What is a genome? •A genome is the full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA. • The study of any genome starts with the analysis of chromosomes. • Chromosomes are bundles of DNA and protein found in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Fruit fly chromosomes
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A genome is the full set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA. The study of any genome starts with the analysis of chromosomes. Chromosomes.
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What is a genome?• A genome is the full set of genetic information that an
organism carries in its DNA.• The study of any genome starts with the analysis of
chromosomes.• Chromosomes are bundles of DNA and protein found
in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.
Fruit fly chromosomes
How are chromosomes analyzed?• To study chromosomes, scientists photograph chromosomes
in mitosis and arrange them in a picture known as a karyotype.
• A karyotype shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size.
• A typical human karyotype contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.
1. Define What is a karyotype?
Let’s Analyze!
Down’s Syndrome• Called TRISOMY 21• genetic disorder that
• The Human Genome Project was an international effort to sequence all 3 billion base pairs of human DNA.
• Other important goals included sequencing the genomes of model organisms to compare to human DNA, developing technology to support the research, exploring gene functions, studying human variation, and training future scientists.
• Today, multiple copies of the human genome, along with those of hundreds of other organisms, are available to the public.
3. Explain What are some of the goals of the Human Genome Project?
How do humans genetically modify organisms?
Human beings have always tried to improve the plants and animals they use for food, work, and companionship.
Selective breeding describes the process by which humans allow only those animals with certain characteristics to produce the next generation.
Two Methods of Selective Breeding
1.HybridizationCrossing dissimilar individuals together to bring together the best of both organisms
2.InbreedingContinued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
What are transgenic organisms?• It is possible to construct organisms that are
transgenic, containing genes from other species. • Genetic engineers can now produce transgenic
plants, animals, and microorganisms. By examining the traits of a genetically modified organism, it is possible to learn about the function of the transferred gene.
• This ability has contributed greatly to our understanding of gene regulation and expression.
What is recombinant DNA?Recombinant DNA consists of DNA molecules that have been taken from two sources and then recombined.
Recombinant-DNA technology makes it possible to construct
DNA molecules with nearly any combination of genes.
Cloning
• Clone – member of a population of genetically identical cells
First dog successfully cloned
Infer Using the example of the sheep cloning, why wouldn’t the cloned lamb resemble its foster