A Clock for the rooms: the Library Companys Horological Legacy ' Jay Robert Stiefel 2006 1 A Clock for the rooms: the Library Companys Horological Legacy 'Jay Robert Stiefel 2006 The scientific and horological holdings of the Library Company of Philadelphia would have been put to practical use by two of its prominent early shareholders, clockmakers David Rittenhouse (1732-1796) and Edward Duffield (1720-1801), each of whom was to have his work in the library. To their particular interest would have been any book by Dutch mathematician Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) who, in 1656, laid claim to developing the first practical pendulum-regulated clock. The library owns several of Huygenss treatises in various editions. The first to be acquired, a duodecimo entitled The Celestial Worlds Discovered, 1 was listed by Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) as being in the collection by 1741. 2 Plate I is an illustration from the librarys copy of the 1673 edition of Huygenss Horologium Oscillatorium, which describes his invention and offers a mathematical analysis of pendular motion. 3 In 1792, the number of scientific titles in the library substantially increased with the receipt of the nearly 4,000-volume Loganian Library, which included the private library of the polymath and book collector James Logan (1674-1751). 4 Among its rarities is a first edition of Isaac Newton (1642-1727), Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (London, 1687), essential reading for Rittenhouse who also distinguished himself as a mathematician and astronomer.
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“A Clock for the roomsâ€: the Library Company's Horological Legacy
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Endnotes:1 Christiaan Huygens, The Celestial Worlds Discovered (London, 1722, 2nd ed., corrected & enlarged). It was originally publishedin 1698, in separate English and Latin editions.2 Benjamin Franklin, A Catalogue of Books belonging to the Library Company of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, 1741).3 Christiaan Huygens, Horologium Oscillatorium Sive De Motu Pendulorum Ad Horologia Aptato Demonstrationes Geometricae (Paris,1673).4 Logan had arrived in Pennsylvania as Penn�s secretary in 1699. He afterwards held several prominent public positions andamassed great wealth as a merchant. His private library numbering over 2,600 volumes was left, at his death, to the publicbenefit. In 1792, the Loganian Library, then nearly 4,000 volumes, was transferred by act of the General Assembly to thecustody of the Library Company of Philadelphia [�LCP�] and housed in the east wing of its building on Fifth Street southof Chestnut, which had opened the prior year. �At the Instance of Benjamin Franklin,� A Brief History of the Library Company ofPhiladelphia (LCP, Philadelphia, 1995), pp. 31-36.5 James Smither, Benjn. Randolph, Cabinet Maker, at the Golden Eagle in Chestnut Street Between third and fourth Streets, Philadelphia,�engraving, Philadelphia: I. Smither Sculpt, [1769]. This sole surviving example of Randolph�s trade card, printed from acopperplate engraving, is preserved in the print and photograph department of LCP. For more on Smither (1741-1797, seeHarrold E. Gillingham, �Old Business Cards of Philadelphia,� Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, vol. 53(Philadelphia: The Historical Society of Pennsylvania [�HSP�], 1929), pp. 203-229, at p. 206.6 For possible inspiration for the furniture designs depicted in the Randolph trade card, see Fiske Kimball, �The Sources ofthe Philadelphia Chippendale: Pt. 2-Benjamin Randolph�s Trade Card,� Pennsylvania Museum Bulletin, vol. 23 (October, 1927),pp. 5-8.7 Thomas Chippendale, The Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker�s Director�(London, third ed., 1762), pl. CLXIII; Edwin Wolf 2nd
and Marie Elena Korey, eds., Quarter of a Millenium, The Library Company of Philadelphia, 1731-1981 (LCP, Philadelphia: 1981),p. 29.8 John Smith, Horological Dialogues In Three Parts Shewing The Nature, Use, and right Managing of CLOCKS and WATCHES with anAPPENDIX (London, 1675), pp. 8-11.9 William Derham, The Artificial Clock=Maker, A Treatise of Watch, and Clock-work: Wherein the Art of Calculating Numbers Formost sorts of MOVEMENTS Is explained to the capacity of the Unlearned. Also the History of Clock-work, Both Ancient and Modern(London, 1696), p. 95.10 The author wishes to thank James N. Green, the present librarian, for sharing this bit of library lore which was recountedto him by a predecessor.11 �Report of the Librarian,� The Annual Report of the Library Company of Philadelphia for the Year 1976 (LCP, Philadelphia,1977), p. 10.12 Ibid., pp. 14-21.13 Ibid.14 Ibid.15 �Report of the Librarian,� The Annual Report of the Library Company of Philadelphia for the Year 1988 (LCP, Philadelphia,1989), pp. 14-17. Garvan had used the instruments as teaching aids in his courses in the American Civilization Departmentwhich he helped found at the University of Pennsylvania.16 �Report of the Librarian,� The Annual Report of the Library Company of Philadelphia for the Year 1990 (LCP, Philadelphia,1991), pp. 13-14. The second work Garvan gave in 1990 is an even greater rarity. The report describes it as �the firstpractical book in English regarding seamanship and nautical technology:� The Sea-Mans Grammar and Dictionary by CaptainJohn Smith (1580-1631), published in London in 1626. Better yet, it bears the shelf mark of Isaac Newton! Ibid., p. 14.17 �Gifts,� The Annual Report of the Library Company of Philadelphia for the Year 2003 (LCP, Philadelphia, 2004), pp. 34-35.18 Austin K. Gray, Benjamin Franklin�s Library (The Macmillan Company, New York, 1936), p. 12.19 Shown in an interior photograph preserved in a scrapbook pertaining to the library, LCP Uy8 7065.Q, at p. 31. A �banjo�wall clock shown hanging on the other side of the portrait is similarly unaccounted for. The makers of neither clock areknown.20 The English refer to such clock cases as �longcase.� The American usage, �tall-case,� will be used here.21 Minutes of the Proceedings of the Directors of the Library Company of Philadelphia, meeting of September 5, 1796,vol. 4, p. 56. LCP archives.22 Charles William Janson, The Stranger in America (London, 1807), p. 190.23 Manuscript, dated 1804, pasted verso waist door of Fromanteel clockcase; Zachariah Poulson, A Chronological Register of theNames of the Members of the Library Company of Philadelphia (n.d.), p. 3: share #24 was issued to Samuel Hudson on November11, 1765; Thomas Allen Glenn, �William Hudson, Mayor of Philadelphia, 1725-1726,� PMHB, vol. 15 (1891), pp. 336-343.24 Brian Loomes, The Early Clockmakers of Great Britain (N.A.G. Press Ltd., London, 1981), p. 236.
25 R.D. Dobson, �Huygens, the Secret in the Coster-Fromanteel �Contract,� the Thirty Hour Clock,� Antiquarian Horology, vol.12 (Summer 1980), p. 194.26 Mercurius Politicus, October 27, 1658; P.G. Dawson, C.B. Drover, D.W. Parkes, Early English Clocks, (Antique CollectorsClub, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1982), P. 74.27 P.G. Dawson, C.B. Drover, and D.W. Parkes, Early English Clocks (Antique Collectors� Club, Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1982),p. 74; Horological Masterworks, English Seventeenth-Century Clocks from Private Collections (Antiquarian Horological Society,Wadhurst, and Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, 2003), p. 27.28 T.K., Jr., �Cromwell Clock,� published in Philadelphia�s National Era, April 8, 1847, and transcribed in the library�sFromanteel clock file. The identity of its author is unknown.29 E.g., Laura Lee, �Library Company Debates Moving,� The Evening Bulletin, March 8, 1930, a clipping retained in LCP files.30 The first pendulum clocks had short (about six-inch) pendulum verge escapements. One of these, an eight-inch high(lantern or table) clock made by Ahaseurus Fromanteel, was owned by nineteenth-century Philadelphia antiquary John A.McAllister (1822-1896), who gave his ephemera collection to the library. On one occasion, when the library�s Fromanteelwas acclaimed as the earliest clock in the city, McAllister defended the precedence of his own. The Historical Magazine andNotes and Queries concerning the Antiquities, History & Biography, vol. 8 (1864), pp. 239-240. McAllister�s clock was not given tothe library. Its current whereabouts is unknown.31 Adam Bowett, English Furniture, 1660-1714, From Charles II to Queen Anne (Antique Collectors� Club, Woodbridge, Suffolk,2002), p. 46, pl. 2:20.32 Ibid., pp. 44-46, pls. 2:16 and 2:19. The library�s case differs from the St Andrews cases in not having a shell in front of itscentral plinth, nor any evidence of having had two side plinths. This is based on a visual comparison with pl. 2:20 in Bowett.A physical examination of the design and construction of the St Andrew�s cases (see ibid., pl. 2:20) is required to determineif they are from the same cabinetshop as the library�s case. The author looks forward to the publication of research on themakers of cases for the clocks of London clockmakers being conducted by Jeremy Evans, who has recently retired fromoverseeing the horological collections of the British Museum.33 Directors� Minutes, January 7 and March 3, 1831, vol. 5, pp. 308-316.34 Ibid., June 6, 1796, September 5, 1796, October 6, 1796, November 3, 1796, December 1, 1796, January 5, 1797, February7, 1797, vol. 4, pp. 54-55, 57-58, 60-61, 64.35 S.S. Moore and T. W. Jones, The Traveller�s Directory, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, 1804), pp. 7-8; N. Hudson Moore, The Old ClockBook (Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York, 1911), pp. 157-158.36 Directors� Minutes, May 10, 1832, May 8, 1834, September 4, 1834, February 5 and 12, 1834, May 7, 1835, vol. 6, pp. 20,62, 65, 70-71, 78.37 Ibid., March 5, 1835, vol. 6, p.74.38 Lukens was, however, not without success elsewhere. One of his astronomical clocks was purchased in 1835 for theobservatory at Germantown Academy. Townsend Ward, �The Germantown Road and its Associations,� PMHB, vol. 5(1881), pp. 365, 392. See also George H. Eckhardt, �Isaiah Lukens, �Town Clock Maker and Machinist,�� The MagazineAntiques, vol. 25, no. 2 (February, 1934), pp. 46-48.39 Directors� Minutes, May 7, 1835, vol. 6, p. 80.40 John Child�s share, #410, was held by him until 1871, and thereafter by Henry T. Child until 1888. Mrs. John Child, Sr.,the wife of John Child�s great-great grandson, continues the family tradition as a library shareholder. John Child, Sr. enjoyednoting to the author that his forebear�s life dates befit those of an �All-American� craftsman, in that they coincide with theeffective date of the Constitution and the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.41 Directors� Minutes, June 4, 1835, vol. 6, p. 81.42 Edward Penington, Treasurer, Library Company Treasurer�s Accounts, April 27, 1836, second page, LCP records #7447.F.20.43 Association of Centenary Firms and Corporations of the United States (Christopher Sower, Philadelphia, 1916), pp. 149-150;George H. Eckhardt, Pennsylvania Clocks and Clockmakers (Devin-Adair Co., New York, 1955), p. 173.44 Ibid. It appears that John�s beliefs had long hampered business prospects. According to his great-great grandson, John wasa Hicksite Quaker who stubbornly refused to serve Orthodox Quakers in his establishment. Author�s conversation withJohn Child, Sr., Philadelphia, July 29, 2004.45 The Librarian reported, in 1968, that �[a]ll our old clocks, due to the skill of Edward Lafore [sic], are now in workingorder.� Edwin Wolf, 2nd, Librarian�s Report, April 11, 1968, p. 179. See LaFond�s typed descriptions of the clocks, whichremain in the library files, and were consulted for this article.46 George H. Eckhardt, �Philadelphia Rarities Saved,� New York Sun, January [?], 1937, a clipping retained in the library�s file.47 In 2005, layers of darkened varnish were removed by conservator Alan Andersen in order to reveal the undisturbed grain-painting beneath.
48 John Child account book, courtesy of Mr. & Mrs. John Child, Sr.49 The clock�s origins were further obscured by it being called �the Ohio Clock,� purportedly because there are 17 starscarved on the front of its case and Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union, albeit in 1803. See e-mails exchanged,September 21-December 11, 2004, among the author and staff of the Senate: Melinda Smith, Diane Skvarla, TheresaMalanum, and Karen Paul.50 Ibid.51 Ibid.52 G.H., Baillie, Watchmakers & Clockmakers of the World 2nd ed. (N.A.G. Press Ltd., London, 1947), p. 211; Getty ResearchInstitute�s Union List of Artists Names lists Martin as �active 1695-1739.�53 The marriage is recorded as on �30 May 1689.� Willam and Ann are thereafter listed in the 1696 Bristol tax records, livingin the parish of St. Ewen with their children John, William, and Thomas. The Bristol Record Office information is from aletter to the author from Michael Marsden of Bristol, June 21, 2004.54 The feet, height 1 ¾ inches, width 4 inches, and depth ¾ inch, appear in the Moran photos of Library Company relicsloaned to the Colonial Furniture exhibition held at the Pennsylvania Museum, December 1919-January 1920. The photosare in the collection of the print and photograph department of LCP.55 Mary McGregor Miller, The Warder Family A Short History (Clark County Historical Society, Clark County Ohio, 1957),quoting a 1936 letter from Sally Price Warder, in text preceding notes 31-32 and on page opposite text preceding note 32.56 The Canterbury sailed from the Isle of Wight on September 3, 1699 and reached Pennsylvania on December 3, 1699.Penn�s first voyage to his Proprietorship had been aboard the ship Welcome, August 30-October 28, 1682, landing at NewCastle. In September, 1701, he sailed back to England to defend his interests, never to return.57 Frank Willing Leach, �Old Philadelphia Families, CXLIII � Warder,� Philadelphia North American, December 29, 1912;Edwin Wolf II, �The Library Company of Philadelphia, America�s First Museum,� The Magazine Antiques, vol. 120, no. 2(August 1981), p. 351, Fig. 2 caption.58 W.W.H. Davis, The History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania (Doylestown, PA, 1876), p. 192.59 John Fanning Watson, Annals of Philadelphia (Leary, Stuart and Company, Philadelphia, 1909), vol. 2, pp. 501-502.60 One of those properties, a 300 hundred acre plantation known as �Grove Place,� which Willoughby had acquired fromthe Estate of Phineas Pemberton by deed dated February 16, 1702, he conveyed to Solomon on February 18, 1721/1722.Frank Willing Leach, �Old Philadelphia Families, CXLIII � Warder,� Philadelphia North American, December 29, 1912. ForWarder family tree, see Mary McGregor Miller, The Warder Family A Short History, Appendix.61 E.g., on the 17th day of the 6th month 1700, a credit was entered �By Sol. Warder in p[ayment]t for his Man,� for £1/10/0.William Penn�s Cash Book. Solomon was brother to Willoughby Warder, Jr., the great-great grandfather of William Warder.Mary McGregor Miller, The Warder Family A Short History, Appendix.62 Will of Willoughby Warder, dated February 24, 1724, proved May 19, 1725, Falls Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania,in Philadelphia Will Book D, 1725, p. 424, microfilm, HSP.63 W.W.H. Davis, The History of Bucks County, p. 187; The Papers of William Penn 1701-1718, ed. Richard S. Dunn, Mary MaplesDunn et al., vol. 4 (University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadephia, 1987), p. 273, n. 26.64 E.g., Penn�s Cash Book shows a credit on the 2nd day of the 19th month 1701 �By Laetitia Penn pd Ed: Evans Joyner for a
Chest of Drawers she gave Mary Sotcher,� valued at £7/0/0. William Penn�s Cash Book, at the American PhilosophicalSociety.65 Hubert M. Cummings, �An Account of Goods at Pennsbury Manor, 1687,� PMHB, vol. 86 (1962), pp. 397, 398, 408-409.66 The original of this inventory is tipped into the front of William Penn�s Cash Book Commencing ye 7th of ye 10th Mth AnnoDomini 1699, American Philosophical Society, Class B No. P38. It is also transcribed in Correspondence between William Penn andJames Logan [HSP Memoirs IX] , vol. 1, pp. 62-64 (Philadelphia, 1870).67 Goods left at Philadelphia the 20th of the 9th month 1701, tipped into front of William Penn�s Cash Book Commencing ye 7th of ye 10th
Mth Anno Domini 1699, American Philosophical Society, Class B No. P38.68 William Penn�s Cash Book, May 2, 1700, p. 2 credit side.69 Ibid., p. 8 credit side.70 Logan Papers, vol. 1, p. 24. HSP.71 Our Daily Fare, no. 3 (June 10, 1864), p. 22. The Great Central Fair, which was held in June, 1864, was one of a number offund-raising fairs held in support of the U.S. Sanitary Commisssion, which cared for the Union wounded during the CivilWar. Our Daily Fare was its official journal.
72 A songsheet in the collection of the library, entitled �The Legend of the Clock� and written by a �B. J. Leedom,� waspreviously thought to relate to the library�s �William Penn Clock.� It instead pertains to another Penn-associated clock,present whereabouts unknown, which was also displayed at the Great Central Fair, but in another department. A manuscriptnote on the top of the songsheet informs us �This ancient clock was exhibited in the department of Relics, curiosities &autographs, & the following lines were composed & printed by its owner & sold beneath the clock for the benefit of theSanitary Commission � It may be well to mention that it was the timekeeper of the department. T.J.� The songsheet itselfprovides the following information about the clock before breaking into verse: �This clock was brought over from Englandby the writer�s ancestor in 1682, in the ship Welcome, with William Penn. The lines are suggested by the traditions receivedfrom his grandmother, who died in her hundredth year, and who beguiled many of his boyhood hours with the tales of the�olden time,� of the trials endured by the pioneers in the settlement of �PENN�S WOODS.� Her mother told her that Wm.Penn was a frequent visitor at her father�s cabin; although but a child(her mother) at the time, she could distinctly rememberPenn�s visits; his taking her on his knee and amusing her, whilst the Indians would gather around in groups from theneighboring wigwams.� LCP Songsheet #1235. Our Daily Fare, confirms the Leedom clock as being in the Relicsdepartment: �There is another ancient time-piece which belongs to Mr. B.J. Leedom, of Germantown, which Mr. L. sayscame over in the ship Welcome, with William Penn, in 1682.� Our Daily Fare, no. 12, June 21, 1864, p. 94.73 Minutes of the May 2, 1904 Annual Meeting of the Library; George H. Eckhardt, �Philadelphia Rarities Saved,� New YorkSun, January [?], 1937, clipping in the print and photograph department of LCP.74 Pennsylvania Gazette, February 1, 1775.75 George H. Eckhardt, Pennsylvania Clocks and Clockmakers, p. 191.76 William MacPherson Hornor, Jr., Blue Book, Philadelphia Furniture (Highland House Publishers, Washington, District ofColumbia, 1977, second printing), p. 56.77 Librarian�s Report, April 11, 1968; LaFond notes in LCP�s Sauer clock file.78 Ibid.79 German makers used lantern pinions on their wheel trains. The construction differences between Pennsylvania clocksmade by clockmakers trained according to English and German traditions are described in J. Carter Harris, PennsylvaniaClocks 1750-1850 (National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors, Inc., Columbia, Pennsylvania, 2002), pp. 3-4.80 Hornor, Blue Book, Philadelphia Furniture, p. 56; George H. Eckhardt, �RIDGWAY�S TREASURES Some 300,000 booksAnd Cromwell, Penn and Sauer Clocks,� Philadelphia Inquirer, September 13, 1959, Today Magazine, p. 7.81 John Fanning Watson, Annals (Philadelphia: Leary, Stuart & Co. 1909), 1:574.82 Edward Duffield Neill, �Rev. Jacob Duché, the First Chaplain of Congress,� PMHB, vol. 2 (1878), pp. 61-62, n.1.83 John Fanning Watson, Annals of Philadelphia, vol. 1, p. 574.84 Carolyn Wood Stretch, �Early Colonial Clockmakers in Philadelphia,� PMHB, vol. 56 (1932), p. 226; James Biser Whisker,Pennsylvania Clockmakers, Watchmakers and Allied Crafts (Adams Brown Co., Cranbury, New Jersey, 1990), 37.85 �An Account of the Transit of Mercury over the Sun, on November 9th 1769, N.S.,� Transactions of the AmericanPhilosophical Society (1771), vol. 1, pp. 82-88; Murphy D. Smith, Due Reverence, Antiques in the Possession of the AmericanPhilosophical Society (American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1992), pp. 2-3, Fig. 1; Edward Duffield Neill, �Rev. JacobDuché, the First Chaplain of Congress,� PMHB (1878), vol. 2, pp. 61-62, n.1.86 In token of their friendship, Franklin bequeathed Duffield his �French wayweiser, a piece of clock-work in brass, to befixed to the wheel of any carriage.� Edward Duffield Neill, �Rev. Jacob Duché, the First Chaplain of Congress,� PMHB(1878), vol. 2, p. 62, n.1.87 Uncommon elsewhere, but present here and on other Duffield clocks, is a chapter ring center matted in a concentricpattern.88 Harrold E. Gillingham, �Early American Indian Medals,� The Magazine Antiques, vol. 6, no. 6 (December, 1924), pp. 312-314, Fig. 4; Wolf, �The Library Company of Philadelphia, America�s First Museum,� p. 353, Fig. 5.89 The technical expertise and courtesies of Dr. Mones and the eminent English clockmaker John Hooper were invaluableto the research for this article. Both have gained the freedom of the Clockmakers� Company, of which Dr. Mones is theonly living American to hold such honor. Duffield purchased his library share in 1768. It was retained by his family until1844.90 Ralph Waldo Emerson, English Traits (Boston, 1856), chapter 12.
Plate I. Pendulum illustration from Christiaan Huygens, Horologium Oscillatorium (Paris,1673).
Plate II. Trade Card of Philadelphia cabinetmaker Benjamin Randolph, engraved byJames Smither (Philadelphia, 1769).
Plate III. Title page from John Smith, Horological Dialogues (London, 1675).
Plate IV. Title page from William Derham The Artificial Clock=Maker (London, 1696).
Plate V. Strassburg Cathedral clock illustration from Cunradus Dasypodius [KonradHasenfratz (1531-1601)], Warhafftige Ausstellung des Astronomischen Uhrwercks zu Strassburg(Strassburg, 1578).
Plate VI. Brass dial, tall-case clock by John Fromanteel, c.1673.
Plate VIa. Detail dial and hood of Fromanteel clock.
Plate VII. Library and Surgeons Hall, in Fifth Street, Philadelphia, from William RussellBirch, The City of Philadelphia in the State of Pennsylvania North America; as it appeared in theYear 1800, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia, 1804).
Plate VIII. David Rittenhouse, Engraved by James Barton Longacre (Philadelphia, 1836)after a painting by Charles Willson Peale.
Plate IX. Astronomical clock by John Child, Philadelphia, 1835.
Plate IXa. Detail of dial and hood of Child clock.
Plate IXb. Detail of alarm indicator on dial of Child clock.
Plate X. Interior of the Loganian Library in Library Hall on Fifth Street showing Childclock in far niche, in an 1879 drawing by Colin Campbell Cooper Jr.
Plate XI. John Child�s account book. Courtesy of Mr. and Mrs. John Child, Sr.
Plate XIa. Detail of May 31, 1816 debit entry for U.S. Senate clock from Child accountbook. Courtesy of Mr. and Mrs. John Child, Sr.
Plate XII. Brass dial, tall-case clock by William Martin, Bristol, England, c.1685-1700,known as the William Penn Clock.
Plate XIIa. Detail of dial and hood of Martin clock.
Plate XIII. Interior of Library Hall on Fifth Street, showing Martin clock against the sideof a bookcase, in an 1879 drawing by Colin Campbell Cooper Jr.
Plate XIV. Brass dial, tall-case clock by Christopher Sauer, Philadelphia, c.1735.
Plate XIVa. Detail of dial and hood of Sauer clock.
Plate XV. Title page from Biblia, das ist: die Heilige Schrift Altes und Neues Testaments(Germantown, Pa., 1743), Christopher Sauer�s publication of Luther�s German translationof the Bible.
Plate XVI. Brass dial, tall-case clock by Edward Duffield, Philadelphia,c. 1760.
Plate XVIa. Detail of dial and hood of Duffield clock.
Plate XVIb. Detail of name boss on dial of Duffield clock.
Plate XVII. Obverse of Indian silver peace medal from dies engraved by EdwardDuffield and struck by Joseph Richardson, 1757.
Plate XVIIa. Reverse of Indian silver peace medal from dies engraved by Duffield, 1757.