A Field Report: Preclassic Xnoha

Archaeological Field Report –Excavations Undertaken at Xno’ha Building Group 78 - Patio Area, by

Maya Research Program 2014

Alexander Parmington

Introduction

This report presents the results of the excavations undertaken in the patio area of Building Group 78

at Xno’ha by Maya Research Program (MRP) in 2014. The site of Xno’ha is situated in north-western

Belize between the Bajo Alacranes and the Dumb-bell Bajo (Guderjan 2007: 15) (see Figure 1).

Characterised as a medium-sized Maya centre, comprising a large central plaza surrounded by an

abundance of residential building groups, “the name [Xno’ha] was given to the site in reference to

Xno’ha Creek which enters the Rio Azul/Hondo from Mexico just north of the site” (Guderjan 2013:

11).

Analysis of ceramics recovered from all excavated contexts suggests that the entire patio platform,

fronting structures 79 and 80, was constructed during the Late Preclassic period (300BC – 250 AD). In

2013 a Late Preclassic ceramic cache (comprising 9 Sierra Red vessels) was found while excavating

the Group 78 patio. Follow up excavations, undertaken in 2014, identified a second component to

Cache 13-03 configured in a cruciform pattern. The discovery of additional vessels, in the vicinity of

Cache 13-03, increased the minimum number of associated vessels to 25. In addition to this finding,

immediately south of the Burial 13-01 (a tomb that was excavated the previous year) a second burial

was discovered that contained a variety of ornamental grave goods including a Late Preclassic bird-

effigy incensario. Representing what was probably the earliest period of the building group’s

construction, a fragmented Late Preclassic incensario was also found close to bedrock, sealed below

the thick plaster floor, in association with a remnant wall.

Figure 1. Location of Blue Creek and Related Sites.

(after Guderjan 2013)

Xno’ha Group 78 - General Description

Group 78 is described here as Patio Group as defined by Guderjan, Lichtenstein and Hanratty (2003:

35). Patio groups usually comprise L-shaped configurations that generally face eastward and are

positioned on a levelled hill where peripheral masonry structures define a central open space.

Consistent with this description, Xno’ha Group 78 comprises an elevated and level open space that is

bounded on its northern and western limits by remnant rectilinear range-type structures. Maya

range structure are described as large, vaulted and multi-roomed and ordered so as to surround

small plazas or patios (Kowalski 2003: 204).

Figure 2. Building Group 78 Panorama Showing Structures 79 and 80 and Patio in the Foreground

Located approximately 200 metres due east of Structure 1, and the sites central plaza, Xno’ha Group

78 is oriented approximately 8° east of magnetic north and measures about 25 metres x 25 metres.

Structure 79 is positioned to mark the western limits of the building group and Structure 80 defines

its northern boundary (see Figures 2 and 3). While the more precise dimensions (and orientation) of

the buildings will only be ascertained following more extensive excavation, preliminary estimations

of the mounds and structural features indicate that buildings measure between 15- 17 metres in

length (as gauged along their midline of the mounds) to the point where they intersect in the

northwest corner of the group. The patio extends approximately 14 metres east-west and 19 metres

north-south, as measured from the baseline of the building mounds to where the ground begins to

slope away at the eastern and southern limits of the group. One datum point was recorded for Group

78 (with a handheld GPS) during the 2013 excavations - Alex 1: 1984915.49N, 0288124E-not

corrected.

Figure 3. Xno’ha Site Core Showing Location of Building Group 78

On the east side of the building group is shallow rectangular depression in the patio platform, which

measures 4 metres north-south and 5.4 metres east-west. It has yet to be determined what this

surface depression is; whether it represents slumping of the building group’s patio or, alternatively, a

remnant architectural feature. Initial clearing of vegetation in 2013, undertaken on the inclined

ground, on the eastern side of the group, suggest that it may have once formed part of terraced

approach, functioning as the formal entrance to the group (see Figure 4). However, this has yet to be

verified archaeologically.

While no known archaeological excavations have occurred within Group 78 prior to 2013, some

ground disturbance is evident on the eastern boundary of Structure 79. Oriented north-south, this

disturbance measures approximately 2 metres by 3 metres and is visible in the form of backfilled

area of ground. The presence of this disturbance suggests that some archaeological testing of the

group may have occurred but may have not been previously reported. It is possible that it was

undertaken as part of excavations carried out between 2002 and 2004 when many of the Xno’ha

buildings were test excavated to determine their age and phases of construction.

Xno’ha - Summary of Previous Archaeological Investigations

The long-term goal of the archaeological inquiry at Xno’ha Group 78 is to build on previous work first

undertaken by Jason Gonzales between 2002 and 2004 (Gonzales 2005a and 2005b); to construct a

‘domestic structure database’ through the excavation of elite household groups and compounds

within the settlement zone (see Figures 3). A key question driving the inquiry at Xno’ha is how did

Maya elites create, develop and maintain their power structures (see Guderjan 2013: 1-15)? It has

been long argued that “gradations within archaeological remains suggest that the distinction

between the elites and the non-elite is more of a continuum than a well-defined division” (Sharer

1994: 490). Remnants of “monumental earthen constructions, elaborate human burials, diverse

arrays of luxury goods, and other remains… *exist+ as evidence… *of the+ sociopolitical complexity

*among the ancient Maya+” (Sharer 1989: 166). Importantly, Xno’ha’s location mid-way between Blue

Creek and Nojol Nah permits MRP to examine the dynamics of ancient Maya elite interaction at the

intra-site and regional level. The establishment of such database would also provide a basis for a

comparative study of behaviour between royal elites and between royal elites and non-royal elites

and commoners.

Xno’ha Excavations 2002-2004

Xno’ha was first identified in 1990 and was subsequently surveyed, mapped, and partially excavated

between 2002 and 2004. The primary goal of the 2002 survey and archaeological evaluations was to

determine whether Xno’ha was an autonomous centre or a subsidiary of La Milpa (Gonzalez 2003;

Knippe and Gonzalez 2003). La Milpa is the largest Maya centre in close proximity to Xno’ha and was

likely to be the dominant regional power during the period of its political florescence through the

Late Preclassic period (300BC – 250 AD) (Guderjan 2007: 16). In 2003, Jason Gonzalez undertook test

excavations in the site’s main plaza and within the limits of a proposed ballcourt (see LaLonde 2003,

Gonzalez and Knippe 2004, Gonzales 2005a and 2005b). Additionally, extensive test excavations were

undertaken in and around the many residential buildings located at the site (see Gonzalez 2005).

While dating has yet to establish the precise period or periods of occupation within Group 78,

preliminary assessment of excavated ceramics suggest that it functioned as an elite residential

complex during the Late Preclassic and Classic periods. Excavations undertaken at the site between

2002 and 2004, suggest that the site of Xno’ha was occupied from the Late Preclassic to the Terminal

Classic period (300BC – 925AD). According to Gonzales (2005a: 147), analysis of ceramics obtained

from construction fill contexts during the 2002, 2003 and 2004 investigations indicated that the first

buildings were erected within the site core area during the Late Preclassic, with some lesser

construction occurring during Late Preclassic period (see Table 1). Civic expansion at Xno’ha, during

Early Classic period, is suggested by the construction of the larger public building in the site’s core as

well as some increased building in residential areas of the site; as well as landscape modifications

both in the centre and the periphery of the site. Following an apparent drop in construction during

the Middle to Late Classic period, there was a substantial increase in construction in the interior and

on the margin of the site during the Late Terminal Classic period. All this construction, however, was

restricted to the residential areas and in the form of general modifications to the landscape; no large

public architecture was built during the Terminal Late Classic period (Gonzales 2005a: 147).

The relationship that Xno’ha had with regional centres such as Rio Azul and La Milpa has yet to be

established; and the impact such centres had on the cultural and occupational history of the site.

Gonzales proposes that an objective of future research at the site should be to determine why there

was a reduction in construction at Xno’ha during the Early and late Classic periods and why there was

a substantial increase in building during the Terminal Classic period. Beyond this, it remains

important to establish the reasons for the site’s abandonment at the end of the Terminal Classic

Period, and how this movement fits within the greater regional history of north-western Belize (Gonzales

2005a: 147).

Xno’ha Excavations 2012

In 2012, excavations continued at Xno’ha, which focused on Structure 1; a gallery style building

positioned on the eastern edge of Plaza A. Structure 1 measures approximately 62 meters north-

south and 23 meters east-west and is oriented 18° east off magnetic north. The building stands 4.5

metres tall and has a large central staircases leading up from Plaza A at the front of the building;

there is also a staircase leading up from Plaza B at the rear. During the 2012 excavations, the areas

south of the structure’s centreline were targeted, this allowed a general picture of this very large

building to be ascertained within the limited time available (Guderjan and Preston 2012: 24).

Excavations in 2012 resulted in the removal of overburden along the midline of Structure 1 and the

exposure of the southwest corner of the building. The gallery located at the top of the basal platform

measures approximately four metres wide with walls 80cm thick. The interior of the structure

consists of a single room that has seven doorways on the west side of the building; three of which

were unearthed during the 2012 excavations. Digging on the eastern side of the gallery also revealed

multiple doorways. Very few artefacts were recovered during these stripping operations (Guderjan

and Preston 2012: 25)

During the 2012 field season, a two-metre wide trench was also placed along the midline of an

alleged ballcourt; at the level of the proposed playing field. The purpose of the excavation was to

obtain information regarding the period of its constructed and to determine how long it may have

been used. The investigations undertaken during the 2013 field season were insufficient to

determine the function of this building group.

Xno’ha Excavations 2013

The Purported Ball Court at Xno’ha:

In 2013, MRP undertook an archaeological assessment of Pitz Nah (i.e. MRP Operation 13:01), a

building complex located within the larger Maya site of Xno’ha. The building group comprises a small

plazuela bounded by two parallel buildings; in addition to a peripheral structure positioned

immediately west of Structure 16 (i.e. Structure 16A). The earliest archaeological assessment

(undertaken in 2002) documented this group as a ballcourt (see Lalonde 2002, Gonzales 2003, Lohse

et al 2004, and Guderjan 2013). The presence of Aguila Orange ceramics identified during

excavations suggested that the group was constructed during the Early Classic period. Excavations

undertaken in 2012, revealed a lower platform within the plazuela, pushing the date of the earliest

phase of construction back to Preclassic period (Guderjan and Preston, 2012).

In 2013, MRP expanded the previous year’s operations at this group in order to provide a more

complete understanding of the function and temporal nature of the group. Archaeological

assessment revealed substantially disturbed soils as well as discrepancies in architectural features

reported by Lalonde (2002).

Clarification of the 2002 findings warranted a more thorough examination into the function of the

group as well as a refinement of the temporal sequencing for Structures 15 and 16 and Platform 17.

The findings from the 2013 excavation revealed that the structures displayed markedly different

construction phases as well as substantial differences between the two main structures represented.

More specifically, the structures did not display any continuity of design or architectonic symmetry,

common among ball courts in Central America (Mead, Mastropietro and LeMasters 2013: 51-52).

Excavations of a Terminal Classic Courtyard Structure at Xno’ha:

In 2013, a small Courtyard Group, designated Group 63 (refer Figure 3), was also excavated. The

group comprises five small structures that surround a small plaza, located south of Structure 1 and in

close proximity to the Xno’ha site core. The objective of the investigation was to generate a sample

of residential architecture to compare with other sites in the region, namely Nojol Nah, Tulix Mul and

Blue Creek.

Focus of the investigation was directed at Structure 67, which was completely excavated over a four

week period. The structure measures approximately eight meters long and comprises four rooms,

three of which were oriented east to west. The forth Room, oriented north-south, was assessed as

being earliest of the four rooms. All ceramic material recovered during the excavation dated to the

Terminal Classic Period and all but one was built in a single construction phase. It was noted during

the excavations that the entire structure was built directly onto the bedrock. This style of

architecture seems prevalent at Xno’ha, while presently unknown at both Nojol Nah and Tulix Mul

(Hannah Plumer 2014: 83-85)

Excavations at Group 78:

The excavations were undertaken at Group 78 over a four week period in July 2013. The purpose of

the excavations was to commence exposing Structures 79 and 80 before subsequent excavations

reveal the broader construction history of the group in later field seasons. The approach undertaken

was to first locate the patio surface and baseline of two superstructures before broader stripping of

the associated architecture. In addition to the general objectives of the fieldwork being achieved, a

Late Preclassic ceramic cache (comprising 9 Sierra Red vessels) was recovered during excavations as

well as an Early Classic tomb.

Preclassic Ceramic Cache

During 2013 a sub-patio ceramic deposit was uncovered during the stripping operations connected

with Structure 78. Designated Xno’ha Cache 13-03, the cache consisted of 9 fragmented Sierra Red

vessels dating typologically to the Late Preclassic period (300BC-250AD).

Figure 4. Reconstruction of Preclassic Ceramic Cache 13-03, Vessels 2-7, East View

Found in the southeast quadrant of Sub-operation A, against the east wall of the trench, the most

intact portion of the cache (Vessels 2 to 7) were found at depth of 110cm (see Figures 4 and 5).

Highly fragmented Vessels 1, 8 and 9, were located directly above this deposit. The cache measured

125cm north-south and 50cm east-west in its horizontal extent and 45cm vertically. Two vessels

remained in the east wall of Sub-operation A at the end of the 2013 field season.

Figure 5. Configuration of Multiple Vessel Lip-to-Lip Cache, Lot 7, Vessels 2-7, East View

The most ordered component of the cache was represented by 6 pots numbered 2 -7. Four of the

vessels (Vessels 1, 2, 3 and 4) were staked in a lip-to-lip configuration with one vessel positioned

immediately north and south of the stack (see Figures 4 and 5). Pollen and phytolith analysis of the

sediments contained within the vessels determined the following:

This sample is characterized by high frequencies of leaves from shrubs and trees, as well

as herbaceous monocots, similar to the assemblage from the burial at Chum Balam Na. A

trace of hat-shaped phytoliths (0.4 percent) indicates that palm fruits may have been part

of the offering. A low frequency of spinulose spheres > 10µ (2.2 percent) indicate that oil

extracted from A. cohune and/or R. regia may have been poured into the lower vessel.

Two sponge spicules were found while scanning. Their rarity indicates that the spicules

may have leaked into the vessel from the surrounding matrix. As in the Chum Balam Na

sample, this isolate required oxidation (in concentrated hydrogen peroxide) to remove

large amounts of microscopic plant material that were probably the result of large

amounts of leaves having been placed in the cache (Bozarth 2013: 12-13).

Xno’ha Burial 13-01

During the excavation of Xno’ha Sub-operation B, two closely positioned capstones were revealed

overlying a human burial at the western end of the excavation. The poor condition of the burial

chamber suggested that the tomb may have succumbed to compression form the surrounding

construction fill. Excavation revealed a burial cavity measuring 110cm by 65cm containing the

individual interred in a flexed position facing eastward with the head oriented to the south. Some of

the more distinguishable skeletal remains were a partial cranium and several long bones, which

included an ulna, radius, humerus and femur. A highly fragmented pelvis was also identifiable; in

addition bone fragments and several teeth that were recovered during sieving of the burial deposits.

As formal analysis of the remains has yet to be undertaken, it is unclear whether it will be possible to

determine the age and gender of the individual, due primarily to the poor condition of the remains.

One highly degraded and non-diagnostic fragment of pottery, probably associated with the

surrounding construction fill, was recovered while excavating Lot 6. Additionally, two marine shells

and a jade cylinder bead were also found. The mottled whitish-green jade bead (measuring 60mm

long and 25mm thick) was found positioned between the ulna/radius and the cranium of the

individual. The bore drilled through the length of the bead measured 6mm. The marine shells were

recovered whilst sieving the burial deposits. It is clear that the floor, below which the burial had been

placed, corresponded to and earlier construction phase of the patio group.

Building Group 78 - Excavation Method and Stratigraphy

The excavations at Group 78 were undertaken over an eight week period commencing in early June

and finishing at the end of July 2014. Due to time constraints, the excavations were undertaken by

two teams of volunteers led by MRP Staff and interns. Ian Lemasters and Holly Lincoln led one team

that focused on the continued stripping operation Structures 79 and 80, which began the previous

year (see Lemasters and Lincoln, this volume). The excavation in the patio area was supervised by

Alexander Parmington whose qualifications include a Doctorate in Maya Archaeology from La Trobe

University, Australia.

Excavations were undertaken at Xno’ha Group 78 Patio from the 1st of July to the 29th of July utilizing

teams of volunteers, numbering 6-8, over two consecutive 2 week sessions (i.e. Sessions 3 and 4);

participants included local workers from San Felipe as well as volunteers from the United States. The

Session 3 volunteers were Fidel Cruz, Kevin Austin, Megan Weldy, Jack Magee, Emily Prichard, Julia

Mahr, Shelby Betz, and Beth Eraul; the Session 4 volunteer participants were Katie Wahler, Mariela

Mendoza, Douglas Reithmuller, Romano Derosa, and Chabli Bravo. What follows is a description of

the excavations, which were undertaken in accordance with the research objectives and ‘Specific

Planned Activity’ items 1 and 4 as out lined in the 2014 research proposal:

Specific Planned Activity’ items 1 and 4

1. Excavations of elite residential groups. As part of our ongoing concern with the events and processes of abandonment, we propose to continue stripping excavations of several elite residences at Xno’ha, Nojol Nah and Tulix Mul Blue Creek. The major effort will be at Xno’ha, where we will continue investigating elite residences associated with the main plaza.” (see Guderjan 2014: 2).

4. Continuation of excavations at Xno’ha. A major part of our long-term planning is to enhance

our understanding of regional processes of inter-action and abandonment. Earlier research at Xno’ha focused on similar questions but did not address acquisition of data from the Central Precinct. We undertook first excavations in 2012 and in 2013 found that the buildings believed to be a ballcourt was not. We will continue these excavations in 2014.” (see Guderjan 2014: 3).

Eight sub-operations were excavated in the Building Group 78 Patio area during the 2014 field season

(i.e. A, B, M, N, O, P, T and U) [Note: in this report, Lots Q 62 and Q 67 have been redesignated P 62

and P 67]. In the following discussion, profile drawings, figures and plans will be presented for the

sub-operations and lots; lots being the smallest provenance designations recorded. Figure 6 provides

a key for the locations of the sub-operations and their positions relative to the structures they were

assigned to investigate. All of the sub-operations excavated measured 2 metres by 4 metres, with

exception of Sub-operation P and U, which were excavated to chase out (i.e. determine the extent)

of cultural deposits (see Figure 6).

Each sub-operation was placed so that its long axis ran parallel to the sub-operations excavated in

2013. Due to the prospective depths of the excavations and concerns regarding access and stability

of the excavations, the 2 metre by 4 metre sub-operations were each separated by a 50cm balk.

During excavations, four primary stratigraphic layers were identified; overlayed by a humus of

amassed soils. Each related to different phases of the patio’s construction. The humic layer within all

sub-operations generally consisted of a moist brownish-grey silty loam with abundant tree roots and

gravels throughout. The underlying rubble generally consisted of poorly sorted limestone cobble

mixed with limestone and silty soils. All boundaries between gravels and soils were relatively diffuse

with moderate to abundant root disturbance apparent throughout the upper fill.

All lots were excavated stratigraphically; each is discussed numerically under the relevant sub-

operation header (see below). Due to the disturbed nature of the upper deposits, all excavation of

the upper structural fill was undertaken with a mattock, hand pick, and shovel. Additionally, while all

associated ceramic and lithic artefacts were collected and assigned relevant Lot numbers, only every

fourth bucked of excavated humus was dry-screened. Every second bucket of soils collected below

humic level was screened, while 100% screening of subsoils was limited to those lots with in-situ

deposits.

All architectural features and special deposits were excavated by trowel, hand-pick, brush and pan;

they were also progressively documented and digitally photographed. The X, Y and Z coordinates for

all in-situ cultural material was recorded with tape and compass. Vertical control were achieved and

maintained with a transit. Excavation of the structures undertaken systematically; for example, when

an architectural feature or special deposit was identified, the archaeological investigation

determined the horizontal extent of the deposit, or find, before proceeding downward through the

underlying strata. Where applicable, soil samples were collected for pollen and phosphate testing as

was the case with the Sub-operations P and the Sub-operation U (see relevant sections below).

Human remains were excavated with dental tools, small plastic spatulas and brushes to minimise

damage to the bone during excavation. Where possible, lots were dated by the associated ceramics

(analyses provided by Colleen Hanratty).

Figure 6. Plan of Excavations, Xno’ha Group 78 - Patio Area

Xno’ha Operation 13-02, Sub-operation M – Lots 51, 54, 60, 66, 68 and 88

Oriented east-west, Xno’ha Sub-operation M comprised a 4 metre by 2 metre trench located south of

sub-operation B and Structure 80 (see Figure 6). The objective of Xno’ha Sub-operation M was to

investigate the external patio area of Building Group 78. This included verifying the presence of a

suspected floor that was detected during the excavation of Suboperation B in 2013. Located

immediately north of Sub-operation M, associated with this floor, was a large ceramic deposit that

was located in the east of the sub-operation.

The excavation of Sub-operation M was undertaken to a maximum depth of 120cm below surface

level and began with the removal of the overburden resulting from the accumulation of soils and

plant decomposition. This was followed by the excavation of the underlying construction fill revealing

two floor surfaces. Two capstones covering what turned out to be a Late Preclassic tomb (see Sub-

operation U, Lot 96) were also found during the excavation of Sub-operation M as well as the

remains of a large Late Preclassic vessel (see Lots 51, 54, 60, 66, 68 88 and Figures 8 and 9).

Lot 51 – Removal of Humus

Occasional chipped stone (i.e. lithics) and ceramic fragments were unearthed, collected and bagged

during the excavation of Lot 51. The excavation of Lot 51 extended to a depth of 45cm. The

compaction of the soil was found to be loose comprising moist dark-brown silty loam (5YR 3/1) with

frequent course limestone pebbles and cobbles. Cortical cert and abundant roots were found

throughout the deposit. The relative percentage of the pebbles/cobbles to soil matrix was estimated

to be 30% and 70% respectively. Removal of the humic layer exposed increasing cobble composed

primarily of limestone. No formal surface to the patio was identified during the excavation of Sub-

operation M, Lot 51. The lot was closed following the detection of a substantial increase cobble

material.

Figure 7. Excavation of Lot 51, Progressive

Lot 54 – Patio Construction Fill and Preclassic Pot

Lot 54 comprised loose dark greyish-brown soils (10YR 4/2) with limestone and chert cobble, the

relative percentages of cobble and soil was 70% and 30% respectively. Artefactual material

comprised infrequent chipped stone artefacts and ceramic sherds. The remains of a Late Preclassic

pot measuring approximately 25cm in diameter, was detected in the east profile the sub-operation;

located at the interface between the primary humic layer and the underlying cobble fill (see Figure

8). Even though the vessel was highly fragmented, its vertical (upright) orientation could be

discerned during excavation. Only a portion of the vessel was recovered during the excavation of Lot

54 (see Figure 9). Recovering any remaining vessel fragments will require extending Sub-operation M

eastward. Lot 54 was excavated to a maximum depth of 65cm and ceased when an increase in the

size underlying ballast was identified. Lot 54 was closed when large rubble was detected representing

the primary construction fill for the latest phase of the patio’s construction.

Figure 8. Lot 51, East Profile, Late Preclassic Jar Offering

Figure 9. Lot 51 Late Preclassic Sierra Red Jar Partially Reconstructed

Figure 10. Lot 54 Primary Construction Fill looking East

Lot 60 - Patio Construction Fill and Capstones

Large boulders of chert and limestone were identified during the excavation of Lot 60 (see Figure 11).

The matrix in between the boulders comprised moist dark grey brown silty loam (10YR 4/2) loam

with infrequent poorly sorted cobbles and pebbles. Percentages of soils verses ballast material was

20% and 80% respectively.

Occasional chipped stone (i.e. lithics) and ceramic fragments were unearthed, collected, and bagged

during the excavation of Lot 60. Lot 60 extended to a maximum depth of 85cm and terminated

following an apparent reduction in the size and frequency of ballast material, the discovery of several

pieces of fragmented bone (Figure 12), and the identification of two capstones located in the south-

west quadrant of the sub-operation (see Figures 13 and Sub-operation U for more information). The

bone fragments were found in association with what was initially thought to be a disturbed burial on

the east side of the sub-operation (see Figures 11 and 12). Oriented north-east, the burial was

suggested by two rows of stones that appeared to be set in a parallel configuration. It was originally

believed that the stones may have once been positioned to support capstones and contain human

remains; however, further inquiry could not verify this proposal nor discount the possibility that the

stones were simply residual cobble material suspended in the surrounding soil matrix (see Lot 66).

Figure 11. Base of Lot 60 Approaching Remnant Floor Looking West

Figure 12. Lot 60 Fragmented Bone

Figure 13.

Lot 66 – Exposure of Remnant Floor

Occasional chipped stone (i.e. lithics) and ceramic fragments were unearthed, collected, and bagged

during the excavation of Lot 66. Lot 66 comprised a greyish-brown fine grained silty loam (7.5YR 5/1)

with inclusions of limestone ranging in size from 5-30cm in their maximum dimension. Excavation of

Lot 60 exposed a grey silty relatively free of rock suggesting the excavation was on or approaching a

remnant floor surface. Several fragments of bone as well as a medial obsidian blade (see Figure 14)

were found while dry sieving the deposits. During excavation, the fragments of bone and obsidian

blade were viewed as potential floor deposits. The excavation of Lot 66 ceased following the

identification of the suspected floor deposit, which corresponded to the elevation of the remnant

floor surface identified during the excavation of Sub-operation B Lot 4 in 2013, which approximated

89.85 metres above sea level. Lot 66 reached a maximum depth of 110cm

Figure 14. Broken Obsidian Blade

Lot 68 – Excavation of Floor

The objective of Lot 68 was to excavate the floor identified during the previous lot. Occasional

chipped stone and ceramic fragments were collected and bagged during the excavation of Lot 68.

The remnant floor comprised a compact greyish-brown fine grained silty loam (7.5YR 5/1) with

infrequent inclusions of limestone and suspended ballast material ranging in size from 5-40cm. The

floor surface was poorly preserved and extended westward as far as two capstones that were

exposed during the excavation of Lot 66. The termination of the floor on the eastern side of the

capstones indicated that it did not extend across the entire sub-operation and that the burial

(verified during the excavation of Sub-operation U), penetrated through the floor surface into the

supporting construction fill. The intrusive nature of the burial was also evidenced by a concentration

of cobble material, at the floor level, visible in the western profile of the sub-operation (see Figures

15 and 96). Lot 68 reached a maximum depth approximating 120cm (see Figure 15). As previously

stated, the depth of the remnant floor was consistent with the level of the floor identified in the

northern and neighbouring Sub-operation B, which was excavated in 2013. The excavation of Lot 68

ceased when a darkening of soil was detected as well as the reappearance of supporting cobble

construction fill.

Lot 88 – Sub-floor Construction Fill

The objective of the Sub-operation 88 was to break through the remnant sub-floor construction fill to

the underlying bedrock, which was identified during the excavation of Sub-operation T (see relevant

sections). Lot 88 comprised a relatively thin layer of limestone and chert cobble fill suspended a

matrix of dark grey-brown silty loam with increasing clay content (munsel 2.5YR 4/1); the relative

percentages of cobble and soil were 80% and 20% respectively. Occasional chipped stone artefacts

and ceramic fragments were collected and bagged during the excavation of Lot 88. The suspected

burial, located in the east of Sub-operation M (see Lot 60), was further investigated and subsequently

dismissed as a possibility, during the excavation of Lot 88. Limited time prevented the completion of

the Lot 88, which will continue in 2015. Sub-operation M reached a maximum depth of 130cm from

surface level.

Figure 15.

Xno’ha Operation 13-02, Sub-operation N – Lot 52

Oriented east-west, Xno’ha Sub-operation N was to be a 4 metre by 2 metre trench located east of

sub-operation M. The objective of Xno’ha Sub-operation N was to investigate a shallow surface

depression and an area of inclined ground located on the eastern side of the group (see Figure 6).

The surface depression measures 4 metres north-south and 5.4 metres east-west. As previously

stated, it is unclear what this surface depression is; whether it represents slumping of the building

group’s patio or, alternatively, a remnant architectural feature. Initial clearing of vegetation in 2013,

suggested that it may have once formed part of terraced approach, functioning as the formal

entrance to the group. Unfortunately, time constraints prevented the excavation of Suboperation N

beyond general clearing of surface vegetation. It is projected the excavation of Sub-operation N will

continue in 2015.

Figure 16. Sub Operation M Lot 52 Progressive

Xno’ha Operation 13-02, Sub-operation O – Lots 55, 59, 70, 72 and 105

Oriented east-west, Xno’ha Sub-operation O comprised a 4 metre by 2 metre trench located

immediately west of sub-operation B and south of Structure 80 (see Figure 6). The objectives of

Xno’ha Sub-operation O were generally consistent with Sub-operation M; to investigate the external

patio fronting Building Group 78. This included verifying the presence and extent of a floor that was

detected during the excavation of Suboperation B in 2013 as well identify any associated

architectural features if present. Additionally, it was decided that further excavation of the patio

fronting Structure 80 may uncover cache deposits associated with the dedication of Structure 80

and/or any earlier construction phases of the building group.

The excavation of Sub-operation O and was undertaken to a maximum depth of 140cm below

surface level and began with the removal of the overburden resulting from the accumulation of soils

and plant decomposition. This was followed by the excavation of successive spits of platform

construction fill. The excavation of Sub-operation exposed what is currently believed to be a small

bench or platform (see Lots 55, 59, 70, 72 and 105 and Figures 20, 21 and 23).

Lots 55 and 59 - Removal of Humus

Infrequent chipped stone and fragmented ceramics were unearthed, collected and bagged during the

excavation of Lots 55 and 59. The excavation of Lots 55 and 59 was undertaken in arbitrary spits of

30-40cm and extended to a maximum depth of 70cm. The compaction of the soil was consistent with

Sub-operation M and was found to be loose comprising moist dark brown silty loam (5YR 3/1) with

frequent roots and occasional course limestone pebbles and cobbles. Small cortical cert cobbles were

also found throughout Lots 55 and 59. The relative percentage of the pebbles/cobbles to soil matrix

was estimated to be 20% and 80% respectively. Removal of the humic layer exposed increasing

cobble composed primarily of limestone. No formal surface to the patio was identified during the

excavation of Lots 55 and 59. There was gradual lightening of the soils as Sub-operation progressed

deeper. Lot 59 was closed following the removal of the primary root zone as well as the detection of

an apparent increase in the frequency of pebble and cobble material.

Figure 17. Lot 55 Progressive Looking East

Lot 70 – Exposure of Plastered Surface

Lot 70 comprised loose mid Greyish-brown loam (7.5YR 5/1) mixed with a concentration of

moderately sorted pebble and cobble material. Infrequent lithics and ceramic fragments were

unearthed, collected and bagged during the excavation of Lot 70. Excavation of Lot 70 ceased at a

maximum depth of 100cm from surface level; following the detection of the compact plaster surface

at the centre of the sub-operation. This plaster surface was initially thought to be a floor but is now

believed to be a potential bench following the excavation of subsequent lots (see Lots 72 and 105).

Lot 70 was closed and a new lot assigned, following the identification of the compact plastered

surface. This was done to separate any potential cultural deposits associated with the surface of this

feature (see Lot 72).

Lot 72 – Cut in Plaster Surface and Remnant Wall

The excavation of Lot 72 revealed a plaster surface in central area of Sub-operation O. The plaster

feature measures approximately 2m east-west (the northern and southern extent of the feature has

yet to be determined) and is bounded on the east by a line of stones suggesting the presence of a

rudimentary wall (see Figure 19 and 22). The plaster feature is delineated on the west by a north-

south oriented cut (see Figure 18). During excavation, an additional thin covering of plaster was

found extending from the cut the western profile the sub-operation suggested that it may have been

capping something below. Lot was closed following the identification of the cut, the additional

plaster surface, and the remnant wall located on the east side of the sub-operation.

Figure 18. Lot 72 Exposure of Suspected Bench Looking East

Figure 19. Lot 72 Exposure of Plaster Surface Showing Cut Looking North

Lot 105 - Exposure of Bench Feature

The objective of Lot 105 was to investigate a cut found adjacent to a plaster feature, which was

identified during the exaction of Lot 72. The Excavation of Lot 105 revealed a 40cm high bench like

feature, located in the central area of Sub-operation O. A remnant plaster floor was also found

lipping up to the bench on its western side (see Figure 21). An examination of the cut revealed no

overlying cultural deposits other than construction fill. Excavation around the feature reaffirmed the

presence of the rudimentary wall abutting eastern side of the bench; the western side of the bench

was constructed from a single course of cut stone (see Figure 20). A break in the plaster render, on

the top surface of the bench, indicated that the bench is constructed primarily of cobble fill (see

Figure 20 and 23).

The excavation of Lot 105, on the eastern and western sided of the bench, extended to a maximum

depth of 140cm from surface level. The compaction of the soil was loose comprising loose mid

greyish-brown silty loam (7.5YR 5/1) mixed with frequent chert and limestone pebbles and cobbles.

The relative percentage of the soil matrix to pebble/cobble material was estimated to be 20% and

80% respectively. Infrequent chipped stone and fragmented ceramics were unearthed, collected and

bagged during the excavation of Lot 105. The northern and southern extent of the bench has yet to

be ascertained.

Figure 20. Lot 105 Bench Looking East Figure 21. Lot 105 Bench Looking East

Figure 22. Lot 105 Bench Remnant Wall Looking West

Figure 23.

Xno’ha Operation 13-02, Sub-operation P Lots 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 67, 71, 86

The objective of Sub-operation P was to recover the remainder of Cache 13-03, which was partially

excavated in 2013. During the 2013 excavations, a sub-patio cache of vessels was exposed during the

stripping operations associated with Structure 78. Subsequent excavations revealed that the cache

comprised at least 9 fragmented Sierra Red vessels dating typologically to the Late Preclassic period

(300BC-250AD). At the end of the 2013 field season, two fragmented vessels, ordered in a lip-to-lip

configuration, remained visible in the east wall of Sub-operation A at the northern end of the cache

deposit. Sub-operation P was positioned immediately east of Sub-operation A (refer Figure 6). On

completion, Sub-operation P measured 2.3 metres north-south and 1.4 metres east-west (refer

Figure 58) and reached a maximum depth of around 120cm below surface level.

Sub-operation P began with the removal of overburden resulting from the accumulation of soils and

plant decomposition. This was followed by the excavation of the underlying construction fill and the

recovery 6 complete and 10 partial vessels. All vessels were found broken and suspended in the

construction fill of the patio. The highly fragmented condition of the vessels was the result of

compression by the surrounding construction fill and presence of a large tree found growing directly

above and down through the cache deposit (see Lots 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 67, 71, 86).

While it remains unclear whether vessels recovered during the 2014 excavations are a component of

Xno’ha Cache 13-03, it is possible that the vessels recovered during the excavation of Sub-operation

P were an unrelated deposit. This is evidenced by differences in the size and configuration of the

vessels recovered during the 2013 and 2014 field seasons as well as differences in the elevations of

both ceramic deposits. Following the excavation of Sub-operation P, and subsequent lab analysis of

the vessels recovered, the minimum number in individual vessels that recovered in the vicinity of

Cache 13-03, increased from 9 (as documented in 2013) to 25.

Lot 56 – Removal of Humus and Tree Roots

Occasional chipped stone artefacts and ceramic sherds were unearthed, collected and bagged during

the excavation of Lot 56. The excavation of Lot 56 extended to a depth of 50cm. The compaction of

the soil was found to be loose comprising moist fine dark-brown silty loam (5YR 3/1) with frequent

medium sized course limestone pebbles and cobbles and abundant tree roots throughout. The

relative percentage of the pebbles/cobbles to soil matrix was estimated to be 30% and 70%

respectively. Removal of the humic layer exposed cobble composed primarily of limestone. The lot

was closed following penetration through the primary root zone.

A choice was made during the excavation of Lot 56 not to remove the entire tree located in the

vicinity of Cache 13-03; but rather, to excavate around it. This was due to concerns regarding the

stability of the ground and the fragility of any remaining cached vessels: The removal of the tree

would have resulted in substantial ground disturbance in the vicinity of the cache (see Figures 24 and

25).

Figure 24. Lot 56 Cutting of Tree Roots in Vicinity Over the Reminder of Cache 13-03 Looking Southeast

Figure 25. Lot 56 Cutting of Tree Roots in Vicinity Over the Reminder of Cache 13-03 Looking Southeast

Lot 57 – Fill above Cache 13-03

The interface between Lot 56 and 57 was diffuse occurring over a vertical distance of approximately

15cm. Occasional chipped stone and ceramic fragments were unearthed, collected, and bagged

during the excavation of Lot 57. Large cobbles of chert and limestone, measuring 10-60cm, were

identified during the excavation of Lot 57. The matrix in between the cobble comprised a moist grey-

brown silty loam (10YR 4/2) with frequent poorly sorted pebbles and cobble. Percentages of soils

verses pebble/cobble was 30% and 70% respectively. Lot 57 was excavated to a depth of 60cm and

ceased on the identification of an area of grey loam (10YR 4/2) that was free of rubble measuring

approximately 120cm north-south and 70cm east-west (see Figure 60).

Lot 58 – Exposure of Capstones

The objective of Lot 58 was to determine the nature of the cobble-free deposit located east of the

Cache deposit identified in 2013 (see MRP 2013 field report). Excavation of Lot 58 revealed two

capstones, aligned north-south, at a depth of 70cm (Figures 68 and 60). On discovery of the

capstones, the excavation of Lot 58 continued for the purpose of removing associate soils and

exposing any underlying features. The deposit consisted of moist grey-brown silty loam (10YR 4/2),

surrounding what was initially thought to be a tomb (see Figures 26 and 27). This suggestion was

later dismissed following the discovery of fragmented vessels in subsequent lots that were set in a lip

to lip configuration below the capstones. Excavation of Lot 58 ceased at a depth of 100cm, once the

capstones and the surrounding ballast were fully exposed (see Figures 27). One broken and incised

dolomite bead, measuring 55mm in maximum dimension, was recovered during the excavation of

the deposit overlying the capstones (Figure 28).

Figure 26. Lot 58 Exposure of North South Capstones and Surrounding Construction Fill

Figure 27. Lot 58 Exposure of North South Capstones and Surrounding Construction Fill

Figure 28.

Lot 61 – Ceramic Deposit: Cache Outer, Northwest

The purpose of Lot 61 was the recovery of two fragmented lip-to-lip vessels (see Figure 29, 30 and

31) identified in the south profile of Sub-operation A in 2013 (see MRP field report 2013). The deposit

was designated ‘Ceramic Deposit, Northwest Corner’ following the identification of additional vessels

underlying a northern most capstone, which was found during the excavation of Lot 58; it was

determined that the vessels beneath the capstone comprised the central portion of a larger ceramic

deposit (see Lots 62 and 67). During the excavation of Lot 61, all pottery was removed with

associated soils for the purpose of sampling. The supporting material comprised relatively small well

sorted limestone cobble. No unusual residues were identified during excavation of the vessels.

Following lab analysis, one Sierra Red bichrome bowl measuring 19cm in diameter was reconstructed

showing punctuations on the exterior, dating to the Late Preclassic period.

Figure 29. Vessels in East Profile Sub-op A

Figure 30. Ceramic deposit (Cache Outer, Northwest)

Figure 31. Ceramic deposit (Cache Outer, Northwest)

Lot 62 Ceramic Deposit: Cache Inner

The purpose of Lot 62 was to determine the nature of the deposit underlying two capstones that

were found during the excavation of Lot 58. First suspected to be a burial, the lot was subsequently

designated ‘Ceramic Deposit, Cache Inner’ when several vessels were found beneath the northern

capstone, which comprised the central portion of a larger ceramic deposit (see Lots 61 and 67): On

removal of the capstones, and adjacent cobble, a total of six fragmented Sierra Red vessels dating

the Late Preclassic period were recovered at a depth of approximately 80cm from surface level (see

Figure 60); two of which were configured in a lip-to-lip configuration and positioned directly beneath

the northern most capstone (see Figures 32-35). While the ordering of the remaining ‘Cache Inner’

vessels could not be ascertained (due to their high fragmentation), there was a clear concentration of

vessels just north of those underling the capstones (see Figure 59). The poor condition of the vessels

suggested that the cache may have succumbed to compression from the surrounding construction

fill. During the excavation of Lot 67, all pottery was removed with associated soils for the purpose of

sampling. No unusual residues were identified during excavation of the vessels. The surrounding

material comprised small well sorted limestone a cobble that was apparently utilised as packing to

support the cached vessels (Figures 32 and 34). Following lab analysis, six vessels were reconstructed

(see Figures 36-41) which ranged from 19-25cm in diameter. On recovery of the vessels beneath the

capstones, it was found that the cache deposit extended eastward into the root zone of an overlying

tree (see Lot 67 Ceramic Cache East Outer).

Figure 32. Lot 62 Sorted cobble Surrounding Cached Vessels Below Capstones

Figure 33. Cache 13-03 Capstones

Figure 34. Lot 62 Sorted cobble Surrounding Cached Vessels Below Capstones

Figure 35. Lot 62 Lip-to-Lip Vessels Below North Capstone

Figure 36. Lot 62 Cache Inner, Sierra Red Bichrome Bowl (SF 14-7331)






Lot 67 – Ceramic Cache: East Outer

The objective of Lot 67 was to determine the eastern extent of a ceramic deposit that was exposed

during the recovery central portion of deposit underlying two capstones, which were found during

the excavation of Lot 58. Lot 67 was designated ‘Ceramic Deposit, Cache East-Outer’, which

comprised the eastern portion of a larger ceramic deposit (see Lots 61 and 62). A concentration of

ten partial Sierra Red vessels, dating the Late Preclassic period, was recovered during excavation of

Lot 67 (see Figures 44-53). While the precise configuration of the eastern segment of the cache could

not be ascertained (again, due to their high fragmentation), at least two vessels appeared to be in a

lip-to-lip configuration (see Figure 43). The poor preservation of the eastern component of the cache

could be attributed to a large amount of disturbance due to the presence of a tree roots growing

directly above and through the deposit. No unusual residues were identified during excavation of the

vessels. The surrounding soil comprised a loose mid greyish-brown loam (7.5YR 5/1) mixed with

moderately sorted pebble and cobble material. Following lab analysis, the partial vessels were

reconstructed where possible (see Figures 44-53). Estimates of vessel size ranged from 20 to 25cm in

diameter. The depth of the east-outer component of the cache was consistent with Lot 62: The

vessels were recovered from a depth of approximately 80cm from surface level.

The Lot 67 was closed once all noticeable ceramics were recovered. Given the partial nature of all

vessels recovered from the east-outer component of the cache, there remains some potential for

further associated ceramic to found following the removal of the tree and when Sub-operation P is

extended eastward in 2015.

Figure 42. Lot 67 Location of Cache East Outer, East of North Capstone

Figure 43. Lot 67 Cache East Outer Vessels

Figure 44. Lot 67 Cache Inner, Partial Sierra Red Bichrome Bowl (SF 14-7342)










Lot 71 – Cobble Below Cache Overlying Floor

Below Lots 61, 62 and 67 was a layer of cobble overlying remnant plastered floor, designated Lot 71,

the deposit comprised a mid greyish-brown silty loam with large cobble ballast mixed throughout.

The relative percentage of the cobbles to soil matrix (7.5YR 5/1) was estimated to be 70% and 30%

respectively. During the excavation of Lot 71, a compact plaster floor was found extending across the

entire sub-operation. The objective of Sub-operation 71 was to expose the plaster floor taking special

note of any cultural deposits that may have been present on close to floor level. Two broken jade

beads (split longitudinally) were recovered during the excavation of Sub-operation P (see Figure 54

and 55). Measuring 16mm and 11mm in their maximum dimension, the smaller of the two beads was

found while sieving the deposits and the other was found in situ while scraping back the floor in the

vicinity of the Cache 13-01. The presence of these broken beads suggests that they once comprised a

component of the Cache 13-01. Lot 71 extended to a maximum depth of 120cm-130cm from surface

level and was close once the floor was fully exposed. During the excavation of Lot 71, some degraded

bone was also identified in the east wall of Sub-operation P.

Figure 54. Cache 13-03 East Outer Showing Underlying Floor. Note Small cobbles at Centre of Image

Figure 55. Lot 71 Jade Bead in Situ Lying on Plaster Floor

Lot 86 – Bone Deposit On Floor Below Cache 13-03 East Outer

On clearing of the deposits underlying Ceramic Cache 13-03 East Outer (i.e. Lot 71), a deposit of

highly degraded bone was found in the east profile of Sub-operation P at a depth of 120cm from

surface level. The purpose of Lot 86 was to determine the nature of this bone deposit. The small area

of localised bone was surrounded by a grey-brown silty loam (7.5YR 5/1) that was relatively free of

any stone or cobble material. Measuring 15-20cm east-west, the bone was highly friable; held

together only by the surrounding soil matrix (se Figures 56 and 57). It could not be determined

during excavation whether the bone was human; on its removal it completely disintegrated. During

the excavation of Lot 86, associated soils were bagged for the purpose of sampling.

Figure 56. Bone Deposit on Floor Figure 57. Bone Deposit on Floor

Figure 58.

Figure 59.

Figure 60.

Location: Xno’ha Operation 13-02, Sub-operation A - Lot 73

Oriented north-south, Xno’ha Sub-operation A comprised a 4 metre by 2 metre trench located on the

western side of Sub-operation P (see Figure 6). Beginning in 2013, the purpose of Xno’ha Sub-

operation A was to define the baseline (east side) of Structure 79. This required identifying the most

recent phase of the plaza’s construction before extending northward towards the building with

subsequent sub-operations. A deposit of nine Late Preclassic vessels was recovered during the

excavations in the patio area of Sub-operation A. The excavations ceased at a depth of 110cm in

2013, following removal of the cached vessels.

Excavation of Suboperation A continued in 2014 (i.e. Lot 73) to verify the presence of a floor

identified during the exaction neighbouring Sub-operation P (see Lot 71). This required removal of a

layer of cobble ballast approximately 20cm thick. The excavation of Lot 73 confirmed that the floor,

identified during the excavation Lot 71, did extend across Sub-operation A (see Figures 61, 62 and

70).

During the excavation of Lot 73, a small concentration of ceramic sherds (collectively comprising one

near complete Sierra Red vessel) was recovered from the patio construction fill in the northeast

quadrant of Sub-operation A. Located near the northwest boundary of Sub-operation P, the size and

form of the vessel (once reconstructed) was consistent with those recovered from Lots 61, 62 and 67

(see Figure 63), indicating that it may have been a component of the Cache 13-03. However, given its

positioning away from the larger Cache I3-03 deposit, this vessel may have no direct association.

Figure 61. Lot 73 Floor Exposure Figure 62. Lot 77 Location of Localised Ceramic Concentration

Figure 63. Lot A 73 Sierra Red Bichrome Bowl (SF 14-7336)

Xno’ha Operation 13-02, Sub-operation T – Lots 76 & 80

Sub-operation T was undertaken to investigate the floor identified during the excavation of Sub-

operations A and P (see Lots 71 and 73). To abridge the inquiry, a decision was made to consolidate

Sub-operations A and P into one sub-operation. Sub-operation T comprised two lots (Lots 76 and 80),

which, on excavation, revealed a heavy plaster flooring (believed to be earliest construction phase of

the patio) adhered to a thin underlying layer of construction fill. This was followed by the exposure of

a layer of clayey soil (see Lot 80) covering undulating bedrock. During the excavation of Lot 80 a cut

was identified in the underlying bedrock in the southeast of the sub-operation; in addition to a

remnant wall and fragmented Late Preclassic incensario in the north of the sub-operation. The

excavation of Sub-operation T was undertaken to a maximum depth of 210cm below surface level

(see Lots 76 and 80).

Lot 76 – Penetration of Plaster

The object Lot 76 was to penetrate a plaster floor that was identified during the excavation of Lots 71

and 73 and expose any underlying construction fill. Excavation of Lot 76 revealed a floor measuring

20-30cm thick that was adhered to a thin layer of cobble fill (see Figure 64). The weight of the floor,

combined with its close proximity to bedrock (see Lot 80), suggested that it relates to the earliest

construction phase of the patio. The expanse of this early floor was suggested by the presence of a

remnant floor found at a corresponding depth (see Lots 66, 71 and 73) during the excavation of Sub-

operation M. It has yet to be established what relationship this early floor has with the Structures 79

and 80; although, it is certain that it corresponds to earlier phase construction. Infrequent chipped

stone and fragmented ceramics were unearthed, collected and bagged during the excavation of Lot

76. The excavation of Lot 76 extended to a maximum depth of 150cm below surface level (see Figure

72) and cease following the identification of a layer clayey soils overlying bedrock.

Figure 64. Lot 76 Profile View of Plaster floor Adhered to Cobble looking East

Figure 65. Lot 76 View over Sub-operation T Looking East

Lot 80 – Clay over Bedrock and Remnant Architectural Feature

The objective of the Sub-operation 80 was to excavate the soil deposit identified during the

excavation of Lot 76, which comprised a dark grey-brown loam with high clay content (munsel 2.5YR

4/1). Found to be reasonably free of cobble, the relative percentages of soil and cobble/stone

material were 95% and 5% respectively. Occasional chipped stone artefacts and ceramic fragments

were collected and bagged during the excavation of Lot 80.

The excavation of Lot 80 revealed what appeared to be a 100cm x 60cm cut in the bedrock in the

southeast quadrant of Sub-operation T as well as a small deposit of highly degraded bone located

immediately west of this cut (see Figure 65, 70, 71 and 72). In addition to these finds, a suspected

remnant wall was identified immediately below the thick plaster floor at a depth of 160cm in the

north of the sub-operation. The wall comprised two single parallel courses of cut stone (chert) that

were oriented in east-west. A highly fragmented Late Preclassic vessel was found in association with

this architectural feature (see Figures 66, 67, 68, 69, 71 and 72). A possible termination deposit, the

form and likely function of this vessel have yet to be ascertained; however, the presence of

protuberances or spikes over the vessel exterior (on occasion referred to as hobnails and thought to

be symbolic of the Ceiba tree) is not an uncommon feature of Maya incensarios. The excavation of

Lot 80 ceased at a maximum depth of 210cm from surface level, once bedrock was reached. Some

further excavation of Lot 80 will be required in 2015 to recover any additional pieces of the

incensario that may have been missed during the excavation of Lot 80.

Figure 66. Lot 80 Suspected Cut in Bedrock and Possible Remnant Wall Looking North

Figure 67. Lot 80 Showing Remnant Wall and Broken Incensario

Figure 68. Lot 80 Broken Late Preclassic Incensario

Figure 69. Lot 80 Broken Late Preclassic Incensario

Figure 70.

Figure 71.

Figure 72.

Figure 73.

Figure 74.

Xno’ha Operation 13-02, Sub-operation U – Lot 92, 93 and 96

Following discovery of two capstone in the southwest of Sub-operation M (see Lot 60), suggesting

the presence of a burial, a decision was made to extend the trench westward under a new sub-

operation. Designated Sub-operation U, its purpose was to fully expose the outside of the suspected

burial before lifting the capstones and excavating its interior. The excavation of the burial and the

overlying deposits under a new sub-operation provided tighter control over the provenance of

materials recovered during excavation. The excavation of Sub-operation U verified the presence of a

burial (Tomb 14-01) containing an interred individual with an array of burial goods comprising macro

botanicals, an intact Late Preclassic bird effigy incensario, and various items of body ornamentation.

Approximating 140cm x 150cm, the excavation of Sub-operation U was undertaken to a maximum

depth of 140cm below surface level (Figure 96). It began with the removal of aggraded soils resulting

from plant decomposition. This was followed by the excavation of the underlying construction fill.

Following this, the three capstones were subsequently removed and the interior of the burial

excavated (see Lots 92, 93, and 96).

Lot 92 - Removal of Humus

Consistent with Sub-operation M, Lot 51, occasional chipped stone artefacts and ceramic fragments

were unearthed, collected and bagged during the excavation of Lot 92. The excavation of Lot 92

extended to a depth of 45cm. The compaction of the soil was found to be loose comprising moist

dark fine brown silty loam (5YR 3/1) with frequent course limestone pebbles and cobbles. Cortical

cert and abundant roots were found throughout the deposit. The relative percentage of the

pebbles/cobbles to soil matrix was estimated to be 30% and 70% respectively. Removal of the humic

layer exposed increasing cobble composed primarily of limestone. No formal surface to the patio was

identified during the excavation of Sub-operation U, Lot 92. The lot was closed following the

detection of a substantial increase in underlying cobble material.

Lot 93 - Construction Fill Over Burial

Lot 93 comprised loose dark greyish brown soils (10YR 4/2) with limestone and chert cobble, the

relative percentages of cobble and soil was 70% and 30% respectively. Artefactual material

comprised infrequent chipped stone artefacts and ceramic sherds, which were collected and bagged

during the excavation. Lot 93 was excavated to a maximum depth of 85cm and ceased when all

capstones were exposed. A third capstone was identified during the excavation of Lot 93 positioned

just south of the two identified during the excavation of Suboperation M Lot 60 (see Figures 76 and

93).

Figure 75. Over looking Suboperation M and U Looking North

Figure 76. Lot 93 Exposure of Burial Capstones

Lot 96 - Tomb 14-01 Interior

The objective of Lot 96 was the excavation of Tomb 14-01 interior. Removal the three capstones

revealed a thin layer of gravels over loose greyish-brown silty loam (2.5YR 4/1) free of construction

fill. On excavating down into the burial cavity, which measured 120cm north-south and 50cm east-

west and was lined with cut limestone, highly degraded human skeletal remains were identified (see

Figure 84, 94 and 95). The first appearance of the skeletal remains occurred at a depth 0f 100cm and

ended at a depth of 140cm from surface level. Excavation of these remains revealed a human

individual interred in a flexed position facing eastward with the head oriented to the North. Some of

the more distinguishable skeletal vestiges included a partial cranium and several long bones; they

also included a partial radius and humerus as well as a partial femur and tibia. In addition to long

bones and bone fragments, several teeth were found while sieving of the surrounding deposits. As

formal analysis of the remains has yet to be undertaken, it is unclear whether it will be possible to

determine the age, health and gender of the individual; this is due primarily to their poor condition of

the remains. Soils samples were collected from the burial for pollen and phytolith, results of which

are pending.

Grave goods found with the burial included twenty-three plant seeds from three different plant

varieties. Formal identification these macro-botanicals have yet to be undertaken. The seeds were

found within the soil overlying the burial; their presence suggested that related plant material was

deposited with burial. This finding is generally consistent with those associated with Xno’ha Burial

13-01, which was excavated the previous year (see MRP 2013 field report). Analysis of the soil

sample taken from Burial 13-01 determined the following:

The high frequency of unknown phytoliths is the result of poor preservation. No hat-

shaped palm phytoliths were found. However, the frequency of spinulose spheres > 10µ

(4.8 percent) indicates that oil extracted from A. cohune and/or R. regia may have been

poured into the vessel. Moreover, a low frequency of sponge spicules (1.2 percent)

indicates that sponges were part of the offering (Bozarth 2013: 13).

In addition to the macro botanicals, a conch shell ornament carved into a flower shape (measuring

27mm across) was found over the midsection of the individual (see Figure 85 and 94); together with

a red coral cruciform insert (see Figure 86 and 94). The shell ornament and coral insert were found

separated from one another; it was on their recovery that it was revealed that the pieces fitted

together (Figure 87). A large jade cylinder bead, measuring 50mm x 10mm, was also recovered just

south of the other ornamental pieces (see Figure 88), as well as seventeen lithic flakes weighing 112

grams and one chert uni-face weighing 632grams (Figures 81 and 82). Several marine shell fragments

and a redware turkey effigy incensario were also found during the excavation of the Burial 14-01.

Measuring approximately 16cm across and 14cm in height, a Late Preclassic bird-effigy-incensario

was found during the excavation of Burial 14-01. Preliminarily assessment suggests that the vessel

was designed to resemble a turkey. This is implied by the comb on the head as well as general form

and posture of the creature. Oriented westward in the burial, the head of the bird is clearly visible on

one side of the vessel as it projects downward over the breast of the animal. Three phalanges located

around the midsection of the incensario signify the wings and tail of the bird. Both the top and base

of the vessel have comparable proportions and are dish shaped. A hole, measuring approximately

70mm across, penetrates right through the centre of the incensario (see Figures 79, 83 89 and 90-92)

Figure 77. Lot 96 On Removal of Capstones Figure 78. Lot 96 Seeds over Burial

Figure 79. Lot 96 First Exposure of Incensario Figure 80. Lot 96 Bird Effigy Incensario

Figure 83. Lot 96 Location of Bird Effigy Incensario

Figure 84. Lot 96 Human Remains in Flexed Position

Figure 81. Lot 96 Lithic Flakes Figure 82. Lot 96 Chert Biface

Figure 85. Lot 96 Conch Shell Ornament Figure 86. Lot 96 Red Coral Ornament

Figure 87. Lot 96 Conch and Coral Ornament Figure 88. Lot 96 Jade Cylinder Bead

Figure 89. Lot 96 Bird Effigy Incensario, Side View

Figure 90. Lot 96 Bird Effigy Incensario, Rear View

Figure 91. Lot 96 Bird Effigy Incensario, Top View

Figure 92. Lot 96 Bird Effigy Incensario, Side View Close-up

Figure 93.

Figure 94.

Figure 95.

Figure 96.

Xno’ha Operation 13-02, Sub-operation B – Lots 77, 84, 91 and 97

The excavation of Sub-operation B continued in 2014. The primary objective was the investigation of

the sub-floor deposits east of Burial 13-01. Sub-operation B comprised four lots (i.e. Lots 77, 84, 91

and 97) and was excavated to a maximum depth of 175cm from surface level. Cleaning and close

examination of the profiles, immediately adjacent to Burial 13-01, suggest that the burial was

intrusive, penetrating the floor in the east of the sub-operation. The excavation of Sub-operation B

also revealed a second remnant floor, which occurred at comparable depth as the first-phase-patio-

floor found in Sub-operations A and P (see relevant sections).

Lot 77 – Excavation of Remnant Floor

The objective of Lot 77 was to investigate the floor identified during the excavation Lot 3 in 2013 (see

MRP Field Report 2013). Occasional chipped stone and ceramic fragments were collected and bagged

during the excavation of Lot 77. The remnant floor comprised a compact greyish-brown fine grained

silty loam (7.5YR 5/1) with infrequent inclusions of limestone and suspended ballast material ranging

in size from 5-40cm. The floor surface was poorly preserved and extended as far as the eastern edge

of the burial cavity located in the west of the sub-operation (Figures 97 and 98). The termination of

the floor, on the eastern side of the Burial 13-01, indicated that it did not extend across the entire

sub-operation and that the burial (like Burial 14-01 in Sub-operation U), penetrated through the

remnant floor surface into the supporting construction fill. The intrusive nature of the burial was also

evidenced by a concentration of cobble material visible in the southern profile of the sub-operation

(see Figure 99). Lot 77 reached a maximum depth approximating 105cm (see Figure #). The depth of

the remnant floor was consistent with the level of the floor identified in neighbouring Sub-operation

M. The excavation of Lot 77 ceased when a darkening of soil was detected as well as the

reappearance of supporting cobble construction fill.

Figure 97. Lot 77 Excavation of Remnant Floor

Figure 98. Lot 77 Excavation of Remnant Floor

Lot 84 - Sub-floor Construction Fill

The objective of the Sub-operation 84 was to excavate down through the layer of construction fill

found underlying a remnant floor on the eastern side of Sub-operation B. Lot 84 comprised a

relatively thin layer of limestone and chert ballast suspended a matrix of dark grey-brown silty loam

with increasing clay content (munsel 7.5YR 5/1); the relative percentages of cobble and soil were

80% and 20% respectively. Occasional chipped stone artefacts and ceramic fragments were collected

and bagged during the excavation of Lot 84. The excavation of Lot 84 reached a maximum depth of

120cm from surface level and ceased on the identification of a second remnant floor found at a

corresponding depth to the first-phase-patio-surface found in Sub-operations A and P (see relevant

sections) (see Figure 99).

Lot 91- Sub-floor Construction Fill and First Phase Patio

The object Lot 91 was to penetrate the remnant floor that was identified during the excavation of

Lots 76 and expose the underlying construction fill. Excavation of Lot 91 revealed a layer of cobble

20-30cm thick (see Figure 99). The absence of large amounts of cobble was the resulted of the floor’s

close proximity to bedrock. Infrequent chipped stone and fragmented ceramics were unearthed,

collected and bagged during the excavation of Lot 91. The excavation of Lot 91 extended to a

maximum depth of 150cm below surface level (see Figure #) and cease following the identification of

a layer clayey soils overlying bedrock.

Lot 97 - Clay over Bedrock

The objective of the Sub-operation 97 was to excavate the soil deposit identified during the

excavation of Lot 97, which comprised a dark grey-brown loam with high clay content (munsel 2.5YR

4/1). Found to be reasonably free of cobble, the relative percentages of soil and cobble/stone

material were 95% and 5% respectively. Occasional chipped stone artefacts and ceramic fragments

were collected and bagged during the excavation of Lot 97. The excavation of Lot 97 ceased at a

maximum depth of 175cm from surface level, once bedrock was reached (see Figure 99).

Figure 99.

Acknowledgements:

I would like to thank Tom Guderjan and Colleen Hanratty and all the team for the invaluable support

they provided during my stay over MRP field Sessions 3 and 4 2014. This work would also not have

been possible without the efforts of the workers from San Felipe as well as volunteers Fidel Cruz,

Kevin Austin, Megan Weldy, Jack Magee, Emily Prichard, Julia Mahr, Shelby Betz, Beth Eraul, Katie

Wahler, Mariela Mendoza, Douglas Reithmuller, Romano Derosa, and Chabli Bravo.

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A Field Report: Preclassic Xnoha

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