References [1] Horning M, Hill RD. 2005. J. Ocean. Engineer. 30(4):807-817. [2] Mellish JE, Thomton J, Horning M. 2007. J. Exp. Mar. Ecol. Biol. 351:283-293. [3] Horning M, Haulena M, Tuomi PA, Mellish JE. 2008. BMC Vet. Res. 4:51. [4] Horning M, Mellish JE. 2009. Endang. Species Res. 10:135-143. [5] Horning M, Mellish JE. 2012. PLoS ONE 7(1):e30173. [6] Horning M, Mellish JE. 2014. Fishery Bulletin 112(4):297-310. [7] Shuert C, Horning M, Mellish JE. 2015. PLoS ONE 10(11):e0141948. [8] Horning M, Haulena M, Rosenberg JF, Nordstrom C. 2017. BMC Vet. Res. 13:139. [9] Horning M et al. 2017. Anim. Biotelemetry 5:13. SEE POSTER Permits USFWS MA032027-2; NMFS 1034-1685, 881- 1890, 881-1668, 14335, 14336, 19309 A decade of vital rate telemetry: summarizing results, challenges and opportunities Vital rate telemetry • Since 2004, 124 LHX tags have been deployed in 4 California sea lions, 45 Steller sea lions, 4 harbor seal pups, and 10 subadult and adult harbor seals SEE POSTER • 20 LHX tags were deployed in 10 sea lion carcasses. • Control and impact studies were conducted on captive and wild animals [2-9] • Most were the recommended dual tag deployments • Life History Transmitters (LHX tags) are implanted, life-long ‘black box’ data loggers for applications in marine homeotherms [1,3] (co-developed with Wildlife Computers Inc., Redmond, WA under funding from NOAA and NSF) • LHX tags incorporate multiple sensors, including temperature, light, medium, motion [1]. • Known-fate data are received post-mortem via Argos after tags are liberated from decomposing, dismembered or digested carcasses [4,6] • Received data provides date, time and approximate location of mortality – SEE POSTER • Received data allows inferences on causes of mortality, including predation [4,6] • Received data may allow estimation of body mass at time of death for intact carcasses [4] • LHX tags can be programmed to detect parturition in female hosts, from temperature patterns, yielding age at primiparity and lifetime births. Deployments to date 1 [email protected] Markus Horning 1,2 , Casey Brown 1 , Amanda Bishop 1 1 Alaska SeaLife Center (Seward, AK, USA) 2 Oregon State University (Newport, OR, USA) Fig. 1. 2 nd generation LHX2 transmitter LHX2 tag dimensions: 33mm x L 95mm Vol 79 ml Mass 54g, buoyancy in saltwater 0.26 N Developed in collaboration with Wildlife Computers. Fig. 2 Dorsoventral abdominal radiograph of Southern sea otter LHX2 tag [1], VHF tag and PIT tag in a rehabilitated adult male Southern sea otter (body mass 26.5 kg) released in Sept. 2017. USFWS Permit MA032027-2. Oregon State UNIVERSITY This poster: dN/dt = ? Verhulst Malthus decline growth Fecundity Mortality 1. Post-mortem data recovery is viable from archival satellite-linked transmitters intraperitoneally implanted into pinnipeds [6] 2. Implant surgeries are well tolerated during post- surgical monitoring of 2-8 weeks [3,8,9] 3. We found no evidence of altered post-release foraging behavior (monitored for 2-6 months) [2], and SEE POSTER 4. Within the limits of a small initial sample size, there is no evidence that post-release survival of implanted animals up to 5 years is negatively affected by tags or procedures [7] 5. Tags provide spatially explicit data on individual animal mortality with a temporal resolution of 1 day and a spatial resolution for predation events of approximately 10km [4], SEE POSTER 6. LHX tags provide end-of-life locations potentially suitable to determine large-scale emigration patterns 7. Recovered data allow the classification of detected mortalities into acute events due to predation, versus non-acute events due to any of a number of causes (i.e. disease, starvation) [4,6] 8. Post-mortem cooling rate data can be used to estimate end of life body mass for non-acute events [4] What have we learned? • Since 2005, 37 data returns have been received from 42 tags deployed in 21 mortalities detected in sea lions (20) and harbor seals (1) • Data were received from 18 of 20 tags deployed in 10 carcasses • From these 55 returns, data return probability for dual tag deployments was estimated at >98% [6]. • 18 of 20 mortalities detected in Steller sea lions were classified as predation events [4,6]. • Five predation events were attributed to Pacific sleeper sharks, the predator in the remaining 13 predation events could not be determined [6]. Data returns to date Challenges & opportunities • Vital rates are likely biased towards individuals with lower survival rates. • Opportunistic data recovery from live animals via shore-based automated data relay systems (e.g. Wildlife Computers MOTE) is being developed and may reduce this bias and provide electronic mark re-sight data. •2 nd generation LHX2 tags (Fig. 1) are <40% volume of 1 st gen LHX1 tags, for applications in smaller animals (about 12-13kg per tag). • The unique combination of post-mortem known fate data, opportunistic resights, and reproductive data will allow novel experimental designs. • Additional sensors and data processing algorithms may allow classification of strategies that could then be linked to a proxy of fitness.
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References
[1] Horning M, Hill RD. 2005. J. Ocean. Engineer. 30(4):807-817.
[2] Mellish JE, Thomton J, Horning M. 2007. J. Exp. Mar. Ecol. Biol. 351:283-293.
[3] Horning M, Haulena M, Tuomi PA, Mellish JE. 2008. BMC Vet. Res. 4:51.
[4] Horning M, Mellish JE. 2009. Endang. Species Res. 10:135-143.
[5] Horning M, Mellish JE. 2012. PLoS ONE7(1):e30173.
[6] Horning M, Mellish JE. 2014. Fishery Bulletin112(4):297-310.
[7] Shuert C, Horning M, Mellish JE. 2015. PLoSONE 10(11):e0141948.
[8] Horning M, Haulena M, Rosenberg JF, Nordstrom C. 2017. BMC Vet. Res. 13:139.
[9] Horning M et al. 2017. Anim. Biotelemetry 5:13. SEE POSTER
PermitsUSFWS MA032027-2; NMFS 1034-1685, 881-1890, 881-1668, 14335, 14336, 19309
A decade of vital rate telemetry: summarizing results, challenges and opportunities
Vital rate telemetry
• Since 2004, 124 LHX tags have been deployed in 4 California sea lions, 45 Steller sea lions, 4 harbor seal pups, and 10 subadult and adult harbor seals SEE POSTER
• 20 LHX tags were deployed in 10 sea lion carcasses.
• Control and impact studies were conducted on captive and wild animals [2-9]
• Most were the recommended dual tag deployments
• Life History Transmitters (LHX tags) are implanted, life-long ‘black box’ data loggers for applications in marine homeotherms [1,3]
(co-developed with Wildlife Computers Inc., Redmond, WAunder funding from NOAA and NSF)
• LHX tags incorporate multiple sensors, including temperature, light, medium, motion [1].
• Known-fate data are received post-mortem via Argos after tags are liberated from decomposing, dismembered or digested carcasses [4,6]
• Received data provides date, time and approximate location of mortality – SEE POSTER
• Received data allows inferences on causes of mortality, including predation [4,6]
• Received data may allow estimation of body mass at time of death for intact carcasses [4]
• LHX tags can be programmed to detect parturition in female hosts, from temperature patterns, yielding age at primiparity and lifetime births.
Deployments to date
Markus Horning1,2, Casey Brown1, Amanda Bishop1 1Alaska SeaLife Center (Seward, AK, USA)2Oregon State University (Newport, OR, USA)
Fig. 1. 2nd generation LHX2 transmitter
LHX2 tag dimensions: 33mm x L 95mm Vol 79 mlMass 54g, buoyancy in saltwater 0.26 NDeveloped in collaboration with Wildlife Computers.
Fig. 2 Dorsoventral abdominal radiograph of Southern sea otter
LHX2 tag [1], VHF tag and PIT tag in a rehabilitated adult male Southern sea otter (body mass 26.5 kg) released in Sept. 2017. USFWS Permit MA032027-2.
Oregon StateUNIVERSITY This poster:
dN/dt = ?
VerhulstMalthus
decline growth
Fecu
nd
ity
Mo
rtality
1. Post-mortem data recovery is viable from archival satellite-linked transmitters intraperitoneally implanted into pinnipeds [6]
2. Implant surgeries are well tolerated during post-surgical monitoring of 2-8 weeks [3,8,9]
3. We found no evidence of altered post-release foraging behavior (monitored for 2-6 months)[2], and SEE POSTER
4. Within the limits of a small initial sample size, there is no evidence that post-release survival of implanted animals up to 5 years is negatively affected by tags or procedures [7]
5. Tags provide spatially explicit data on individual animal mortality with a temporal resolution of 1 day and a spatial resolution for predation events of approximately 10km [4], SEE POSTER
6. LHX tags provide end-of-life locations potentially suitable to determine large-scale emigration patterns
7. Recovered data allow the classification of detected mortalities into acute events due to predation, versus non-acute events due to any of a number of causes (i.e. disease, starvation) [4,6]
8. Post-mortem cooling rate data can be used to estimate end of life body mass for non-acute events [4]
What have we learned?
• Since 2005, 37 data returns have been received from 42 tags deployed in 21 mortalities detected in sea lions (20) and harbor seals (1)
• Data were received from 18 of 20 tags deployed in 10 carcasses
• From these 55 returns, data return probability for dual tag deployments was estimated at >98% [6].
• 18 of 20 mortalities detected in Steller sea lions were classified as predation events [4,6].
• Five predation events were attributed to Pacific sleeper sharks, the predator in the remaining 13 predation events could not be determined [6].
Data returns to date
Challenges & opportunities
• Vital rates are likely biased towards individuals with lower survival rates.
• Opportunistic data recovery from live animals via shore-based automated data relay systems (e.g. Wildlife Computers MOTE) is being developed and may reduce this bias and provide electronic mark re-sight data.
• 2nd generation LHX2 tags (Fig. 1) are <40% volume of 1st gen LHX1 tags, for applications in smaller animals (about 12-13kg per tag).
• The unique combination of post-mortem known fate data, opportunistic resights, and reproductive data will allow novel experimental designs.
• Additional sensors and data processing algorithms may allow classification of strategies that could then be linked to a proxy of fitness.
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