A Brief History of the Birth Control Movement in the United States 1837Charles Goodyear vulcanizes rubber 1848process patented to manufacture hollow rubber.

A Brief History of the Birth Control Movement in the

United States

1837 Charles Goodyear vulcanizes rubber

1848 process patented to manufacture

hollow rubber articles

Charles Goodyear

A Brief History of the Birth A Brief History of the Birth Control Movement in the Control Movement in the United StatesUnited States

1860s •“Purity Movement” develops in US

•New York Society for Suppression of Vice - President Anthony Comstock

1873 •Comstock Act passed by Congress

1883 Margaret Higgins (Sanger) born in Corning, NY

1900 Margaret marries William Sanger

1912-13 Margaret Sanger involvedin textile workers strikes

A Brief History of the Birth Control A Brief History of the Birth Control Movement in the United StatesMovement in the United States

1914 Margaret Sanger founds National Birth Control League-publishes The Woman Rebel,

Family Limitation-charged with violation of

Comstock Act-flees to Europe

Ellis

Sanger

19151915 With financial help from Henry Havlock

Ellis, Margaret Sanger continues to publish Family Limitation from abroad

-10 million copies in circulation Comstock poses as desperate husband to

William Sanger William mails him copy of Family

Limitation William arrested, refuses to give over

information about Margaret

1916-1917

William goes to trial NY Times publishes letters

from Comstock Comstock dies Margaret returns to open the first birth

control clinic in US Clinic closed after 30 days Margaret sues to

re-open clinic

Margaret Sanger is shown Margaret Sanger is shown with admiring supporters as with admiring supporters as she left Brooklyn Court of she left Brooklyn Court of Special Sessions after her Special Sessions after her arraignment, January 4, 1917arraignment, January 4, 1917..

A Brief History of the Birth A Brief History of the Birth Control Movement in the Control Movement in the United StatesUnited States

1918 •Physicians given right to

prescribe contraceptives1926 • Sanger is a prime organizer of

the first World Population Conference in Geneva

A Brief History of the Birth A Brief History of the Birth Control Movement in the Control Movement in the United States -1937United States -1937

In U.S. v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries, court found that birth control could be no longer classified as obscene.

AMA recognizes birth control as a part of medical service

A Brief History of the Birth A Brief History of the Birth Control Movement in the Control Movement in the United StatesUnited States

1942 Margaret Sanger founds Birth Control Federation of

America -later changes name to Planned Parenthood

A Brief History of the Birth A Brief History of the Birth Control Movement in the Control Movement in the United StatesUnited States

1947 AMA American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology refuses to publish article on IUDs

1948 Planned Parenthood awards asmall grant to Gregory Pincus,a research biologist to study the possible development of a birthcontrol pill

A Brief History of the Birth A Brief History of the Birth Control Movement in the Control Movement in the United StatesUnited States

1960s “The Pill” available in US

1965 In Griswold v. Connecticut Supreme Court invalidates

state laws prohibiting physicians from providing

contraception advice-upholds right to privacy

Dr. G. Pincus

19701970Congress passes Title X Family

Planning Program to ensure that the uninsured working poor women and teens who are not eligible for Medicaid have access to family planning and other reproductive health care services.

Inflation-adjusted Title X Inflation-adjusted Title X funding has decreased 60% funding has decreased 60% since 1980since 1980

0

50,000,000

100,000,000

150,000,000

200,000,000

250,000,000

1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

Annual Title X appropriations

Actual $ Constant 1980 $

Table 14, p. 47

Title X Funding since Title X Funding since 19991999

Most clients of Title X-Most clients of Title X-supported clinics are supported clinics are poor . . .poor . . .

<100% of poverty

60%

100-249% of poverty

32%

>=250% of poverty

8%Medicaid recipient

21%

Nonrecipient79%

Female clients of Title X-supported clinics(4.2 million)

. . . but few are . . . but few are covered by Medicaidcovered by Medicaid

Table 11, p. 46

Health departments run most Title Health departments run most Title X-supported clinicsX-supported clinics

Hospital6%

Health department

57%

Community health center

8%

Independent16%

Planned Parenthood

14%

Clinics with Title X funding(4,300)

Table 12, p. 46

The small proportion The small proportion of women who do not of women who do not use contraceptives . . use contraceptives . . ..

Not using7%

Using93%

Using53%

Not using47%

Women at risk of unintended pregnancy

(42 million)

Women experiencing unintended pregnancies

(3 million)

. . . account for . . . account for roughly half of all roughly half of all unintended unintended pregnanciespregnancies

Table 4, p. 44

In the summer of 2008 the In the summer of 2008 the Bush administration Bush administration proposed new guidelines proposed new guidelines that would define that would define birth birth control as a form of control as a form of abortionabortion. Many believe . Many believe that such guidelines would that such guidelines would virtually eliminate all virtually eliminate all Federal funds to agencies Federal funds to agencies that provide family that provide family planning services.planning services.