Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary Outline l Current scene of Cellular Wireless l 3G Technology Landscape l Comparative Study – Network Architecture – Air Interface – Network Interfaces – End-to-End Service Flow l Beyond 3G l Summary
May 20, 2015
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Outline
l Current scene of Cellular Wirelessl 3G Technology Landscapel Comparative Study
– Network Architecture– Air Interface– Network Interfaces– End-to-End Service Flow
l Beyond 3Gl Summary
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Evolution of Wireless Technologies
1st Generation (1G)
• Analog-based cellular technology• Servicesü Voice
2nd Generation (2G)
• Introduction of digital technologies• Servicesü Voiceü Low-rate data
3rd Generation (3G)
• Next generation digital systems• Servicesü Voiceü High speed data services
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
2G Technologies
Frequency and Code
Frequency and TimeFrequency and Time
FrequencyChannel Separation
IS-41GSM-MAPIS-41IS-41Network Architecture
About 20831Users Per Channel
800 & 1900 MHz
900 & 1800 MHz (Europe)800 & 1900 MHz (US)
800 & 1900 MHz
800 MHzOperating Spectrum Frequency
CDMAGSMD-AMPSAMPS
1.25 MHz200 kHz30 kHz30 kHzChannel Width
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
GSM Network Architecture
BSC
GSM PLMN
HLR
MSC/VLR
MSC
BSS
A InterfaceBTS
SS7
PSTN
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
IS-95-Based 2G Network
BSC
BSC
Proprietary
VLR
HLR
AC
PSTN
IS-41SS7
IWF
Internet
IS-634(IOS)
MSC
CDMA(IS-95)
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
2G Limitations
Capacity
Limited roaming
capabilities
Limited support for packet data
Uni-service network
Bandwidth 14.4-64
Kbps
No multimedia
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G RequirementslRadio Network requirements
– Support up to 2 Mbps data rates– Support flexible operating environments– High spectral efficiency/capacity– Support multimedia services
lCore Network requirements– Packet Data Network and IP Mobility– Global Roaming– Virtual Home Environment– Quality of Service– Interoperability with 2G Networks
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G Network Architecture
PS-CN
RAN
CS-CN
Internet PSTNU
IM
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
IP Mobilityl Ability to move with an IP address while the
connection using the IP address is activel IP Mobility may be provided by a combination
of “RAN mobility” and “CN mobility” l Radio Access Network IP mobility
– Handoff/handover – Cell selection/reselection
l Core Network IP mobility– Mobile IP, GPRS
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Always Connected
RAN Wireless Core
NetworkServices
CC TV
IP
Application Logical Connection
CN Logical Connection
RAN Physical Connection
Physical Connection comes and goes
Logical Connections remain intact
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Services Network
BTS
Packet Core Network
RAN
Services Network
PushServices
Location Based
Services
Billing
Customer Relationship Management
CS
PSBSC
Enterprise Services
M Commerce
IP Network
MSC
PDSN
PSTN
IS-41/MAP
IP Telephony ServicesGateway
IntelligentNetwork
Call Server
Circuit Core Network
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G Technology Landscape
GSM IS-136D-AMPS
Voice: IS-136 Data: EDGE
GPRS/EDGE
UMTS
IS-95A / B
AMPS
Voice: GSMData: GPRS
UMTS ?
1G
2G
3G
2.5G
FDMA TDMA CDMA
IS-2000(1x)
IS-2000(3x)
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
GSM à GPRS
Circuit Core Network (MSC/HLR/AuC)Air Interface (MS, BTS)A-Interface (BSC-MSC)
No Changes
BSC Hardware and SoftwareModification
Packet Core Network Nodes(SGSN, GGSN)
New Interface – Gb (BSC – SGSN)New
Summary of Changes
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
2.5G GSM/GPRS Networks
BSC
GPRS PLMN
GSM PLMN
HLR
MSC/VLR
MSC
SGSN
SGSN
GGSN
GGSN
Gb Interface
BSS
A InterfaceIP
BTS
IntraPLMN IP
Back boneSS7
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
GSM/GPRS à UMTS
MSC and SGSN for Iu InterfaceModification
WCDMA Air Interface (UE–Node B)RAN Interfaces
Iub (Node B – RNC), Iur (RNC – RNC)CN Interface – Iu (MSC–RNC & SGSN–RNC)
New
Circuit Core Network (HLR/AuC)Packet Core Network (GGSN)
No Changes
Summary of Changes
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
UMTS Networks
W-CDMA
UTRANNode B
Node BIub
Node B IubRNC
RNC
IurUE
GGSN3G SGSN
GPRS Internet
3G MSC/VLR
GSM
G-MSC
PSTN / ISDN
Iu
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
IS-95 à cdma2000
Air Interface (MS – BS)Network Interface (BS – MSC)
Modification
Packet Core Network (PDSN, AAA, HA/FA)
New Interface (R-P) – BS - PDSNNew
Core Network Nodes (HLR, AC)No Changes
Summary of Changes
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Circuit Switched-CN
cdma2000 Network Architecture
HLR
BTSMS
RAN Packet Switched-CNBSC
PDSN/ FA HA
AC
Private IP Network
Internet
AAA Server
MSC/VLR IS-41
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Signaling Data User Data
Radio Link Control (RLC)
Media Access Control (MAC)
Physical Layer
LinkLayer
PhysicalLayer
UpperLayers
Radio Resource Control (RRC)L3
Transports data over-the-air
W-CDMA Protocol Stack
Controls useraccess to the
medium
Increases reliability
UTR
AN L2
L1
ManagesRadio
Resources
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
cdma2000 Protocol Stack
SignalingTraffic
Upper Layers
Link Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer – IS-2000.2
Medium Access Control (MAC) – IS-2000.3
Link Access Control (LAC) – IS-2000.4
Layer 3 – IS-2000.5Packet Data
Service
Voice Services
Circuit Data
Service
Signaling
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
CDMA Physical Layer Functions
Source ID Separation
DownlinkBS
UserData
Digital CodingTechniques
Protect Data
Digital CodingTechniques
ChannelizationCode
Channel Separation
ChannelizationCode
Uplink
MS
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Bandwidth and spreading
3.84 Mcps
1.2288 Mcps3 * 1.2288 or3.6864 Mcps
Spreading
4-128 bits (1x)4-256 bits (3x)
1.25 MHz (1x)3.75 MHz (3x)
cdma2000
Channelization codes
Bandwidth
4-256 bits5 MHzUMTS
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Air Interface Parameters (1)
Direct spread (1x)Multi-carrier (3x forward
link)
Direct spread configuration
Configuration
ConvolutionalTurbo
(Parameters fixed in the standard)
ConvolutionalTurbo
(Parameters flexible)Channel coding
Asynchronous
5 MHz
3.84 Mcps
UMTS
1.25 MHzBandwidth
1.2288 McpsSpreading rate
SynchronousSynchronization
between cell sites
cdma2000
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Air Interface Parameters (2)
Orthogonal Transmit DiversitySpace Time Spreading
Time Switched Transmit DiversitySpace Time Block Coded Transmit Diversity
Transmit Diversity schemes
FDD and TDD Mode
10 msec for physical layer10,20,40 and 80 msec for transport layer
QPSK in both directions
UMTS
5 (for signaling), 20, 40 and 80 msec physical layer frames
Frame size
QPSK in forwardBPSK in reverse
Modulation
Only FDD ModeModes
cdma2000
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Channelization & Source Identification Codes
Unique scrambling codes assigned by sector
512 unique scrambling codes each identifying a
sector (38,400 bits)
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF)
codes from 4-256 bits
UMTS
One PN code (32,768 bits)512 unique offsets are
generated using PN offsets
Source identification
code for Sector
Walsh codes (same as OVSF) codes from 4-128
bits
Channelization codes
One long PN code (242
bits). Unique offsets are generated based on ESN.
Not assigned by sector
Source identification for
mobiles
cdma2000
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Asynchronous Cell Operations
PNt0
PNt3
PNt4
PNt5
PNt6
PNt1
PNt2
PNt3
PNt7
S0
S3
S4
S5
S6
S1
S2
S3
S7
CDMA2000 UTRA-FDDGPS
PNt0-n - Time offset scrambling code
l Cell sites transmission and reception are synchronized through GPS timing
l Adjacent cell sites use different time offsets of same scrambling code for spreading
S1-n - Scrambling codes
l Cell sites are not synchronizedl Each cell site uses a different
scrambling code for spreading
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Power Control
1500/sec
1500/sec
√
UMTS
800/secForward link Power control
√Open loop Power control for System Access
800/secReverse link Power control
cdma2000
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
UMTS Packet data Network Architecture
Signaling and Data Transfer Interface
Signaling Interface
Other PLMN
GGSN
UTRANMTTE GGSN PDN
EIR
SGSN
TEGi
Gf
GpGn
IuUuR
SGSNGn
CGFBilling
System
GaGa
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
L2
PDCP GTP-U
UMTS protocol modelApplication
E.g., IP, PPP, OSP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
UMTS RF UMTS RF ATM
UEUu
UTRANIu-PS
3G-SGSNGn
3G-GGSN
L1
RLC
MAC AAL5
UDP/IP
Gi
E.g., IP, PPP, OSP
GTP-U
L2
UDP/IP
Relay
ATM L1
UDP/IP
GTP-U GTP-U
Relay
AAL5
UDP/IP
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
cdma2000 Packet Data Network Architecture
BTSMS
HTTP/TCP/Others
MIP: RFC 2002
PPP: RFC 1661
IS-707: CDMAData Services
IS-2000 AIR I/F
RADIUS
MIP: RFC 2002
BSC
PDSN
AAA RADIUS Server
IP
HA
Services
3GPP2:IOS(R-P)
7
1
3
4
5
4
62
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
UMTS Call Flow
SGSN
UE
GG
SN
UTR
AN
Logical connection
between UE and UTRAN1. Establish RRC
Connection 2. Establish Iu Signaling Connection
Logical connection UE
and SGSN
IPATM
3. Authentication
4. Attach
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
UMTS Call Flow
SGSN
UE
GG
SN
UTR
AN
Request dynamic IP
address
5. Activate PDP Context
IPATM
6. Establish Radio Bearer
6. Establish Iu Bearer
6. Establish PDP Context
7. Allocate IP Address
Radio Bearer GTP GTP
8. PDP Response
9. UE can now send and
receive IP datagrams
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
cdma2000 call flow
MS
BSC/ BTS
Service Connect and Synchronization
Radio Channel R-P Session Link
MSC
Radio Link SetupR-P Session
SetupPD
SN
Origination CM Service Request
RAN Authentication
Point-to-Point Connection Setup
HAIP
Network
Mobile IP related connection/setup (if required)
IS-41
HLR/AC
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Status of UMTS standards
R 4 R5R 99Release ’99Voice Services
Emergency CallsShort Message Service
Internet Access
Release 4Optimization of UTRA
Quality of ServicePreparation for All-IP
Release 5Open Services Architecture
All-IP Multimedia SubsystemAll-IP UTRAN
High Speed Downlink Packet AccessQuality of Service
Developed by 3GPP
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Status of cdma2000 standards
1x/3x RTTProposal
IS-856
1xEV-DO (HDR)
IS-XXXX
1xEV-DV
IS-2000B
IS-95A/IS-95B
cdmaOne
IS-2000A
IS-2000
cdma2000
Developed by 3GPP2
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Spectrum allocation
600 800 1200 14001000 1600 1800 2000
PCS (2G)
Planned Auction (10-20 M
Hz)
Proposed Auction
Cellular (2G)
Satellite
Satellite
Terrestrial paired band
Terrestrial paired band
Terrestrial unpaired band
Terrestrial unpaired band
1885 1980 2010 21702025 211019201900 2200MHz
North America
Europe and Asia
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G DeploymentNew Operator, New Spectrum
2G 2G
Core Network
3G
Core Network
2G
3G3G
3G
Operator A Operator B
2G Operator
3G Operator
2G
Core Network
3G
3G
3G
2G Operator, New Spectrum
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
GSM → UMTS Clear some part of the spectrum
3G Deployment
l Shared Infrastructure (Core Network, Management Systems, Billing System)l Dual Mode phone (2G and 3G)
2G Operator, Existing Spectrum
IS-95 → cdma2000 Same Spectrum
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
1.25MHz
GSM
UMTS
IS-95
cdma2000
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Deployment Status
UMTS in 2002
UMTS Not announced
2001GPRS in trials
USA
GPRS Started
2003
Oct-2001
UMTS
SKT – Oct 2000KTF – Dec 2000
Korea
2002Japan
Not announcedEurope
cdma2000
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Major Players
l UMTS (3GPP)– Vendors
l Ericssonl Nokial Nortell Motorolal Alcatel, Lucent, …
– Operatorsl NTTDoCoMol Vodafone, …
l cdma2000 (3GPP2)– Vendors
l Qualcomml Lucentl Nortell Motorolal Samsung, Ericsson, …
– Operatorsl Sprint PCSl Verizon, KDDI, SKT…
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G and Beyond - UMTS
WCDMA (FDD)
Air Interface
TD-CDMA (TDD)
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
MSC & SGSN/GGSN
Network
IP to RAN
All-IP Multimedia
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
3G and Beyond – cdma2000
cdma2000 (1x)
Air Interface
cdma2000 (3x)1x Evolution (Data Only) –
1xEV-DO
MSC & PDSN/AAA
Network
IP to RAN
All-IP Multimedia1x Evolution
(Data & Voice) –1xEV-DV
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Summary – Air Interface
Backward Compatible
w/IS-95
GSM – UMTS HandoverInteroperability
614 kbps2 MbpsPeak Data Rate
Asynchronous
3.84 Mcps
WCDMA(5 MHz)
UMTS
1.2288 McpsChip Rate
CDMA(1.25 MHz)
Technology (Bandwidth)
Synchronous (GPS)Mode of Operation
cdma2000
Award Solutions, Inc. Proprietary
Summary – Core Network
Limited (R-UIM)SIM CardGlobal Roaming
Yes
GPRS BasedSGSN/GGSN
GSM-MAP MSC/HLR/AuC
UMTS
IETF BasedPDSN/AAA/HA/FA
Packet Switched
IS-41MSC/HLR/ACCircuit Switched
YesMultimedia
cdma2000