A Changing World: 1813-1900 The Results of Enlightenment, Revolution , and Imperialism… The Power of the West over the Rest
Jan 16, 2016
A Changing World: 1813-1900
The Results of Enlightenment, Revolution, and Imperialism…
The Power of the West over the Rest
• Payback by the victors to the loser–What countries won?–What had France done to Europe from 1790-1813?
–What would the winners want for their victories? (Congress of Vienna)
What Napoleon wrought
What Enlightenment wrought
American Revolution
French Revolution Haiti
_______________________
• What countries had revolutions?• Answer the following questions…–Who led the revolt?–What year was the revolt?–What country was thrown out?–Ethnic background? Language?
Religion?
Latin American Wars of Independence
Ethnic & Social Hierarchy
Class
Ethnic Group
Rights/ Privileges
Peninsulares CreolesCriollos
Mestizos Mulattoes
Spanish-born
European-descended
Latins
Native American &
European
African & European
Held top jobs in gov’t & Church
2nd class – owned mines, haciendas, and ranches
Lowest – denied status, wealth & power available to whites; higher only to slaves
Nationalism Cause and Effect
1840s+ European uprisings failed b/c:• 1) Rulers’ use of military• 2) Lack of support from the masses• 3) Lack of a unified struggle
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONThe first phase of
the Industrial Revolution (~1750-1850) was:– forged from iron
,–
powered by steam,
– driven by textiles…
• Later phase occurred in the mid-1800s
• New sources of energy• new methods of
production• New forms of business• New technology
Starts in Britain…why?–Factors of Production: - Land - Natural resources; coal, iron ore, rivers, transportation
- Labor – increased population, landless poor -factories-low wages, honorable for middle class to go into business
- Capital - $, tools, equipment, rich investors
- Other factors - colonies, navy, Parliament passes protective laws
Social Darwinism
• Origin of the Species (1859) natural selection = most adaptable
• Tied to human behaviour– Competition –survival of
the fittest– White Anglo-Saxon
superiority defined and supported by…White Man’s Burden … racism, religion
IMPERIALISM• im·pe·ri·al·ism • 1.the policy of extending the rule or authority of an
empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.
• 2.advocacy of imperial interests.• 3.an imperial system of government.• 4.imperial government.• 5.British . the policy of so uniting the separate parts
of an empire with separate governments as to secure for certain purposes a single state.
• Origin: 1855–60; imperial1 + -ism
So to repeat the reasons for…
–Self-sufficiency (Ind. Rev. inc. demand for new raw mat’s – rubber, oil, gas,…)
–New markets (to sell goods) –Nationalism – strong nation-states–Outlets for [over]population–Religious motives (e.g., spread
Christianity)– “White Man’s Burden”; duty to civilize– Social Darwinism - Cultural & Racial
Superiority – Dual Mandate…
Success of the West due to…– Weakness of non-Western states –
Ottoman Turks; Mughals (India); Qing (China)
– Western advantages – strong armies (w/ modern weapons); strong economies; well-organized gov’ts; adv. medicine,…
Forms of Imperial Rule– Direct rule - control all levels of
gov’t (French – assimilation)– Indirect rule – use local rulers
(British - protectorates)– Spheres of Influence – claim
exclusive economic privileges (U.S. – claimed most of Latin America)
Impact of ImperialismNew Economic Patterns– Global economy: a new form of
mercantilism – Money economy – replaced barter– Dependency by the “have nots”
on the “haves”– Modernization – comm. & trans.
networks, banking systems, rr’s,…
Cultural Impact– Europeans – convinced of their
own superiority – Westernization – European ways &
modernization met w/ resistance– Education – often instructed by
missionaries; taught basic literacy & job skills for colonial gov’ts
– Medicine – vaccines, hygiene; inc. pop. growth (& undermines local healers)
– Religion - spread Christianity– Traditions – many saw value in
new tech. & culture; others resisted (“old” values)
C) Impact on Western Culture– Began w/ Columbian Exchange
(1500s); sped up during 1800s (Ind. Rev.)
– Increased tensions – b/w western powers; competition for new lands (Africa, Asia, Middle East,…)
– Imperialism disrupted traditional gov’ts; united rival peoples or divided cohesive tribes & kingdoms…see Africa
– By 1900s – many western-educated elites organized nationalist movements (anti-colonial)
African ImperialismA Scramble for Colonies– Berlin Conference 1884-85– Bismarck; boundaries; no
Africans invited; free trade along Congo & Niger R’s; no Eur. claims w/o “effective occupation”
– Europe carves upAfrica – Britain, France, Belgium,Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal,…
– Ethiopia (Abyssinia) & Liberia – independent