UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA A Comparison of Mechanical Properties between Kenaf Core Fiber and Kenaf Bast Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites Thesis submitted in accordance with the partial requirements of the Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) Manufacturing (Process) By Mohamad Ridzwan Bin Ishak Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering May 2007
24
Embed
A COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN KENAF CORE ...eprints.utem.edu.my/7331/1/A_Comparison_Of... · A Comparison of Mechanical Properties between Kenaf Core Fiber and Kenaf
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
A Comparison of Mechanical Properties between Kenaf Core Fiber and Kenaf Bast
Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites
Thesis submitted in accordance with the partial requirements of the
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka for the Degree of Bachelor
of Engineering (Honours) Manufacturing (Process)
By
Mohamad Ridzwan Bin Ishak
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
May 2007
UTeM Library (Pind.1/2005)
SULIT
TERHAD
TIDAK TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap: No. 2A, Jalan Cacar, Kg. Kuala Jempol, 72100 Bahau, N. Sembilan. Tarikh: _______________________
Disahkan oleh:
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Cop Rasmi:
Tarikh: _______________________
* Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan, atau disertasi bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda (PSM). ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS*
JUDUL: A COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN KENAF CORE
FIBER AND KENAF BAST FIBER REINFORCED POLYESTER COMPOSITE SESI PENGAJIAN: 2/2006-2007 Saya _____________________________________________________________________ mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah) ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan (√)
MOHAMAD RIDZWAN BIN ISHAK
√
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
APPROVAL
This thesis submitted to the senate of UTeM and has been accepted as partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering
(Manufacturing Process). The members of the supervisory committee are as follow:
…………………………………………
Main Supervisor
(Official Stamp and Date)
………………………………………..
Co – Supervisor
(Official Stamp and Date)
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this thesis entitled “A Comparison of Mechanical Properties between
Kenaf Core Fiber and Kenaf Bast Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composites.” is
the results of my own research except as cited in references
Signature : …………………………………………
Author’s Name : …………………………………………
Date : …………………………………………
ABSTRACT
The purpose of doing this project is to study the comparison of mechanical properties
and microstructure between kenaf core fiber and kenaf bast fiber reinforced polyester
composites. The matrix material used in this study was based on commercially available
unsaturated polyester, obtained from university’s Polymer Lab. The matrix was mixed
with curing catalyst, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) Butanox M50 at a
concentration of 0.01 w/w of the matrix for curing. Short kenaf bast and core fibers were
separated from mixture bast and core fibers using vibratory screen machine in Wooden
Composite Lab, for used as the reinforcement and were provided by Forest Research
Institute of Malaysia (FRIM). A combination of hand lay-up and compression moulding
method was used to prepare the kenaf fiber reinforce polyester composite specimens.
Moist kenaf bast and core fiber was first dried at 80 °C for 1.5 hours to remove storage
moisture in an oven and some of the kenaf bast fibers are left to moist in order to
investigate the effect of the moisture fiber composite specimens to the mechanical
properties. The mould was coated with a plastic, sprayed with silicone mould release
agent and subsequently coated with gelcoat. After pouring the resin, trapped air was
gently squeezed out using a roller. The kenaf fiber and polyester resin were then left for
about 3 min to allow air bubbles to escape from the surface of the resin. The mould was
closed and the composite panel was left to cure in a hydraulic press at a temperature of
25 °C and at a compaction pressure of 10 bars for 24 hours. After being taken out from
the hydraulic press, the panel being removed from the mould and was left to fully dry at
a temperature of 25 °C for 2 weeks. Subsequently, the panel composites were cut to
desired dimension of specimen follows the ASTM standard. The randomly oriented bast
and core fiber 5% – 40 % fiber volume fraction and unfilled composite were used to
prepare using similar procedure for comparison purpose. The sizes of bast and core
fibers used were found that 39.41µm and 563.6 µm respectively using Scanning
Electron Machine (SEM) from Zeiss, model EVO 50. The specimens were tested for
tensile, flexural, impact and provide the result as totally the kenaf bast fiber indicates the
higher strength, the exposure to moisture results in significant drops in tensile, flexural
and impact properties due to the degradation of the fiber–matrix interface. The core fiber
is found lead in high absorbent rate due their geometry structural after being water
absorption test. SEM analysis for surface topography found that the clean surface of bast
and non-uniform in term of fiber shape and size of core fiber.
ABSTRAK
Projek ini adalah bertujuan untuk mengkaji perbandingan sifat mekanikal dan
mikrostruktur di antara gentian daripada kulit dan empulur pokok kenaf diperkuatkan
dengan termoset poliester komposit. Matrik yang akan digunakan adalah matrik daripada
jenis polimer termoset iaitu poliester yang diperolehi dari Makmal Polimer universiti.
Termoset poliester dicampur dengan pemangkin metil etil keton peroksida (MEKP)
Butanox M50 dengan nisbah berat satu bahagian daripada seratus berat poliester bagi
tujuan proses pengerasan komposit. Gentian daripada kulit dan empulur kenaf telah
dibekalkan oleh Institut Penyelidikan Perhutanan Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong, Kuala
Lumpur setelah dipisahkan dengan menggunakan ‘Vibratory Screen Machine’ di
Makmal Komposit Kayu, FRIM. Gentian telah dikeringkan di dalam oven selama satu
setengah jam pada suhu 80 °C manakala sebahagian gentian daripada kulit kenaf
dibiarkan tanpa proses pengeringan bagi menguji kesan kelembapan gentian kepada sifat
mekanikal berbanding gentian yang telah dikeringkan. Pengacuan terbuka telah dibuat
daripada kepingan besi bergalvani bagi tujuan penghasilan spesimen setelah acuan
daripada acrylic, keluli lembut didapati gagal menghasilkan spesimen yang dikehendaki.
Bagi ujian mekanikal, piawaian yang dirujuk ialah ASTM D5083 bagi ujian tegangan,
ASTM D790 bagi ujian kelenturan dan ASTM D256 bagi ujian hentaman jenis
‘Charpy’. Kombinasi di antara kaedah bengkalai tangan dan kaedah mampatan tuangan
telah digunakan bagi menghasilkan spesimen komposit gentian daripada kulit dan
empulur kenaf diperkuat termoset poliester. Komposit dimampatkan pada tekanan 10
Bar pada suhu bilik dan dibiarkan mengeras selama 24 jam. Setelah dikeluarkan
daripada acuan, panel komposit dibiarkan pada suhu bilik selama 2 minggu bagi
memastikan komposit kering sepenuhnya sebelum dipotong mengikut dimensi ukuran
piawaian ASTM. Prosedur yang sama telah dijalankan bagi menghasilkan komposit
gentian daripada kulit dan empulur kenaf diperkuat poliester dengan pertambahan
peratusan berat pengisi bagi kedua-dua gentian. Komposit yang dihasilkan adalah 5%,
10%, 20%, 30%, 40% berat pengisi gentian dan komposit tanpa pengisi. Berdasarkan
eksperimen, peratusan maksimum berat gentian kenaf yang boleh diisi adalah sebanyak
40% berdasarkan sifat resapan cecair semulajadi bahan. Ujian mekanikal telah
dijalankan dan mendapati gentian daripada kulit kenaf diperkuat poliester memberikan
nilai kekuatan tegangan, kelenturan dan hentaman lebih tinggi. Komposisi terbaik bagi
menghasilkan nilai kekuatan tertinggi untuk gentian daripada kulit kenaf adalah sekitar
10%-20% manakala gentian daripada empulur kenaf adalah sekitar 5%-20% berat
pengisi. Kelembapan gentian didapati mengurangkan sifat mekanikal gentian. Analisis
topografi menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) keluaran Syarikat Zeiss,
model EVO 50 mendapati keadaan permukaan gentian daripada kulit kenaf yang lebih
halus dengan purata diameter 39.41µm manakala gentian daripada empulur kenaf
mempunyai permukaan agak kasar, berlubang-lubang dan mempunyai bentuk yang tidak
seragam dengan purata diameter yang lebih besar iaitu 563.6 µm. Berdasarkan struktur
geometri gentian daripada empulur kenaf, kadar resapan cecair didapati lebih tinggi
berbanding gentian daripada kulit kenaf setelah ujian resapan air dijalankan..
DEDICATION
For all your advice and encouragement, this thesis is gratefully dedicated to my family
and my friends. Thank you very much for your continuous support and effort towards
the publication of this thesis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to the individuals who had played a part in
ensuring a successful occurrence and flow of activities throughout the duration of my
final year project. Endless appreciation and gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Edeerozey
Abd. Manaf and to my second examiner Mrs. Intan Sharhida Othman for their
encouragement and support and for spending quite some time with myself, providing a
lot of guidance and ideas for my project research. Their knowledge and experience
really inspired and spurred myself. I truly relished the opportunity given in working with
them. Last but not least, my appreciation to Dr. Rushdan Ibrahim and Mohd. Jani Saad
from FRIM which supplied raw material, kenaf fiber. Subsequently to Mohd Yuhazri
Yaakob, Mohd Azhar Abu Shah, Nazri Mokte and all technicians involved to complete
this project. Finally, my sincere appreciation is dedicated to my parents and family and
as well as the friends for their priceless assistance and patronage throughout the process