A CTIVITIES THAT S UPPORT C RITICAL T HINKING AND A CADEMIC I NTEGRITY Created by Cheryl Torok Fleming, Ph.D. and Amy Lorson, MLS 1.

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ACTIVITIES THAT SUPPORT CRITICAL THINKING AND ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

Created by Cheryl Torok Fleming, Ph.D.and Amy Lorson, MLS

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TOPICS FOR THIS WORKSHOP

Background Informationo What do students think?o What studies have been done?o In the news

Defining academic dishonestyFaculty strategies for prevention

Plagiarism? I’ve been hearing about that since I was in preschool! Of course it’s wrong-- but I can only get in trouble for

it if I get caught! Right?

"Students generally understand what constitutes cheating, but they do it anyway," said Kenneth Kiewra, professor of educational psychology at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln and one of the study's authors. "They cheat on tests, homework assignments and when writing reports. In some cases, though, students simply don't grasp that some dishonest acts are cheating” (para. 3).

University of Nebraska-Lincoln. (2010, May 12). Most high schoolers cheat -- but don't always see it as cheating, study finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100511173829.htm

STUDENTS UNDERSTAND CHEATING, BUT THEY DO IT ANYWAY.

“Sixty-two percent said doing individual take-home tests with a partner was cheating (51 percent said they'd done so);

Just 23 percent said doing individual homework with a partner was dishonest (91 percent had done so); and

Only 39 percent said writing a report based on the movie instead of reading the book wasn't cheating (53 percent had done so)” (para. 10).

University of Nebraska-Lincoln. (2010, May 12). Most high schoolers cheat -- but don't always see it as cheating, study finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100511173829.htm

RESULTS:

DEFINITIONS

According to Merriam Webster’s Online Dictionary, to plagiarize means:

“to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own : using a created production without crediting the source : to commit literary theft : to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source.”

Plagiarize. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved October 9, 2008, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plagiarizing

Examples of “copy/paste” plagiarism:Direct copying of text from a book.Direct copying of online articles from

library databases (magazines, journals, newspapers, etc.) and internet web sites.

Importing graphics into papers or PowerPoint presentations.

ACADEMIC DISHONESTY OCCURS AT ALL UNIVERSITIES.

It is easy to buy a paper from online “paper mills.” Just have a credit card handy!

It is easy to borrow something from someone else, even if it is rephrased, and submit it as your own work.

Piece together a variety of sources and pass it off as your own writing.

When life gets so busy, just use a paper from a previous course.

STUDENT THINKING…

The article When the Hero Takes a Fall (Rosenblatt, 2002) highlights a well documented account of plagiarism as found in the book Citizen Soldiers (1997) by Stephen Ambrose. Mr. Ambrose plagiarized from the book Beyond the Beachhead (1989) by Joseph Balkoski.

Rosenblatt, R. (2002). When the hero takes a fall. Time, 159(3), 130. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time

IN THE NEWS!

“Thesaurus paraphrasing”, changing many of the words, but not the main thought, concept, etc., of the author.

Taking something on the same topic that was written by someone else and passing it off as your own.

Directly quoting without changing any of the words, but giving no credit to the writer.

HOW DO THEY DO IT?

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ACTIONS THAT MIGHT BE SEEN AS PLAGIARISM

buying, stealing or borrowing a paper using the source too closely when paraphrasing hiring someone to write one’s paper building on someone’s ideas without citation

From: Purdue University Online Writing Lab

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FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE STUDENT INTEGRITY

grade pressure tuition reimbursement time pressure task pressure

From: Love, P., & Simmons, J. (1998). Factors influencing cheating and plagiarism among graduate students in a college of education. College Student Journal, 32(4), 539+. Retrieved October 1, 2003 from EBSCOHost Academic Search Premier database.

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UNDERSTANDING THE LEVELS OF PLAGIARISM Ignorance

of student handbook information of syllabus content

Sloppy citation unfamiliarity with specific format (APA) omission of quotation marks identifying direct citation failure to recognize need for citation

From: Hope International University Fall Faculty Meeting, August 2003

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UNDERSTANDING THE LEVELS OF PLAGIARISM Deliberate

use of ideas without citations direct quotations without citations fabrication of citations and references submission of someone else’s paper as original work submission of work completed for a previous assignment outright purchase of an entire document submitted as original

workFrom: Hope International University Fall Faculty Meeting, August 2003

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STUDENTS NEED TO DOCUMENT

When using or referring to somebody else’s words or ideas from: magazines books newspapers songs television programs letters advertisements, or any other mediums

From: Purdue University Online Writing Lab

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STUDENTS NEED TO DOCUMENTWhen using information gained through interviewing another

person When copying the exact words or a “unique phrase” from

somewhereWhen reprinting any diagrams, illustrations, charts, and pictures When using ideas that others have provided through

conversations or in e-mail

From: Purdue University Online Writing Lab

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STUDENTS DO NOT NEED TO DOCUMENT. . .

When writing about one’s own: experiences observationsexperimental results insights thoughts conclusions about a subject

When using “common knowledge”— folklore, common sense observations, shared information within field of study or cultural group

From: Purdue University Online Writing Lab

In-text citationsHe said, “Her favorite color is blue. I will purchase a

sapphire ring for her birthday” (Smith, 2008, p.36).She was happy that he remembered how much she loved

jewelry (Jones, 2007).

References PageJones, E. (2007, September 12). Sapphires are a girl’s bestfriend. Newsweek, 84-92. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com

Smith, R. (2008). For the love of gemstones. New York: Rand-McNally Publishing.

APA: HOW IN-TEXT CITATIONS AND REFERENCES PAGE WORK TOGETHER

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PLAGIARISM CLUES

The student states information that is not considered general knowledge

The style is significantly more sophisticated or scholarly than previous submissions

The format is different than that required by the instructor The paper lacks logical flow or some sentences seem out of

place

From: Apollo Corporate University, Center for Academic Quality.

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FACULTY STRATEGIES

require research projects to focus on specific topics clearly define your research expectations

minimum number of citations and sources individual or collaborative assignment assignment is unique to the course

Require an annotated bibliography

Require up-to-date references

Ask for copies of sources

From: Harris, R. (2004, November 17). Anti-plagiarism strategies for research papers. VirtualSalt. Retrieved May 10, 2006, from http://www.virtualsalt.com/antiplag.htm

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FACULTY STRATEGIES Break the assignment into pieces

may deter the student from simply downloading the assignment

Require process steps: students hand in assignments in stages… topic bibliography research material outline rough draft final version

From: Harris, R. (2001). The plagiarism handbook. Portland, OR: Pyrczak Publishing.

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FACULTY STRATEGIES

Ask students to submit bibliography prior to rough draft Require students to use personal content or personal

application Create specific application assignments requiring students to

address how research topic fits into their work setting

From: Hope International University Fall Faculty Meeting, August 2003

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PREVENTION

How else can faculty members encourage student honesty?

Require oral reports of student papers

Following student submission of completed assignment, require an in-class, one-page essay summarizing what has been learned from writing the paper.

Compare suspect assignment with other writings from same student.

From: Harris, R. (2004, November 17). Anti-plagiarism strategies for research papers. VirtualSalt. Retrieved May 10, 2006, from http://www.virtualsalt.com/antiplag.htm

Encourage as much original writing as possible. When using other sources, be sure to cite them in-

text. Quotations Paraphrasing

Include complete bibliographic information on the References page.

ENCOURAGING CRITICAL THINKING AND ACADEMIC INTEGRITY

Plagiarism = “kidnapping words”. Use the works of others (words, ideas, facts,

statistics, graphics) only with proper citation. Avoid using an entire paper or article that is not

one’s own writing.

IN CONCLUSION. . .

“…He that pours out lies will not go free.” (Proverbs 19:5, NIV)

“Good planning and hard work lead to prosperity, but hasty shortcuts lead to poverty. Wealth created by a lying tongue is a vanishing mist and a deadly trap.” (Proverbs 21:5-6, NLT).

WHAT DOES THE BIBLE SAY ABOUT ACADEMIC INTEGRITY?

Plagiarize. (n.d.). Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved October 9, 2008, from http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/plagiarizing

Rosenblatt, R. (2002). When the hero takes a fall. Time, 159(3), 130. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time

University of Nebraska-Lincoln. (2010, May 12). Most high schoolers cheat -- but don't always see it as cheating, study finds. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100511173829.htm

REFERENCES

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QUESTIONS?

Thanks, and Good-bye!