A+ certification (Core hardware) Pc Maintenance

A+ certification(Core hardware)Pc Maintenance

MADE BY:

MR: Muhammad Ishrat

INDEX

MOTHER BOARDINPUT DEVICESSTORAGE DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICESOTHER PERIPHERALS

Bit:The binary digit ‘1’ & ‘0’ is called bit...

Byte:A combination of ‘8’ bits is called byte...

Chart of memory units:1 nibble=4 bits.1 byte =8 bits1 kilo byte=1024 bytes1 Mega byte=1024 kilo bytes1 Giga byte=1024 mega bytes1 Tera byte=1024 giga bytes1 pita byte =1024 Tera bytes

Motherboard1. CPU2. RAM3. ROM4. BIOS5. HEAT SINKER6. PCI Slots7. SYSTEM BUSES8. Condenser9. Ports & connectors

MSI (Medium Scale integrated)

1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)1. CPU or central

processing unit is the main processing unit

2. It determines the performance of the computer (processor speed)

3. Can be said a BRAIN of computer

4. Currently Pentium Chip (Processor) are most popular

2.RAM1. First Ram was introduced in October 19702. One of most important part of computer 3. Random Access Memory RAM stores

information temporarily4. More RAM in the computer more faster

computer works 5. RAM is in the form of a chip and different

vendors have developed the RAM of different capacities

Typically RAM chips reside on memory modules. Four main types exist.

SIMMs

DIMMs

SODIMMs

RIMMs

SIMMsSingle Inline Memory ModulePins on opposite sides form a single set

of contacts

DIMMsDual Inline Memory

Module 168 Pins on opposite

sides of the circuit board form separate connections

SODIMMs Small Outline Dual In-line Memory ModuleA much smaller form of memoryUsed in Notebook computers and Apple iMac

desktopsIn “DDR2” SODIMMS has 200 pins In “DDR3” SODIMMS has 204 pins

RIMMsRAM bus Inline Memory Module RDRAM

Comparable in size and pin configuration to DIMM but uses a special memory bus to greatly increase speed.

What are some different types of Random Access Memory ?

Types of Dynamic RAM (DRAM)SDRAM – Synchronous DRAM Synchronized to the system clockDDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) Transfer data twice for each clock cycleRambus DRAM (RDRAM) Faster than SDRAM chips because they use

pipelining techniques

Types of Dynamic RAMStores 1’s and 0’s on capacitorsMust be recharged every millisecond, or

every one thousandth of a secondMany different types exist (previous slide)

Synchronous DRAM Resides on DIMMsFaster than previous DRAM because it is

synchronized with the system clockMaximum transfer rate to L2 cache is

approximately 528 megabytes per second. Most common choice of Pentiums until

recently

Double Data-rate SDRAMResides on DIMMsAlso known as SDRAM IIFaster than SDRAM because it transfers data

twice for each clock cycleCommonly used in PCs

RAM Bus DRAMResides on RIMMs

Uses a pipelining technique to increase speed

RDRAM memory chips work in parallel to achieve a data rate of 800+ MHz.

Static RAMOften used for Cache MemoryVery fast and reliable because these chips do

not have to be recharged as often as DRAM chips hence the term “static”

SRAM chips: more expensive than DRAM

Static RAMCache Memory (Static RAM) helps speed up

the microprocessor.Cache Memory stores frequently used data

and instructions.

Static RAM Personal Computers have 2 and perhaps 3

types of cache memory:L1 (Level 1) Cache (8KB to 128KB)L2 (Level 2) Cache (64KB to 4MB)L2 Advanced Transfer Cache on current

microprocessors (built on the chip)

Static RAML3 (Level 3) Cache is cache separate from

the microprocessor chip and is on the motherboard.

L3 Cache exists only on computers that use the L2 Advanced Transfer Cache.

Static RAMA computer with L2 cache usually performs

at speeds 10 to 40 percent faster than those without cache.

Servers and workstations can have at least 2MB of L2 or L3 cache.

SGRAMSynchronous Graphics RAMSGRAM is a variant of SDRAMSGRAM makes use of block-writes to increase

video processing speeds.SGRAM is single-ported so the CPU cannot

write to it at the same time the image is being refreshed.

SGRAM is used in high-end graphics cards

THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF ROM

4.BIOS1. BIOS: Basic

Input/Output system is a set of instructions in ROM

2. Used to start most basic services of computer system

3. Computer have more than one BIOS

5. HEAT SINKER1. A cooling

mechanism prevent damage to computer from heat

2. Contains fans and sinks

3. The CPU, Computer case, power supply, some Hard disk, some adapter cards need cooling

6. PCI slots1. Slot is the space

provided on motherboard used to increase functionality of computer

2. There are RAM slots, AGP slots and expansion slots.

7. Bus a group of wire between two part of

hardwareThere are three main bus groups

ADDRESS BUS DATA BUS CONTROL BUS

2/3 of compter times is used for data transfer therefor the data bus bandwidth is very important.

Data BusThe Data Bus carries the data which is transferred throughout

the system. ( bi-directional)

Examples of data transfers Program instructions being read from memory into MPU. Data being sent from MPU (Memory Protection Unit/Micro

Processing Unit) to I/O port Data being read from I/O port going to MPU Results from MPU sent to Memory

These are called read and write operations

Address Bus An address is a binary number that identifies a specific memory

storage location or I/O port involved in a data transfer

The Address Bus is used to transmit the address of the location to the memory or the I/O port.

The Address Bus is unidirectional ( one way ): addresses are always issued by the MPU.

Control Bus The Control Bus: is another group of signals whose functions are

to provide synchronization ( timing control ) between the MPU and the other system components.

Control signals are unidirectional, and are mainly outputs from the MPU.

Example Control signals RD: read signal asserted to read data into MPU WR: write signal asserted to write data from MPU

EXPENSION BUSES:Expansion buses are also referred to as external

buses.These buses connect the external device such as:

keyboard , mouse , modem , printer , so on to the processor.

Expansion buses are connected to the system bus.System buses allows the processor to communicate

with other devices.we connect a devices with the system unit through a

port on an adopter card.

8. Condenser:Condensers are typically heat

exchanger which have various design & come in many sizes ranging from rather small(hand-held) to very large industrial scale units used in plant processing.

9. Ports:The input , output & communication devices

are connected to the system unit through a special device is called ports.

It is an interface or connecting socket.it provides a standard way of communication

between the computer & its input & output devices.Example: keyboard , mouse , monitor ,printer ,& so on. Come with a cable & multiple connectors...

Connectors are available in 2 types:

Male connectors:It has the set of exposed pins. Like the end of an electrical cord you plug into the socket.

Female connectorsIt has set of whole pins like an electrical wall out to accept the pins on a male connectors...

Types of ports:A system unit make many ports of different types

The main types of ports are serial ports , parallel ports , & usb port.

Most personal computers are at least one serial port one parallel port & two usb ports...

TYPES OF PORTS

Serial port:A serial port provide a connection for

transmitting data one bit at a time.The data in serial port is transmit

through a single unit however the serial port consist on multiple wires the other wire control the flow of data. The com: ports(communication ports) on the system unit is one type of serial port.

Parallel ports:A parallel port provide a connection

for transmitting data eight bit. The device that are connected to the parallel port have a data cable with eight parallel separate data lines. The printer is connected to the parallel ports the cable use to connect printer two the computer often have twenty five pins female connectors.

Usb ports:Usb stands for universal bus. Today it is the most

popular standard port used in pcs. The usb allows up to 127 devices to be connected

to the bus via a single port.Today personal computers typically have two or

four usb ports either on the front or on back of the system unit.

A usb hub is a device which is plugged in to a usb port on the system unit it contains multiple usb ports into which you can plugged multiple devices.

INPUT DEVICES

KeyboardMouseScannerJoystickMicrophone

1. Keyboard1. The keyboard is

used to type something or input information to the computer.

2. Connects to the system via cable or wireless connections

3. There are different designs and models available

2. Mouse1. Most common

input device used to give instructions to computer

2. Connectivity via cable or wireless media

3. Types: Track Ball, Optical mouse, IR mouse, Radio wave mouse

3. Scanner1. Scanners allow you

to transfer pictures and photographs to your computer

2. Used to scan the images and pictures

3. Using software you can convert printed documents into the text that you can use in the word processor

4. Joystick1. Another input

device used to play games

2. Available in many shapes

5. Microphone1. Used to give

audio input2. Important in

video conferencing

Storage devices primary storage

1. RAM

Secondary storage1.HDD2.Floppy disk3.Solid storage devices

1. Hard Disk Drive1. Hard Disk Drive

HDD is a mechanism to run disks

2. HD is a fixed media storage device

3. Data stored magnetically

4. Mostly internal but some are external

2. Floppy 1. Floppy disks

stores data magnetically

2. Disk covered by means of plastic coat

3. Older storage device having less storage capacity

3. Solid storage Device 1. Used as external

storage device 2. Works faster than

disks 3. Data stores

electrically and having USB

Output Devices

MonitorSpeakersPrinter

1. Monitor1. monitor is used to

display the information on the screen.

2. Monitors come in many sizes and shapes, monochrome or full colors

3. Today most computers use LCD

2. Speakers

1. Speaker is the audio output device

2. Used to listen songs and other audio media

3. Printer1. printer takes the

information from the PC and transfers it to the paper of different sizes

2. There are three basic types of a printer such as dot matrix, inkjet and laser

Other Peripheral Devices

ModemsDigital CameraSound and Video Card

1. Modem1. Modem is used for

modulation and demodulation of data

2. convert data analog to digital and digital to analog

3. Can be internal and external

4. Modems are measured by the speed which is called baud rate. The typical baud rate is 56Kb

2. Digital Camera1. Device used to

take digital photographs

2. Images stores on the memory chip of camera

3. Used in video conferencing

3. Sound card1. Sound cards

produce the sound like music and voice

2. The older cards were 8, 16 and then 32 bits

3.  allow output device to produce audio

4. Video card1. Alternatively

referred to as a graphics card, video card, video board, or a video controller, a video adapter 

2. It allow a display device such as a monitor to display images from the computer

CPU PackagesPentium: This processor features 32-bit

multitasking using RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer

The Pentium expanded the internal bus to 64 bits and high-speed internal cache.

Pentium Pro: The Pentium Pro was developed as a network server processor.

It was specially designed to support 32-bit network operating systems, such as Windows NT

Pentium II: The Pentium II is the Pentium Pro processor

with MMX technology added. The P-II, as it is commonly referred to, is excellent for multimedia work that requires support for full-motion video and 3D images

Celeron: Developed for use in desktop and portable

computers, the Celeron is a low-cost version of the Pentium II processor.

Pentium III: Pentium III has been the highest-powered

processor in the Intel arsenal. It features 9.5 million transistors, a 32K L1 cache, 512K of L2 cache, and clock speeds of 450 MHz to 1 GHz.

Xenon: The Xeon is a network server processor that is

capable of addressing and caching up to 64GB of memory with its 36-bit memory address bus

Pentium 4:

Pentium 4 (P4) processor has clock speeds that exceed 2 GHz, or about twice the speed of the Pentium III.

Using the first totally new processor design since the Pentium Pro.

Virtual Memory

Virtual memory is the art of using hard disk space to hold data not immediately required by the processor; it is placed in and out of RAM as needed

Virtual Memory

In real mode, sometimes called compatibility mode, a 286 emulates the 8086 processor and addresses only the first 1 MB of memory. This mode is used to run older software.

Protected mode allows access to all memory on the system, physical and virtual. In protected mode, a program can write only to the memory allocated to it, with specific memory blocks allocated to different programs.

Defining Memory

Nonvolatile and Volatile MemoryROM: Read-Only Memory (is nonvolatile

memory )RAM: Random Access MemoryRAM volatile memory

Motherboard & BIOS• The BIOS is the PC’s opening act. • It ensures that the hardware is alive, well,

and ready for the operating system, and then gets the operating system running

• The BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is a collection of software utilities and programs that can be invoked by the operating system or application software to perform many hardware-related tasks.

MOTHERBOARD & BIOS

Remember for BIOSThe BIOS performs three vital functions for

the computer:Boot the PC.Verify the configuration data that tells it the

internal and peripheral devices that are supposed to be connected to the PC.

Provide the interface between the hardware (the attached devices) and the software (such as the operating system, device drivers, and application software).

Power-Supply Connectors AT-Style Connections to the MotherboardA pair of almost identical connectors,

designated P8 and P9, link the power supply to the motherboard

These connectors are seated into a row of six pins and matching plastic guides, or "teeth," on the motherboard. The P8 and P9 connectors must be placed in the proper orientation

POWER-SUPPLY CONNECTORS

Power-Supply Connectors

The following table of power cables shows voltage values for each of the color-coded wires on P8 and P9

Cable Color Supply In Tolerance

Yellow +12 ±10%

Blue -12 ±10%

Red +5 ±5%

White -5 ±5%

Black Ground N/A

ATX Motherboard Connections

The newer ATX main power connection is much easier to install.

ATX MOTHER BOARD CONNECTORS

Connections to Peripheral Hardware

Two standard types of connectors can connect to peripheral hardware:

Molex connector: This is the most commonly used power connector. It provides both 12-volt and 5-volt power. Hard disk drives, internal tape drives, CD-ROM drives, DVD (digital video disc) drives

Mini connector Most power supplies provide one or more

"mini" connectors used primarily on 3.5-inch floppy-disk drives.

It has four pin-outs and, usually, four wires

applying power with the connector reversed can damage or destroy the drive.

Two- and Three-Pin Mini PlugsA less common type of power connector is

used to connect the fan of a Pentium II or III processor to the motherboard for power

Also to connect a CD-ROM drive to a sound card, and to provide power for 3.5-inch floppy disk drives. These connectors have two or three wires which are usually red and black or red, yellow, and black.

CAUTION

Do not connect power-carrying mini plugs to audio or data devices such as a CD or a sound card, because you might damage or destroy those devices.

Extenders: are wire sets that have a Molex connector on each end; they are used to extend a power connection to a device beyond the reach of the power supply's own wiring.

EXTENDERS

SPLITTERSSplitters : are similar to extenders, with the

exception that they provide two power connections from a single power supply connector

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

A device connected between a computer and a power source to ensure that electrical flow is not interrupted.

UPS devices use batteries to keep the computer running for a period of time after a power failure. UPS devices usually provide protection against power and light as well.

Floppy Disk DrivesThe most basic input device is the floppy disk

drive .It is perhaps the only computer component

that has retained its original technology. Other than increased storage capacity and

the adoption of a hard plastic shell .The floppy disk drive still works essentially

the same way (in terms of cabling and BIOS configuration)

It did 10 years ago

Installing floppy disk drives Remember  :There are three considerations when

installing a floppy disk drive in a PC .

Media

Physical size:

Capacity:

MediaWhich diskette sizes has the user been using

to back up data or install software? Don’t do the customer a favor and upgrade

the system to a 31⁄2-inch floppy drive when all of his files are on 51⁄4-inch floppies.

Physical sizeThree package sizes (also called form factors) for

floppy disk drives exist:

A full-height drive (which is big, bulky, and takes about two expansion slots) is common in older PCs.

The half-height drive is half as tall as a full-height drive. It’s the size of one expansion slot on a PC case. This drive is the de facto standard in use today.

The combination half-height drive fits both a 31⁄2-inch and a 51⁄4-inch drive into a single half-height drive

CapacityFloppy disks range in their storage capacity. Depending on how many sides and the media

density of the disk, 51⁄4-inch floppy disks hold between 360K to 1.2MB.

Depending on the same variables, 31⁄2-inch disks hold from 720K to .14MB.

Hard Drive Computer's main storage media device, also

called a "hard disk drive" or abbreviated as "HD" or "HDD".

A hard drive consists of one or more hard disks inside of air sealed casing

Most hard drives are permanently stored in an internal drive bay at the front of the computer and are connected with one ATA / SCSI cable and power cable.

HARD DRIVEHard Disc

Inside Hard driveHard disk drives are composed of one or

more disks or platters on which data is stored.

Heads Cylinders Sectors per track

Heads

The number of heads is relative to the total number of sides of all the platters used to store data.

If a hard disk drive has four platters, it can have up to eight heads. The maximum number of heads is limited by BIOS to 16.

Some hard disk drive manufacturers use a technology called sector translation.

This allows some hard drives to have more than two heads per platter .

It is possible for a drive to have up to 12 heads but only one platter .

Regardless of the methods used to manufacture a hard drive, the maximum number of heads a hard drive can contain is 16.

Tracks & CylindersData is stored in circular paths on the surface of

each head.Each path is called a track. There are hundreds of tracks on the surface of

each head. A set of tracks (all of the same diameter) through

each head is called a cylinder.BIOS limitations set the maximum number of

cylinders at 1024.

Sectors per TrackA hard disk drive is cut (figuratively) into tens of

thousands of small arcs, like a pie.Each arc is called a sector and holds 512 bytes

of data. The number of sectors is not important and is

not part of the geometry; the important value is the number of sectors per track.

BIOS limitations set the number of sectors per track at 63.

CHS Values

Cylinders, heads, and sectors per track are known collectively as the CHS values.

The capacity of any hard disk drive can be determined from these three values.

Figure Cylinders, heads, sectors per track

The maximum CHS values:1024 cylinders. 16 heads.

63 sectors per track. 512 bytes per sector.

CHS Values Therefore, the largest hard disk drive size

recognized directly by the BIOS is 504 MB.Larger drive sizes can be attained by using

either hardware or software translation that manages access to the expanded capacity without direct control by the system BIOS.

1024 x 16 x 63 x 512 bytes/sector = 528,482,304 bytes (528 million bytes or 504 MB)

There are many hard disk drives that are larger than 504 MB

Hard Disk Drive TypesToday, there are four types of hard drives,

each with its own method of installation.

ST506ESDIIDE/EIDESCSI

ST506

The very first hard disk drives for personal computers used the ST-506/412 interface.

It was developed by Seagate Technologies in 1980 and originally appeared with the 5-MB ST-506 drive.

The ST-506 was priced at $3,000 and had a capacity of 5 MB.

The ST-506/412 was the only hard drive available for the IBM computer and was the first to be supported by the ROM BIOS chip on the motherboard.

ESDIThe ESDI (Enhanced Small Device Interface)

was introduced in 1983 by the Maxtor Corporation.

This technology moved many of the controller functions directly onto the hard disk drive itself.

This greatly improved data transfer speeds Today they are obsolete .Today they are obsolete.

IDE/EIDEThe IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) drive

arrived on the scene in the early 1990s IDE quickly became the standard for computers. It supports the ST-506 standard command set,

and its limited controller functions build directly on the drive's logic board.

This results in a much less expensive design. Most new motherboards have the IDE connections built in; thus, the chips are part of the board design

IDE CONNECTIONS

ESDI CONNECTOR

IDE/EIDE

Enhanced IDE (EIDE) adds a number of improvements to the standard IDE drives,

Including:Increased data throughput. Support of storage devices other than hard disk

drives. Up to four IDE devices instead of just two. This

actually allows the BIOS to support two controllers (each with two drives).

Support for hard disk drives larger than 528 MB.

EIDE CONNECTOR

Partitioning (partition)Partitions are logical divisions of a hard drive. A computer might have only one physical hard

drive (called hard drive ).

Partitions exist for two reasons:To divide the disk into several drive letters to

make it easier to organize data files. Some users separate data, programs, and operating-system files onto different drives.

To accommodate more than one operating system.

Types Of Partitions There are two types of partitions:

primary extended.

The primary partition is the location where the boot information for the operating system is stored.

To boot from a hard disk drive, it must have a primary partition.

Primary partitions are for storage of the boot sector, which tells the computer where to find the operating system. The name of the primary partition is C.

Extended Partitions The extended partition is for a hard disk

drive, or part of a hard disk drive, that does not have an operating system.

The extended partition is not associated with a "physical" drive letter. Instead, the extended partition is further divided into logical drives starting with D and progressing until drive letter Z is created.

One 500-MB physical drive with one partition: C (primary drive)One physical drive and one logical drive

Figure 2One 1-GB physical drive with two partitions: C (400-MB primary drive)D (600-MB extended drive)One physical drive and two logical drives

How to make Partition

DOSDOS stands for disk operating system. All versions of DOS are actually the product of

Microsoft development. The modern computer professional must be

familiar with MS-DOS because MS-DOS remains at the heart of Windows

The three brands of DOS are:MS-DOS, produced by Microsoft—the most popular PC-DOS, produced by IBM DR-DOS, produced by Novell

MS-DOS CommandsCheck in the ppt (notes) files and practice on

it

CD MediaCD-RA CD-R (Compact Disc-Recordable) is a

variation of the Compact Disc digital audio disc invented by Philips and Sony.

CD-RWCompact Disc ReWritable (CD-RW) is a

rewritable optical disc format. Known as CD-Erasable (CD-E) during its development, CD-RW was introduced in 1997,

VideoBasic Monitor Operation:

The Cathode-Ray Tube:The cathode-ray tube (CRT) is the main component

of a traditional monitor A cylinder that contains one or more electron guns.Most color monitors have three guns in back— one

for each of the colors red, green, and blue. This combination (usually referred to as RGB)

allows the visual production of all colors The wide end of the CRT is the display screen,

which has a phosphor coating .

Screen Resolution and PitchThe term resolution refers to the degree of

detail offered in the presentation of an image. The method of measurement varies, based on

the medium—photographic lenses, films, and paper are measured using lines per inch.

while computer-monitor manufacturers express resolution in pixels per inch.

The greater the number of pixels per inch, the smaller the detail that can be imaged, and, consequently, the sharper the picture.

Screen Resolution and Pitch

Monitor resolution is usually expressed as "a" x "b" where "a" is the number of horizontal pixels, and "b" is the number of vertical pixels. For example, 640 x 480 means that the monitor resolution is 640 pixels horizontally by 480 pixels vertically

Dot pitch: is a term used to define the diagonal distance between the two closest dots of the same color, usually expressed in millimeters.

Display Adapters

The monitor is only half of a computer's display system; it must be matched to a display adapter (also commonly referred to as a graphics adapter, video card, or video controller).

Assignment no: 02Video MemoryFast Page DRAMVRAM= (Video RAM). )EDO DRAM= (Extended Data Out) )WRAM= (Window Random Access

Memory)SGRAM= (Synchronous Graphics

RAM). )MDRAM= (Multibank DRAM)

Information Transfer ProtocolsCommunication relies (depend) on protocols.

In order to ensure clear and clean communication without any errors, the device on each end must follow a very strict set of rules

If either device violates (not working) any of the rules, the communication will fail. These rules are called File Transfer Protocols (FTPs).

Telephone-Line Basics For Modems

Modem connections to the telephone service are made using two wires (ring and tip) that are used in a standard telephone jack.

The wires are named for the plug wires used in the original telephone lines by which telephone operators would manually connect two telephones at the phone company switchboard.

There are two versions of the telephone jack:Half-duplex: The RJ-11 has only two wires, which make up

one line. Therefore, only one signal can be sent or received at a time.

Full-duplex: The RJ-12 uses four wires to make up two lines; it can be used to simultaneously send and receive

Printer BasicsPrinter resolution: Resolution is usually measured in dots per

inch (dpi). This indicates the number of vertical and

horizontal dots that can be printed; the higher the resolution, the better the print quality

Impact Printers

Laser PrintersInk-Jet Print

SURPRIZE QUIZ TESTQ1: Explain virtual memory and cache

memory ?Q2: Define sound card and video card ?Q3: What is the different b/w Parallel and series

ports?Q4: Define port and why we use ports in

motherboard? Q5: Define CPU packages with Pentiums ?Q6: Define Male and Female connectors ?Q7: Define INPUT devices with examples?