A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING Unit 7 Teaching Vocabulary Aims of the unit: 1. Assumptions about vocabulary and vocabulary building 2.What does knowing a word involve? 3.Methods for presenting new vocabulary items 4.Ways to consolidate vocabulary 5.Ways to help students develop vocabulary building strategies
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A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING Unit 7 Teaching Vocabulary Aims of the unit: 1. Assumptions about vocabulary and vocabulary building 2.What does.
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A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Unit 7 Teaching Vocabulary
Aims of the unit:1. Assumptions about vocabulary and vocabulary
building2.What does knowing a word involve?3.Methods for presenting new vocabulary items4.Ways to consolidate vocabulary5.Ways to help students develop vocabulary
People have different understandings of: • What a vocabulary item is;• How an item can be learned and consolidate;• Which items should be learned;• To what extent the items should be learned
and practised. (p. 117, Task 2)
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
8.2 What does knowing a word involve?
• A simple answer would be (1)knowing its pronunciation & stress; (2) knowing its spelling & grammar; (3) knowing its meaning; (4) knowing how & when to use it to express the intended meaning.
• According to Hedge (2000), vocabulary learning involves at least two aspects of meaning. The first aspect involves the understanding of its denotative and connotative meaning. The second aspect involves understanding the sense relations among words.
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
denotative meaning( 外延意义 )
• 词的意义一般包括语法意义和词汇意义,前者指词与词之间的相互关系,后者指词所表达的意思,通常分为外延意义( denotative meaning )和内涵意义 (connotative meaning) 两类。词的外延意义即所指意义( referential meaning )或认知意义( cognitive meaning ),它是以客观世界的特定所指以及约定俗成的意义为基础的,也就是词典中所给出的定义。
• synonyms同义词 ----synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that words that are close in meaning. 指意义相同或相近的词 .
• antonyms 反义词 ---words that stand opposite in meaning are called “antonyms”, 反义词是指那些在意义上既相互对立又相互联系的词。
• Superordinate上坐标词 : the upper term in hyponymy.
• hyponyms 下义词 ------the lower terms in hyponymy 居于下位的是成员,叫做下义词。
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Passive & active vocabulary(p.120)
• Receptive/Passive vocabulary 被动词汇 : refers to words that one is able to recognize and comprehend in reading or listening but unable to use automatically in speaking or writing.
• Productive/Active vocabulary 主动词汇 : refers to words that one is not only able to recognize but also able to use in speech and writing.
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
8.3 Ways of Presenting new words (p.124)
Some suggestions: • Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration to show
meaning• Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning.• Use synonyms, antonyms etc. to explain meaning.• Use lexical sets or hyponyms to show relations of words and
their meaning.• Translate and exemplify.• Use word formation rules and common affixes to build new
lexical knowledge on what is already known. • Teach vocabulary in chunks.• Think about the context in real life where the word might be us
ed.• Introduce new words in real-life context.
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
More suggested ways
• Use pictures, diagrams and maps to show the meaning;
• Use realia (plural of realis);• Use pantomimes or actions;• Use lexical sets, superordinate and hyponymy;
e.g. cook: fry, boil, bake, grill, roast• Translate and exemplify( 举 例 说 明 ), esp. with
technical or abstract words;• Use word formation rules and common affixes.
e.g. deduction, induction
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
8.4 Ways of consolidating vocabulary
• Since learning is subject to forgetting, it is normal that we hear students complain that they keep learning and forgetting, especially when they do not understand the meaning of the vocabulary item.
• When students study vocabulary individually, very often it is rote learning.
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Below are some activities that can be done in class to consolidate vocabulary.
e.g. Buckle your shoes. (系上鞋带) Nod your head.(点点头) Shake your head. (摇摇头) Blink your eyes. (眨眨眼) Clap your hands. (拍拍手) Wave your hand. (摆摆手) Stamp your foot. (跺跺脚) Snap your fingers. (打响手指)
Vocabulary building strategies are very important outside the class.
Review regularly.
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
•Guess meaning from context. e.g.:
1. The captain asked the seamen to throw the anchor
2. Let’s synchronize our watch so that we can start the game at exactly the same time.
3. Susan went to the shop and bought some bananas, mangoes, and chirimoyas.
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
• Organize vocabulary effectively.
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
• Use a dictionary.
• Manage strategy use
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
How do we teach the new words, e.g., 20 new words, in a unit of a textbook?
• Do we teach all the 20 word at a time in an isolated way, i.e., without context? or:
• Do we use context and allow the new words to occur in a natural way?
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
A possible way
• Before reading the text: T: We are going to read a story about Nelson
Mandela, the first black president of South Africa. Which of the following words do you think may be used in the story?prison, rights, violence, lawyer, youth, league, position, matter, fact, president;vote, accept; continueblack, equal, poor, young, wrong, worriedMake a guess.
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
• While reading the text:
The students can guess the meaning of some new words from the context.
• After reading the text:The teacher can ask the students which words in the text they don’t know, and help them to know the meaning of the words, and if necessary the teacher can translate the words into Chinese.
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Summary
Two problems in vocabulary learning: • Students treat vocabulary items
indiscriminately, or without context.• Many students learn vocabulary in ineffective
ways such as rote learning.
1. The teacher should help the students to use the context in vocabulary learning.
2. Besides, the teacher should also help the students to develop vocabulary building strategies.
A COURSE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
Homework
1. What does knowing a word involve? 2. How can we present new vocabulary items
effectively?3. What are some effective ways to consolidate