A Celebration of AAPM&R’s 75th Anniversary · A Celebration of the American Academy of Physical ... This is our Diamond Anniversary and our Jubilee. It is the occasion to celebrate

A Celebration of

AAPM&R’s

75th Anniversary

A Celebration of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation’s 75th Anniversary

The American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, your Academy, is extremely proud of all that we have accomplished since our founding by a small group of visionary leaders 75 years ago. This timeline represents a portion of the history and heritage we share and places major milestones in the context of national and world events. It reflects many of the struggles and triumphs of our medical specialty to establish its proper place within the profession and to contribute to the health and quality of life of our patients through education, research and advocacy. As you will see as the pages unfold, we built a strong foundation, gained momentum and achieved some notable accomplishments. Our future is bright. As AAPM&R members, we must understand the past so that our clinical practice continues to pose the important questions and our research finds solutions that benefit our patients. This will require active participation in current and future initiatives, while we remain true to our core values and our mission.

Our Vision: To transform the focus of health care to value function

Our Mission: To serve its member physicians by advancing the specialty of physical medicine and rehabilitation, promoting excellence in physiatric practice, and advocating

on public policy issues related to persons with disabling conditions.

This is our Diamond Anniversary and our Jubilee. It is the occasion to celebrate and reflect on the significance of the diamond as evoked by a great writer. The meaning behind the symbol might well be applied to our history as we reflect back and move forward.

“We might as well face the truth that to researchers of the future, poking about among the ruins of time, we shall all be tiny glitters. But then, so are diamonds.”

~James Thurber, American author and cartoonist

1

What Happened in the Nation?

1890s–1920sThe socio-political environment created by the Progressive Era (1890s–1920s) enhances possibilities for both physical and rehabilitation medicine. The Progressive Movement highly values science and the professions, especially medicine. Reformers after World War I focus on creating rehabilitation services for wounded veterans and workers’ compensation programs.

Development of the

ProgressiveMovement:

Growing awareness of the problems

caused by large corporations and large cities such as slums, injured

workers and a belief that the

government hada role in

addressing them

American Electro-

therapeuticAssociation

is the firstAmerican

organization to put the use

of physical agents on a

scientific basis

Flexner reporton medicaleducation

World War Ibegins

Workers’ compensa-

tionprograms develop

in Wisconsin, Oregon, Cali-fornia, North Dakota, and New Jersey

John Coulter, MD and other early leaders

use physical agents to treat

acute and chronic conditions,

and diathermy becomes widely available in the United States

MilitaryRehabilitation

Hospitalsare developed

by Fred Albee, MD; Frank Granger, MD; Harry Mock, MD;

andJohn Coulter, MD.

19001890 1914 1917 19181910 1918-1919

World War Iends

New York City establishes

Public Bathsat the urging of Simon Baruch, MD, an early hydrotherapy practitioner.

JeremiahMilbank, a

philanthropist,establishes

the Red CrossInstitute for Crippled and Disabled Men in

New York City— the first U.S.

rehabilitation hospitalWhat Happened in PM&R?

1890–1920sThere is increased interest in the scientific use of physical agents, primarily to treat acute illnesses.Military rehabilitation programs develop and the first civilian inpatient rehabilitation hospital is established in New York City.2 1890-1929

American Medical

Association callsfor the

development of Workers’

Compensation programs

The first Vocational

Rehabilitation Act

is signed into law

FranklinDelano

Roosevelt is diagnosed

with polio

FDR buys the Warm Springs

propertyto develop a

rehabilitation center

Philip Drinker and

Louis Shawdevelop the iron lung,

a chamber that provides artificial

respiration for polio patients

The Institute of

Crippled and Disabled Men

sponsorsan international conference on rehabilitation leading to the establishment

of the first international rehabilitation

program

The AmericanCollege ofRadiology

andPhysiotherapy

(later renamed the American Congress of

Rehabilitation Medicine in 1967)

is established

John Coulter, MD,

starts aphysicaltherapydivision

of Orthopedics at Northwestern

University

Frank Krusen, MD,

establishes the first

physical medicine academic

department at Temple University

1919 1920 1921 1926 19291923 1927

1890-1929

1920sThe Progressive Era continues into the 1920s. Franklin Roosevelt purchases and develops the Warm Springs Foundation which provides treatment and peer interaction for patients with polio. Many of the rehabilitation techniques and technologies developed there (manual muscle testing, orthoses, hand controls for automobiles and other adaptive equipment) become useful in the future treatment of patients with spinal cord injury and other disabling conditions. The early beginnings of the independent living movement can probably also be traced to Warm Springs.

What Happened in PM&R?

1920sPhysical medicine continues to develop through national professional organizations and becomes established in a few academic medical centers. Unfortunately, the lessons learned from the establishment of military rehabilitation programs does not advance the field or lead to major civilian program development.

The Great Depression

beginswith the Stock Market Crash

3

George Deaver, MD,

completes his service

in World War I, having established

rehabilitation programs first in Egypt that were

expanded to other countries

throughout Europe

1930 1932 1933 1934

Mechanicalengineers

Harry Jennings and his friend

Herbert Everest, who was spinal cord injured in a mining

accident, invent the first lightweight, steel,

collapsible wheelchair

Krusen publishesthe first curriculum

for physical medicinein JAMA

Krusen is appointedto the AMA Council

on Physical Therapy chaired by John Coulter

1930sThe decade is marked by the election of a progressive president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the Great Depression, and the country’s eventual entry into World War II, with an end to the economic depression and more advances for the medical specialty of PM&R.

1930sSulfa drugs are developed in the late 30s. Krusen and other early pioneers lay the foundation for the establishment of physical medicine as a medical specialty. George Deaver and Howard Rusk do the same for rehabilitation medicine. These pioneers also establish the organization that will become the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.

FDR is elected president of theUnited States

in a landslide over Herbert Hoover

4

Krusen Deaver Rusk

1935 1936 1938 1939

President Roosevelt signs the Social

Security Act,establishing federal

assistance to adults with disabilities and extending

existing vocational rehabilitation programs.

Title V establishesthe Maternal and

Child Health Program and the Crippled

Children’s Program

NationalFoundation for

Infantile Paralysis is formed.

The organization ishighly successful in raising donations for

research to prevent polio, training grants for PM&R departments and physical

therapy schools, and funding the treatment and rehabilitation of patients with polio

Lou Gehrig Day held atYankee Stadium in New York City.

The first baseman, diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), tells the world “Today, I consider myself

the luckiest man on the face of the earth.”

Krusen isappointed chair

of the newDepartment of Physical

Medicine at theMayo Clinic

Krusen establishes the first three-year physical medicine residency program at the Mayo Clinic in collaboration with the

University of Minnesota

Krusen proposes the terms

“physiatrist” (fizz-ee-at’-trist) and “physiatry”(fizz-ee-at’-tree);

The Society is formalized with40 charter members.

Membership is by invitation only and is limited to physicians with at least five years experience and an

academic appointment in full-time practice of physical therapy. Membership is capped at 100 members.

The first PM&R residents, Robert Bennett, MD and Earl Elkins, MD, graduate from the Mayo Clinic

residency program. Bennett goes to Georgia Warm Springs and Elkins stays at the Mayo Clinic for his

entire career

1930s5

The American Society of Physical Therapy Physicians

(the organization that will become AAPM&R) is founded; Walter Zeiter, MD,

is appointedexecutive director and John Coulter, MD, the

first president

1940 1941 1942 1943 1944

Krusen publishes the first

comprehensive textbook

on physical medicine, Physical Medicine.

The AmericanFederation of the

PhysicallyHandicapped is

foundedas the first cross-

disability national political organization to urge an end to job discrimination, the

passage of legislation, and other initiatives

United States Enters WW II

TheLaFollette-Barden

Act VocationalRehabilitation Act

adds physical rehabilitation to the

goals of federally funded vocational rehabilitation

programs for civilians and provides funding

for certain medical and physical rehabilitation services in addition to

vocational rehabilitation services.

Sir Ludvig Guttmann, a neurosurgeon, begins treating

patientsat Stoke Mandeville Spinal Injuries Unit in England, making sports a part of the rehabilitation pro-grams for patients with

spinal cord injuries

Krusen initiates 90-daytraining program

at Mayo Clinic to train physicians in physical therapy and physical medicine techniques for application during the

war. Over a 5-year period 171 physicians, dubbed “90 day wonders” are trained

Howard Ruskenlists in the medical service

of the Army Air Force

George Deaver, MD, isappointed medical director

of the Institute for Crippled and Disabled Adults in New York City

Financier Bernard Baruch establishes

the BaruchCommittee,

which recommends more PM&R training

and research programs; 10 departments

are established and 57 physiatrists are

trained. Rusk proposes rehabilitation centers in the Army Air Force

hospitals and is appointed to develop them.

The American Society of Physical Therapy Physicians

is renamed The American Society of Physical Medicine and

the limit of 100 members is removed.

The first mass production of peni-cillin is used to treat

Allied troops

Howard Rusk publishes seminal

articlein JAMA:

“Abuse of Rest in the Treatment of Disease”

and his first rehabilitation program for disabled airmen opens at the U.S. Army Air Force

Convalescent Center in Pawling, New York. With

assistance fromBaruch,Rusk convinces President Roosevelt to

order that further military rehabilitation programs

are developed.

1940sThis decade is marked by the consequences of yet another world war, and the need for PM&R becomes even more obvious than after the first world war. The field can now advance further with funding for clinical and research programs.

6

The AMA Advisory Council for Medical Specialties

recognizes the American Board of Physical Medicine and Krusen becomes

the first chairman. The first board examination, both written and oral, is administered and 37 are certified, with

54 “grandfathered.” Certificate #1 is issued to John Coulter and #2 to

Frank Krusen.

Robert Bennett establishes the Department of

Physical Medicine at Emory University.

The Archives of Physical Medicine begins

publication. Rusk recruits Deaver to help him

develop a Department of Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine at New York University with plans to build a

rehabilitation institute.A $250,000 grant from the Baruch Committee

and a personal contribution by Baruch

make this possible.

1945 1946 1947 1948 1949

1940s

President Truman invites Rusk to the

Potsdam Conference where he meets with

General Omar Bradley to discuss the reorganization

of the VA Hospital System. Rusk and Krusen

consult with Paul Magnuson and establish rehabilitation services in the VA Hospital systems.

The World Health Organizationdefines health

as “a state of complete physical, social, and

mental well being, and not merely the absence

of disease”

Paralyzed Veterans of America

is organized

The Hill-Burton Act (also known as the

Hospital Survey and Construction Act) authorizes federal

grants to states for the construction of hospitals,

public health centers and health facilities for rehabilitation of people

with disabilities. However, state hospital construction

agencies do not allocate funds to construct

rehabilitation facilities.

The firstNational Employ

the Physically Handicapped Week is held

in Washington, D.C. The Stoke

Mandeville Games for the Paralyzed

opens on the same day as the Olympics

Congress passes Public Resolution 176

establishing an annual “National Hire the Physi-cally Handicapped Week” implemented through a

Presidential Proclamation by Truman later that year.

AMA establishes the Section on Physical

Medicine andRehabilitation

1940sRecognition of the importance of physical medicine advances significantly during this decade. Military rehabilitation programs are developed by Krusen, Rusk and other early leaders. Surgeon Henry Kessler, author of “The Knife is Not Enough,” demonstrates the value of rehabilitation both in patients with deconditioning and disabling conditions. The American Board of Medical Specialties recognizes the American Board of Physical Medicine.

ASPM&Rmembership is

opened up to all ABPM&R

diplomates

7

The United Mine Workers of America

establishes the Welfare and

Retirement Fund, and rehabilitation

hospitals including Kessler Institute, Rusk Institute,

and the Kabat Kaiser Institutes in Washington

DC and California provide care for injured miners.

1950 1951 1952 1954

Korean War Begins

Howard Rusk is appointed Chair of the Health Resources Advisory

Committee of the National Security Resources Board which recommends

employing people with disabilities to assist at home in the war effort, replacing those in military service. This is adopted and

implemented through the efforts of Mary Switzer, Director of the Office of Vocational

Rehabilitation and a major supporter of rehabilitation programs and PM&R.

Social SecurityAmendments establish a federal-state program to aid

permanently and totally disabled persons.

The number of polio cases reaches

almost 58,000

Vocational Rehabilitation Act expands funding for research

and removes any limit on appropriations to states and guaranteed matching funds. The year 1954 is declared

“Rehabilitation Year”

Krusen publishes Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for the

Clinician.

Howard Rusk is “grandfathered”

as a diplomate by ABPM&R.

The Residency Review Committee meetsfor the first time.

The American Board of Physical

Medicine isrenamed the

ABPM&R at the urging of Howard

Rusk and facilitated by the diplomacy of Frank Krusen. Later

that year the American Society of Physical

Medicine becomes the American Society of Physical Medicine &

Rehabilitation.

PM&R isestablished as a specialty and a

section inthe AMA

1950sThe Korean War again highlights the need for rehabilitation services. Howard Rusk continues to be an advocate for rehabilitation medicine in both the Truman and Eisenhower administrations. At his recommendation Mary Switzer is appointed Director of Vocational Rehabilitation. She promotes funding for returning patients to work and increases funding for rehabilitation facilities, training programs, and research and emphasizes independent living as a quality of life issue. The Salk Vaccine is developed.

1950sThrough the urging of Rusk and the diplomacy of Krusen the specialty broadened and the name changes to physical medicine and rehabilitation. Research in modalities and the use of lightweight plastics in orthoses advance the field. There is increasing recognition of the specialty and its leaders by national and international organizations.8

1955 1956 1957 1958

1950s

Salk vaccine istested against polio

Social SecurityDisability

Amendmentis passed

and provides disability insurance for disabled

workers ages 50–64 and rehabilitation services are

added to the program.PM&R residency training funds are added

to the Vocational Rehabilitation Act

The American Society of PM&R is

renamed theAmerican Academy

of PM&R

The dues formembership in

AAPM&R are raised for the first time from

$5 to $10 per year.

Essay questions are removed

from the ABPM&Rwritten boardexamination.

AAPM&R begins offering continuing medical education (CME) credit

foreducational sessions.

Rusk leads the effort to establish the

World Rehabilitation Fund

The first US Patent is issued for ahydraulic limb

system

9

AAPM&R establishes

relationships with many other organizations,

including the American Academy of Cerebral Palsy, the American

Association of Electromyography and Electrodiagnosis, the

Association of American Medical Colleges, and

the National Society for Medical Research.

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964

The oralcontraceptive pill is approved by the

FDA

1960sThe turbulent decade of the 1960s is marked by major national and international conflicts and tragedy, but also by scientific and technological advances, and landmark civil rights and health care legislation.

1960sThe 1960s brings PM&R into the national spotlight, as rehabilitation is recognized as a model for other health care programs, and important for treatment when prevention and cure are unsuccessful. The field expands its ability to influence health policy and gains more influence in academic medicine.

The Cuban Missile Crisis is averted

JFK is assassinated and

Martin Luther King, Jr. gives

his “I Have a Dream” speech as the civil rights

struggle intensifies

JFK gives“Man on the

Moon” speech The Civil Rights Act

passes

The White House Conference on

Aging concludes: “Rehabilitation is the only hope for older people who are afflicted with disability

caused by chronic or degenerative conditions until such time a specific

means is found to prevent or cure them.”

Physiatrist Howard Rusk admits Joseph

Kennedy Sr., the President’s father,

to the Institute for Rehabilitation Medicine at New York University, after

he suffers a stroke.

10

Paralympic gamesare recognized

by theInternational Olympic

Committee.

The University ofCalifornia at

Berkeley admits student Edward Roberts,disabled with late effectsof polio. Roberts goes onto become a leader and

educator in the disabilityrights movement.

Baclofen issynthesized at

Ciba-Geigy by the Swiss chemist

Heinrich Keberle in 1962.

A new polio vaccineis developed

by Dr. Albert Sabin whichis taken orally instead of

by injection

The Walter J. Zeiter Lectureship is established.

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969

1960s

US begins to send troops to Vietnam and protests against the

war begin

Medicare and Medicaid are established and Vocational Rehabilitation Amendments are passed, expanding programs and construction of

rehabilitation centers.

The first heart transplant isperformed

Neil Armstrong becomes the first man on the moon

Martin Luther King Jr and Robert F

Kennedy are assassinated

Mao Zedong launches

the Cultural Revolutionin China

AAPM&R recognizes state

and regional societies.

The Association of Academic

Physiatrists isestablished

The Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation

Facilities conducts the first survey

The ABPMR establishes the

Earl Elkins Award, to be given to the person with the highest grade on the ABPMR’s certification

examination

11

Boston Arm isinvented at MIT under the direction of

Robert Mann

Federally subsidized healthcare is provided

to people with disabilities and elderly Americans covered by the Social Security program. The definition of

disability under the Social Security Disability Insurance program changes from “of long continued and

indefinite duration” to “expected to last for not less than 12 months.” There is funding for cancer, heart disease,

and stroke. Vocational rehabilitation amendments authorize construction of rehabilitation centers,

expansion of vocational rehabilitation programs, and create the National Commission on Architectural Barrriers to Rehabilitation of the Handicapped.

Membership in the Academy reaches

500 members

Edward V. Roberts, often called the “father of the

independent living movement,”

a UC Berkeley student with disabling effects of polio, founds the first

Center for Independent Living in Berkeley,

California withother students.

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

1970sDuring this period, the Academy greatly expands its emphasis on educational activities, including the development of a study guide and self-assessment examinations, and the development of professional standards. In addition, there is expanded involvement in other medical organizations, including the AMA and the Council on Medical Specialty Societies, and Congressional activities.

1970sThe United States pulls out of Vietnam, Vice President Agnew and later President Nixon resign. Medical care is considered a right, not a privilege. The Independent Living Movement starts in Berkeley, California. Roe v Wade is upheld by the Supreme Court.

The Rehabilitation Services

Administration funds

the first federally-designated Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems

program inPhoenix, Arizona

AAPM&Restablishes

the Krusen Lifetime Achievement Award and

Frank Krusen is thefirst awardee

AAPM&Radministers

the first self-assessment examinations

AAPM&R and ACRM agree

to a joint editorial board for the Archives of PM&R

President Nixon signs the Rehabilitation Act

and the HMO Act into law

President Nixonresigns, amid

scandal

Attorney Richard Verville begins

providing services as the AAPM&R and

ACRM representative in Washington, DC.

The AMA House of Delegates approves

a resolution stating that

electromyography was a clinical extension of the physician’s examination

12

GovernorJerry Brown

appointsEd Roberts,a pioneer in the

Independent Living Movement as director of California’s Department

of Rehabilitation

1975 1976 1977

1970s

The first home computer isreleased forretail sale

Robert Bennett receives the

Physician-of-the-Year Award

from the President’s Committee for the Employment of the

Handicapped

The AAPM&Rproduces the

Syllabus, followed by the first

Self-AssessmentExamination

13

1978

National Institute of Handicap Research (later called National Institute on Disability and

Rehabilitation Research) is founded. Dr Margaret Giannini is first director.

AAPM&R membership reachesthe 1000 mark

Significant exercise physiology research is conducted during

this decade about physiological benefits of exercise.

1980 1981 1982 1983

The National Institute on

Disability and Rehabilitation

Research is transferred into

the Department of Education,

separating it from the Department of Health and

Human Services (HHS)

Graduate Medical Education

National Advisory Committee

reports a shortage of PM&R specialists,

stimulating growth in the specialty

Support fordevelopment

of a uniform data set grows,

and the Functional Independence Measure

(FIM) is widely used for rehabilitation

program evaluation.

1980sThe National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research is moved to the Department of Education under the auspices of Office of Special Education. Rehabilitation research is stated to be a component of NIH research. Support for universal use of the Uniform Data Set, forerunner of the Functional Independence Measure (FIM)

1980sThe Cold War ends. The Berlin Wall comes down. Chernobyl nuclear disaster occurs.

International Year of DisabledPersons celebrations

include ceremonies before the United Nations General Assembly. Governments world-wide are asked to

promote the acceptance of people with disabilities into mainstream society with

“full participation and equality”.

The United Nations expands

the International Year of Disabled Persons to the International Decade of

Disabled Persons(1983–1992).

14

1985 1987 1988 1989

1980s

Rehabilitation Research is stated to be part of NIH mission

Health Care Financing

Administration, the precursor to CMS,

establishes 60-dayrehabilitation benefit

without co-pay

The Physiatrist begins circulation to 2000 members of AAPM&R

The ResidentsPhysician Council holds its first meeting at

the AAPM&RAnnual Assembly

ABPMR votes to issue only 10-yearcertificates beginning

in 1993

Technology-Related Assistance

for Individuals withDisabilities Act is passed

The Archives of PM&R publishes

the “Gold Issue” in celebration of 50th

Anniversary of AAPM&R

15

The theme of the 1987 Annual

Assembly honoring the AAPM&R’s

50th Anniversary is “Access-Ability”

AAPM&R membership

triples in 10 years and reaches 3000

members

The ABPM&Rreports

that the number of board certified physiatrist has doubled in the previous

decade and stands at 3454

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

The Americans with Disabilities Act, the most sweeping

disability rights legislation in US history,

becomes the law. It mandates that local, state and federal governments

and programs are accessible, that businesses

make “reasonable accommodations” for disabled workers, and that public buildings

and other areas of public life make “reasonable

modifications” toensure access.

The Institute of Medicine publishes

Disability in America:Toward a National Agenda

for Prevention

The United Nations establishesDecember 3

as International Day of Disabled Persons to create

awareness andunderstanding.

The AmericanAssociation of

People withDisabilities is

founded

The UN General Assembly

unanimously adopts

the Standard Rules on the Equalization of

Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities

AAPM&R and the American Congress

of Rehabilitation Medicine

enter into a separation agreement

Intrathecal pumps become available

for spasticity management utilizing baclofen

The PhysiatricAssociation of

Spine, Sports and OccupationalRehabilitation(PASSOR) isestablished

as an organization within AAPM&R and begins collecting dues and

developing a governance structure

1990sThe Academy and the American Congress enter into a separation agreement but the Physiatric Association of Spine, Sports and Occupational Rehabilitation is established as an organization within the Academy. As Frank Krusen said in a 1949, “It would be illogical for either physical medicine or rehabilitation to go its separate way.”

1990sThe Library of Congress and the National Institute of Mental Health initiative, “The Decade of the Brain,” is signed into law. Highlights of the decade are the passage of major disability rights legislation and Supreme Court rulings granting protections to people with disabilities.

16

National Centerfor Medical

RehabilitationResearch established

PediatricRehabilitationMedicine isapproved

as a subspecialty by ABMS

Pain Medicineis approved

as a subspecialty by ABMS

1995 1996 1998

1990s

The Congressional Accountability Actrequires all offices in the legislative branch to make their public services, programs, activities, and places of public

accommodation accessible to members of the public who have disabilities, and establishes that an employee

of Congress cannot be discriminated against inpersonnel actions because of a disability.

The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research publishes

a clinical practice guideline onPost-Stroke Rehabilitation.

TBI Act is passed and authorizes agencies of the US Department of Health and Human

Services to conduct studies and establish

innovative programs withrespect to TBI.

In Olmstead v. L.C. and E.W.,the Supreme Court decides

that individuals with disabilities mustbe offered services in the most

integrated settings.

In Carolyn C. Cleveland v.Policy Management Systems

Corporation, et al, the Supreme Court decides

that people receiving Social Security disability benefits are protected against

discrimination under the ADA if and when they are able to return to work

AAPM&R commissions a workforce study that projects that the supply of PM&R physicians will

double (to 8000) by the year 2017, with the demand for their medical services keeping pace with growth

AAPM&R launches a website – www.aapmr.org

17

Spinal Cord Injury Medicine is approved as a subspecialty by ABMS

1999

The Health Insurance

Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) is passed

There are over 6300 members of the

Academy

2001 2003 2005 2006

The Foundationfor PM&R isestablished

2000sThis decade is marked by major changes for AAPM&R, including a move from downtown Chicago to Rosemont, a change in the structure of governance, the establishment of a foundation, the launch of many online resources for members, and a new official journal, PM&R.

2000sAn international collaborative movement, which includes AAPM&R on its steering committee, establishes The Bone and Joint Decade. The World Health Organization builds a conceptual framework for classifying human functioning. The decade is marked by terrorist attacks at home and abroad, wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, natural disasters, corporate scandals, economic downturns, electoral politics, and the election of the first African-America President, Barack Obama.

The World Health Assembly endorsesthe WHO’s International

Classification of Functioning, Disability

and Health (ICF)

The CMS Inpatient Rehabilitation

Facilities Prospective Payment System (PPS) becomes

effective

The VA creates 4 Polytrauma

Rehabilitation Centers

AAPM&R is a founding member of the Disability

and Rehabilitation Research Coalition with the goal of elevating the NCMRR within NIH to independent status,

either as a free-standing NIH Center or as an Insti-tute, and to enhance dis-ability and rehabilitation research across a number

of federal agencies.

Hospice andpalliative medicine

are recognized as a subspecialty by 10 medical boards

including ABPM&R

18

Neuromuscular Medicine is approved

as a subspecialty by ABMS

Sports Medicine and Hospice and

Palliative Medicine are approved as subspecialties

by ABMS

2002

2007 2008 2009

2000s

The Institute of Medicine publishes

The Future ofDisability in America

TheAmericans withDisabilities Act

Amendments Act becomes law,

and it broadens the scope of who is considered

disabled under the law.

The TBI Actis reauthorized

The Christopher and Dana Reeve Paralysis Act creates new coordinated research activities through NIH to search for a cure for paralysis, and promotes enhanced rehabilitation services for

Americans living with paralysis.

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act is signed into law, and includes enactment of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH), additional funding for the VA system, and scientific

research, among many other provisions

AAPM&R launches the Online Advocacy

Center and aFacebook page

The PASSORLegacy Award and

Lectureship isestablished

to recognize an individual who in mid-career has

advanced musculoskeletal physiatry through clinical care, education, service or

scholarship

acadeME debuts as the Academy’s online educational portal for earning continuing medical education.

Academy members begin receiving

AAPM&R Connection, a biweekly e-newsletter.

AAPM&R begins publishing PM&R, “the purple journal”

Merriam-Webster announces that the word “physiatry” will be added to the 11th edition, along with 99 other new words. The word is defined as a synonym for “physical medicine and rehabilitation”.

AAPM&R introduces the Member Council modeland Community Networks and restructures the Board of Governors

AAPM&R relocates from downtown Chicago to Rosemont, Illinois

AAPM&R asks the AMA to support the inclusion of“patient function” and “improvement of function” as key outcomes of

health care reform, and 10 other organizations are co-sponsors.

AAPM&R impacts health care reform legislation through the inclusion of “rehabilitation and habilitation services”

as categories in the basic benefits package

19

Richard Verville authorsthe first major history of the field, War, Politics, and Philanthropy: The History of

Rehabilitation Medicine, published by University Press of America

Massachusetts Senator, Ted Kennedy,a major leader in disability rights and health care legislation, dies.

2010 2011

AAPM&R sponsors an oral history project–Playback/PM&R

2010sThe federal government enacts landmark health care legislation and the Supreme Court upholds the legislation. The Supreme Court rules the Defense of Marriage Act unconstitutional, and legally-married same-sex couples can receive Social Security, veterans’ benefits, health insurance and retirement savings. The Arab Spring brings turmoil to the Middle East. Mass shootings create tragedies across the country, including Tucson, Denver, Newtown, and Boston. Natural disasters affect every region of the US and economic uncertainty continues.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Actis signed into law

and includes provisions to expanding coverage, lower costs, and improve the health care system

CDC announces formationof Disability and Health Work Group

to advance the health of people with disabilities to focus on incorporating disability status into CDC surveys, showcasing best practices, and ensuring relevant issues for people with disabilities

are reflected in CDC programs and policies.

HHS establishes the Center of Excellence in Research on Disability Services, Care

Coordination, and Integration within the Office of Disability

New ADA rules are enacted and expand accessibility requirements for recreational facilities

such as swimming pools, golf courses, exercise clubs, and boating facilities. They set standards for the use of wheelchairs and other

mobility devices, and service animals.

The WHO releases the World Report on Disability

The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development announces

the creation of a Blue Ribbon Panel, with three Academy members participating: John Chae, MD (Co-Chair),

Naomi Lynn Gerber, MD, and Walter R. Frontera, MD, PhD

AAPM&R introduces PhyzForum,an online peer-networking tool

PM&R is indexed with the National Library of Medicine (Index Medicus)

The Academy launches Maintenance of Certification resources, including review courses, a MOC|3 Online Mock Exam, and a Practice Improvement Project

2010sThe Board of Governors, the Academy staff and volunteers increase the wealth of resources formembers in their practices and for maintenance of certification. And the decade is only beginning…

The Academy launches PM&R Knowledge Now, an online resource for members

Brain injury medicine is recognized as a subspecialty by the ABMS. ABPM&R co-sponsors the

proposal with the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology

20

The number of board-certified physiatriststops 10,000 to today

to today

2012

2010s

2013

Supreme Court upholds the Affordable Care Act including the individual insurance mandate

Great Britain, the birthplaceof the Stoke Mandeville Games (1948), hosts the Olympics

and the largest Paralympic Games in history with 4302 athletes from 164 countries participating in London.

AAPM&R works with the Center for Medicare Advocacy to win

the settlement in the Jimmo vs. Sebelius lawsuit and end the practice of requiring that patients are likely to improve (“the improvement standard”) before Medicare will pay for therapy or skilled nursing services. Under the terms of the settlement,

Medicare is required to rewrite its provisions and policy manual

PM&R is accepted for coverage in the Thomson Reuters

abstracting and indexing services.

Academy launches the PQRS Wizard an online resource for members to collect and report quality

measure data for the CMS incentive program

21

In only its fifth year of publication, PM&R received its first impact factor

and was ranked in the top half of all journals in the rehabilitation and sports science categories.

Coulter Ewerhardt Bierman Krusen Hansson Schmidt Moor

Paul Elkins White Molander Knapp Baker McClellan

Rose Dinken Boynton Ferderber Wilson Newman Dail

Piaskoski Boyle Newman Hoberman Rudolph Knudson Dacso

Darling Stillwell Bearzy Gullickson Abramson Lehmann Bender

22

Moskowitz Granger Johnson Goodgold Kottke Honet Fowler

23

Ditunno Freed Grant Kraft Laban Materson Opitz

deLateur Gonzalez Demopoulos MacLean Reinstein Christopher Grabois

Braddom Swenson Smith Melvin Weber Gamble Strax

Dumitru Wolfe Gans Gnatz Press Cifu Micheo

Sandel Lupinacci Bagnall Esquenazi

Roster of AAPM&R Presidents 1938–2013

24

201325

26

201327

28

Acknowledgements

Authors: M. Elizabeth Sandel, MD, Robert R. Conway, MD, and Naomi Lynn Gerber, MD

Consultants: John F. Ditunno, Jr., MD and Richard Verville, JD

With special thanks to:

American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Defense Video and Imagery Distribution System

FDR Presidential Library and Museum

Georgia Warm Springs Foundation

Kaiser Permanente Heritage Resources

Ken Stein, photographer

LBJ Presidential Library

National Institutes of Health

National Library of Medicine

The Mayo Clinic

The Paralympics

Rusk Institute/New York University

The State Historical Society of Missouri

Temple University

Texas Orthopedics, Sports, and Rehabilitation Associates

Tompkins-McCaw Library/Virginia Commonwealth University

University of Missouri-Columbia

American Academy of Physical Medicine And Rehablilitation

9700 W. Bryn Mawr Ave., Suite 200Rosemont, Illinois 60018www.aapmr.org

phone 847/737.6000fax 847/[email protected]

©2015 AAPM&R