A complete CMOS UWB timed-array transmitter with a 3D ... · A Complete CMOS UWB Timed-Array Transmitter with a 3D Vivaldi Antenna Array for Electronic High-resolution Beam Spatial

Universidade de São Paulo

2014-03-26

A complete CMOS UWB timed-array

transmitter with a 3D Vivaldi antenna array for

electronic high-resolution beam spatial

scanning http://www.producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/44286

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http://www.producao.usp.br

http://www.producao.usp.br/handle/BDPI/44286

A Complete CMOS UWB Timed-Array Transmitter with a 3D Vivaldi Antenna Array for Electronic High-resolution Beam Spatial Scanning

Alexandre M. De Oliveiraa, Marcelo B. Perotonib, Jorge R. B. Garaya, Stelvio H. I. Barbozaa, João F. Justoa, and Sérgio T. Kofujia

a University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

b Federal University of ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil.

e-mail: amanicoba, jorge, stelvio, [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract— We present a new Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Timed-Array Transmitter System with Beamforming capability for high-resolution remote acquisition of vital signals. The system consists of four identical channels, where each is formed of a serial topology with three modules: programmable delay circuit (PDC or τ), a novel UWB 5th Gaussian Derivative order pulse generator circuit (PG), and a planar Vivaldi antenna. The circuit was designed using 0.18µm CMOS standard process and the planar antenna array was designed with film-conductor on Rogers RO3206 substrate. Spice simulations results showed the pulse generation with 104 mVpp amplitude and 500 ps width. The power consumption is 543 µW, and energy consumption 0.27 pJ per pulse using a 2V power supply at a pulse repetition rate (PRR) of 100 MHz. Electromagnetic simulations results, using CST Microwave (MW) Studio 2011, showed the main lobe radiation with a gain maximum of 13.2 dB, 35.5º x 36.7º angular width, and a beam steering between 17º and -11º for azimuthal (θ) angles and 17º and -18º for elevation (φ) angles at the center frequency of 6 GHz.

Health monitoring; respiration rate; beamforming; timed array; UWB; heartbeat signasl;

I. INTRODUCTION

Currently, there is considerable research being conducted on UWB radars, mainly (but not only) for application in the remote acquisition of heartbeat signals or the measurement of respiration rate (e.g. a group of soldiers in a military vehicle or workers in a nuclear power plant). Moreover, UWB radars promise good performance for other of military or civil applications (e.g. as ground and wall penetrating, victim localizations in the rubble of a landslide or snow, in pediatric clinics for alerting and monitoring of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), or biomedical imaging) [1-6]. This technique is formed for a transmitter (this work) and a receiver to perform telemetry and estimating the vital signs through detection of the motion of lung and heart walls.

The case of vital signs acquisition requires a high precision system that can capture the signals of each individual dynamically, as this type of analysis in motion can cause significant changes in waveform on the radiated UWB pulse [1, 6, 7]. With this objective, it is essential to use a radar system equipped with high-gain directional antennas to minimize reflections from the environment [7], justifying the choice of a beaforming system.

Another important point is to ensure the coexistence with other systems, and for this, being spread in an ultra-

wide frequency range the spectral power of the pulses, minimizing the likelihood of interference with other communication systems, such as cell phones (e.g. GSM900, and UMTS/WCDMA), GPS, Bluetooth, and W-LAN IEEE 802.11 [8, 9].

Figure 1 shows the proposed timed-array transmitter system, formed by four identical channels, each one composed by a PDC, a PG, and a Vivaldi antenna, mounted in a dual cross antenna array (2+2), proposed by [5], so as to permit spatial (3D) beam steering.

Figure 1. UWB Beamforming Transmitter. (a) A general structure of beamforming; (b) bidirectional array gain pattern at 00FFh PDC word

control.

The work is organized as follows: in Sec II, the transmitter circuit and antenna array architecture and design are presented. Also the results of electromagnetical simulation in CST MW 2011[12], along with the results of Spice simulations, are presented in Sec III, and the conclusions are covered in Sec IV. The integrated system simulations with MicroWind 3.5[10] combined with LTSpice 4[11] for layout and schematic, where effects of crosstalk coupling vertical and horizontal, input noise of 10 mVpp and parameters variation (voltage, temperature, geometrical dimensions w and l) of the +/- 20% were considered by Monte-Carlo MOS level 3, with unknowns values are randomly selected according with their statistical distribution.

II. SYSTEM BEAMFORMING ARCHITECTURE

OVERVIEW

A radar system based on timed-array, as well as phased-array, avoids the use of complicated mechanical systems, (mechanical scanning radar). In contrast to phased-array system that only operates with carrier signal, the timed-array system operates with discrete pulses (carrier free) and may have a pattern of different spacing between the antennas [1, 5, 13, 14]. e.g. when the antennas are excited with a delay time of 0 ps for channels 1 and 2, and of 63 ps for channels

3 and 4 azimuth

antenna

A.

investigations waveform delay quasipresented in a (delay vs. control word)PDC

details shown in Fig. 2(b), and each one is formed by two inverters, connected in series, 2(c))and discharge time of changed in function of the system

obtain a PDC with the and the circuit. The work delay control nonlinear a variable resistor to obtain a as shown

the words (4, 8, 9, and 12), as viewed in(b) of

Figure 3.

3 and 4 respectivelyazimuth, and elevation

Each blockantenna array in the next sections

A. Programmable delay array

The PDC presented in this paper is based on investigations waveform delay quasipresented in a (delay vs. control word)PDC-array architecture.

The circuit consists of details shown in Fig. 2(b), and each one is formed by two inverters, connected in series, 2(c)) between the transistor Mn4 (the firsand Vss. The discharge time of changed in function of the system provid

Figure 2. General PDC array structure: (a) PDC array; (b) PDC Unit; (c)

According to the investigations obtain a PDC with the and by controlling the capacitive or resistive properties of the circuit. The work delay control nonlinear waveform delays. a variable resistor to obtain a as shown in Fig

Figure 3 shows the nonlinearity of the PDC from [1] the quasi-linearwords (4, 8, 9, and 12), as viewed in(b) of the figure.

Figure 3. Delay range waveform of this work in comparison with [1]. (a) Delay range waveform with quasi

linear response of the ref. [1]. (b) Time difference between adjacent

respectively, the same channels wi, and elevation angle

ach block of the transmitter is explained, including the in the next sections

Programmable delay array

The PDC presented in this paper is based on investigations from [5], which waveform delay quasi-linearpresented in a previous work [1], wh(delay vs. control word) was non

array architecture. The circuit consists of four

details shown in Fig. 2(b), and each one is formed by two inverters, connected in series,

between the transistor Mn4 (the firsThe time propagation is dependent

discharge time of Mn2 transistor changed in function of the

provides a controlled delay.

General PDC array structure: (a) PDC array; (b) PDC Unit; (c) Digital Variable

According to the investigations obtain a PDC with the series

controlling the capacitive or resistive properties of the circuit. The work presented indelay control using a digital capacitor

waveform delays. a variable resistor to obtain a

in Fig. 3(a). Figure 3 shows the nonlinearity of the PDC from [1]

linearity of the proposed PDC, for words (4, 8, 9, and 12), as viewed in

figure.

Delay range waveform of this work in comparison with [1]. (a) Delay range waveform with quasi

linear response of the ref. [1]. (b) Time difference between adjacent control words.

the same channels wiangles (θ, φ), as shown

of the transmitter is explained, including the in the next sections.

Programmable delay array – PDC

The PDC presented in this paper is based on [5], which resulted on

linear, in contrast to the PDC work [1], whosewas non-linear. Fig. 2(a

four independent channels, with details shown in Fig. 2(b), and each one is formed by two inverters, connected in series, with a variable resistor

between the transistor Mn4 (the firstime propagation is dependent Mn2 transistor gate capacitance of,

changed in function of the variable resistora controlled delay.

General PDC array structure: (a) PDC array; (b) PDC Unit; (c) Digital Variable Resistor Circuit

According to the investigations in [5],

series combination of two inverters controlling the capacitive or resistive properties of

presented in [1] accomplished the digital capacitor

waveform delays. The present investigationa variable resistor to obtain a quasi-linear

Figure 3 shows the nonlinearity of the PDC from [1] proposed PDC, for

words (4, 8, 9, and 12), as viewed in shadow areas

Delay range waveform of this work in comparison with [1]. (a) Delay range waveform with quasi-linear response in contrast no

linear response of the ref. [1]. (b) Time difference between adjacent control words.

the same channels will vary the hown in Fig. 1(

of the transmitter is explained, including the

The PDC presented in this paper is based on resulted on a PDC with a in contrast to the PDC

ose delay waveformFig. 2(a) show

independent channels, with details shown in Fig. 2(b), and each one is formed by two

with a variable resistorbetween the transistor Mn4 (the first nMOS inverter)

time propagation is dependent on thegate capacitance of, and

resistor. Therefore the

General PDC array structure: (a) PDC array; (b) PDC Unit; (c) stor Circuit.

[5], it is possiblecombination of two inverters

controlling the capacitive or resistive properties of [1] accomplished the

digital capacitor, resulting in a he present investigation

linear waveform delay

Figure 3 shows the nonlinearity of the PDC from [1] proposed PDC, for the control

shadow areas in item

Delay range waveform of this work in comparison with results oflinear response in contrast no

linear response of the ref. [1]. (b) Time difference between adjacent

ll vary the . 1(b).

of the transmitter is explained, including the

The PDC presented in this paper is based on a PDC with a

in contrast to the PDC waveform

) shows the

independent channels, with details shown in Fig. 2(b), and each one is formed by two

with a variable resistor (Fig. MOS inverter)

on the and is

. Therefore the

General PDC array structure: (a) PDC array; (b) PDC Unit; (c)

it is possible to combination of two inverters

controlling the capacitive or resistive properties of [1] accomplished the

, resulting in a he present investigation used

waveform delay,

Figure 3 shows the nonlinearity of the PDC from [1] vs. control in item

results of

linear response in contrast no-linear response of the ref. [1]. (b) Time difference between adjacent

B. The New 5

There are several applicationssuitable one,it is complex to synthesize it. On the other hand,rectangular pulse is easily generatedlateral spreading.

Anotherpresents electromagnetic emission less efficient, and does not meethe requirements set by the Federal Communication Commissionderivative pulse in presents spreading and meets the

Figure of the PG

AND gate formed by a pseudo nMOS NAND gate and a static inverter;

The novel system architecture is illustrated in Fig. It consists of two identical static inverters in series. They transform the arbitrary input signal waveform generator [triangular pulse that is inverted by the static inverter (This inverted triangular pulse is later spread and inverted by the delay line (excites the pulse shape transistors (MM15n, M13p,the Calso generates the 5th derivative of the Gaussian pulse

A electrical simulations, in order tantennathe CST MW 2011and thus generate the integration in both environments.

The New 5th derivative Gaussian pulse generator

There are several applications [5]. The Sinc pulse issuitable one, by presenting a loit is complex to synthesize it. On the other hand,ectangular pulse is easily generated

lateral spreading. Another option

presents a DC component (zero frequency)electromagnetic emission less efficient, and does not meethe requirements set by the Federal Communication Commission (FCCderivative pulse in presents no DC component, has a lower rate of lateral spreading and meets the

Figure 4. The proposed 5of the PG; (b) Simplified time diagram; (c) PG proposed in

AND gate formed by a pseudo nMOS NAND gate and a static inverter;Static inverter circuit;

The novel system architecture is illustrated in Fig. It consists of two identical static inverters in series. They transform the arbitrary input signal waveform Vtriggergenerator [5,16,17triangular pulse that is inverted by the static inverter (This inverted triangular pulse is later spread and inverted by the delay line (Vb, excites the pulse shape transistors (MM15n, M13p, and M1

C capacitor (570also generates the

derivative of the Gaussian pulse

A 50Ω load impedance is used in the circuit during the electrical simulations, in order tantenna. After obtaining the output pulse, it was exported to the CST MW 2011and thus generate the integration in both environments.

derivative Gaussian pulse generator

There are several pulses that can be used in UWB [5]. The Sinc pulse isby presenting a lower rate of lateral spread

it is complex to synthesize it. On the other hand,ectangular pulse is easily generated

option is to use the Gaussian pulse, although itDC component (zero frequency)

electromagnetic emission less efficient, and does not meethe requirements set by the Federal Communication

FCC) [5,15]. As a result, derivative pulse in the 5th order

no DC component, has a lower rate of lateral spreading and meets the FCC re

proposed 5th derivative Gaussian PGSimplified time diagram; (c) PG proposed in

AND gate formed by a pseudo nMOS NAND gate and a static inverter;Static inverter circuit; and (f) three inverter delay circuit

The novel system architecture is illustrated in Fig. It consists of two identical static inverters in series. They transform the arbitrary input signal

Vtrigger (Vtg). Next7], responsible for the generation

triangular pulse that is inverted by the static inverter (This inverted triangular pulse is later spread and inverted by

, Vc, Vd, Ve, and Vf excites the pulse shape transistors (M

and M16n). The current that passes through (570 fF) blocks out the DC component, and

also generates the Vout signal that is shaped according to the derivative of the Gaussian pulse

impedance is used in the circuit during the electrical simulations, in order t

. After obtaining the output pulse, it was exported to the CST MW 2011, which was used to simulate the antenna, and thus generate the integration in both environments.


pulses that can be used in UWB [5]. The Sinc pulse is considered th

wer rate of lateral spreadit is complex to synthesize it. On the other hand,ectangular pulse is easily generated, but has considerable

is to use the Gaussian pulse, although itDC component (zero frequency), which makes its


) [5,15]. As a result, the use of Gaussian 5th order was suggested

no DC component, has a lower rate of lateral FCC requirements.

tive Gaussian PG: (a) Simplified time diagram; (c) PG proposed in

AND gate formed by a pseudo nMOS NAND gate and a static inverter;and (f) three inverter delay circuit

The novel system architecture is illustrated in Fig. It consists of two identical static inverters in series. They transform the arbitrary input signal Vin

). Next, there is a triangular pulse ], responsible for the generation

triangular pulse that is inverted by the static inverter (This inverted triangular pulse is later spread and inverted by

d, Ve, and Vf ), each time theexcites the pulse shape transistors (M11p, M

n). The current that passes through blocks out the DC component, and

signal that is shaped according to the derivative of the Gaussian pulse, shown in F

impedance is used in the circuit during the electrical simulations, in order to simulate a realistic

. After obtaining the output pulse, it was exported to used to simulate the antenna,

and thus generate the integration in both environments.


pulses that can be used in UWB considered the most

wer rate of lateral spread, but it is complex to synthesize it. On the other hand, the

, but has considerable

is to use the Gaussian pulse, although itwhich makes its


the use of Gaussian was suggested [5], since it

no DC component, has a lower rate of lateral

: (a) general structure

Simplified time diagram; (c) PG proposed in [16, 17]; (d) AND gate formed by a pseudo nMOS NAND gate and a static inverter; (e)

and (f) three inverter delay circuit.

The novel system architecture is illustrated in Fig. 4(a). It consists of two identical static inverters in series. They

into a square triangular pulse

], responsible for the generation of triangular pulse that is inverted by the static inverter (VaThis inverted triangular pulse is later spread and inverted by

), each time the wave p, M14n, M12p,

n). The current that passes through blocks out the DC component, and

signal that is shaped according to the , shown in Fig. 4(b).

impedance is used in the circuit during the o simulate a realistic


and thus generate the integration in both environments. This

pulses that can be used in UWB e most

but the

, but has considerable

is to use the Gaussian pulse, although it which makes its

electromagnetic emission less efficient, and does not meet the requirements set by the Federal Communication

the use of Gaussian , since it

no DC component, has a lower rate of lateral

general structure

d) (e)

(a). It consists of two identical static inverters in series. They

into a square triangular pulse

of a a).

This inverted triangular pulse is later spread and inverted by wave

p, n). The current that passes through blocks out the DC component, and

signal that is shaped according to the

impedance is used in the circuit during the o simulate a realistic


This

procedure was executed in order to meet the FCC regulations for UWB systems, which require that the output pulse should be obtained from the complete system, including the transmitter and antenna. For the final IC design however, this impedance load was removed.

Each subsystem is described below:

1) Square-wave rectifier

This subsystem consists of two identical static inverters used to rectify time-varying waveforms such as square waves, following the proposed pulse generator presented in [18]. The inverter architecture is illustrated in Fig. 4(e), which consists of a pMOS (M25p with w=4 µm and l=0.2 µm, with Imax=946 µA) and a nMOS (M26n with w=2 µm and l=0.2 µm, with Imax=1185 µA) transistors, operating as switches. When the input signal has a low level (Vss), the nMOS gate is reversely biased while the pMOS gate is directly biased, therefore generating a high level (Vdd) at its output. Conversely, a high level signal is applied in the input generates a low lever (Vss) at the output.

Since the Monte Carlo average response time of the proposed inverter is in the range of 40 ps (7.5 times faster compared to the transition from a sine wave of same frequency), the connection of two inverters in series conforms the input time-varying signal into a square wave. The same inverter is used in the output of the triangular pulse.

2) Triangle pulse generator

The triangular pulse generator, Fig. 4 (c), used in this work is based on the Glitch generator proposed by Rabaey in [16] and was firstly used for generating triangular UWB pulses circuit by Zhang [17] and more recently by De Oliveira [5].

The triangle pulse generator was developed around a simple feedback network and an AND gate (Fig. 4 (d)).

The architecture of the triangle pulse generator is detailed in Fig. 4(c). At the time Vtrigger is held at a low level (Vss), the AND gate (Fig. 4 (d)) output is at low level, so the nMOS transistor M18n (with w= 1µm and l= 0.2µm, with Imax= 581µA) is off. The capacitor Cx (via capacitance, gate capacitance of transistor M24n, and drain capacitance of transistors M17 and M18n) of the 15 fF is then charged to Vdd by the pMOS transistor M17p (with w=4 µm and l=0.2 µm, with Imax=946 µA). When the Vtrigger signal reaches the high level (Vdd), M17p is immediately turned off and the AND gate output reaches a high level after a short gate delay . Therefore, M18n is turned on to discharge the capacitor Cx. When the signal Vx is changed to a level below the threshold voltage of the AND gate , the AND gate output changes to a low level again after T, thereby a triangular pulse (Vpulse) is produced.

3) Delay circuit

The delay circuit is composed of five delay cells, each one formed by three sets of identical static inverters. In Fig. 4(f), each inverter consists of the nMOS and pMOS transistors, for the first inverter they are M30n (with w=2 µm and l=0.2 µm, with Imax=1144 µA) and M27p (with w=4 µm and l=0.2 µm, with Imax=898 µA), respectively.

The delay time depends on the transistor channel dimensions; on the parasitic capacitances and on the

number of inverters in the delay line. This particular setting for the delay circuit was chosen because of its simplicity and compact topology. The output of each delay cell is Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve, and Vf. Fig. 5 shows Vpulse and the other triangle waves that excite the transistors forming the pulse shaping stage.

Figure 5. Waveform of the trianglular pulses starting with the Vpulse, and Va signals, followed by delay cells output pulses Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve,and Vf.

4) Pulse shaping stage

The development technique of the pulse shaping stage presented in this paper is based on [1, 18], for UWB pulse generation seen in Fig. 6(a).

The pulse shaping stage consist of three charge-pumps, and each consists of two transistors, a pMOS and a nMOS, M11p (with w=0.6 µm and l=0.2 µm, with Imax= 127µA) generating the first peak of the pulse with 7 mV, and M14n (with w=1.2 µm and l=0.2 µm, with Imax=677 µA) generating the first valley pulse with -30 mV (for first charge-pump), M12p (with w=5 µm and l=0.2 µm, with Imax=1124 µA) generating the second peak of the pulse with 50mV and M15n (with w=2.8 µm and l=0.2 µm, with Imax=1610 µA) generating the second valley pulse with -54mV (second charge-pump), and M13p (with w=2.2 µm and l=0.2 µm, with Imax=490 µA) generating the third peak of the pulse with 26 mV and M16n (with w=0.6 µm and l=0.2 µm, with Imax=327 µA) generating the third valley pulse with -15 mV (last charge-pump), as shown in Fig. 4(a) and Fig. 6(a).

It is observed that the charge-pump output currents are controlled and combined successively by these transistors. As a result, a fifth derivative Gaussian pulse is generated, illustrated in Fig. 4(b), with its waveform in Fig. 6(a), and output pulse magnitude Vout is controlled by the charge-pumps output transistors. The transistor sizes are chosen based on the required amplification level to shape the output UWB waveform [1,18].

5) Pulse generator simulation results

The simulation of the proposed UWB pulse generator using Spice shows that the circuit can be robustly operated, in other words, showing the 5th Gaussian pulse waveform at Vout unchanged with 20% variation of the parameters in Monte Carlo simulations (varying supply voltage, geometry, temperature and input noise).

The simulation results showed that the fifth-order derivative Gaussian pulse is similar to the calculated theoretical pulse, as seen in Fig. 6(a), with the simulated pulse indicated in solid line and the normalized theoretical pulse shown by the dotted line. The amplitude of the

simulated pulse is 104 mVpp and its pulse width has 500 ps. The average power consumption was 543 µW and energy consumption of 271 fJ per pulse is found at input PRR’s of 100 MHz and 2 V power supply, with a bandwidth of 5.26 GHz (level between -50.3 dBm and -40.3 dBm) showed in detail in Fig. 6(b).

Figure 6. (a) Simulated x Theoretical 5th Derivative Gaussian Pulse, (b)

Spice Power Spectral Density of the output pulse.

The consumption is lower than that in the system of [19,20]. Table I shows a comparison between this pulse generator and various previously reported designs in the literature, the new topology here proposed can transmit an UWB pulse with higher energy efficiency, which contributes to increased the battery lifetime.

TABLE I. PERFORMANCE AND COMPARASION OF UWB TRANSMITTER.

Parameters/References

This work

[1] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

Pulse type 5th 7th 7th 5th 5th 2nd Mono Multi

Technology (nm)

180 180 180 180 500 180 180 180

Power supply (V)

2.0 2.0 1.5 1.8 5 -- 1.8 --

PRR (MHz) 100 100 100 1 -- -- 1160 --

Pulse duration (ps)

500 350 800 380 2400

999 280 2000

Amplit. (mVpp)

104 136 500 700 148 30 123 900

Energy consum. / pulse. (pJ)

0.27 0.4 4.7 -- 58 -- -- 180

Power consum. /

pulse (mW)

0.543 -- -- -- -- 21 12,6 --

Table II summarizes the global performance of the

proposed UWB pulse generator.

TABLE II. SUMMARY OF THE SIMULATED PULSE GENERATOR PERFORMANCE.

Parameters Results Bandwidth 5.26 GHz Sub-band center frequency 6 GHz Peak PSD -40.3 dBm/MHz Pulse Amplitude 104 mVpp Pulse duration 500 ps Energy consumption p/ pulse Power consumption p/ pulse

0.27 pJ 0.543 mW

Power supply 2.0 V Pulse repetition rate 100 MHz Technology 180 nm

6) Proposed Layout

Fig. 7 shows the proposed UWB pulse generator circuit layout, without pads, with the input signal (Vpcd), square-wave rectifier, the triangular pulse generator, the delay cells, and the pulse shaping circuit. Guard rings are used to minimize latch-up effects and interference between adjacent circuits. The complete pulse generator circuit occupies an area of 26x33µm², without pads.

Figure 7. Layout of one pulse generator of the array UWB without pads.

C. Vivaldi antenna array

A 2+2 array of Antipodal Vivaldi antennas is proposed for the beamforming. The Vivaldi antennas, belong to the class of continuously scaled, aperiodic, and exponential curved antennas. Theoretically this antenna has a constant beamwidth at unlimited operating frequency range, therefore suitable for UWB applications [26, 27, 28].

The substrate used is the Rogers RO3206 (with a relative dielectric constant of 6.15). The opening exponential taper of the antenna is responsible for its large bandwidth, as described in [26].

Figure 8. (a) key design parameters of array; (b) Key design parameters of the individual notch Vivaldi antenna.

The design parameters of 2+2 array and antenna are shown in Fig. 8, and its respective dimensions in Table III.

TABLE III. D IMENSIONS OF THE ANTENNAS.

50Ω microstrip line

w b Units in mm.

1,00 21,20

Antenna dimensions

l o s r c a

57,60 22,66 7,89 13,40 1,90 34,60

In contrast to narrowband phased array systems, which have as a requirement the distance between array elements of λ/2 fixed, the proposed UWB timed array provides greater design freedom regarding the distance between the elements [13]. The distance between the elements (d) of array proposed in this paper was used as the design parameter and varied 36.3 mm, which corresponds 5/7 of λ at 6 GHz to 72.6 mm, corresponding to 1 and 4/9 of λ6 GHz.

Figure 9. Gain versus frequency for the formation of the beam with the

following control words PDC-array: 0000h, F000h, 0F00h, 00F0h, 000Fh, with d equal to 36.3, 58.1, 72.6 mm.

The gain of the arrangement with d = 36.3mm showed

two problems, it was not uniform between frequencies from 5 to 7GHz, and possessed 4.5dB and 9.2dB as lower and upper gain limits, whereas with d = 72.6mm it resulted in a higher and uniform gain, ranging from 9.2 to 13.5dB as lower and upper gain limits, although this arrangement occupies a volume 200% larger than the previous arrangement. The chosen space between these two values is d = 58.1mm, which shows good uniformity in gain over the 5 to 7GHz range with upper and lower limits of 8 to 13.2dB gain and a volume occupying only 108% higher.

Figure 9 shows the gain versus frequency for the beam with the following control PDC-array words: 0000h, F000h, 0F00h, 00F0h, 000Fh with d equals 36.3, 58.1, 72.6 mm.

The main lobe direction is given by the relationship between the ∆τ, which is propagation delay between the antennas set by the PDC, the distance (d) between the antennas, and the light speed (c), as follows:

= ∆ (1)

for azimuthally angles and,

= ∆ (2)

for elevation angles. III. SIMULATION RESULTS

The simulation of the pulse beamforming transmitter in the Spice environment shows a pulse amplitude of 104

mVpp and 500 ps of pulse width, as well as a main lobe with an average gain of 13.1 dB, 35.5º x 36.7º angular width and a beam steering between 17º x -11º to the θ angle and between 17º and -18º to the φ angles for maximum values.

Table IV and Fig. 10 show some possibilities for beamforming alongside with the required configuration parameters. The first to fourth column are the PDC control words, in hexadecimal base; the fifth and eighth column contain the corresponding time delays in ps; and, finally, the ninth and eleventh columns are of the parameters of the beam steering and the respective gain results.

TABLE IV. DATA OF SOME POSSIBLE SETS AND RESULTS AT 6GHZ.

Programmable Delay Array – Control word

Antenna input Main Lobe

1 2 3 4 Simulated Gain

(dB) τ1 τ2 τ3 τ4 ∆τ (ps) θ (º) φ (º)

0h 0h 0h 0h 0 0 0 0 2 0 13.1

0h 0h Fh Fh 0 0 63 63 17 17 12.3

5h Fh 5h 0h 35 63 35 0 -11 0 11.4

1h 3h 1h 0h 12 26 12 0 -4 0 12.7

2h 0h 2h 6h 18 0 18 38 11 0 13.2

5h 0h 5h Fh 35 0 35 63 16 0 12.8

0h 5h Eh 5h 0 35 61 35 2 17 12.4

Fh 5h 0h 5h 63 35 0 35 2 -18 12.5

Figure 10. 2D Radiation pattern of the Fairfield (array) Gain (dB) in Ludwig 2 Azimuth vs. Elevation for some configuration parameters

possibilities.

IV. CONCLUSION This paper presents the design of a new timed array

UWB transmitter pulse generator system with beamforming capability composed of CMOS 0.18 µm standard technology, as well as an 3D antenna array design integrated with Spice and CST 2011 MW. The simulation results showed a controllable beam steering between 17º and -11º for θ angles and between 17º and -18º for φ angles with a maximum gain of 13.2dB. This control was achieved using a PDC array circuit that can generate delays digitally controlled from 0 to 63ps. The pulses obtained resulted in a signal with 104mVpp amplitude and 500ps of pulse duration and a power consumption of 543µW, and energy consumption of 0.27pJ per pulse using 2V power supply at PPR of 100MHz.

acknowledge the material and specs support from Rogers Coin the review, de Toulouse

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[20]

[21]

Alexandre Maniçoba de Oliveira would like to acknowledge the material and specs support from Rogers Corporation and User Licence of Microwind 3.5 in the review, de Toulouse.

[1] A. M. De Oliveira, et al. "A CMOS UWB Pulse Beamforming Transmitter with Vivaldi Array Antenna for Vital Signals MoApplictions” Proceedings of 3rd IEEE Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS), 2012, Playa del Carmen. IEEE LASCAS 2012.. EUA : IEEEXplore, p. 1doi:10.1109/LASCAS.2012.6180337.

[2] Zito, D., et al. "SoC CMOS UWB Pulse Radar Respiratory Rate Monitoring". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems. Vol. 5. pp. 503

[3] E. M. Staderini. "UWB Radars in Medicine". IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol 17, pp. 13

[4] M. Baldi, et al."Analysis and simulation of algorithms for vital signs detection using UUltra-Wideband (ICUWB 2011), ISBN: 978345, 2011.]

[5] A. M. De Oliveira. "Conceptual Model of a Ctransmitter by electronic scanning with Vivaldi array antenna". 2012. 170 pp. Dissertation (Master of Science) São Paulo, 2012.

[6] Y. Xiao, C. Li, and J. Lin. "A Portable Noncontact Heartbeat and Respiration MonitoriJournal, vol. 7, no. 7, July 2007, pp. 1042

[7] A. Lazaro, D. Girbau, and R. Villarino, "Analysis of vital signs monitoring using an irResearch, Vol. 100, pp. 265

[8] J. S. Araújo, R. M. S. De Oliveira, and C. L. S. S. Sobrinho. “Novel Technique for Locating aCooperative System of Multistatic Radars”. Journal of MicOptoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications. vol. 10, no. 2 . p. 308 – 322. December 2011.

[9] M. Hämäläinem, et al. "On the UWB System Coexistence With GSM900, UMTS/WCDMA, and GPS". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas In Communication. vol. 20, no. 92002.

[10] Microwind v.3.5 Dr. Etienne Sicard, Toulouse, France.[11] Linear Technology Spice (LTSpice) v.4. Linear Technology, Milpitas,

CA. [12] Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS)

v.2011, CST of America, Inc., Well[13] T. S. Chu, J. Roderick, and H. Hashemi. "An Integrated Ultra

Wideband Timed Array Receiverin 0.13 um CMOS Using a PathSharing True Time Delay Architecture". IEEE Journal Of SolidCircuits, vol. 42, no. 12, December 2007.

[14] L. Wang, Y. LianBeamforming Transmitter With 1º Scanning Resolution Through Calibrated Vernier Delay Line in 0.13Solid State Circuits. vol. 47, no. 12, December 2012.

[15] Federal Communication Commission, ReCommission’s Rules Regarding UltraSystems, adopted Feb. 2002, released Apr. 2002.

[16] J. M. RABAEY, A. CHANDRAKASAN, B. NIKOLIC. "Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective" 2nd Ed. Pearson., 2002. 761p. ISBN: 978

[17] G. ZHANG, et al. "Design and implementation of UWB pulse with multiple narrowConf. on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Network (CECNet) 2011. Tianjin: 2011. P. 115461284-458-9. Doi: 10.1109/CECNET.2011.5769041.

[18] H. KIM, et al. "Digital LowWideband Systems". Patent no. US 7715502B2, 7 Set. 2007, 11 Mai. 2010.

[19] T. A. Phan, et al.“4.7pJ/pulse 7th Derivative GaussiaGenerator for Impulse Radio”, AUTO

[20] H. Kim, D. Park, Y. Joo. “Allgenerator for UWB system”, Electronics Letters, Vol. 40 no. 24, pp.1534-1535. November 2004.

[21] H. Kim, Y. Joo. “Fifthderivative Gaussisubbanded UltraTech., Vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1647

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Alexandre Maniçoba de Oliveira would like to acknowledge the material and specs support from Rogers

rporation and User Licence of Microwind 3.5 in the review, from Prof. Dr. Etienne Sicard

REFERENCES

A. M. De Oliveira, et al. "A CMOS UWB Pulse Beamforming Transmitter with Vivaldi Array Antenna for Vital Signals MoApplictions” Proceedings of 3rd IEEE Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS), 2012, Playa del Carmen. IEEE LASCAS 2012.. EUA : IEEEXplore, p. 1doi:10.1109/LASCAS.2012.6180337.Zito, D., et al. "SoC CMOS UWB Pulse Radar Respiratory Rate Monitoring". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems. Vol. 5. pp. 503E. M. Staderini. "UWB Radars in Medicine". IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol 17, pp. 13M. Baldi, et al."Analysis and simulation of algorithms for vital signs detection using UWB radars". in: IEEE

Wideband (ICUWB 2011), ISBN: 978

A. M. De Oliveira. "Conceptual Model of a Ctransmitter by electronic scanning with Vivaldi array antenna". 2012. 170 pp. Dissertation (Master of Science) São Paulo, 2012. Y. Xiao, C. Li, and J. Lin. "A Portable Noncontact Heartbeat and Respiration Monitoring System Using 5Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, July 2007, pp. 1042A. Lazaro, D. Girbau, and R. Villarino, "Analysis of vital signs monitoring using an ir-UWB radar," Progress In ElectromagneticsResearch, Vol. 100, pp. 265-284, 2010.doi:10.2528/PIER09120302 J. S. Araújo, R. M. S. De Oliveira, and C. L. S. S. Sobrinho. “Novel Technique for Locating an Intruder in 3D Environments by Using a Cooperative System of Multistatic Radars”. Journal of MicOptoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications. vol. 10, no. 2 . p.

322. December 2011. M. Hämäläinem, et al. "On the UWB System Coexistence With GSM900, UMTS/WCDMA, and GPS". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas In Communication. vol. 20, no. 9

Microwind v.3.5 Dr. Etienne Sicard, Toulouse, France.Linear Technology Spice (LTSpice) v.4. Linear Technology, Milpitas,

Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS) v.2011, CST of America, Inc., WellT. S. Chu, J. Roderick, and H. Hashemi. "An Integrated UltraWideband Timed Array Receiverin 0.13 um CMOS Using a PathSharing True Time Delay Architecture". IEEE Journal Of SolidCircuits, vol. 42, no. 12, December 2007.L. Wang, Y. Lian, and C. H, Heng. "3Beamforming Transmitter With 1º Scanning Resolution Through Calibrated Vernier Delay Line in 0.13Solid State Circuits. vol. 47, no. 12, December 2012.Federal Communication Commission, ReCommission’s Rules Regarding UltraSystems, adopted Feb. 2002, released Apr. 2002.J. M. RABAEY, A. CHANDRAKASAN, B. NIKOLIC. "Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective" 2nd Ed. Pearson., 2002.

SBN: 978-01-309-0996G. ZHANG, et al. "Design and implementation of UWB pulse with multiple narrow-band interferences mitigation". Proceedings of Inter. Conf. on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Network (CECNet) 2011. Tianjin: 2011. P. 1154

9. Doi: 10.1109/CECNET.2011.5769041.H. KIM, et al. "Digital Low-Power CMOS Pulse Generator For UltraWideband Systems". Patent no. US 7715502B2, 7 Set. 2007, 11 Mai.

T. A. Phan, et al.“4.7pJ/pulse 7th Derivative GaussiaGenerator for Impulse Radio”, AUTOH. Kim, D. Park, Y. Joo. “Allgenerator for UWB system”, Electronics Letters, Vol. 40 no. 24,

1535. November 2004.H. Kim, Y. Joo. “Fifthderivative Gaussisubbanded Ultra-Wideband transmitters”, IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory Tech., Vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1647

CKNOWLEDGMENTS


rporation and User Licence of Microwind 3.5 Dr. Etienne Sicard

EFERENCES A. M. De Oliveira, et al. "A CMOS UWB Pulse Beamforming Transmitter with Vivaldi Array Antenna for Vital Signals MoApplictions” Proceedings of 3rd IEEE Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS), 2012, Playa del Carmen. IEEE LASCAS 2012.. EUA : IEEEXplore, p. 1doi:10.1109/LASCAS.2012.6180337. Zito, D., et al. "SoC CMOS UWB Pulse Radar Respiratory Rate Monitoring". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems. Vol. 5. pp. 503-510. Dec. 2011E. M. Staderini. "UWB Radars in Medicine". IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, vol 17, pp. 13-18, Aug. 200M. Baldi, et al."Analysis and simulation of algorithms for vital signs

WB radars". in: IEEE International Conference on Wideband (ICUWB 2011), ISBN: 978-1

A. M. De Oliveira. "Conceptual Model of a Ctransmitter by electronic scanning with Vivaldi array antenna". 2012. 170 pp. Dissertation (Master of Science) - Universidade de São Paulo,

Y. Xiao, C. Li, and J. Lin. "A Portable Noncontact Heartbeat and ng System Using 5-GHz Radar", IEEE Sensor

Journal, vol. 7, no. 7, July 2007, pp. 1042-1043.A. Lazaro, D. Girbau, and R. Villarino, "Analysis of vital signs

UWB radar," Progress In Electromagnetics284, 2010.doi:10.2528/PIER09120302

J. S. Araújo, R. M. S. De Oliveira, and C. L. S. S. Sobrinho. “Novel Intruder in 3D Environments by Using a

Cooperative System of Multistatic Radars”. Journal of MicOptoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications. vol. 10, no. 2 . p.

M. Hämäläinem, et al. "On the UWB System Coexistence With GSM900, UMTS/WCDMA, and GPS". IEEE Journal on Selected Areas In Communication. vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1712

Microwind v.3.5 Dr. Etienne Sicard, Toulouse, France.Linear Technology Spice (LTSpice) v.4. Linear Technology, Milpitas,

Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS) v.2011, CST of America, Inc., Wellesley MA. T. S. Chu, J. Roderick, and H. Hashemi. "An Integrated UltraWideband Timed Array Receiverin 0.13 um CMOS Using a PathSharing True Time Delay Architecture". IEEE Journal Of SolidCircuits, vol. 42, no. 12, December 2007.

, and C. H, Heng. "3-5 GHz 4Beamforming Transmitter With 1º Scanning Resolution Through Calibrated Vernier Delay Line in 0.13-um CMOS". IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits. vol. 47, no. 12, December 2012.Federal Communication Commission, Revision of Part 15 of the Commission’s Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission Systems, adopted Feb. 2002, released Apr. 2002.J. M. RABAEY, A. CHANDRAKASAN, B. NIKOLIC. "Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective" 2nd Ed. Pearson., 2002.

0996-1. G. ZHANG, et al. "Design and implementation of UWB pulse with

band interferences mitigation". Proceedings of Inter. Conf. on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Network (CECNet) 2011. Tianjin: 2011. P. 1154-1157

9. Doi: 10.1109/CECNET.2011.5769041.Power CMOS Pulse Generator For Ultra

Wideband Systems". Patent no. US 7715502B2, 7 Set. 2007, 11 Mai.

T. A. Phan, et al.“4.7pJ/pulse 7th Derivative GaussiaGenerator for Impulse Radio”, AUTO-ID Labs at MIT, 2008.H. Kim, D. Park, Y. Joo. “All-digital lowgenerator for UWB system”, Electronics Letters, Vol. 40 no. 24,

1535. November 2004. H. Kim, Y. Joo. “Fifthderivative Gaussian pulse generators for

Wideband transmitters”, IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory Tech., Vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1647-1655. April 2006.

CKNOWLEDGMENTS


rporation and User Licence of Microwind 3.5 and support Dr. Etienne Sicard of l'Université

A. M. De Oliveira, et al. "A CMOS UWB Pulse Beamforming Transmitter with Vivaldi Array Antenna for Vital Signals Monitoring Applictions” Proceedings of 3rd IEEE Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS), 2012, Playa del Carmen. IEEE LASCAS 2012.. EUA : IEEEXplore, p. 1-4, 2012.

Zito, D., et al. "SoC CMOS UWB Pulse Radar Sensor for Contactless Respiratory Rate Monitoring". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical

510. Dec. 2011 E. M. Staderini. "UWB Radars in Medicine". IEEE Aerospace and

18, Aug. 2002. M. Baldi, et al."Analysis and simulation of algorithms for vital signs

International Conference on 1-4577-1763-5. pp.341

A. M. De Oliveira. "Conceptual Model of a CMOS UWB Radar transmitter by electronic scanning with Vivaldi array antenna". 2012.

Universidade de São Paulo,

Y. Xiao, C. Li, and J. Lin. "A Portable Noncontact Heartbeat and GHz Radar", IEEE Sensor 1043.

A. Lazaro, D. Girbau, and R. Villarino, "Analysis of vital signs UWB radar," Progress In Electromagnetics

284, 2010.doi:10.2528/PIER09120302 J. S. Araújo, R. M. S. De Oliveira, and C. L. S. S. Sobrinho. “Novel

Intruder in 3D Environments by Using a Cooperative System of Multistatic Radars”. Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications. vol. 10, no. 2 . p.

M. Hämäläinem, et al. "On the UWB System Coexistence With GSM900, UMTS/WCDMA, and GPS". IEEE Journal on Selected

, pp. 1712 - 1721, December

Microwind v.3.5 Dr. Etienne Sicard, Toulouse, France. Linear Technology Spice (LTSpice) v.4. Linear Technology, Milpitas,

Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS)

T. S. Chu, J. Roderick, and H. Hashemi. "An Integrated UltraWideband Timed Array Receiverin 0.13 um CMOS Using a PathSharing True Time Delay Architecture". IEEE Journal Of Solid

5 GHz 4-Channel UWB Beamforming Transmitter With 1º Scanning Resolution Through

um CMOS". IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits. vol. 47, no. 12, December 2012.

vision of Part 15 of the Wideband Transmission

Systems, adopted Feb. 2002, released Apr. 2002. J. M. RABAEY, A. CHANDRAKASAN, B. NIKOLIC. "Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective" 2nd Ed. Pearson., 2002.

G. ZHANG, et al. "Design and implementation of UWB pulse with band interferences mitigation". Proceedings of Inter.

Conf. on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Network 1157, 2011. ISBN: 978

9. Doi: 10.1109/CECNET.2011.5769041. Power CMOS Pulse Generator For Ultra

Wideband Systems". Patent no. US 7715502B2, 7 Set. 2007, 11 Mai.

T. A. Phan, et al.“4.7pJ/pulse 7th Derivative Gaussian Pulse ID Labs at MIT, 2008.

digital low-power CMOS pulse generator for UWB system”, Electronics Letters, Vol. 40 no. 24,

an pulse generators for Wideband transmitters”, IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory

1655. April 2006.


and support l'Université

A. M. De Oliveira, et al. "A CMOS UWB Pulse Beamforming nitoring

Applictions” Proceedings of 3rd IEEE Latin American Symposium on Circuits and Systems (LASCAS), 2012, Playa del Carmen. IEEE

4, 2012.

Sensor for Contactless Respiratory Rate Monitoring". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical

E. M. Staderini. "UWB Radars in Medicine". IEEE Aerospace and

M. Baldi, et al."Analysis and simulation of algorithms for vital signs International Conference on

5. pp.341-

MOS UWB Radar transmitter by electronic scanning with Vivaldi array antenna". 2012.

Universidade de São Paulo,

Y. Xiao, C. Li, and J. Lin. "A Portable Noncontact Heartbeat and GHz Radar", IEEE Sensor

A. Lazaro, D. Girbau, and R. Villarino, "Analysis of vital signs UWB radar," Progress In Electromagnetics

284, 2010.doi:10.2528/PIER09120302 J. S. Araújo, R. M. S. De Oliveira, and C. L. S. S. Sobrinho. “Novel

Intruder in 3D Environments by Using a rowaves,

Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications. vol. 10, no. 2 . p.

M. Hämäläinem, et al. "On the UWB System Coexistence With GSM900, UMTS/WCDMA, and GPS". IEEE Journal on Selected

1721, December

Linear Technology Spice (LTSpice) v.4. Linear Technology, Milpitas,

Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio (MWS)

T. S. Chu, J. Roderick, and H. Hashemi. "An Integrated Ultra-Wideband Timed Array Receiverin 0.13 um CMOS Using a Path-Sharing True Time Delay Architecture". IEEE Journal Of Solid-State

Channel UWB Beamforming Transmitter With 1º Scanning Resolution Through

um CMOS". IEEE Journal of

vision of Part 15 of the Wideband Transmission

J. M. RABAEY, A. CHANDRAKASAN, B. NIKOLIC. "Digital Integrated Circuits: A Design Perspective" 2nd Ed. Pearson., 2002.

G. ZHANG, et al. "Design and implementation of UWB pulse with band interferences mitigation". Proceedings of Inter.

Conf. on Consumer Electronics, Communications and Network , 2011. ISBN: 978-1-

Power CMOS Pulse Generator For Ultra-Wideband Systems". Patent no. US 7715502B2, 7 Set. 2007, 11 Mai.

n Pulse

power CMOS pulse generator for UWB system”, Electronics Letters, Vol. 40 no. 24,

an pulse generators for Wideband transmitters”, IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory

[22] Y. Zheng, Y. Zhang, and Y. Tong, “A novel wireless interconnect technology using impulse radio for interchip communiTrans. Icro. Theory Tech., Vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1912

[23] T. Kikkawa, et al. “Gaussian monocycle pulse transmitter using 0.18 µm CMOS technology with onUWB communication”, IEEE Journal of no. 5, pp. 1303

[24] D. D. Barras, et al. “Lowwith fast startno. 5, pp. 2138

[25] Y. Yang, Y. Wang, and Antenna Arrays For UWB See Through Wall Applications”. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER 82, p.401

[26] M. C. Greenberg, L. Virga, and C. L. Hammond, “Performance characteristics of the dual exponentiwireless communication application,” IEEE Trans. On Vehicular Technology, Vol. 52, p.305

[27] A. Mehdipour, K. Mohammadpour“Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra WidebPIER, Vol. 77, p.85

[28] A. Mehdipour, K. Mohammadpour“Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra Wideband Applications” Progress In Electromagnetics RPIER, Vol. 77, p.85

atomistic simulations and quantum methods.

focusing on Computer Systems Architecture, acting on the Following subjects: highnetworks, multimedia communication networks and ATM.

emphasis on Electromagnetic Theory, Microwave, Wave Propagation, Antennas

and professor at Unimonte and Faculdade Praia Grande, win Electrical Engineering, with emphasis on VLSI Design, UWB ITimedNumerical Methods and simulations for Electromagnetism.

Y. Zheng, Y. Zhang, and Y. Tong, “A novel wireless interconnect technology using impulse radio for interchip communiTrans. Icro. Theory Tech., Vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1912T. Kikkawa, et al. “Gaussian monocycle pulse transmitter using 0.18 µm CMOS technology with onUWB communication”, IEEE Journal of no. 5, pp. 1303-1312, May 2008.D. D. Barras, et al. “Lowwith fast start-up circuit”, IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory Tech., Vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 2138-2145, March 2006.Y. Yang, Y. Wang, and Antenna Arrays For UWB See Through Wall Applications”. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER 82, p.401M. C. Greenberg, L. Virga, and C. L. Hammond, “Performance characteristics of the dual exponentiwireless communication application,” IEEE Trans. On Vehicular Technology, Vol. 52, p.305A. Mehdipour, K. Mohammadpour“Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra Wideband Applications” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER, Vol. 77, p.85A. Mehdipour, K. Mohammadpour“Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra Wideband Applications” Progress In Electromagnetics RPIER, Vol. 77, p.85

João F. Justo(1988), M.Sc. in and Ph. D. in Nuclear Engineering of Technology (1997). He is currentlyprofessor in the Dep. of Electronic Systems Engineering from the University of Smodeling and nanostructured semiconductor materials using


Sérgio T. KofujiPaulo (1985), M.Sc. in Electric Engineering São Paulo (1988) and PhD. inUniversity of São Paulo (1995). Currently Group Chief Researcher in PAD of the Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI) a

focusing on Computer Systems Architecture, acting on the Following subjects: high-performance processing, computer architecture, highnetworks, multimedia communication networks and ATM.

Jorge R. B. GarayUniversidad Inca Garcilaso de La Vega, M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (2007) PhD. In Electrical Engineering (2012) Paulo. Currently Researcher Group PAD in the IntegratedSystems Laboratory (LSI) at EPUSP.

Marcelo B. Perotoni(1995) Electrical EngineeringPhD. in Electrical Engineering (2005) Paulo. Currently ABC. He has experience in Electrical Engineering, with

emphasis on Electromagnetic Theory, Microwave, Wave Propagation, Antennas.

Stelvio Universitary Center of FEI (2006), and M.Sc. (candidate) in Electrical Engineering Currently Researcher Group PAD in the Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI) at EPUSP.

Alexandre M. De OliveiraEngineering with Computer of Santos (2008), M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (2012) University of São Paulo, and PhD. (candidate) in Electrical - University of SPAD in the Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI) at

and professor at Unimonte and Faculdade Praia Grande, win Electrical Engineering, with emphasis on VLSI Design, UWB ITimed-array propagation, Microwave and Electromagnetism, and Numerical Methods and simulations for Electromagnetism.

Y. Zheng, Y. Zhang, and Y. Tong, “A novel wireless interconnect technology using impulse radio for interchip communiTrans. Icro. Theory Tech., Vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1912T. Kikkawa, et al. “Gaussian monocycle pulse transmitter using 0.18 m CMOS technology with on-chip integrated antennas for inter

UWB communication”, IEEE Journal of 1312, May 2008.

D. D. Barras, et al. “Low-power Ultraup circuit”, IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory Tech., Vol. 54, 2145, March 2006.

Y. Yang, Y. Wang, and A. E. Fathy. “Design Of Compact Vivaldi Antenna Arrays For UWB See Through Wall Applications”. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER 82, p.401M. C. Greenberg, L. Virga, and C. L. Hammond, “Performance characteristics of the dual exponentiwireless communication application,” IEEE Trans. On Vehicular Technology, Vol. 52, p.305-310, Mar. 2003.A. Mehdipour, K. Mohammadpour“Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra

and Applications” Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER, Vol. 77, p.85-96, 2007. A. Mehdipour, K. Mohammadpour“Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra Wideband Applications” Progress In Electromagnetics RPIER, Vol. 77, p.85-96, 2007.

João F. Justo is B.Sc. in (1988), M.Sc. in Physics and Ph. D. in Nuclear Engineering of Technology (1997). He is currentlyprofessor in the Dep. of Electronic Systems Engineering from the University of Smodeling and nanostructured semiconductor materials using


Sérgio T. Kofuji is B.Sc. in Paulo (1985), M.Sc. in Electric Engineering São Paulo (1988) and PhD. inUniversity of São Paulo (1995). Currently Group Chief Researcher in PAD of the Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI) at EPUSP. Has experience in Computer Science,

focusing on Computer Systems Architecture, acting on the Following performance processing, computer architecture, high

networks, multimedia communication networks and ATM.

Jorge R. B. Garay is B.Sc. in Computer Science (2004) Universidad Inca Garcilaso de La Vega, M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (2007) PhD. In Electrical Engineering (2012) Paulo. Currently Researcher Group PAD in the IntegratedSystems Laboratory (LSI) at EPUSP.

Marcelo B. Perotoni (1995) – University of Rio Grande do Sul, M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering PhD. in Electrical Engineering (2005) Paulo. Currently is professor at the Federal University of ABC. He has experience in Electrical Engineering, with

emphasis on Electromagnetic Theory, Microwave, Wave Propagation,

H. I. Barboza is B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering Universitary Center of FEI (2006), and M.Sc. (candidate) in Electrical Engineering Currently Researcher Group PAD in the Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI) at EPUSP.

Alexandre M. De OliveiraEngineering with Computer of Santos (2008), M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (2012) University of São Paulo, and PhD. (candidate) in Electrical

niversity of São Paulo. Currently Researcher Group PAD in the Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI) at

and professor at Unimonte and Faculdade Praia Grande, win Electrical Engineering, with emphasis on VLSI Design, UWB I

array propagation, Microwave and Electromagnetism, and Numerical Methods and simulations for Electromagnetism.

Y. Zheng, Y. Zhang, and Y. Tong, “A novel wireless interconnect technology using impulse radio for interchip communiTrans. Icro. Theory Tech., Vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 1912-1920, April 2006.T. Kikkawa, et al. “Gaussian monocycle pulse transmitter using 0.18

chip integrated antennas for interUWB communication”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 43,

power Ultra-wideband wavelets generator up circuit”, IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory Tech., Vol. 54,

A. E. Fathy. “Design Of Compact Vivaldi

Antenna Arrays For UWB See Through Wall Applications”. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, PIER 82, p.401-418, 2008.M. C. Greenberg, L. Virga, and C. L. Hammond, “Performance characteristics of the dual exponentially tapered slot antenna for wireless communication application,” IEEE Trans. On Vehicular

310, Mar. 2003. A. Mehdipour, K. Mohammadpour-Aghdam and R. Faraji“Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra

and Applications” Progress In Electromagnetics Research,

A. Mehdipour, K. Mohammadpour-Aghdam and R. Faraji“Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra Wideband Applications” Progress In Electromagnetics R

is B.Sc. in Physics - University of hysics - University of São Paulo (1991)

and Ph. D. in Nuclear Engineering - Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1997). He is currentlyprofessor in the Dep. of Electronic Systems Engineering from the University of São Paulo. He has experience in modeling and nanostructured semiconductor materials using


is B.Sc. in Physics - Paulo (1985), M.Sc. in Electric Engineering São Paulo (1988) and PhD. in Electric Engineering University of São Paulo (1995). Currently Group Chief Researcher in PAD of the Integrated Systems Laboratory

t EPUSP. Has experience in Computer Science, focusing on Computer Systems Architecture, acting on the Following

performance processing, computer architecture, highnetworks, multimedia communication networks and ATM.

is B.Sc. in Computer Science (2004) Universidad Inca Garcilaso de La Vega, M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (2007) - University of São Paulo, PhD. In Electrical Engineering (2012) -Paulo. Currently Researcher Group PAD in the IntegratedSystems Laboratory (LSI) at EPUSP.

is B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering University of Rio Grande do Sul, M.Sc. in

(2001) – University of São PauloPhD. in Electrical Engineering (2005) –

professor at the Federal University of ABC. He has experience in Electrical Engineering, with

emphasis on Electromagnetic Theory, Microwave, Wave Propagation,

is B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering Universitary Center of FEI (2006), and M.Sc. (candidate) in Electrical Engineering - University of São Paulo. Currently Researcher Group PAD in the Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI) at EPUSP.

Alexandre M. De Oliveira is B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering with Computer emphasis - Catholic University of Santos (2008), M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (2012) University of São Paulo, and PhD. (candidate) in Electrical

o Paulo. Currently Researcher Group PAD in the Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI) at

and professor at Unimonte and Faculdade Praia Grande, win Electrical Engineering, with emphasis on VLSI Design, UWB I


Y. Zheng, Y. Zhang, and Y. Tong, “A novel wireless interconnect technology using impulse radio for interchip communications”, IEEE

1920, April 2006.T. Kikkawa, et al. “Gaussian monocycle pulse transmitter using 0.18

chip integrated antennas for inter-chip State Circuits, Vol. 43,

wideband wavelets generator up circuit”, IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory Tech., Vol. 54,

A. E. Fathy. “Design Of Compact Vivaldi Antenna Arrays For UWB See Through Wall Applications”. Progress

418, 2008. M. C. Greenberg, L. Virga, and C. L. Hammond, “Performance

ally tapered slot antenna for wireless communication application,” IEEE Trans. On Vehicular

Aghdam and R. Faraji-Dana. “Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra


Aghdam and R. Faraji-Dana. “Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra Wideband Applications” Progress In Electromagnetics Research,

University of São Paulo University of São Paulo (1991)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1997). He is currently an associate professor in the Dep. of Electronic Systems Engineering

o Paulo. He has experience in modeling and nanostructured semiconductor materials using

University of São Paulo (1985), M.Sc. in Electric Engineering - University of

Electric Engineering University of São Paulo (1995). Currently Group Chief Researcher in PAD of the Integrated Systems Laboratory


performance processing, computer architecture, high-speed networks, multimedia communication networks and ATM.

is B.Sc. in Computer Science (2004) Universidad Inca Garcilaso de La Vega, M.Sc. in

University of São Paulo, - University of São

Paulo. Currently Researcher Group PAD in the Integrated


University of São Paulo– University of São


emphasis on Electromagnetic Theory, Microwave, Wave Propagation, and

is B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering Universitary Center of FEI (2006), and M.Sc. (candidate)

University of São Paulo. Currently Researcher Group PAD in the Integrated Systems

is B.Sc. in Electrical Catholic University

of Santos (2008), M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (2012) University of São Paulo, and PhD. (candidate) in Electrical

o Paulo. Currently Researcher Group PAD in the Integrated Systems Laboratory (LSI) at EPUSP,

and professor at Unimonte and Faculdade Praia Grande, with experience in Electrical Engineering, with emphasis on VLSI Design, UWB I-Radar,


Y. Zheng, Y. Zhang, and Y. Tong, “A novel wireless interconnect cations”, IEEE

1920, April 2006. T. Kikkawa, et al. “Gaussian monocycle pulse transmitter using 0.18

chip State Circuits, Vol. 43,

wideband wavelets generator up circuit”, IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory Tech., Vol. 54,

A. E. Fathy. “Design Of Compact Vivaldi Antenna Arrays For UWB See Through Wall Applications”. Progress

M. C. Greenberg, L. Virga, and C. L. Hammond, “Performance ally tapered slot antenna for

wireless communication application,” IEEE Trans. On Vehicular

Dana. “Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra


Dana. “Complete Dispersion Analysis of Vivaldi Antenna For Ultra

esearch,

São Paulo University of São Paulo (1991)

Massachusetts Institute an associate

professor in the Dep. of Electronic Systems Engineering o Paulo. He has experience in

modeling and nanostructured semiconductor materials using

University of São University of

Electric Engineering - University of São Paulo (1995). Currently Group Chief Researcher in PAD of the Integrated Systems Laboratory


speed

is B.Sc. in Computer Science (2004) - Universidad Inca Garcilaso de La Vega, M.Sc. in

University of São Paulo, University of São

Paulo. Currently Researcher Group PAD in the Integrated


University of São Paulo, University of São


and

is B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering – Universitary Center of FEI (2006), and M.Sc. (candidate)

University of São Paulo. Currently Researcher Group PAD in the Integrated Systems

is B.Sc. in Electrical Catholic University

of Santos (2008), M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (2012) - University of São Paulo, and PhD. (candidate) in Electrical

o Paulo. Currently Researcher Group EPUSP,

ith experience Radar,


A complete CMOS UWB timed-array transmitter with a 3D ... · A Complete CMOS UWB Timed-Array Transmitter with a 3D Vivaldi Antenna Array for Electronic High-resolution Beam Spatial

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