B E R C A K E R N G I N E E R I N G A N D I S K O N S U L T A N T S A Compilation of Current LNG Technology John L. Woodward, Ph.D. Baker Engineering & Risk Consultants San Antonio, TX and Robin M. Pitblado, Ph.D. Det Norske Veritas, Houston, TX B E R C A K E R N G I N E E R I N G A N D I S K O N S U L T A N T S
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B
E
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C A K E R N G I N E E R I N G A N D I S K O N S U L T A N T S
A Compilation of Current LNG
Technology
John L. Woodward, Ph.D.
Baker Engineering & Risk
Consultants
San Antonio, TX
and
Robin M. Pitblado, Ph.D.
Det Norske Veritas, Houston, TX
B
E
R
C A K E R N G I N E E R I N G A N D I S K O N S U L T A N T S
B
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C A K E R N G I N E E R I N G A N D I S K O N S U L T A N T S
LNG Risk-Based Safety: Modeling and
Consequence Analysis; Woodward
and Pitblado, John Wiley & Sons/
AIChE, 2010, 374 pages
B
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C A K E R N G I N E E R I N G A N D I S K O N S U L T A N T S
Sampling – Two Year Effort
Updated summary of LNG risk analysis
literature, compilation of data.
Important historical developments in LNG
technology.
Compile experimental data on
evaporation, fires, dispersion; models for
each.
Unresolved technical issues: cascading
failures, fire engulfment of carrier,
mechanism of spread on water, pool fire
Motivation
Proportions of membrane carriers
Two Types of Carriers
Moss Sphere Carriers; high centered
Historic Lessons Learned:
eg Sloshing Damage
Learned cargos must be discharged
completely (with minimal heel), limiting
flexibility.
Historically LNG Carriers Have
Survived Grounding
Claims Made by LNG Opponents
LNG Vapor cloud will be 127 miles long from full tank spill on water; Modern models converged on 1.5 miles.
An LNG tanker holds 3,000,000 gal (11,360 m3) Energy equivalent to 5 Hiroshima atom bombs; Burning rates-> 11 to 31 min cf 100 ms nuclear.
Driving Risk Analyses: Hole Size
EU Project HARDER assembled data from 3000
collisions -> 6.6 to 7.4 knots for two LNG carriers
to penetrate. Pitblado et al used ABAQUS FEM code predicted
penetration energy.
Terrorist threats, CFD modeling
FEM Prediction of Bow Intrusion
from Collision with LNG Carrier
Explosive Laden Boat Attack
Threat
Predicted Penetration of Inner Hull
from Explosive Laden Boat Attack
Three Categories of Spills
Spill Under Water Pressures Inner Hull
After initial P equilibrium, equal volume
exchange flow at constant pressure.
Change in Inflow Mechanism for
Breach Below Water Level
Discharge rate drops as pressure builds,
then constant pressure, equal volume
exchange.
Above Water Level-> Jet
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Plume Side View (Fraction LFL, LFL, UFL) for Algeria LNGInner Hull 0.10D +11.05m AboveW, BD/D2.5 Cloud 1 ** Maximum Flammable Mass D:\SS3GDEV\Plant\LNGDEMO.SS3
04/22/2009 SS3G V2.03.0027 DLL:18/04/09 05:50 PM
Ve
rtic
al H
eig
ht (
m)
Downwind Distance (m)
Cloud Centerline UFL LFL .5fraction LFL
Inner hull breach above water level could jet past