

native liquor.

a Burme se zayat .cause , occasion, provocation; shi

j ahte tam a i; comp. mam .

to d estroy . injure ; comp. him .

a cripple ; a lame person .

to adjust, put in order, comp.

hta/c; to spell.

see app . III . 2 .

a great nat, much feared amongall the Hill-tribes of U . Burma.

a mat for a floor or a. bed .

144

Jahtau

Kamhtaw

Kandang n .

VOCABULARY .

to write ; la ika ka a i; Ica da , tocompos e , see parts .

to embroider , maka Ira;mark withd ifferent colors .

to dance, Bur . cc ; comp . manau .

a basket; a w icker basket; theBur . QSs; comp . skingnoi .

to believe , have faith in ; comp .

sham,an ! makam.

to be w illing , disposed , inclined ,nga i Icam ga

‘

law na; comp . mayu,and 70. 2 .

for on account of; comp . matu

to shou t , ca ll aloud ; comp . gai n.

adv . loudly , j ahtan shaga n.

to force , as money , on fa lse pre

tence ; to pick up a grievance ; toaccuse wrongly for th e sake ofcausing trouble .

and mam .

su lphur , brim stone .

the stom ach,abdomen .

to have a motion of the bowe ls ;to have diarrhoea .

a carry ing -

pole such as used bycoolies .

a y oke for oxen .

to be stretched , tight , tense , opp .

to nu; comp shakang .

to go fre e , e scape as when firedat; gap m i ti mang kang nna n

hkra a i; comp . Bur . 008:

cu stom ,duties paid on goods ;

comp . Bur . (738

to be dry , as rice d ried in thesun; n ga kang a i .

146 }

Kawsi'

1 v .

v .

n 7,

hkrawng

77 77

D, 77

shingra

v.

a .

V.

n .

n .

77 NV ‘

brim ,

brawng

V .

VOCABULARY .

to put a thing so as to balance .

the trad itiona l hom e of the firsthuman be ings ;Kdang Shingra 9akaw nna da a i len .

to 00ver; cacth as fish w ith a casting -net .

big , larg e , great ; Opp . to kaj i; kaba wa

,v . to grow .

to rej oice , be glad , happy ; kdbngara .

the w inged white ant, eaten bythe Kachins .

the d eath -dance; coup. of ldhkwi;see Spelling Book 29 .

to play and dance the d eathdance ; comp . ndaw.

to be bright, shining; kabrim m inga M .

to act roughly ; to stir up a tu

mult; to be unruly .

to step on,tramp on .

to c ook, soften by cooking .

to whisper; speek with a suppressed voice; comp. kahte.

see 5 0. 5 2.

to be rambling , incoheren t, broken

, without ord er; ndai ma .htikadawn a i .

to be hungry , n . hunger, kawsihpangkam hkrum a i .

to go ou t of the way ; turn aside

from ; avoid .

a m idd le,midst, centre, kdang é

tsap u .

to d ivide in two equal parts ; tohave reached the half as of a

road , lam kaang hkap a i .

to d ivide in halves .

H 17

j awng

F’

.4

KAOHIN GRAMMAR .11477

to stumble , fall , be upse t .

other, another, not'

this but’thecontrary , opposite .

clay .

to run; to flee ; c0mp.

'

gat. e

the y ellow bead s,usual ly worn

by a chief; beads , in general s

good , well; proper, agreeable ; n

kaj a , bad , unwell , improper .

to confu se , create trouble ; to act

contrary to law or order kaj amgalam amu grilaw a i wa .

little , sma ll , unimportant; Opp . tokaba ; kaj i wa . v. to grow sm

‘

all;kaj i sha , adv. a httle , in a smalldegree or quantity .

to be very hot;j an nan kaj et a i .to be rum ored

,spoken about; to

be famou s, noted .

publicity , notoriety , fame ; a . famous, etc . , kaj a i gumkkawng

yam a i (or tsaw a i) wa , a man

who seeks fame or notoriety ,

to ca tch , a s any th ing blown awayby the w ind .

to be startled , scared ; to twitchnervously .

to roast,toast , bake by a , slow

fire ; Bur . 008.

to put or collect into heaps ;' to

crowd together as several fam ilies in to the same house ; also tomarry a deceased brother’s wife ;ga ida kahky in, same as ga idafhta .

see app . III . 2.

a kite , a hawk; also pronounced

galang; see lang .

se e 74. 2 . and comp. lang .

to l ie d own, to recline, yup -‘kdleng

a i; comp . taw.

148

nan

nau

nawn

nawng

naa

,, nga

VOCABULARY .

to slice ; to cut into parts.

see 76 and comp. man; this termis more and more used as the

Bur . comm as

to struggle , kdmu hkat a i; to forceagainst one

’

s w ill ; comp . kamyet.

to hit , as when any thing fallsupon anyone , da i hpan nga i hpe

.kamyet a i; to force , induce byforce; comp . d ip .

see 27. and supp . l .

to cling to,follow as a child its

mother.

see 80. 2 .

see 83.

se e 80. 3.

any -where every -where .7

se e 27. and supp . 1 ; comp . nu;figurative usage : the main id ea

or stay , the principle part, thefirst c os t ; wan Jinghpaw ni a

M om m i nga a i; ga ka‘

nu hkm ihki '

a i tsun u .

to go backwards , recede , drawback; kanut wa .

see supp . 1.

to associa te w i th, to accompany ,imply ing intimacy .

to thrust , push , press aga instwith force .

to be swarm ing , to abound as thesea with aquatic creatu res .

to bend or shake as the head , tobend backward a little ; comp .

nga .

to shake back and forth ; to shakeas the hands .

to remove ; to put out of the way .

to mend , to patch as old clothes .

115 0

‘Karoi

Krawk

VOOABUIJARY..0A7I

bamboos placed Outsid e a Kachinhou se to indicate that some on e

is dead , and not yet sent to then'at-countrygt also pronounced,garoi .

to make a karoi , see parts'

alsocalled karoi 140i . c

:

to warm one ’

s self by fire or in

th e sun ; wan km , j an km a i .

to proj ect, . protrude , jut out .

to cut Off as a - tre e c lose to ' the

ground ; hpan : km n Iran a i .

an altar; used mostly in the N. L .

comp . hkungri .

to finish , bring to . a‘

closegq the

form shaki’e i s m ostly u sed .

pith of a tree ; also the inner solidsubstance of a tre e , hpun kri .

to b e bare ;naked , vacant ;

to cut off, prune , 10p. as superflu

ou s branches , si mat a i laknnglaky ing ni s shi .km m kau a i

the number six ; comp 35 . 3.

th e chest , or the fpart of the bodyju st below the ch est , regardedas the

'

seat of the afiections ; us~

ual form ?bmw lawang'

, but alsocalled kmwng -lawang ;

to d ig , as into a tree ; to excavatehol low out , form a cavity, as in

a rocky mountain side.

a‘ messenger of a chief; an am

bassador .

a pattern; a model for imitation;kasi kamang

'

see 71 . 21

a ch ild ; kasha'

aiat, the first bornmale child ; kasha hpungdim, thelast ' born child

JW B"

Kashin

kashe

shungta

sh awt

tawng

hte

htet

hti

hti galai

hti gar

V .

V .

V .

KACHIN GRAMMAR . 15 1

to wash the hands or body , kashin

kamnn; comp . my it and hkm t.

to dislocate as a joint; also tosprain ,

comp . kay aw.

a grand -child ; see supp . l .

to cool , as by pu tting a hot ironinto wate r ; gang kapm a i shalai

kashu kau a i .

to wrest , take by force,coerce ,

kashun la; comp . shany en .

robbery ; extortion ,violence .

to be cold ; to freeze .

s ee app . III . 1 .

to slip , los e foot -hold ; ny e‘

ldgaw

kdshawt a i .

see 75 .

nothing ,not any thing ,

kata n nga

a i; a . destitu te , stripped , empty ; kanu kawa kata a i masha ;gumhpm w kd ta nga nnga i; V . tob e free from

,not gu 1lty of. m

kaia hka kata a i wa; pos tp .

w ithou t , wanting .

to stumble as over an obstacle ;to fall as on a slippery road .

see 75 .

to cu t; chOp, as with an ax orsword .

the forehead ; also pronouncedlahtan .

to add by placing one on another;comp . htap and Bur . 008 .

to whisper , tsun kahte a i .to be warm , hot; comp . kaj et, janja , and lum .

to sneez e .

to change as clothing ; 11 . a changeas of clothing .

to be grasping ,. c lose-fisted ; harsh,rigid , austere .

15 2

Kahtawng1393

tsantsan

tel

katsan a .

tsingtsing s i

wan

VOGABULABY.

a village ; comp. mare, and ktaw .

se e supp . l .

to sift .

the realm of the dead , the Had esin Ka chin tradition; katsau 9a ,

Opp. to dinghta ya .

to winnow by tossing up and

down .

to be cool ; nisin katsi j aw e.

to be silent, void , solitary .

empty ; void , so litary .

to be green ,raw,

unripe .

to be w ithered as a limb; to be

palsied , lagaw tata katsing si a i

masha .

to roll up , as a mat.

to wipe , clean or dry by rubbing .

for nouns in wa , such as wa dai,

wa di , etc see supp . 1 .

bamboo .

to bite,as a dog; comp. mdkm ;

also to ache, kawa machy i a i .

to go around as for inspection or

Visiting ; kawan hkawm a i; ka

wan yu ai; to encircle ; comp.

Bur . osto blow , as with; the mouth .

to lift, e levate from the ground .

to itch ; kdya ana; n . itch.

to b e ashamed ; bashful n . shame .

to go or draw in a long straightline ; comp . yan.

to strike lightly ; comp. arm.

to turn about, turn around ;change as the mind my it ka

'

y inm .

to leak a s a house or vessel .see app. III . 3.

to mix; to unite by mixing .

1 5 4 VOOABULABY .

Hka hkanu n .

matsup 11 .

11am

7, 7,

n

Hkam

Hkan

sawt .

muddy ,unclean water .

a confluence ; a place where two

or more stream s meet .

the lower parts of a river; see

hka hka .

clear, pure water, opp . to hka

hkanu; comp . Bur . oq oa$ufever; comp . am .

to have fever .

to abate or be abated as fever ;comp. kawp; th e verb, hkali bmn

a i , is also used .

to rece ive , accept ; to bear,en

dure ; usual form hkam la; comp .

hkap ,Bur . 5

,and pakkam.

to fish with an ord inary net; sum

gawn hte hkan a i; nga hkan a i

masha ,a fisherman; comp . dawn

and hkwi .

a w ild cat .

see app . IV . 4.

to follow , go after,chase; to im i

tate , copy ; comp . nang .

followers ; usua l form hkan bawphkan nang ni .

to im itate ; play the part of an

other; see parts .

to se ek, pursue ; see parts .

a pla ce , circu i t, any indefinitespace , shamw wom hkan e

“

m inga ai .

to prosper; shi a kashu kasha niring wa hkang wa ma a i .

a trace ; a foot -print , a track, lagaw hkang; a scar, nma hkang;hkang hkang , v . to imprint,make a mark as by pressure .

a lion .

a tax , tribute ; see Introduction 5 .

HkatHkawan

HkayawmHki

Hkik

Hkind ing

F’

F’

P

f’

KAOHIN GRAMMAR . 1 5 5

to reach up to,atta in to; comp .

dap and se e Introduction 9 , e .

to watch, wa it for, hhap ya; to

me et , intercept, lay hold of,hhap la , hhap j ahhmm; comp .

also such phrases as hhap san,

hhap shaj ut; to accept , agree to ,hhap hhmw a i .to d iscuss ; fight w ith words,ndawng hhat a i; to keep up , as

a heated conversation , ndanghalang hhat a i .

to be burnt , scorched , parched .

the common curry cup .

a cigar .

to be tired , fatigued ; comp . ba '

hkum hhi a i; my it hlci a i .

to be beautiful , elegant , hand

som e .

beau tifully , gorgeousljhooks or bu ttons ;also pronounc ed

hha idang .

a pole used for shutting a d oor;comp . hting gm ng .

a sieve ; hiring hking , v . to siftw ith a sieve .

a sadd le, gumm hhing .

a custom , precedent, habit; comp .

htung .

a nat-priest of the second order .

a path . a road ; comp . lam.

to make or become friends , j inghhu hka a i; to tam e , as a wild

an1mal,nga am i hka a i .

a hole , perforation ; a rent,fis

sure .

to Open wid e!y .

to make a hole, perforate .

starvation,fam ine .

to be starving , famishing .

15 6

Hkum

Hkum

Hkuugga

Hkungga

Hkungr iHkung ra

'

h

P

VooARULARY .

an animal body ; a principal part .as laiha hkam; a mass or portion of matter, as nhtoi hkam;

pron . see 5 1 .

a shape , form , appearance .

see 64. 7; v . to forbid , prohibit;to obs truct , hind er, hkum da .

see 35 . d . ; as a preformative , see6 . b

the long white pumpkin .

one,single; a lso hkam mi; comp .

38 .

mud,m ire;mortar.

a solid piece of wood or stone ,used as for a stool .twentysee Introduction 5 .

to be dry ; u sed of clothlng; comp .

hang“

and hkraw.

to intercept, to stop, hp un hawahkung a i

“

imij aw nbung n hkma i; to overshadow and thus prevent grow th , hpan hkung a i ma

j aw‘

mam si mat sa .

to respect , honor, reverence ;hkuugg

‘

a lam di .

an animal offered as a sacrifice ;comp humhpa and shriga .

a common nat altar; comp. tawn .

to marry , also pronounced hhinran; id en tical in meaning are

the terms num la , and numSheila/i .

to be ready , prepared ; shat‘

h’

katsa; to be settled , as in mind orOpinion , m

'

y ithkut sa i; c‘omp . j in.

to plant , replant . hpun klia i sa; tonarrate . tell a story , mauma

'

wihha

'

i a i .

15 8

Hkadawn

Hkyamsa

Hkyen

Hky em

Hky en

Hkala

n .

VOCABULARY.

a cricket; hhadawn hhalung , see

parts .

happiness , plea sure , rest;Bur . ans:

009 1

a goose .

to rescue , save as from drowning ;comp . Bur . gas

to clear jungle, as for a paddyfield ; nam khyen, pi khyen .

frost,snow , ice; khyen hkm t, s ee

parts .

to be in sorrow, d istress ; comp.

gawn.

red , crim son .

to break in sma ll pieces , ahhgephhgep a i .

to fall , a s a river ; to dry up as a

l iqu id .

a level stre tch of ground betweentwo hills; ahhyet hkgau lang;comp . kha

’

raw, and kddit.

excrem ent,dung .

time . se e ahkg ing .

see , 35 . 3.

the kidney s .

to expe l, force away , drive out,as nats or persOns possessed bynats , nat hhgawt a i; hpg i hhgawtai; to break away from a habit

,

hani hkgawt a i .

to wound , as by a weapon , nhtu

hte hkala a i; also pronouncedkhla ; hkala nba , n . a wound , cu t,slash , lace ration; comp . nma .

to deceive , m islead ; comp . lem.

to procure through deception ,

trickery or artifice .

the y oung of any kind of anima l;

gumm hhalunu, nga hhalung , n

hkalnng ,shingtai hkalang .

KAOHIN GRAMMAR . 15 9

Hkalau v . to allure,entice , tempt, seduce ;

comp . lan.

Hkra to hit,as a mark ; to come in con

tact with,to experience to suf

fer, m yak a i shi hkram ai khm

a i; comp . hkrum.

a tripod .

see and comp . d'a khm .

the right in Opp . to the left , pai;khm lata , khm maga ,

khm n

hhfrem. see parts .

Hkrau a s ide , as of a river , lake , road,

fie ld etc ; wom hkran, that side ;nda i hhmn

,th is side .

Hkrang to re lease,liberate ; mostly u sed

as the coup . of hkye; hkye la ,hhm ng la; to pass or send

through ; comp . khreh .

Hkarang dry land ; opp. to hka; hka , hka

m hg , lama mahhm .

Hkrap to cry , to w eep; hhmp nga hkm pngai , see parts .

Hkrat to fall ; to fall behind , hpanghkm t a i; to give , contribute

,

gumhpmw hkm t ai; to bear , givebirth

,used of animals , dumsa

hasha hhm t a i .

Hkren to pierce , send clear through;adv. throughout, from side to

side , from top to bottom ; npawtndang khi en ya a i , lit . he saw

(from) the bottom throughout

(to) the top .

to braid .

see supp . 1 .

to be sour, acid,as fru it comp .

hka .

black varnish,used by the Ka

chins .

Hkrihkraw a j oint .

160

Hkring

Hkringdat

Hkru

Hkru

Hkru

Hkrum

Hkru t

Hkra i

Hkrai

VOCABULARY.

to m ee t, encounter, khmm ya; toexperience , comp. khra; to suffer,as punishment or illness; .ari

hkram a i; md chy i mdhaw khmmM .

to live , be al ive .

to b eh old unexpectedly ; to come

.upon suddenly or by surpris ehhnap .yu .

to wash clothing : nba hkrat a i;p omp. hashin and my it.t o build a bridge, mahhm i khra ia i; thus , .hki’a i wa , a large tra

d itional bridge ; see SpellingBook

alone , s ingl e ; only ; adv. M in isha , only , s olely , singly ; pron .

see 5 1 . c.

to d elay , wait; hkum hkring a ;adv . see 74. 3.

the dwelling place of a nat;hkring -yu hkringdat.

to fear, be afraid .

dang er , occasion for fear;parts , and comp . 12 . 3. c.

to be fu ll,satisfied with food ,

shat khm sa i; comp . hat and

lawng .

to burn , consume by fire; comp .

nut.

to be good , m ostly used with thenegative ; n hkra , to be bad

,

wicked ; .comp . n hdj a and n

shawp .

see app . III .

-2.

a dove .

the ankle ; also pronounced hka

162

V .

Lachyawp n .

Lakle

Lakhtak n .

v .

n .

VOCABULARY.

to take , accept; la kau, to remove;la sa , to take , convey ; la wa ,

to

bring .

to refer to, have reference to ;also Zahap , se e parts .

a finger ring ; lachyawp chyawp a i ,to pu t on and wear a finger

ring .

magic, enchantment; lahle Sam ,

see parts; comp . mandan.

time during which a person ex

ists; de gale j i woi lah htah; Bur .

0305 0005 .

same as lalam; also used as a verb;see app . IV. 2 B li n d )

to spread out, expose tothe sun ;

j an lam a i; comp . Bur . cg$a road

, way , s treet, Bur . 0383; an

antecedent,cause or reason , same

as the Bur . so e@ 05 8, hpa lam tsun

my it ta? lam kaj i habu tsunmag/u

a i maj aw sa ga a i; lam mi gaw,

adv . again ,moreover .

a cross ing fork of two roads .

to create ; coup . of hpan.

see 8 1 .

to offer cattle as a sacrifice ; ngalang ai; comp . j u .

to carry in the hand , comp. gun

and hpa i; to take or bring along .

see ka lang .

an eagle , a vulture ; Bur . (118300.

a hawk; comp . Bur . cusses;a tower , turret; a watch -tower.

a leaf; hpun lap; shatma i lap .

one rupee ; see app . IV . 4.

the first born; see hasha lat, andcomp . Bur. m od

.

,, shap

n .

adv .

par .

adv.

KAOHIN GRAMMAR. 163

thoughts , fancies , la la waw waw

pm sa i; v. to be d im ,bl inded ,

_

my i ls la m i nga a i .

see 75 ; lem , pron. a . see 35 . 2 .

see 6 5 . 8; 70. 3.

to have passed through or be

y ond ; comp. lai and gale; shi daihhu hta ls; comp . hhmwn.

see app . IV . 1 .

to d eceive , cheat, delude ; comp ,

“

hkalem and Bur . c88

a custom ; comp . lai len.

to follow an example , to imitate .

to go abou t, to visit from place to

place; to ramble, len hkawm ai;comp . Bur .

a wave; Bur .

e

gg.

to be light , bright, visible ; comp .

Bur . CO88"plainly , clearly , Openly , distinctly .

a veh icle , cart; a wheel .to overtake , to come up with , to

catch as in a pursuit.

see 68 . 2.

see 60. 1— 2.

a disease ; the Cowrie word for

ana .

to be heavy , not light , Opp . to

sang; Bur. em s; comp . maj un.

a beat; any sailing vessel; comp .

Bur . CLBSH

to row; li htu, to push , propel a‘

boat with poles .

see 76

to overflow ;reach a certain heightas water at a flood ; to cover as

water a bridge , mahkm i lim matem .

’

to u se as paper money instead of

silver; me isau gumhp mw ling a i.

164

Luksuk

bra

jahkrung n .

pu n .

mako i v.

VOOABULARY.

to be of equal weight or value;hani j oi mi gumhpmw j oi mi lingM .

a burden, a load for a human be

ing .

see , li and 60.

see 60; Zn or la na , 62 and 64.

7. b .

to drink;to sm oke ;luhpa , n . drink;lusha , food ; comp. shahpa .

to be able , can; to have, possess ;comp. su.

a body of warriors , hpyen laksah;forces , troops .

to be round , globular; comp .

tawng , ts in, wan; Bur. cs.to be warm as clothing; tepid ,lukewarm; comp. ltd/htet; Bur

see app . I . b.

to receive and care for, willinglyand with pleasure; lum la ai;da i wa ngai hpe lum la ai .

to ascend ; go up; Opp . to ya .

a stone ; only used in composition;comp . nlung and

a s tony tract of land .

pebbles , gravel.a rock, a bowlder .

a cave ; comp . nhhun and ginlawnghku .

a precious stone .

a grave;the structure, over a grave ;comp . nsung hhu; V . to bury ;mang lup a i; mang makoi a i ,to bury ; having especial reference to sending the spirit tothe nat country ; comp. shabawndat; the lap mahoi , may takeplace y ears after the mang loop ,or mang mahm

’

.

166

Lawng

Laa

Law t

F

VOCABULARY .

any instrument,such as a knife

bone , piece of leather etc . , withwhich a man has been killed , bythe m eans Of sorcery ;comp . bau .

to send a lawng by the he lp of anat or witch ; also called lawnglawng a i .

to be satisfied , satiated , glutted ,comp . hkru; to satiate , gorgeone ’

s self, as w ith food pro

cured accid entally and unexpectedly , sha lawng nu ma sa i .

to be free , at liberty , unre

stra in ed ; comp . Bur . q S; to es

cape , gain liberty ; to be exemptfrom ; comp . raw .

a mu le,an ass ; comp . Bur . c o n.

to be easy , not d ifficult; Opp . tomu; Bur . (8 05

a. little , a few ,a small quantity ,

see 79; loi loi sha ,adv. little

in a small degree .

a d eep part of a body of water;Opp . to m i; hka laing , comp . ingand Bur .

a rest , a time of rest , laban nhtoi;comp . ban.

a collection Of fantas tically painted posts ou tside a village ; alsothe place insid e of such posts .

a pair Of trousers ; comp . bu .

a h istory ; comp . ahtih abau; labau

gawn, see parts .

the calf of the leg , lagaw labawp .

the place on a nat-a ltar where theoffering is put; also called hkridap .

see 81 .

the nose ; ladi hhu, a nostril; Cow

rie nadi .

KACHIN GRAMMAR . 167

77 77

77 77

77 77

a set time ; a d efinite period .

to pass , as the time of one year ,thus to be one year old ; ladu

lai , see parts .

a scrape .

to stretch the hands forward ; lataladawn ai .

bees .

to steal; n . a theft or a thief; laguldgut, see 12 . 3. f.

a leg , a foot .

to be lame ; see parts .

to be lazy ,indolen t, id le ; lagawn

a i wa .

to scoop up with the hands; laid

his lagawt a i .

to withdraw secretly as from a

company , lagy im sa a i; also pronounced magy im.

to be bad , d ifficult as a road , lamlaj a a i; to grow worse , as a stateof illness , machyi laj a a i .

to prepare , put in order;to repair.a hollow cy linder worn in thelobe of the ear .

a ladder ; a flight of stairs; Bur .

c ooo s

a pair of pinche rs or snuffers .see app . IV . 3.

the larg er branches Of a tree ; la“

hung laky ing ui , branches , largeand small .

a stick or wooden spoon used for

stirring rice while cooking .

flax or hemp.

see app . IV. 2.

the large sinew of the ham .

to hamstring , to hough .

to kick as a horse .

168

Lahku

hkawn

hkawn

hkawng

hkreng

n n mung

myin

VOCABULARY .

to care for , protect, guard ; usually w ith its coup . lanu.

a bracelet; lahkawn hkawn a i , to

wear a bracele t.to collect as money , gumhp mwlahhawn, khansi lahhawn a i; n.

a collection ; comp . hta .

the number two ; see § 35 . 3; la“

!

hkawng p ren ,see app. VI . 2.

a fence around a grave; lahhrengmanau, v. to dance around a

grave .

the hoof;leihkru ga , v. to be clovenfooted ; to part the hoof.

coup . of habung; by some regardedas a separate word , and used forthe d eath-dance for persons of

importance .

see 5 1 .

see app . IV . 2; and comp. lam.

to be green , savory as green grass ;tsil lai a i tsingdu.

see 35 . 2 . d .

a while , a short interval of time;ngai n nga a i laman e

“

.

a supernatural sign or occurence;comp . Bur . 3808» lamih humla , a

miracle; see parts .

the firmament, heaven; comp. mu.

to be cloudy ; overdrawn withcloud s .

to be alternately cloudy and

clear .

see 81 .

a large j oint; comp . hkrihhmw; ajoint , as of bamboo .

nails of the human body ; claws,talons .

see app. III . 1 .

booty , loot;captives taken in war .

170

LahpaW

VOOABULARY.

a bow of the ord inary kind , usedfor clay pellets; comp . ndan .

0 keep closely , be unwilling to

part with ; to regret the loss of;shi hasha hpe j aw kau na shi la

hpawt nga ai; n lahpawt, not to

begrudge , or spare; shi a hashahpe shi n lahpawt ai , gumhpmw

hpe mung n lahpawt a i .

to be or become worthless, use

less, ready to throw away , la

hpawt mat ai; shan lahpawt mat

sai; n lahpawt, to be in a d esirable condition, not spoiled or destroyed ; nam si ngam da m i ti

mung n lahpawt nga a i .

dry leaves on the ground .

a rake .

the lap; bosom .

to whistle .

a violent wind , a gale , hurrican;lam m , v. to blow a gale .

a vein; also a sinew , a tendon.

a word of contempt; comp . nmat.to d ie by accident; consid eredvery d isgraceful, and unfortu

nate; thus, lasa ya, the land ofthose having d ied by accident.

to be poor, lean ; Opp . to hyam;Cowrie makhra .

a whip .

news about a death; lasu su a iv. to call to a funeral .

see latung .

the hand ; also the arm ; lata la , V.

to choose , select; see parts.the first wife among two or more;the second is called

,lashi, and

the third lapai .the fist; see also app. IV. 2, 3.

KACH IN GRAMMAR . 171

one hundred .

n . fingers or toes of the human bodyviewed collective ly .

see 75 .

the forehead .

the heel ; lagaw lahtin.

to be qu ick, rapid in progress;lamu lawan a i wa; comp. a la

wan.

to flow as water; hka lawi ai .to put on,

as a shawl; to be warp~

ped up as in a blanket; nba htalawa i a i .

a plain; low ,level land in dis

tinction from mountains or highland ; layang ga , Opp . toabam ga .

a reel .a fan ; comp . 05 8.

to fan .

a separate finger or toe ; comp.

yung . and the Bur. moSQ:see app . IV. 2.

S

P

77 77

a child , comp . hasha; ma j angai ,a baby ; a servant , a personal attendant; shi ny e

'

a ma m i nga ai;comp . ali ama ; the inhabitantsOf a village or members of a

clan; anhte‘

lahtaw ma ui rai ga

a i; y oung and professedly immature people ing eneral; nda i kn.

htawng é ma hkm i hhm i m i ngaa i; comp . Introduction 4. d .

to be finished , ended , exhausted ;comp . mat.

Ma, or 1115. a . see 34. 38; verb. par. see 60.

6 1; with adv. 72. e; 74. 1

conj . 8 5 .

172

77 77

VOCABULARY .

a pony ; (Shan or Chinese .)a mare kept for mu le -breed ing .

a stable -fed pony or horse .

paddy , or other fe ed for a pony ;(Chine se )

same as ma lau; often used by the

Cowries where the Jinghpawswould u se , gumm shat.

fury , violence ; comp . aj a awa .

shot; mah nu, a bu llet;mak hpan,shot .

a periodical fit or epilepsy , sup .

posed to be caused by the possession of nats .

to have an attack of fit, or epi

lepsy .

the rice plant or grain;paddy ; several kinds are distinguishedsuch as , y i mam, hhauua mam,

or nhpmw mam, nbaw mam, and

ukkye mam.

to be empty , vacant; comp . ha“

man and Bur . b.

see 40. b .

to be wont , accustomed , used to,

and thus acqu ired a habit of; shida i amu man a i masha .

to be true , faithful ; coup . of dingor teng; man a i dang , a tru e ,

accepted measure, everywhere

used .

the human face ; comp . my i man.

see 75 .

a fieldg lass ; se e parts .

to be face to face ; adv. face tofac e .

sacrificial m eat , eaten only bygrown people .

coup . of my it, my it mang; v. todream ; see yup mang .

174 VOCABULARY.

the heaven , the sky ; comp . ldmuand Bur . E’toSs; the net rulingthe sky , mu nat

,

‘ thunder, a

thunder-clap , mu ngai .

to strike , as lightning ; comp .

Bur .

a thund er -bolt; see parts .

bread ; Bur . afi.see 81 .

to be simple , somewhat foolish ;mule muk re

“

d c’

we; comp . a

”gawk.

hair of the body ; comp . Za i re,

beard , fur , feathers; nga. mun, umun.

see 35 . 3.

luck , fortune ; often used as a

coup . of 9am; mun mway a i , v .

Fo

l

be lucky , fortunate, su ccessu

a country ; a kingdom; a d ivisionof land ; comp. ya. and dan; My enmung dan htan mat sai , SammungSam ya. new m i nga. d a

'

; also

pronounced , ming .

the whole earth;the world ;mung[can ya é nga M m

’

.

a word , coup . of ya; words as

given by the nats; nat tsun m’

mung , nat tsun a/i ya .

see 5 2; conj . see 8 5 . 86 .

to split bamboo ; kdwa. map M .

to be blu e ;mutmat, bluish .

to be good , w ell , proper , acceptable ; comp . kdj a .

a species of reed ; Bur . cqm.the bu ttocks .

the bamboo out of which the common drinking -cups (dinqhkru)are made .

KAOHIN GRAMMAR . 175

Mailak a stick driven into the ground forty ing pu rposes ; a tent-

pin ;

(Sham) comp . app . II . 2 .

a log , as used for timber .

paper .

v . to wonder, marve l; to be astonished , amazed .

a w ond er,marve l .

v . to be barren,unable to bear chil

d ren ; comp . nhtum.

Maumawi a story , narrative,tale ; comp .

leiben.

se e 89 .

to purpose , de sign, premed itate ;comp . mawn .

v . to de frau d , cheat;maw sha; comp .

map .

Mawm v . to taste, by pu tting a little in themouth; to nibble

,to s ip , mawm

di; jdm loz’

mi mawm dc'

yu u .

Mawn v . to purpose , have under considera tion ; amu gd law mawn mi;comp . maw.

Mawn to ge ld , castrate a hog ; comp .

dawn .

v . to adorn ,dress in fine clothing .

n . the padd ing , (generally in the

form of pillows ,) used with a

pack-sadd le .

see supp . 1 .

see 72, e; 74. 1 .

to be speechless , incapable of ut

tering d istinct sounds ; not as

strong as n shdga In cm,by whichour dumb . or mu te are ex

pressed ; also pronounced mad ;comp . Bur . 99 .

n . the Adam’

s-apple; the cr0p of a

bird .

116

Maum

H

70CABULARY.

to hold shu t up as in the mouth ,

ntsz‘

n meum a i; melut meum a i;to dissolve on the tongue , meumshe a i .

the cocoanut ; Bur . ofi s mean

hpun,mean Si; see parts .

to swallow , same as meyu; alsoat; de z

'

hpe at (H e .

to turn around , change a cours e;comp . be t and enhte

’

ye t

sumhieng mabe c'

bez’

be .

to observe , look at, notice withcare ; to keep the eye s on; mede

ye a i; comp . me .

to listen , harken , tsun e z’

ya. me“

det e z'

; to obey , mind , htet de mi

ge mede t e z‘

; mddet mere ye e a,or, mede t menet etc .

a d irection ,ord er

, injunction ,of

ten in the form of a w ill , as

wh en dy ing parents give th e final ins tructions to their children;mede t ye ; medettsun ai , v. to in

stru ct , ord er as stated ; shi whenn 371 yang mede t shi tsun ai;comp . metsun.

to leave , let remain, as one treeou t of a number , the rest having been cut down or pulled up;nemp en

'

gele bew ken nne , keengna mede t de me .

to widen , enlarge in space; maidenwe , to be enlarged, extended .

to be wet, moist; comp. medit;and 5 3. a .

a partition; a wall regard ed as a

partition ;medi’

n din, to separateby a partition.

to Wet, to moisten , comp. mede'

.

178 vOCARULARX.

Mis fits /p

grang n .

7,

to d efend; comp . mega; megewpmega , n. a d efence, or a d efender ; a prote ction ,

or a protector .

a tick .

to grasp ; clutch , as a tiger its

prey ; comp . mene t.

new sprouts;the place from whichnew Sprouts appear

an e lephant ; N . L . mene ng me”

gu n.

to be bent, curved , curled .

a knot ; comp. gyz'

t.

to watch; to be o n the lookout;to be vigilant.the woof, mej en M ; comp . anddung; a respectfu l nam e for a

woman ; see j en .

red pepper ; pepper in general ;comp . j ap .

to be m iserly , stingy , cf

ose ; mej't

e z'

we,

11 a stingy per : on , a mise r; ye mdyz at we , a q uiet person , no t given to mucl talk .

stead ine ss , perseve rancr men 92,v . to be persevering , un vavering ,steady in mind or character .

soot ; we n men.

to be g enu ine , tru e , legitimate .

a centre ; the nucleus aroundwh ich things are gathered; fromj et , to gather a t a common cen

tre ; comp . da‘

j n.

to adhere to ; to be pe rsistent ,firm , immovable .

to be heavy ; only used of humanbe ings , we mej e n cm.

to bless, consecrate , set apart forcertain use by blessing ; addmej e z

'

a t, to bless the egg usedWhile seeking the prOper place

H

krim

K ACHIN M aMMAR . I79

v. to speak has tily and impat iently ,as when angry ; maiden le e fi we .

v . to put up in a bund le ; she t me’

ke z'

a i; n . a bund le .

post‘

p beside , at the sid e of; nte ind /te e5 eye e z

'

.

v. to hide , both in trans . and intrans .

sens e to bury , lup mekoi e i .

v . to f hold be tween the teeth or thelips .

v . to bite off, as a piece ofbread3froina slice .

n . brass, copp'

er , tin ; mekri hkyeng;coppe

’

r, mam hp rew, tin, mekn

'

tsit, brass“

.

v . to smart , as the“

ey es , my i me‘icm

'

man

‘

; 60 be set on edge , as the

teeth, we mela nin e z.

for a grave ; slie t nne n ine’ie

‘

z'

e z‘

;

j em mej e i'

e e'

; ndew

comp . sh'eme n;

77; conj . see 87.

orig inal natu re or custom , meyoz

chyang e z'

bew; comp . semnengr;eds . becaus e of custom

,or for

no particular purpose , m’ej ae'

hke‘

wm e z’

.

word s w ithout particu lar meani ng still‘ in u se ; see also Intred‘uction 7.

ind ication as of ability , sk ill ortalent ; comp: keme ; dumse

' m e

ke p ru nge ea, also ability , talent , nda i me ndup

' meke kep a i .

embrmd '

ery ; comp. Ices

to bit e the lip ,as when an

‘

g'ry ;

nte‘n melee ,comp . mekre

'

ng .

s e e app . iii‘. 2; a lso pronounced

180 VOOABULARY .

Makru

hkawng v .

hkyit v .

hkrai n .

la v .

lang v .

lap v .

l i hka

the three stone s supporting a

cooking pot .

the first and bes t part d rawn , as

of liquor , tea , etc . , j erumeckyen,

palap mechy e n; comp . j ebe .

to be ill,sick

, not well ; coup .

mdke w.

to Open ,as the mouth in astonish

ment . me n ind/l ire nga; to be

Opened ,as a d oor .

the brim , or upper edges of a ves

se l; Opp . to htumpe .

a trap; comp . hkam.

a noise , sound ; comp . nsen.

a hook ; hp re'

mehke i, v . to hook .

chaff, the coarser part of husk ;comp . hkunn

’

.

a y oung g irl , a maiden .

to sing , chant ; mehkewn mengoz'

nge e z.

to gather ,collect

,hoard .

to scra tch w ith the nails .

a bridge ; comp . hkra/i .

to pry , bend open with a lever .

see 5 3. b .

to forget; coup . meld; melep meltken e z

'

; se e parts .

the number four; melt shi , forty ;melt p ren, see app . IV. 2 .

the Kachin nam e for the Irrawaddy .

a crane .

a forest , woods .

to scald ; soften by the means ofhot water .

tobacco .

to loosen or be loosened,as a

‘

nail,rope etc . ; to be out of joint .

naW l l

run~

ra 11

V .

a grea t feast or dance; v . to danc eat a memen comp. Ice , and ne e ,

to spread the feathers of thetail as a peac ock .

to reach. down and take or pullout, a s money from a bag .

to ! envy ; to; view with jea lousy .

the number five ; Bur . c'

l .

s'

ee app. HI . l .

to put or be upon, mere de a i .

fault, comp . re ; guilt , mere nge

ei ; comp y ebek.

rain;mereny hte , v. to rain .

a vil lage large r than a kehtewng;a town .

see 78 .

to buy , purchase ; nid ri le , se e

parts ; opp . to dut.dew; comp . se imen; meri hkye t,se e parts .

to have a strong desire for; to be

greedy , as for any object of en

joyment ;gwmhprew hte my it me

to choke , as when under wa te r;sha

'

like hte me rit si a i .

to long for , to de sire earnestly oreagerly .

twins; v . to be alike and thusconfusing , ge maw n e i .

the spine ; sp inal column; me rungktingye , v . to be bent

,as of age ;

mereny' htinggaw, to be hump

backed .

an ind ividual,a single person ;

merei 'gede awme ta?a kind of tree from which a nar

cotic bark is ob tained,used! in

fishing;me me m e i ; comp . m .

n .

v .

S i t n .

sum

KACHIN GRAMMAR. 183

Sign .

to point , make pointed ; to be

pointed , and thus sharp ,

the mind ; comp. sin , and myit

to be angry .

a comb; v. to comb;comp. gut, and

a stand ing Opinion, report , or ru

me r, becoming , or being act ed

upon by , a nat, (the merew net )to th e bu t of the ind ividualunless prop erly propitiated ;memw [rep or lewt

,v . to be under

the influenc e o f the M d ’lfl w,

‘ merew raw or hpe , to propitiate themerew by sac rifice; c oup . nhtemhkrew.

to shou t, scream; comp. ye

to be acrid , biting to the taste,

and thus caus ing an itching sen

sation ; de i namsi mese a c.

to be beautiful , pleasant to s ightor hearing; wore bum ge e and

se n nge e i .

to mark, sign,d istinguish by a

mark ' mese t le ike , n . a mark,a

to lie; to fe ign; to make a false

pretence ; mese a i we,n . a liar .

the number three ; mesnm pren,see app . IV . 2 .

sharp bamboo sticks , or slats .

to stroke , to pe t.

a man ,one of the human race ; a

strange r, another than one’sself;mdshe nem,

another man’

s

wife .

a house and premises , outside a

villag e;whe re common sacrificesare offered on special occasion s .

184

htang

n .

E3

n .

VOCABULARY .

the small of the back; the waist .

to l ick,to lap .

to put close , to tie together; toclip , zanden hte metep e i .

an end ,extremity , point; comp .

nchy e n .

children,ofi- spring , issue ; nga i si

ti mung , nga“

e mete nge nge a i .

see 20 b;to j oin ,

connect, link; to mediate .

to bring toge the r by mediation,as two parties at war , metut ye ,me

‘

tut menoi , adv. successively ,in order; metet menoi ke de e .

vengeance , revenge ; comp . te i;mete i de wp ,

v. to avenge , re

venge ; i i . an avenger .

to sw ear,curs e ; metse ge , profane

languag e .

to be poor , destitute , helpless;coup . meg/e n.

to have pity , compassion ; see

parts .

to d espise , scorn;metse t shebet, n .

refu se , fou lness , d irt ;a . disgusting , d istastefu l .th e number e ight;a wild beast; metse ldbye, W ild ,carnivorous animals .

leaven , yeast .

to keep in m ind, myit hte metsing

de a i; to mark,observe .

a stopper, as for a bottle .

the upper reg ion; the space abovethe clouds; inetsew ,qe , or ntse ngge .

to be engaged , bound by pledgeor contract; wehten de a i nem,

n . a betrothed woman .

see 5 0.

186

Mazing

chy ing

VOCABULARY.

n . time in duration, comp . ehky ing;na ne

, adv . s ee 74. 2 .

a period of four days set apart forthe shedip ne t.

to observe the du ties of the na .

a period of two days for the sam e

purpose .

very ; used only in composition ;comp . te .

very , exceed ingly ; bey ond whatis right or prope r .

to be g lu ttonous ; nekm hkinj in,n . a glutton .

to feel ; comp . dam.

pron s ee 49; noun affix, se e 2 2. 23;

verb . par . 5 9 . c; 60 b; 6 1. 5 a .

the ear ; v . to hear, na na a i;comp . Bur . 91 :

0 be deaf; comp . Bur. some:a harrow; from hkan-na , and liking,native plough.

see supp . 1 .

to be soft, fine in .texture ; _nemnem, a . soft

, fine .

a jungle; comp. meline.

mind , emotion, thought; coup.

meng .

to be hard , obstinate; see parts;to be settled , convinced , ready toagree .

to be troubled , see parts; 11 . trouble

,d istress ;my it m my it m .

to be doubting , uncertain .

to think; reflect in m ind,to pon

der ; also called my it ln.

to put in order, arrange; comp .

Namchying

htawt

KACHIN GRAMMAR . 187

the brigh t top-

part on the tuft orcrest of certain birds ; ngew

hkenyre ny hpe yew nemchy iny

ye de t we a i; he gave the eye‘

w

hkunyre ny his (bright) topfeathers;

”v. to be fleshy , ruddy ,healthy lookingflower; see parts .

fruit in g eneral; comp, e si .water ; (Sham) for words in new

see app . 11 . 11 . 4.

nen, and nenhté , see 47 48 . 49 .

5 1 .

see 47.

see 75 .

to be intoxicated , fern ne ny ai ;to be in a s tupor .

to burn, d es troy by fire; wen lite

ne t ken a i; comp . ble w.

a nat, Bur . sod; comp. Introduc

tion 8— 10. coup . j i .to offer to the

“

nate; enhte‘

j i .j ewne t j ew a i meshe i

'

e i ye a i .

a place set apart for the nats;from net, and Shem .

to punish as a nat; to be ill on ao

count of the mate.

a bamboo vessel used in t he nat

service .

t0‘

b e short, low , not tall or high ;comp . Bur . i § ~

to regre t and thus to repent ;my it nem, ynbek nem; Bur . i“?

th e mucus of the nose ; comp 98

to spread as a mat or cover; j ef‘

hte i nep , p enep nep e i .

to be near,

not distant; comp .

Bur . $8 andse e 1 5 . 1; 6 1 . 1; 6 5 . pron .

48 .

nnan

VOCABULARY .

see 39 .

a day , Opp. to ne ; comp . sheni ,74, and Bur. ca.

see supp . 1 .

to be tam e,d omesticated ; opp . to

tse i; comp . Bur . $08, and sheni .

a y ear ; comp . sheniny and 29 .

38.

see 82 .

see 6 . b . ; Introduction 4. b .

strength , valor; ninyj ep me ny , v .

to exhibit strength or valor .

to overshad ow,shinynip nip; comp .

Bur . 88 .

see 64. 3, 7. a; 65 , b .

a mother; comp . Irene .

see 61 . 3, 4; 64. 3.

th e brain; comp . Bur . ga ss es.

to be slack , not stiff;nke ny ; shin

yri nu a i .

see 6 . b .

to prevent, hinder; to intercept,comp . den; coup . numwe n; mehpriny ywi lewny we e hkum numden,

may the barking of the d ognot prevent etc .

a woman; comp. Introduction 4. c.

a bride ; see parts.

a person appointed to attend a

bride on her marriage day .

a fem ale , Opp . to leshe; nemekeme , a y oung girl .

to be elastic, tough .

the yam root or plant.a. yam with a dark purple root.

the comm on Sweet potato .

the comm on large kind of yam .

see supp. 1 .

see 79 .

to dance ; see menu/e .

190

Ngam'

ai

jéhkrawn 891)

Nga

Ngang

VOUABULARY.

‘

fish, a fish; comp. Bur . di s

d ried fish .

the scales of a fish .

to be aslan‘

t; to lean a little toone s ide

, n gyang ai; comp .

kenye .

to be old ; to lean, as it were ,toward s the grave ; shi ep

'ret nye

a i ; shi'ep ret n

fnye~ai si me t sa i .

to leave , let remain; to set asid e ,nyem de ; comp . di de , mede t de ,hti nye , and y it nye .

to“tas te of salt; to be prOperlJy7

salted ; j amnyem ai; used mostly by the ‘Kahko’

s w here the

Jinghpaws w ould say , j um mue i; Opp . to j am hke a i .

‘to be firm ,s trong, durable ; comp .

yeny .

to ‘be salacious lecherous ; ngeng-nye e i , to live 111 a n unrestrained ,salacious, riotous manner.

t o speak , tell, d eclare ; comp . nye ,

and ng'

oi .

to be finished, completed , donecomp . kre, and 6 1. 2. b; coup .

di e.

see 46. 47; a.

to be prosperous, and thus to

have plenty and be contented ;coup . ngamu; also used as an

adv. shi ngamu ngamaz'

a nga

nga a i .

ca ttle o f the bovine genus; comp .

yam nga .

a tamed bison; nga hpaw lam,a

Wild bison .

a heifer; comp . upm .

an ox; a beast of burden,comp .

m enus GRAMMAR. 191

Ngawn

n . a bow .

v. to d ispute, ,contestpfi dang .hlgat,to deny , _

contradict.

to be pleasant, agreeable ; to re

joice, be happy ; coup. of pyaw;comp . Introduction 4. c, and

”gwi .timber, material for a house ; the

pieces of timber, serving as

joists for a floor are nam ed ,dingbat, ngaudang , or ngaur

fmg ,dinghkan, and um

,the chyang

hkyen, is put on the ulu; camp.

ldpa , share, shddaw, hkaula, am“

the ornamen ted binder, by thestairs of a

_

Kachin house .

a sound , a noise; produce a

sound ,

to be gentle, mi ld , peac eful; nn'

ngawn, n. peace, happiness .

sign of the negative see 67; sign

of the second per. sing . se e

conj . as an abbreviation of mm

, see in; as a possibleabbreviat

i

on of ning, s ee Introduction , 4. b.

a c over,blanket; comp . hpaj awng;nba, hpun, v . to cover, as with a

c over, blanket etc .

rattan ring worn by the Kachinwomen around thewaist.

the back,_ part aof a Kachin house;

Opp. to ndaw.

the atmosphere; air in motion,w ind ;mbung bung , v. to blow .

see mam.

Wid th , breadth, in Opp. to length;comp . dimdung ; gdlumdgq , nda,

192

kaleng7, 7,

N-

gamyaw

N-

gang

F’

VOCABULARY.

to prom ise , as a nat, an offering at

a stated time ; nat ndat a’t'

.

here,a shorter form of nang de;

see also 79 .

to be bold ,fearless in speech; to

be blu stering , assum ing , mien j aor ta i

,ndai wa mien j a d c

’

we re“

see 35 . 2.

a bottle .

an upper end , Opp . to npawt; a

top , extrem ity .

the jack tre e ; ndung hpun, ”dungsee parts .

a blacksmith .

the space outside the front part ofa house; comp . nbcmg; ndaw kai

hkm ng , v . to dance a fune raldance around the gé rai; comp .

ldhkreng mduwa; ndaw m‘

,n . the

two spears carried in front at afuneral dance; ndaw ba te—dim,

comp . nau baw etc ; see also Ira“

bung dum; the kdbung dum al

Way s takes place inside , and thendaw kdhkm ny outsid e the

house; also pronounced utaw;see 75 .

live coal ; wan n-

ga .

a sheath , for a knife or sword .

the front part of th e body ; manandya .

to lay prostrate on the back ; alsoca lled n ya kran, comp . ny umup .

see 79 .

a precipice ; an abrupt or steepdescent; comp nhkap .

a locust .

a shield .

husked rice .

194

hkyau

hkrem

h'

krut

langli

3, H

ma

nan

ngawt

VOCABULARY .

a steep hill; comp . n-

gam,

‘

a . steep,somewhat precipitous .

see 84. d .

a hole in the ground , a pit; comp .

him, and g inlawng hi m.

see mam nhkye.

a knife .

a sickle,a scy the .

a side ; comp . gd rep ,and mega ;

nkkrem dc kd leng , or taw, V. tolie on the sid e .

a grind -stone .

see 35 . 2 . d .

seed , grain used as seed ;mam nlz'

,

or man li .an after-

growth , as of grain; anafter-math ; a gleaning .

to harvest an after-

growth ; tocut an after -ma th ; to glean .

a stone ; comp . lung .

to conquer, gain a victory , hpyennlaw ad; comp . pddang .

a wound , a cut , a laceration .

a tail .a harvest; nnmt ta , time for the

harvest .

a festal pole ; comp . app . III . 3.

a high-road ; nmaw lam.

for the usages of this word see

23, 8 5 , 78 .

to be new ; Opp . to nsa .

or nnang nawn,an

‘

earth -quake .

see 6 1 . 1 . a .

to be untiring , indefatigable ;coup .

of n j an, gun n ngan, hpa i n j anodor as from fields or gard ens ;comp. sung .

n .

n .

ren

rum

v .

n .

sam 11 .

n .

rawng v .

m m81 n .

19 1c GRAMMAR. 195

the front part of a Kachin house,(covered but w ithout floor,)Where the animals are kept orfed , and general work is done .

see 75 .

a place , as for the head or feet,baw nhpang , lagaw nhpang; a

foundation , origin; coup . ofnpawt.

to vom it , throw up; used mostl;r

of grown persons; comp. inadawn.

dust , as from a road ; nhpu mawng ,v. to be dusty , clouded withdust; nhpa hpan, to fly about asdust. Bur . a} .

a bone , nm t nm ; charcoal.a m easuring ,

rod ; shadawn nren.

a help ,or a helper; nrum ntau;

comp . karam.

a horn .

to be old ; often pronounced ning3a , or dingsa .

breath , life , nsai'

nsa; nsa sa , v. to

br eathe , to inhale; nsa Shaw, to

exhale;nsa hti , or kau,to expire ,

g ive up th e ghost .

power , ability ; nsam hkrat, v . to

d isplay , exhibit power .

as, like as , . sim ilar to; da i gumrany e

‘

a gumm nsan nga az'

; comp.

sam, and zawn.

(good) substance or quality .

to be of good , substantial qualityand thu s nourishing ; nse sawngaz

’

mam; naz’

se.

an ear of corn ; also pronounced

.grain and herbs of all kinds.

darkness .

196

shangshawngta

tawthtan

n Shad

htang

hten

htu

htung

htaw

htawm

htoi

wawt

Nyet

fi

f’

F’

F

F’

F

adv.

n .

n .

n .

adv.

n .

n .

n .

pron11.

V .

VOOABULARY.

to be dark .

a grave; nsung hka .

to m im ic; n sawn n sang dc, tomock , rid icule .

the loins .

a beginning ; comp . shawny .

a house .

a threshold ; a d oor-sill .to act On the Opposite .

to be contrary , Opposite; adv.

against, in opposition to .

to turn around; adv. around ,round abou t.

see 76.

a long knife , a sword .

a bamboo water vessel , in whichwater is brought and kept inthe house .

a brand .

see 68. 2 ; 87.

light; the light of day , and thusa day , Opp . to nsz

’

n; nhtoz'

shdguaz

’

,an even day ; nhtoi skaj e, an

odd day .

to be or become light.or postp . see 84.

water as used for drinking , or

household purposes.

an axe .

a d iviner; comp . shaba wawt.see 49 .

the nam e of a traditional bird ,

Nny ing nyet u, see next;Nnyingnyet a nyet nna , Sha gaw, nga az

‘

,

Np ring p ri a many etc .

to d eny , d isown, contradict; comp.

to take, procure a thing on false

pretence , nyen la at.

198 VOCABULARY .

a part , subd ivision ,as of a tribe ,

clan , or congregation .

amber; glass .

to obstruct ; to shut up , as an old

path ; comp. bat.

to be flat; patpat, a . flat and al

most round ; shaby z'

ng patpat.

a club , a mallet .

see app . IV . 1 , 4.

to bloom ,Spread open as a flower;

comp . Bur . <3: 11 . a bud .

to be tired,ache

,as from over

work , or when pu tting forth a

continued effort . comp . tsn .

a snake ; comp . lapu .

a kind of serpent .

a cobra .

a py thon .

a viper .

the bowels , intestines , guts ;comp .

Iran .

the large intestines .

the sm all intestines .

a green bamboo vessel in whichrice is prepared .

the head ; u sed only in composition .

the top of the head ,bawp angdz

'

ng ;

the top of a hill or a mountain ,

bum pungdz'

ng .

the skull ; pungkam nm , bones ofth e skull .

to be gray -haired ; coup . panglaw;

panghp raw panglaw a z’

gaw ka

nz’

ng n di .

to kiss .

to grumble , scold ; comp . ngun .

the left; comp. hkra ; paz’

magalam

,see parts .

Pawn

Pawng

gawn

hkam

H 7,

V .

KAOHIN GRAMMAR . 1 99

to protect , lead ;comp . ban; to add ,m ix , as poor elements or partswith good ones , for the sake of

fraud , 9a pan at; kanz’

pan at;hpalap pan az.

to be plentiful , not scarce, Bur .

ed !.

to appear , to make an appearan ce ;to come forth

,as a prophet or

some great rpersonage , paw pru;Bur . GOT.

to carry in the arms , as a motherher child ; comp . ba .

to add, collect , unite in one ; Bur .

0018

a feast; comp . manau; Bur . ga victory , comp. dang , and nlaw;

p a‘

dang manau, see parts .

without thought, or consideration , n gawn at; carelessly , negl igently , w ithout thought orconcern ;pagaa n gri law az.

a s ecurity , one who goes in security ; comp . hkam.

a miss il, an arrow ,bullet

,a can

nOn ball; comp . mak.

a butter-fly .

the -sting of a bee; the point of aserpent

’

s tongu e .

a strip of bamboo,used for mats ,

baskets etc ; and for general tying purposes; Bur . $3

to split pali; pali malt, to whittlea pali .

a jacket, a coat .

a mat or a mattress , used as a bed .

to be clean, pure , beautiful; comp .

to come -forth, as insects or worms

after a rain; kaban prang a il .

200

Praw

VOOABULARY.

a plain ; a m oor.

a partridge .

a rabbit, hare.

age , comp . asak; an age , generation, cycle;prat tap , a whole age,see 35 . d ; adv. ever, perpetually , eternally .

to be equal, similar, matched ;comp . bang .

to be flat,comp . pa; aga gaw p ren

pren pa pa nga at; to be equal ,on the same line or order, m ostly used as an adv; hpyen ma m

p ren p ren pa pa tsap nga ma at;also pronounced bren.

to b e straigh t, not crooked ; to betall and straight , as a tree;comp .

ding , and yang .

to be smooth ,even on the sur

face ; shadaw a pri sha yattaw a;nda i pri nga at .

to pervade , d iffuse, spread overall the parts; da i ya mung p rim i sai; to be filled with; Manmaw ga ka

'

la p ri m i sai .to go or come out;pru sa , pm ma ,see parts ; comp . shapraw; to

rise as a celestial luminary , j anpru ,

shata p ru .

to boil ; to bubble as water whenboiling ; to sprout, tsingdu prutac.

to be efl'

aced, worn away , hkang

p raz’

mat at; to be erased or ohliterated , la ika tsi pra

‘i mat ai;to be leveled to the ground , as

a form er grave, prai mat az’

lap .

to ra id burn and plunder; bupraw de nang yang ningj ap many .

a comb; comp. mdsz'

t.

Hpalap

“VOCABULARY.

se e 75 ; hpang hkrat, see parts .

see Introduction 9 . a .

to be thirsty ; comp . on.

se e 20. 21.

se e supp . l . hpa shawny—baw—doi ,see parts, and comp . app . I . b .

to be of value , worth ; to be ex

pensive ; comp . j akpa ,and mdnu .

to ho ld in the arms, to embrace .

to be fat, corpulent , plump .

to lie down , to lay ; used of animals, and especially of birdswhile hatching .

manure .

to dress; to put on and wear a coat,“

palawng hpun a i; comp . a lso nta) hpun, Bur . (p and j dhpan.

tea ; the tea plant; also pro .

nounced hpalap .

to be numb,benumed , without

feeling ; lagaw kpam n-makpam a t .

to create,form

,set in order;coup;

lan; Bur . hpan dd .

to manipu late th e body in nativefashion

,as for cramp or general

debility ; hkum hpan at.

to indicate , denote by a prom ise ortemporary gift, any permanent

gift to be given in the future;hkagmwz

'

Icadung hpan at; sha“

bw e’

hpan a t“

; comp . shanpan.

to begin , make a b eginning , nda i

amu nang hpang a , or ga’

law

hpang a ; to start at a work so

as to es tablish a claim , nda i y z'

ngaz‘

hpang we a i’

; to be first, tohave begun first , nda i amu ngaz

shawng galaw hpang we a i; comp .

n .

Hpundawnghkaw

13Wel l

rawng v.

HpungHpungdim

HpungkawP n .

Hpunglum

Hpunglum n .

Hpungtang n .

Hpungi

-

yawt v .

KAOHIN GRAMMAR. 208

clothes .

a tree;wood .

a log , a large piece of Wood .

an ordinary log .

a plank , a board ; comp. Bur. «jgQ9 :

see Introduction 5 .

a standa rd , mark, d istinguished

pre eminenc e; anhte’

j z'

woi M a

hpunda n dep la ya at.

glory , honor, hpang shingkang,comp . Bur. oq$s

to be possessed of glory , great ihfluence , or a commanding . ap

e

pearance .

a gathering , congregat ion; a herd ,a flock;masha

'hpung; saga hpang .

se e 64. 7.

the las t child born, .kasha hpangd im; some times used in Opp . to

hpang rgam; see parts .

the heavy skin enveloping . the

lower parts of the elephant bamboo .

a nat priest of the third order;the one arranging the parts of

a .sacrifice; coup . hpungh'

.

hot water; comp. tum,and attain;

the e cho; the reverberation of a

sound ;hpunqtang tang , v. to echo,to cause an echo .

to swim , hka hpang-

yam} a i; comp.

byan.

the knee ; comp . takpat.

to bend the knee , comp. gamba , tos it d own, to squat in nativefashion .

the measles; kput hput at, v. to

have the measles.

204 VOCABULARY .

77 H

Hpawm

Hpawn

Hpawng

Hpawng

Hpawt

a kind of basket; the Bur . sad.

to carry on the should er; comp.

gun, and lang .

see app . IV. 3.

dice , pieces used in gambling .

to gamble ; to cast lot; comp.

Bur . ts.

see app . IV . 4.

to be naked ; to appear w ithoutclothing ; comp. singga M in.

to Open as a door; Opp . to la; coup .

of waw; to bubble up as waterout of a spring ; fig . to speak,comp . aw.

comp . lahpaw.

a lea f laid side -way s .

a leaf (lahpaw) laid lengthw ise atthe bottom of a bund le or packet,midd le aged woman .

to be bitter, acrid , as certain kindsof fruit; comp . hkap .

to act in concert, or partnershipcomp . j awm, and Bur . 005 .

to collect into one place or centre,comp . gumhpawn; hpawn dz

'

ai’

;hpawn tawn da ai; shingggz

‘

n,

and lahkawn.

to gather, congregate; comp . sup ,and Bur . 9 0c

a. raft, a float; Bur. oeoE; hpawng

yawng . v . to float a raft .

see j ahpawt; for adv. in kpawt,see 74.

to lose or have lost taste,flavor

or re l i sh , as salt, fruits, or

fluids; comp . sha or jahpoz'

.

trade; kpaga ga , v. to trade ; hpaga , is at times used for traders(kpaga masha,) or a caravan.

206

rani

VOOABULARY.

a war; comp. maj an; hpgen gasat,v. to fight, see parts ; hpyen masha , n . a soldier;hpgen shamawn,to set in array , prepare for an

engagement .

a witch; a man or a woman pos

sensing an evil Spirit .

to be bewitched, or under the in .

fluence of a witch ; for formssuch as hpg

'i lu— su, and shang ,see parts .

the skin, bark; shan hpg i , hpun

to wish, desire, long for; to like ,and thus to desire , in the last

sense as coup. of tsaw.

to be even , smooth , not rough .

to be wanting , lacking; to be im

perfect , d efl cient in a moral or

ethical sense .

see app. III . 2.

see l . b .

to be enough , modera te , reasonable ; comp. hkau.

moderately , temperately , reasonably .

the age ofpuberty ; la ram,hkawn

ram, youth , having arrived at

pubescence.

to assume a false appearance; tofeign, practice hypocrisy , see

parts; hpgz'

hpun az’

wa , n . a

hypocrite , a pretend er .

to err, s in

,transgress; coup . of

shut; Bur . @8.

to hang, be suspended , as a bell .

j inghkys fl.

KAOHIN GRAMMAR. 207

to be scarce, as work, amu ran ai;to be few and far betw een

, as

larg e trees in a paddy field,kpun fran a i ,

to become cold and stiff, as a

corpse , mang ran a i .

to cross , as a river, bridge etc, to

cross by sw imming, wading or

any other way .

se e supp. I .

to wound , as by striking againsta sharp obsticle .

to tend , watch, as a herd of cattle ;nga rem, n . a herdman .

to be too long , as a rope used for

carrying purposes; sumri nau ren

ai; thus shd ren ai,to lengthen .

to be of fine , good , and subs tantialquality , reng a i palawng; to be

qu ick, soup . of lama,reng lama

ma ni; to be uncommon, d istingu ished , comp. Bur . oq soo$s shinang a i wa mi nga a i

,to act

boastingly , to feign; coinp . ska“

to cut, to clip, to shear, zandau

hte rep ai; comp . zen.

to saw , tsingnet hte ret a i .

see mi , and 69 .

s ee 35 . 3.

see 70. 3.

a cord , string , thread , yarn.

a Skein or bank of thread .

to Spin, prepare ya rn.

a spear.

to throw a spear at anything distant; comp . galun.

weapons of war; Bur . cc oSwS.

the ratan vine.

a specie o f retail ;comp . Bur . @ 8:fl .

208

S‘

F‘

P

VOOABULABY.

to catch, seize, arrest, rim la; shi

hpe rim la u.

to becom e dusk; comp . nrim, and

hpm’

m,

‘

see app . III . 3.

to grind , as m a mill; comp . htum

rin.

see 6 5 . 2 . b-c .

see 6 1 . 1 . b; 5 . b .

to pound the paddy for the firsttime; to take off the larger husk,mam rip a i .

to braid ; to twist , as while twisting a cord

,shingri m

‘

t a i .see 64. 2 .

to be hard , d ifficult, troublesome,bad , u sually with yak; m yak a i

sham law nga ai; at tim es ru is

used with hka as a noun ; Tu hka ,a grievance , difficulty .

the root of a tree; hpun m .

a vine,a climbing plant.

to pou r out, spill, shed ; comp . mbang

— dat—kau .

a water-fall ; rum hkrat, see parts .

to have a common centre or ori

gin; kanu kawa rum a i; comp.

marum,and ddj u.

to fall out, as the teeth because ofage , wa rum a i; to break off, as

small pieces from an edge-tool,

nshan mm ai; to pick off, as the

grains from an ear of corn .

to tear down, as an old house ;comp . bga; nta run kau na .

a court-house; Bur . 55 :to be , see 69; to make

,create

,

coup . o f sha i , see Spelling Book28; to put up, stay as over nightin a place , da i na wom nta hta

‘

anhté m i na ga ai; m i sa , adv.

210.

Sakse

n n hkam

VOCABULARY .

to pack , crowd into , as paddy in a

basket , mam sak a i .

a witness ; a testimony , evidence ,Bur . 03080430.

to bear witness, give testimony ;see parts .

a Shan ; Sam mung , Sam maska ,Sam hking , se e parts .

to appear , seem ;m i sam a i , it ap .

pears to be so; ntsin n mwngsam a i , there does not seem tobe any water .

to ask a question , to inquire , interrogate ; shi hp e San u.

to be clear, pure ; to clean , purify ,comp . Bur . oo$g to mend

,feel bet

ter , as after an illness .

to u se one obj ect , instead of, and

in the sam e way , as another ;thus to use paper notes insteadof coin , maisan hte gumhpmwsang a i; comp . ling; to pay as

with cattle , rice etc . , when cashis not obtainable , nga sang a i; to

give , as a cow instead of a slaveat a marriage, magam sang

-

a i

nga; to treat a free person as

though he were a slave, magam

sang ai; to call by a false name ,

amging sang cm.

to put someth ing between two

parts, as when packing , lahpawsap ai; to make. d ivisions, as between different layers .

to kill , masha sat a i,to quench

,

extingu ish , as fire, wan sat a i ;

to cut down, as trees for timber,hpun sat a i ; to step, as a d iscuss i on , ga sat ai; comp gasat. andBur . ooo

'S.

xAcRm GRAMMAR. 211

see 61 . 3. a“

, and 4. a .

to cut or pick off, as flesh fromhouse; comp. gu, and sep .

to land , as a heat at a land ingplace ; to be moored alongside a

wharf, sek nga ai; Bur . cacti; iisek ai sham ,

n . a landing place .

0 be even; of the same formor

height; opp . tomahting.

see 35 . 3.

to concern, relate to, appertain to;da i ngai hte seng a i amu; comp.

Bur. 388.

a shop, a stall;Bun-388.

to remove, clear out, as thingsfrom a house , nta seng ai; to pu

rify , cleanse ; in the last sense

as coup. of geng.

a top, a child’s toy ; seng htawk, v.

to play with tops.

to peel, as patotoes; comp. se.

scales of a fish or other kinds’ofanimals ; sep gu, v. to Scale, as a

fish .

to add on to; to enlarge by addition; comp. j at.to d ie, expire, masha si mat ai;comp. Bur . c oo; to be extin

guished as fire, wan si m i sai;comp . htan.

a kind of pottage; comp. Introduction 2. a; si

' si v . to preparethe Si .

fruit; Bur . 08; also pronouncedasi , namsi , or hpun si .

to step, abate ; to become still,qu iet ; comp. Bur.Q8.

to watch , look a fter a thing ; to

protect , keep as from harm; inthe las t usage as coup. Of b

’

au,

‘

2 12 VOOABULARY.

77 7,

H H

nda i am i hpe sin u; nga i shanhté

hpe bau na sin na ma m a i .

hail; sin khra i , v . to hail .the liver; comp . masin; a general

preformative.

the che st, the thorax.

ee app . IV . 2.

to be irritative , easily provoked .

the lungs .

to be dark , comp . nsin; to become

dark .

the west .

the east; comp. maga .

to draw up a plan, to make pre

parations, nta sing a i; da singa i; comp . Bur . 908.

see 6 1 , 2 . Rem .

to be naked ; also pronounced sin

gu; comp . hpaum ng .

same a s singga ; most common; seeparts .

see 40.

briars , thorns; a bush; comp. hpun

singwum, and Bur . oocofi.

see 64. 3.

to m ove towards one side , nga i

kaw sit u; comp . Bur . aqoS.

see s 64. 3.

to awake , gup su; comp . hp rang .

to lose , fail ; not to gain or w in;g umhpmw sum mat a i .

a tent , a booth .

a general preformative, pronounced sam, by the Cowries ; comp .

6 . b .

a heap, as of stones, also pro

nounced sampum.

a hammer .

rod , a cane; a sceptre .

a fishing net.

214

n .

adv.

VOCABULARY.

to calculate , compute , reckon;sawn gu a i; comp . nawn .

much; a . many ; generally sawngsawng .

to aim at, have reference to; also

pronounced cut.

to make a fa lse pretence ; to act

the hypocrite .

to be heated , sweaty ; to be warm ,

sul try .

to take heed ; to be careful; n . at

tention, heed , caution;Bur. 0303.

a sheep; sagu mun, see parts.

an elder of a Kachin village .

sweat, perspiration; salat pmshang

— see parts .

vapor , s team .

disciples of a nat, salung sala;

comp . ati ama .

the heart .

smell , scen t; comp . sdngau.

a needle .

a gun ; sanat gap ,see parts .

see 35 . 3.

the wild peach ;sangum si , peaches .

scent, smell, as from boiled flesh ;comp . sung , scent from flowers,sama , and nngwat.

a dis ciple , a follower of a teacher ;Bur . m oé .

a teach er ; Bur . soap .

a rich man ; comp . Bur . and

gunmi (Sham)

SH.

fo r the use of this combinationses 6 . b . Rem 5 5 . a .

a ch i ld ; comp . and supp . 1 .

see 79 .

KAOHIN GRAMMAR . 215

v . to eat; comp . Bur . c os; to derive aliving from , galaw sha .

food ; generally lusha shanpa .

n . flesh , also pronounced , ashan;

game,nang e

"

shan law nga ai; a

common deer .

skin, parchm ent .

for shan , shaunte etc . see 47—49 .

to enter ; to go or come in; comp.

shawn .

v . to borrow ,shap la; to lend

, shap

ya ; the indentical article in

question to be returned ; comp.

hkoi .

n . boiled rice , ready for food ; shat

sha , see parts ; comp . mam, and

n-gu.

curry .

water in which rice is boiled“see 88 .

to w eigh ; comp . ifi , and hpan.

se e 3.

s ee 47.— 5 1 .

news , tidings; nda i kaj a a i shi m i

nga a i; shi la ika n . a news -

paper .

see app. III . 2 .

v . to put away , hide as for futureuse ; comp . kgem.

see 82 . 85 .

a general preformative ; see § 6 . b .

a . Spade ; the should er. blade .

v . to kick forwards ; comp . lahkat.

see 75 .

v . to. intercept; to obstruct the View.

Bee 75 s

F

v . to step or jump over a thing .

n . a w idower .

the tongue .

the'

back .

a rod ;

216

Shawn

bawawt

7’ 77

S’

F

P

f‘

f

?

VOCABULARY .

a shadow .

the shad ow as from a tree or a.

human body . shingnip nip v . toshadow .

the common kind of basket car

ried by women .

a revelation , an appearance , a vi

s ion .

a cord,a string .

an insect ; a worm .

to jump , leap .

a grand -child ; see supp . 1 .

a frog .

to be salt, taste of salt; j um shum

M .

to wring , squeez e out, as waterfrom a wet rag .

to err , make a m istake ; comp .

hpgit.

to d iffer , vary ; to be different, divers

,not the same .

to cross as the hand s ; lamsha i ai .

salpetre , nitre .

to take out, extricate ; bring tolight ; derive from .

to bring or cau se to pass through ,

shashawn; to have been through .

see 74.

to dig out; to scoop ou t; to exca

vate .

to flood , cau s e a flood ; comp . ing;shau skating , 11 . a flood .

th e brinjal ; shaba si , see parts .

to devine ; to find out th e w ill of

the nats by the m eans of d ivination ;comp . shaman, and nwawt.

a long and . broad leaf u sed for d ivination .

the bray ing of an ass ; a loud cry ,as of a human being .

adv.

man

.YOCABULARI . fOJT

to praise , glorify ; to give thanksg.’

coup . xkungdawn.

on i ons; shdkau—hkgeng— kpmw,

see parts .

to take leave ; to bid farewell ;shit'

kmm ai ga , 11 . a parting salu tation .

a bed -bug .

see app. III . 2

to support; revive; give strengthor a id to .

a cockroach .

.see 74;

a bless ing , bened iction; shaman.ga, v . to bless .

a small . kind of bamboo used for

divination .

to'

los e ; cause to disappear .

to cure , make well , to heal; comp.

mai; coup . shazai .

to move,st ir; to shake

,as th e

leaves before the w ind ; coup .

sham wl; nam flap s hamu sha

mawtm i nga a i.to lean 011; to confide in,

to trustin

, shamget shanai, comp . hpa \

to make known; to inform ,com

municate ; comp . na .

night. in Opposition , to -day .

the ging er plant or roo t.day ; comp . Shana , and nhiai .

a ye ar; comp. 29 .

see app III. 2 .

to bear, bring forth , give birthalso pronounced j anga i .m tend , d ispatch as a .person ;to bed istingu ished from shagun, tos end , as a letter .

b eans , passe; a) ,leguminous plantof any kind .

KAsR‘

rN"“

GRAMMAR .

to 000k , boil . 1

to send out or forth, to bring out.

a place; comp . 12.

to bear; to have patience, endu

ranc‘

e; comp . shaj a .

a place once used as a paddy field ,but overgrown .

to teach , instruct; to chastise ;shdm

’

n c engin; sharia la , sharin

ga , see parts .

a tiger.

a jungle fire .

see 83.

the moon; a lunar m idi,comp.

app . HI . 2. and ta‘

.

to rev fle,speak ligh tly

-

oi;to treatwith contumely.

see

a month ; only used in composition; comp . § 29 . and app . III . 1 .

to conjec tu re , guess .

to seek ,’ searc

’h‘

for, look for; tam.

hkawm—8a, see parts.

Psent, shdww amu.

formerly , ancshdwoz

'

moi

gdlaw 3a ya

a female ; shdyz'

she), a daughter .

to mourn, lament ; to bemoan; beWa il ; coup; shdmng, kasha

_

se'

mat az’

mdj aw, shi shcim ng; ska“

.

ya/wtjm z'

nga a/Z.

220 VOOABULARY.

pron see 5 1 . d .

31.

see 86 .

,to be short and rounded ; tin tin,a . dwarfish , undersized ; nda i wagaw tin tin bu bu we m i nga (Li .

.see 35 . d .

to ; plant highland paddy ; mamting d a

'

ahkyz’

ng da sai ., l

'

ow stool , used especially bythe mat pries ts .

[the common Kachin bag .

a stringed instrum ent of any kind .

a broom ; ting -

ye ye az’

,v. to sweep.

to grow or sprout as a plant.poison, venom ,

as of a snake ;comp.

gangthe seed or kernel of fruit in gene ral;namsz

'

tum.

to melt dissolve, as salt m water;comp. byawng .

to rise . swe ll, as a river after a

heavy rain; hka, tang wa. sai .see supp. 1 .

see d,adv. sea

seei

§ ' 69 °

to pawn, to mortgage ; tang da, see

parts .

to be shallow; Opp. to sung .

to_ _

be sober, calm, serious; tem sa'

ac’

mdsha .

time , looked upon in its totality ;comp . ahky

-ing , apmt, Ma , and

lakhtak; also pronounced aten.

to be true , hone st, upright; to bec orrect, accurate .

truly , hones tly ; tang tang manman

222 vocAnumnm I

11. law; any particular principle p rlaw Bur . seep.

v . to adm inister the law, to judge .

v. to preach , announce the law; se e

parts .

lzsingret n .

lEsi'nl'

ya'

m l n .

see supp . 1 .

to be decayed , rotten, d ilapida ted ;nta tsam a i .

to be far, d is tant, not near; Opp .

to ni,comp . ya .

to be troubled, perplexed, affl ict

ed ; m tsang ai ngai; law hkrum

nnga i.

a bear .

to stand ; to stop : comp. Bur . qS.

to be dOne p roperly and com

pletely ; nta ngut teeny m i sa .

to be al ert, energetic, wid e awake ;da i tset a i ma mi nga a i .

a drug of“

any kind!, medicine ,pa int .

a doctor; see parts .

to adm inisterm ed icine .

t o be fresh, green; comp . katsing;to soak as in a liquid, to drench ,steep;

-comp . Bur . 88.

grass , we ed; herbage in general;tsingdu ts

‘ingman.

to trouble , persecute, overrun,tsingri tsmgrat; also pronouncedzinqri .

a saw ; comp . ret.

calam ity , evel, danger; tsin ya mtsindam hkram a i , see parts .

the nest of a bird .

to bu ild a nests

yell ow or green.

RAo g 0131111111143 . 223.

‘

g : v to be scur, spoiled , putrified ; shatma i tsu mat sa

,comp . yat and

the Bur . of;v to be weary , wo rn with fatigue;

to be tired , stiff; ny é a hkum ts'

a

mat sa in . the spirit Of -a dead person ,

readyto enter the land Of the ances

tors ; tsu dumsa . see parts .

a . sefe 40. b .

v. to sp eak, tell, say ; comp : nga , andrig/a.

see parts ,

see parts .

a son of . a chief; a p rince ; tsaugam

—la— ta‘

etc - see app . 1 . and

comp . zaa .

Tsaw v . to desire , wish , love; comp . i a ;

v . to b e beau tifu l, pretty ; tobe good ,pure ; tsawmpm a i .

u. the body apart from the soul,hkum tsawp ,

‘

a skin as shed by a

1 serpent , lap a tsawp .

n the grape Vine or -fruit;Wine ; tsad ty i hpun

— si—j ahku; see parts;ft } M i riam BUT ,

v to swell, rise as the sea ; to roll. inlarge billows , hka hta a i; Bur . to .

see 22; postp . 814.

v e t: to pick ilp , take up , as :

'

from the

floor ; to pick a s wood ,Japan hta,to collect as taxes , hka ii sehta, to

a accept , as a new doc trine , tam,

nnan h-

ta .la a i .

11.-i. to change , turn back, as from the

19111113t duty ; to apostatize .

224

Htam

Htam

Htim

Htingra taHtu

Htu

II .

V .

V .

V .

P

VOCABULARY.

a part, a d ivision, a_

share ; da i

gnmhp'raw htam shi hta karan a .

to increase ; coup . of law; law wa

htam wa .

to reply , answer, respond ; ngai

shdga yang gaw htan a .

to ra ise as a ladder against a

house; lakang htan a i .

a mould of any kind .

to mou ld , to cast.a layer, stratum; comp . kdhtap .

to be thick, not thin, n hpa a i .

see 1 5 . 47.

see 24. 42-43; conj . 85 .

to suppose , presume; comp. nhten.

to destroy ; comp . j ahten; to be

destroy ed , ru ined ; comp. mm.

see 48, 1 5 .

to measure as grain ; mam kteng

ya a .

to instruct, give ins truction; toorder, htet da; see parts .

to read , to count; hti ya ai .

see app . IV . 4.

to leave or remain behind ; ndaima nta de hti nga a i; comp. di .

to dart, to spring upon , as a tige rits prey ; shamw htim a i .

a general preformative .

a neighbor.

a family , a household .

the hou se Of a chief; a palace .

the site of a house; a buildingplace .

see app . III. 1.

to d ig , delve ; comp. Bur. age

to push along as a small carriage ,leng hta ai; to push, impel as a

boat with a pole , li hta ai .

226

ra

Waduyan

WakangWamadai

grung 1.

VOCABULARY .

a hut, small house in a paddyfield ; hkauna wa ; y i ma .

see 69 .

an intensive particle used withadverbs ; nachy ing wa shaw ng la

a i masha; gaj a wa tang tang gei

law a i .

a male human being , a man; comp .

such combinations as , da wa , saZang wa ,

and my ihtoi wa; ndai

wa , this person .

a man ,having reach ed maturity

and independence .

a tooth; comp . Bur . ago

the socket of a tooth .

the gum; wa kam, a molar; ma

_

man, the incisors .

a h og .

a w ild boar .

a flea; called by some wa hklai .

the bristles On a hOg’

s back .

bamboo; comp . 30. and Bur . 01 3

a kind of bamboo; wa law—mangmung , different kinds of bam

boo .

the e lephant bamboo .

a centipede ;a manger

“

; a trough for animals .

an orchid , wa mada i pan; by some

called wandai pan.

a brick-bu ilding .

to dare ; to have the courage"

to do

a thing ; comp . gwi , and Bur . b .

a d ish , bow!, plate , hka wan.

a glazed earthen dish, bowl etc .

a plate or saucer .

fire; pronounced wawn, by the'

~ Cowries .

a flame ; v . to burn, wan j a j a

grang nga ai .

KACHIN GRAMMAR . .227

Wan kra v . to warm one’

s Self by a fire ,"

1mshang a i majaw wan km ai .

smoke; wan hkuthka , V. to smoke .

v. to set fire to, to burn as a houseor a village .

a live coal; a fire -brand .

to set fire,to ignite; comp . chy i .

to light a fire; to make a fire .

see 6 1. 1 . c.a compound , a yard , an enclosure ;Bur . 083

see 75 ; a . 35 . 2.

to pollu te , make unclean , ma kaua i; comp . awa .

Wu wu a murmur, a half suppressed cOm

plaint; um umdi d i kaba m i nga

a t .

a centre , a central part .

see app . III . 2.

a brick, Bur . egos .

a whirlpool, eddy , hka wa i; Bur . bs

to fade , become faint, to d ie _

as l a

flower, nampan wa i a i; comp .

the phrase n htam.n wai , not end

ing , not fading .

to Open,coup . of hpaw; to make a

hole in Or through , to perforate ;to have a hole, perforation ,

puncture ; na’a i ma isan waw mat

sai .

a cold,a headache because

“

Of_

a

cold ;coup. hpandaw; wawri waw

ren, a cold or the effect Of_a cold .

v. to catch a cold ; also called wawshang , see parts.

Wawm v . to rise , as a blister or bubble ; tobe bloated , inflated .

n . the common kind Of land -leech .«1

a wate r leech .P

.4

VOCABULARY.

to give ; comp . j aw; to pay , as a

price for a thing .

m illet .

a species Of wi ld goat .

a day ; a natural day Of 24hou rs ;comp . nhtoi , Shani , and Bu r . q o

‘S.

see 743; now

;Ithe present tim e ;

comp .

to be hard , d ifficu lt; comp: m .

to enslave , mdyam yam a i ; to betamed , domesticated , as animals ;yam nga ,

n . domesticated ani

mal s.

a large gla zed water chatty ; a jar .

see 16 .

s ee 40.

to be extended ; to move or passon uninterrupted ; comp . ayan;to proceed consecutively one

after the other; hpyen masha a i

yan sa wa nga ma at .

a goat, (Chinese )see 74: verb. par . see 63; comp .

j ang .

potatoes ; (Chineseto be rotten , putrid ; mostly usedof eatables ; co .mp tsu.

to be slow ; comp. ldnyan .

s lowly , i n a slow manner; see § 76see 74.

to be daring , bold , brave comp .

Bur. 21

to lead , guide , conduct, as fromone place to a n other; woi la , woihkan, s ee parts .

see supp. 1.

a monkey .

a kind of monkey .

Y .

230

Yup la

mang

Yawn

Yaa

VOCABULARY .

to have a short sleep; to take a

nap .

a dream ;yap many mu, to d ream ;a lso called yup many many .

see app. III . 3.

to scatter, throw about; to do a

way w ith carelessly ; yamhp raw

ya i kau mat sa i; comp . aya i , and

gat.

to respond , to answer, a s a qu estion ; to assent, adm it as tru e orfalse; ski a ga nga i a na m a i

maj am nga i n yau nga nnga i; ra

a i shalai nga i yau na nnga i; torespond , as in a chorus , machyan

ya yaa at .

to feed , as animals, ma yaw a i

,

‘

gumm hpe mam yaw a .

same as lanam ta ; se e app . III . 1 .

only used in the N . L .

to be wanting ; to grow or becom e

less and less; gumhpraw lap mi

hta hti mi yawm a i; hka yawm

mat nga a i .

sorrow , distress, grief; comp .

hkyen; yawn hkyen a i law nga a i;v. to be sorry or have sorrow ;wasi mat a i maj am anhte

’

yawn

hkyen hkmm ya a i .

to set afloat , yawny sham/an a i;to float down ; comp . hpawng

yawny a i , and waw.

se e 35 . 2 . d .

a ba lance; a pair of small scale s ;comp . j O

’t .

a pair of scissors .

a kind of orchid ; zanhka wanda i .

KAOHIN GRAMMAR . 231

shining and whitish , my i le le,ze ze.

v . to clip, shear . comp. rep .

to scold , grumble ; comp. put.

s e e tsing p i .

see 78 .

sand ; za ibru chyang , a desert.wisdom ; comp . byeng

-

ya .

n . the son of a chief; comp. tsaa .