Kurdistan Region- Iraq Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research Salahaddin University- Erbil A Comparative Study on the Parasitic Fauna of the Common Carp Cyprinus carpio from Ainkawa Fish Hatchery (Erbil) and Lesser Zab River in Kurdistan Region, Iraq A Thesis Submitted to the Council of the College of Education- Scientific Departments in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biology By KAMARAN SAADI MAMA B.Sc. Biology- University of Salahaddin- Erbil 1996 Supervised by Prof. Dr. SHAMALL M. A. ABDULLAH April 2012 A. D. Jamad Al- Awal 1433 Al- H. Nawroz 2712 K.
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Kurdistan Region- Iraq
Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
Salahaddin University- Erbil
A Comparative Study on the Parasitic Fauna of the Common
Carp Cyprinus carpio from Ainkawa Fish Hatchery (Erbil) and
Lesser Zab River in Kurdistan Region, Iraq
A Thesis
Submitted to the Council of the College of Education- Scientific Departments in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in
Biology
By
KAMARAN SAADI MAMA B.Sc. Biology- University of Salahaddin- Erbil 1996
Supervised by
Prof. Dr. SHAMALL M. A. ABDULLAH
April 2012 A. D. Jamad Al- Awal 1433 Al- H. Nawroz 2712 K.
I certify that this thesis was prepared under my supervision at the
Department of Biology, College of Education/ Scientific Departments,
University of Salahaddin-Erbil and hereby recommend it to be accepted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree of Science in
Biology/ Parasitology.
Signature:
Supervisor: Professor Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah
Date: / / 2012
Chairmanʼs Certification
In view of the available recommendation, I forward this thesis for debate by
the examining committee.
Signature:
Name: Asst. Professor Dr. Zeerak F. A. Abdulrahman
Head of Biology Department
Date: / / 2012
Examination Committee Certification
We (the examination committee) certify that we have read this thesis and as examining committee examined the student (Kamaran S. Mama) in its contents and what is related to it and our opinion it meets the standing of a thesis for the Master Degree of Science in Biology (Zoology/ Parasitology).
Signature: Signature:
Name: Dr. Zohair I. F. Rahemo Name: Dr. Wijdan M. S. Mero
Scientific grade: Professor Scientific grade: Professor
Date: / / 2012 Date: / / 2012
(Chairman) (Member)
Signature: Signature:
Name: Dr. Fatima S. Al-Nasiri Name: Dr. Shamall M. A. Abdullah
Scientific grade: Asst. Professor Scientific grade: Professor
a anchor ad adhesive disc ap anterior part b blade bo bothria br brandesʼs organ c cytopharynx cad central of adhesive disc cb connective bar ci cilia cl clamp co copulatory organ cv contractile vacuole dad dimeter of adhesive disc db dorsal bar dd dimeter of denticulate ring dob dimeter of body dv digestive vacuole ed epistomal disc hl hooklet i intestine m membrane ma macronucleus mh median hook mi micronucleus o ovary of oral funnel os oral sucker p pharynx pl peristomal lip pp posterior part r ray s scolex sb supplementary bar su sucker t testis vb ventral bar vs ventral sucker
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The common carp Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 was introduced for the
first time into Iraq in 1955 from Holland and Indonesia into Al- Zaafaraniya fish
farm at Baghdad city (Hamed, 1960), and the carp cultured industry had
developed only during the last thirty years. Carp culture became the dominant
cultured fish species in most fish farms and common in most inland water
bodies of Iraq. Many fish ponds and farms had increasingly established mainly
in the middle and the northern part of south of Iraq (Mhaisen, 1993). In
Kurdistan region, the first batch of these fishes was cultured in Dokan lake in
1967. As recently as 2004, two million fingerlings of this species were
distributed by FAO to the Dokan hatchery to enhance production, and now
spread to many farms in the region (Coad, 2010).
Cyprinus carpio belong to Order Cypriniformes, Family Cyprinidae. This
family includes 356 genera. The genus Cyprinus includes 23 species in
freshwater fish in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia (Froese and Pauly,
2011). In Iraq, this species is now widespread found in all main rivers and
marshes. The common names of this fish are carp, karp and samti (Coad, 2010).
Common carp has a very important place among the fish species living in inland
waters of the country as regards to its economic value and breeding features, and
it has an important place among cultured species due to its omnivore nature,
rapid growth, ease of keeping in closed regions, live in a wider range of water
temperatures 3-35°C, considerable tolerance against the lack of oxygen, disease
resistant, high fertility, easy to reproduce and they reach to sexual maturity at 3-
4 years of age and it is relatively tasty meat (Gül et al., 2010).
Due to common carp's adaptation to a wide range of climatic and
geographical condition, many of parasites have been found in wild and domestic
carp. The most complete checklist of carp parasites recorded a total of 310
parasite species (Tekin-Özan et al., 2008). As a result of the development of fish
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
2
culture industry in the world, the parasites of pond fishes had a great deal and
much attracted the attention of biologists. The importance of fish parasites is
directly related to the importance of the fishes that they may infect and result in
different types of injuries and damages (Amlacher, 1970).
Most individual fish in wild or cultivated populations is infested with
parasites but in the great majority of cases no significant harm appears to ensue.
There are surprisingly few reports of parasites causing mortality or serious
damage to feral fish populations, but this may be largely because such effects go
unnoticed. Parasites in wild fish are usually only remarked upon when they are
so obvious as to lead to rejection of fish by fishermen or consumers (Barnham,
2011).
In cultured fish populations, on the other hand, parasites often cause serious
outbreaks of disease. The presence of dense populations of fish kept in particular
environmental conditions may favour certain parasite species, leading to
increase of the parasite population to a very high level. The number of parasites
necessary to cause harm to a fish varies considerably with the species and size of
the host and its health status (Bauer, 1961).
Many fishes disasters which occurred in fish farms were caused by
different parasites, i.e. Hines and Spira (1974) stated that the parasite
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis caused mortalities of common carp in hatcheries in
North American. Schmahl (1991) mentioned that the parasite Gyrodactylus
salaris causing loss evaluated about 300 ton in salomon cultures in Norway.
Hoffman (1998) reported that Dactylogyrus vastater caused very great damage
to the gill filaments and severe mortalities of carp and goldfish in California and
southern Ontario fish farm. The mention of the previous examples, does not
mean that disasters does not occur in nature, for example Rutilus rutilus from
Chew valley lake in England, infected with Ligula intestinalis, lost their total
numbers and their juvenile stages (Wilson, 1971).
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
3
The importance of fish parasites is related directly to the importance of the
fishes that may affect them. The study of fish parasites is necessary to increase
the productivity of pond farms, to improve the stocks of valuable commercial
fisheries in the natural waters and to the possibility of fish acclimatization in
new sites or localities (Shul′man, 1961). Moreover, some freshwater fishes are
known as intermediate hosts carrying the infective stages of some human
parasites (Roberts and Janovy, 2005).
The main objective of the present study was to know the parasites that
infect C. carpio in two different environments; Ainkawa fish hatchery (artificial
environment) and Lesser Zab river (natural environment) in Kurdistan region,
and to make a comparison between their infections.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
4
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
The information's about parasitic fauna of the common carp, C. carpio very
tremendous in various parts of the world are very huge, and are out of the scope
of this study, therefore, the present review will be limited to cover some of
studies which done in the last ten years and is restricted to cover only the main
groups of parasites recorded on/ in this fish.
Aydogdu et al. (2001) recorded three species of parasites including
Dactylogyrus extensus (Monogenea), Caryophyllaeus laticeps (Cestoda) and
Ergasilus sieboldi (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Dalyan Lagoon in Turkey.
Cengizler et al. (2001) isolated Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina
nigra (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus vastator and Gyrodactylus elegans
(Monogenea), Caryophyllaeus sp. and Schistocephalus sp. (Cestoda) and
Argulus foliaceus (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Seyhan river in Turkey.
Galli et al. (2002) found two species of monogenetic trematodes namely
Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus katharineri on C. carpio in Po river
basin, north of Italy.
Thilakaratne et al. (2003) recorded three species of protozoans
(Ichthyobodo necator, Piscinoodinium spp. and Tetrahymena corlissi), two
species of monogenean trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus
spp.), and two species of crustaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea
cyprinacea) from C. carpio in some farms in the western and north western of
Sri Lanka.
Vera et al. (2003) identified three species of protozoans (Trichodina acuta,
T. nigra and T. nobilis) from the skin and gills of C. carpio collected from Ečka
and Uzdin fish-ponds in Banat (Serbia).
Khan et al. (2003) recorded six species of parasites including Chilodonella
sp. and Trichodina sp. (Protozoans), Argulus sp., Ergasilus sp. and Lernaea
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
5
cyprinacea (Crustaceans), and Pisciocola sp. (Annelida) from C. carpio in
different freshwater habitats of Potohar region, Pakistan.
Dyková et al. (2003) studied the morphology of the spore of Myxobolus
longisporus on gills of C. carpio collected from Chinese lakes in the Hubei
province, China.
Kappe (2004) performed extensive study of the parasites of C. carpio
collected from two different farms in the south of Leipzing (Saxong) in
Germany. He recorded six species of the protozoans (Apiosoma piscicola,
cattidarum, T. gracilis and Tripartiella amurensis) and 12 species of
monogentic trematodes (Dactylogyrus anchoratus, D. crassus, D. extensus,
D. gobii, D. hypophthalmichthys, D. jamansajensis, D. lopuchinae, D. minutus,
D. phoxini, D. skrjabini, Gyrodactylus markewitschi and Psudocolpenteron
pavlovaskii).
Jassim (2007) studied the parasites of three species of fishes from three
stations in Basrah city, and recorded ten species of parasites from C. carpio
namely: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei (Protozoa),
Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. extensus and D. vastator
(Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi and Nippotaenia sp. (Cestoda),
Proleptinae gen. sp. (Nematoda) and Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustecea).
In addition to the mentioned reports, there were some studies concerned
with the parasites of C. carpio from natural water bodies of Iraq, among them
are those of: Ali et al. (1988a) they recorded three species of protozoans
(Apiosoma piscicola, Chilodonella cyprini and Trichodina domergnei), two
species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus and Gyrodactylus
baicalensis), two species of cestodes (Bothriocephalus opsariichthydis and
Valipora campylancristrota), and two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus sieboldi
and Lernaea cyprinacea) from C. carpio collected from Habbaniyah lake.
Rasheed (1989) found for the first time in Iraq the monogenetic trematode
Diplozoon barbi on the gills of C. carpio collected from Tigris river in Baghdad
city.
Balasem et al. (1993) observed two species of protozoans namely:
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Trichodina domerguei on C. carpio which was
collected from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya region, south of Baghdad city.
Asmar et al. (1999) performed a survey for parasites which infect C. carpio
from Al-Qadisiya Dam lake, and found that the common carp was infected by
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
12
nine species of parasites including: one species of ciliated protozoan (Trichodina
domerguei), five species of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi,
D. extensus, D. minutus, Gyrodactylus baicalensis and G. elegans), one species
of nematode (Rhabdochona mesopotamica) and two species of crustaceans
(Argulus foliaceus and Ergasilus sieboldi).
Mhaisen et al. (1999) isolated for the first time in Iraq the monogenetic
trematode Dactylogyrus anchoratus from the gills of C. carpio collected from
Habbaniya lake.
Balasem et al. (2000) recorded one species of ciliated protozoan
(Trichodina domerguei), and three species of monogenetic trematodes namely
Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. minutus and Gyrodactylus elegans from C. carpio
collected from Hemrin Dam lake in Diyala province.
Al-Salim and Al-Ali (2000) found the metacercaria of Ascocotyle
coleostoma on the gills of common carp collected from Garmat-Ali river near
Busrah University in Garma.
Balasem et al. (2001) surveyed the parasites of eight species of freshwater
fishes from two stations Diyala river namely Al-Fudalia and Al-Sudoor .They
recorded from the common carp two species of monogenetic trematodes
(Dactylogyrus sp. and Gyrodactylus elegans) and one species of cestode
(Bothirocephalus gowkongensis).
Al-Jadoaa (2002) recorded three species of protozoans (Chilodonella
cyprini, T. domerguei and T. nigra), two species of monogenetic trematodes
(Dactylogyrus achmerowi and D. extensus), one species of both of digenetic
trematode (Diplostomum spathaceum) and acanthocephalan
(Neoechinorhynchus rutili) and two species of crustaceans (Ergasilus sieboldi
and Lernaea cyprinacea) from common carp collected from Diwania river in
Al-Qadisiya province.
Mhaisen et al. (2003a) studied the parasitic fauna of seven species of fish
collected from the drainage network at Al-Madaen region south of Baghdad and
recorded five species of parasites including Trichodina domerguei,
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
13
Dactylogyrus vastator, Gyrodactylus elegans, Diplostomum sp. and Lernaea
cyprinacea from C. carpio. Mhaisen et al. (2003b) also recorded two species of
monogenetic trematodes namely Dactylogyrus anchoratus and D. minutus on
the gills of C. carpio which was collected from Tigris river at Al-Zaafaraniya
and Euphrates river at Al-Qadisiya Dam lake.
Al-Saadi (2007) recorded five species of parasites including Trichodina
domerguei (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus extensus and Diplozoon barbi
(Monogenea) and Ergasilus barbi and Ergasilus sieboldi (Crustacea) from C.
carpio from Al-Husainia creek in Karbala province.
Al-Sa′adi (2007) studied the parasitic fauna of 24 species of fish, collected
from Euphrates river at Al-Musaib city, and recorded six species of monogenetic
trematodes (Dactylogyrus extensus, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. markewitschi,
Diplozoon paradoxum, Eudiplozoon nipponieum and Paradiplozoon homoion)
and two species of digenetic trematodes (Aspidogaster limacoides and
Asymphlodora macracetabulum) from C. carpio.
Al-Nasiri and Mhaisen (2009a) recorded Trichodina cottidarum (Protozoa),
and Dactylogyrus vastator (Monogenea) on the gills of C. carpio from Tigris
river through Tikreet city in Salah Al-Deen province.
Al-Nasiri (2009) recorded three species of monogenetic trematodes namely
Diplozoon barbi, Paradiplozoon bliccae and P. pavlovskii on the gills of C.
carpio collected from Tigris river passing through Tikreet city, Salah Al-Deen
province.
In Kurdistan region, despite to the establishment of numerous fish farms
in the region so, far only three studies on fish parasites were carried out. These
studies are those of Abdullah (2004), who surveyed the parasites of four species
of fishes (C. carpio and three species of exotic fish) from two farms in south of
Erbil city, and found unknown species of sporozoan (Myxobolus sp.), three
species of monogenetic trematodes (D. extensus, D. minutus and G. elegans),
two species of crustacean (E. barbi and Lernaea cyprinacea) and one species of
cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) from C. carpio.
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
14
Al-Margan (2007) made a wide study of the parasites of C. carpio collected
from Ainkawa fish hatchery in Erbil city, and recorded 15 species of parasites
included nine specie of protozoa (Apiosoma amoebae, Chilodonella cyprini,
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Trichodina acuta, T.
domerguei, T. heterodentate, T. mutabilis and T. nobilis), four species of
monogenea (Dactylogyrus arcuatus, D. extensus, D. minutus and Gyrodactylus
elegans) and two species of crustaceans (Argulus foliaceus and Lernaea
cyprinacea). After that, he published three research papers draw from his M. Sc.
thesis (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2007; 2008; 2009).
Al-Marjan and Abdullah (2010) recorded for the first time in Iraq, the
ciliated protozoan Balantidium polyvacuolum in the intestine of C. carpio from
three fish farms located southern of Erbil provinces.
Regarding natural water bodies of Kurdistan region, there are some studies
on the parasites of C. carpio performed by Abdullah (1997) recorded for the first
time two species of sporozoans nemaly: Myxobolus cyprinicola and M. parvus
on the gills of C. carpio from Dokan lake in Sulaimaniya provinces. Abdullah
(2002) also did an extensive study of the parasites of fish collected in Lesser Zab
river in near Alton-Kuprri town, south of Erbil city, and recorded 12 species of
parasites from C. carpio including: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Trichodina
mutabilis, Myxobolus cyprinicola and M. parvus (Protozoa), Dactylogyrus
charbinensis, D. extensus, D. minutus, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. medius and G.
vicinus (Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Cestoda), and
Contracaecum spp. (Nematoda). After that, he published three research papers
draw from his Ph. D. thesis (Abdullah and Mhaisen 2004; 2005; 2006).
Abdullah and Rasheed (2004a; b) isolated four species of parasites
including Dactylogyrus charbinensis (Monogenea), Bothriocephalus
achielongnathi (Cestoda), Pseudolamproglena annulata and Lernaea
cyprinacea (Crustacea) from C. carpio in Dokan lake.
Abdullah (2005) surveyed the parasites of 16 species of fishes from
Darbandikhan lake, and recorded Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Protozoa),
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
15
Dactylogyrus extensus, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus elegans, G. paralatus
(Monogenea), Bothriocephalus acheilognathi(Cestoda) and Lernaea cyprinacea
(Crustacea) from C. carpio.
The development of acquaculture in Kurdistan region-Iraq is very
important in the country's development. Although one of the most important
freshwater fish species culture in the country is the common carp (C. carpio)
some are known about their parasites, also it is noted that knowledge concerning
parasites of fish farms of Kurdistan is very scarce. In order to contribute to this
knowledge study was conducted on the parasites of common carp from Erbil
fish farms and Lesser Zab river near Alton-Kupri town in Kurdistan region-Iraq
and the results obtained are presented in this research.
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
16
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of the Sampling Area In this study, fish samples were collected from two different locations,
Ainkawa fish hatchery (artificial environment) and Lesser Zab river (natural
environment).
A- Ainkawa fish hatchery is located northwest of Erbil city, Kurdistan region,
Iraq (Fig. 1) between latitudes 36º-37º south to north and longitude 46º. This
project was built in 2000 on 27 hectare, it started working in 2005.
In that region there are 18 ponds of different sizes, among these we have
selected, pond number two for this study. In this pond fishes of various sizes
were stocked for greater growth and for artificial reproduction.
There were some aquatic plants spread on the edges of the pond, like Typha
sp. and Phragmites sp., in addition to various types of Algae. Also, there were
many types of vertebrates such as frogs.
B- Lesser Zab river near Alton Kupri town in the north-east of Iraq, between
latitudes 34º-36º south to north and longitude 43º-46º west to the east, 45 km
south of Erbil city. This is a largest tributary of the Tigris river with a length of
400 km (Sosa, 1960).
Number of plants such as Typha sp., Phragmites sp., Schoenoplcctus sp.
and Sparganium sp., in addition to some of pine shrubs are distributed on the
bank of the river. Also, variety of the invertebrates found in the site of sampling
in the river, such as snails, crustaceans and aquatic insects, in addition to
different kinds of vertebrates like some amphibians such as frogs, some reptiles
like turtles, a number of aquatic birds like gulls, herons, ducks and swans. In
addition to some domestic animals of the villagers like sheep, cows and dogs.
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
17
Fig. (1): A- Map of Iraq showing Kurdistan region. B- Map of Kurdistan region showing Ainkawa town and Lesser
Zab river (Nelson, 2003).
∗
0 25 50
kilometers
Iraq
Iran
Turkey43°
45°44°
36°
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ater
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B
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
18
Collection and Examination of Fishes A total of 360 C. carpio (210 from Ainkawa fish hatchery and 150 from the
Lesser Zab river) were collected by fishermen by using cast net and gill nets,
during the period from August, 2010 until the end of June 2011.
Fish were transported a live in a cool box with pond or local river water to
the laboratory of parasitology, College of Education/ Scientific Departments, of
Biology, University of Salahaddin. The fishes were identified according to
Froese and Pauly (2011).
In the laboratory, the fishes were measured (total length and standard
length) and examined externally and internally for parasites. Skin, fins and
buccal cavity smear were prepared by slight scraping and examined under a light
compound microscope.
The gill arches from both sides were separated, placed in Petri dish
containing tap water then examined for ectoparasite under dissecting
microscope. Whole eyes were removed then the lens was dissected and removed
from each eye then inspected under dissecting microscope for parasites, the
study of the internal parasites, the fishes were dissected from the ventral side.
The body cavity, stomach, intestine, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, muscles, swim
bladder and gonads were separated and examined carefully under a dissecting
microscope for the presence of parasites or cysts (Amlacher, 1970).
Fixation, Preservation and Staining of Parasites
Protozoa For the study of the protozoan, most of them were identified in a direct way
without any technique, by preparing smears of mucus which was scraped from
the skin, fins and gills, onto a slide and spreaded carefully with a cover slip and
examined, then important measurement were taken for each protozoan.
If trichodinids were presente, smears were prepared and then the slides
were fixed with absolute methyl alcohol for about 1-2 minutes, and then stained
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
19
with Giemsa's stain (1:10 dilution) for 30-40 minutes, washed and dried again
and mounted with Canada balsam (Amlacher, 1970).
Methods and terminology for measurements of the components of the
adhesive disc, denticle (Fig. 2) and the position of the micronucleus in relation
to the macronucleus were performed according to Lom (1958).
Fig. (2): The morphometric parameters of Trichodina sp. to Lom (1958): A- Diagnostically important features in the adhesive disc. B- The denticle measurements. dad= dimeter of adhesive disc; dob= dimeter of body; dd= dimeter of denticulate ring.
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
20
Monogenetic Trematodes A- Gills were placed in a Petri dish. Only a very small amount of water was
added to the gills. Pieces of gill filaments were tiered by needle. Worms (after
leaving the gills) were removed from the water by a small pipette and placed on
a slide, with a very small amount of water. They were covered with a cover slip
with glycerin-gelatin. A piece of melted glycerin-gelatin was dropped with
cover slip onto the worms. The cover slip was dried by a blotting paper
carefully, and the worms in glycerin-gelatin are cautiously thickened (Kritsky et
al., 2004).
The measurement of Dactylogyrus was achieved by ocular micrometer and
the terms in Fig. (3) were used as recommended by Gussev (1985) and
Jarkovskỳ et al. (2004).
B- For skin examination, smears were taken by slide scraping, then examined
directly under microscope, if monogeneans (Gyrodactylus) were present, the
same procedure mentioned in part (A) used for preservation.
The measurement of Gyrodactylus was achieved by ocular micrometer and
the terms Fig. (4) were used as recommended by Galli et al. (2010).
C- Large monogeneans were preserved in 5% formalin and stained with
acetocarmine, dehydrated in series of ethanol concentrations (30%, 50%, 70%,
80%, 90%, and100%), cleared in xylene and mounted in Canada balsam (Vidal-
Martinez et al., 2001).
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
21
Fig. (3): The morphometric parameters of Dactylogyrus sp. according to
Gussev (1985) and Jarkovskỳ et al. (2004): A- Dactylogyrus overall view. B- Metric parameters of the Dactylogyrus attachment apparatus
and copulatory organ. 1- total length of median hook (anchor); 2- main of median hook; 3- inner root of median hook; 4- outer root of median hook; 5- point of median hook; 6- length of hooklet (marginal hook); 7- length of connective bar; 8- width of connective bar; 9- length of supplementary bar; 10- width of supplementary bar; 11- total length of copulatory organ.
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CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
23
Digenetic Trematodes Metacercariae of digenetic trematodes were removed from the eyes of the
infected fish, then fixed in 4% hot formalin (60Cº), stained with acetocarmine,
dehydrated in concentration series of ethanol, cleared in xylene and mounted in
Canada balsam (Soylu, 2005).
Cestoda Live cestodes were removed from intestinal tract washed in saline solution
then fixed in 4% hot formalin and subsequently stored in 70% ethanol. Stained
with acetocarmine, dehydrated in series of ethanol concentrations, cleared in
xylene and mounted in Canada balsam (Scholz, 1989).
Crustacea The crustaceans were killed and fixed with 5% formalin for one hour and
transferred to 80% alcohol. Specimen was cleared with lactic acid and stained
with neutral red then mounted by using jelly glycerin (Kim, 2004).
Photos and Measurements Photos were taken with Sony Syber Shot Digital camera model DSC-T9,
7.2 mega pixels. The figures were drawn by using a Camera Lucida (Drawing
tube). Measurements of parasite were made with an Olympus ocular
micrometer.
Parasitic Identification The detected parasites were identified according to their morphology.
Parasites were identified according to Bykhovskaya-Pavlovskaya et al. (1962),
Gussev (1985) and Galli et al. (2010).
CHAPTER THREE MATERIALS AND METHODS
24
Criteria of Infection The ecological terms (prevalence and mean intensity of infection) were
used here based on terminology of Margolis et al. (1982):
Prevalence of infection: The percentage of number of individual of a host
species infected with particular parasite species per number of host examined.
Mean intensity of infection: Mean number of particular parasite species per
infected host in a sample.
For testing the differences in prevalence and intensity of infection of
parasites C. carpio from Ainkawa fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river, t-test was
conducted (Campbell, 1976).
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
25
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A total of 360 common carp C. carpio were collected and inspected for
parasites from Ainkawa fish hatchery (210) and from Lesser Zab river (150).
The present study showed the existence of 28 species of parasites including
six species of protozoans (Chilodonella cyprini, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis,
Trichodina acuta, T. nobilis, T. reticulata and Apiosoma amoebae), 19 species
of monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. baueri,
D. deziensioides, D. extensus, D. inexpectatus, D. minutus, D. molnari,
D. sahuensis, D. vastator, Gyrodactylus baikalensis, G. barbi, G. cyprini,
G. elegans, G. gobioninum, G. kherulensis, G. longoacuminatus, G. vicinus and
Paradiplozoon cyprini), one species of digenetic trematode (Diplostomum
spathaceum), one species of cestode (Bothriocephalus acheilognathi), and one
species of crustacean (Lernaea cyprinacea). The classification of these parasites
is shown in Table (1).
The distribution of the parasites, their location on or in the fish host body,
the prevalence and mean intensity of infection are summarized in Table (2). The
following is an account on the description and measurements of these parasites,
especially those which were recorded for the first time in Kurdistan region and
in Iraq.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
26
Table (1): Parasitic fauna recorded on/ in common carp C. carpio in relation
to their classification according to Hoffman (1998).
1989). Later, it was recorded from C. carpio in Al-Zaafaraniya fish farm,
Baghdad (Sadek, 1999). In Kurdistan region reported from C. carpio in
Ainkawa fish hatchery in Erbil city (Al-Marjan and Abdullah, 2009).
According to Mhaisen (2012) five species of Apiosoma were known in
different freshwater fishes in Iraq namely: A. amoeba, A. cylindriformis, A.
minuta, A. piscicola and A. poteriformis.
Monogenea Genus: Dactyogyrus Diesing, 1850
Members of this genus are small in size (in most cases less than 2.0 mm
long). The body at the anterior end is flattened and has two pairs of elongations.
The majority of species has two pairs of eyes. The adhesive armament of the
haptor at the posterior end of their bodies consists of 14 hooklets, one or two
connecting and supplementary bar and one pair of median hooks. Intestinal
trunks lack diverticula and mostly are confluent at the posterior end. The ovary
is rounded in most cases, but it can be elongated and it is situated between the
intestinal trunks. The single testis is situated behind the ovary or lies over it. The
chitinod copulatory organ consists of a tube and an accessory piece and two
prostatic glands lie near it (Price, 1967). Ten species of this genus were recorded
in the present study:
1- Dactylogyrus achmerowi Gussev, 1955 (Fig. 11)
This trematode was recorded on the gills of C. carpio from both Ainkawa
fish hatchery and Lesser Zab river with prevalence of 24.28% and 2%,
respectively (Table 2).
Small worms, body length 0.38 mm, width 0.10 mm. Length of hooklets
0.023-0.028 mm. The total length of median hooks 0.045-0.056 mm, main part
0.045-0.049 mm, inner root 0.012-0.016 mm and outer root 0.004-0.005 mm.
Total length of connecting bar 0.004-0.006 X 0.030-0.032 mm. The tube of
copulatory organ is narrow and wavy with thick walls. Overall length of
copulatory organ 0.054-0.056 mm. Vaginal armament present.
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
38
Fig. (11): Dactylogyrus achmerowi.
A- Photomicrograph of the worm (470X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (600X). C- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (800X). D- A camera lucida drawing.
This species was recovered from the gills of C. carpio from Lesser Zab
river with a prevalence of 2% (Table 2).
Small worm. Body length up to 0.34 mm, width 0.08 mm. Length of
hooklets 0.014-0.027 mm.Total length of median hooks 0.039-0.051 mm, main
part 0.025-0.028 mm, inner root 0.018-0.027 mm and point part 0.016-0.020
mm. The size of connecting bar 0.002-0.003 X 0.026- 0.034 mm. The tube of
copulatory organ has thick walls and undulates, the end of the accessory piece
spanner-like. The length of copulatory organ 0.031-0.047 mm.
D. inexpectatus has been recorded for the first time in Iraq from
Ctenopharyngodon idella from Suwairah and Latifiyah fish farm (Salih et al.,
CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
45
Fig. (15): Dactylogyrus extensus.
A- Photomicrograph of the worm (100X). B- Photomicrograph of the haptor (400X). C- Photomicrograph of the copulatory organ (500X). D- A camera lucida drawing.
و G. cyprini و G. barbiو (D. molnari خمسة أنواع من الطفيلياتتم تسجيل
gobioninum G. و (G. longoacuminatus أنواع وتسعة ألول مرة في العراق)T. reticulata
و D. sahuensis و D. inexpectatusو D. baueri و D. anchoratus و D. achmerowi وG. baikalensis و G. kherulensis و P. cyprini( سمكة تعتبراو. دستانورفي أقليم ك الول مرة
D. deziensioidesو T. reticulate( الطفيليات لكل من جديدا مضيفا الكارب األعتيادي
.العراق في P. cyprini )و
الكارب أسماك ان وجد، موقعي في الدراسة الحاليةاألصابات الطفيلية لألسماك من ةرناقمعند
نوع ١٩ـ ب صيبتأ في مفقس أسماك عينكاوة قد األعتيادي مقدارھا صابة كليةأنسبة وب، من الطفيليات ا
، الحيوانات األبتدائية(حياة المباشرة ال اتللطفيليات ذات دور كانت كثر األصاباتأ وتبين ان .%٨٣,٨
لوحظ انا االسماك قدفقد في نھر الزاب الصغير بينما .ذلك مفقسفي ) القشرياتو مخرمات أحادية المنشأ
نوع ١٦ ـب صيبتأ األصابات بين طفيليات ذات تنوعتو ،%٨٠نسبة اصابة كلية بو، من الطفيليات ا
تحليل ال واظھر. )والديدان الشريطية المخرمات ثنائية المنشأ( ةمباشرالمباشرة وغير الحياة ال اتدور
األبتدائية والمخرمات ثنائية المنشأ والديدان للحيوانات األصابات بين معنوية اتفروقاألحصائي
. 0.05عند مستوى داللة قيد الدراسة الموقعين في لألسماك الشريطية