A Brief History of Microprocessors Lecture L11.0 Sections 1.1, 9.1
A Brief History of Microprocessors Lecture L11.0 Sections 1.1, 9.1.
Dec 13, 2015
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A Brief History of Microprocessors
Lecture L11.0
Sections 1.1, 9.1
Some Microprocessors
• Intel 4004
• Intel 8080
• Motorola 6800
• MOS Technology 6502
• Intel 8088/8086
• Motorola 6809
• Motorola 68000
• Intel Pentium
A Typical Computer System
CPU(8086 Microprocessor)
INPUT(Keyboard)
OUTPUT(Screen)
MEMORY
RAM ROM
EXTERNALSTORAGE
(Disks)
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 80881982 Motorola 680101982 Motorola 680081984 Intel 80286 10 MHz, 130,000 transistors1984 Motorola 68020 32-Bit address and data busses1985 Motorola 68020 -- 20 MHz1986 Motorola 68020 -- 25 MHz1986 Intel 80386 16 MHz, 275,000 transistors1987 Motorola 680301988 Motorola 68030 -- 33 MHz1989 Intel 80486 25 MHz, 1,000,000 transistors1990 Intel 80486 50 MHz1992 Intel 80586 4,000,000 Transistors
1995 Intel 80686 22,000,000 Transistors2000 Intel 80786 100,000,000 Transistors (250 MHz)
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
The 8080 Microprocessor
• 40-pin chip
• Developed by Intel in 1974
• 16 Address Lines– Can address 216 = 64 Kbytes of memory
• 8 Data Lines
• Required +5V, +12V and -5V
• First microprocessor to become widely used
The 8080 Microprocessor
PSWACEL
BDH
SPPC
Program Status WordPrimary AccumulatorSecondary Accumlators/ Data Counters
Stack PointerProgram Counter
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
The 6800 Microprocessor
• 40-pin chip
• Developed by Motorola in 1975
• 16 address lines and 8 data lines
• Used only +5V
The 6800 MicroprocessorRegisters
A
B
X
PC
SP
CC
Accumulator AAccumulator BIndex register XProgram counterStack pointerCondition code register
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
The 6502 Microprocessor
• 40-pin chip
• Developed by MOS Technology, Inc. in 1976
• 16 address lines and 8 data lines
• Based on the Motorola 6800
• Used in many home computers including the– Apple II– Commodore PET– Atari
The 6502 MicroprocessorRegisters
A
X
Y
PC
SP
Status
AccumulatorIndex register XIndex register YProgram counterStack pointerStatus register
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
The 8088/8086 Microprocessor
• 40-pin chip
• Developed by Intel in 1978
• 20 address lines – Can address 220 = 1 Mbyte of memory
• 8/16 multiplexed data lines in 8088/8086
• 8088 used in the first IBM PC in 1981
8086 RegistersAX
BX
AH
DX
CX
AL
BH BL
CH CL
DH DL
SI
DI
BP
SP
IP
SF
CS
DS
ES
SS
Source
Destination Index Registers
General Registers
Pointer Regsiters
Status Flags
Segment Registers
Base
Stack
Instruction
Code
Data
Extra
Stack
Computing 20-Bit Address
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
16-bit segment address
16-bit offset address
20-bit actual or effective address
+
4B49 + 492D 4FDBD
Segment addressOffset addressActual address
00000
FFFFF
CS
DS
ES
SS
Code Segment
Data Segment
Extra Segment
Stack Segment
1 Mbyte
64 Kbyte segment
8086 Segments
Segment address
Offset addresseswithin segment
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
The 6809 Microprocessor
• 40-pin chip
• Developed by Motorola in 1979
• 16 address lines and 8 data lines
• Used in the Radio Shack Color Computer
• Widely used in industrial controllers
The 6809 MicroprocessorRegisters
A B
Y
S
U
DP
Accumulator A:B = DIndex register XIndex register YSystem stack pointerUser stack pointerProgram counterDirect page registerCondition code register
X
CC
PC
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment1971 Intel 4004 First microprocessor (4 bits)1972 Intel 8008 First 8-bit microprocessor1974 Intel 80801975 Motorola 6800 5 volts only (1 MHz)1976 MOS Technology 6502 Used in Apple II, PET, Atari1977 Motorola 6802 128-byte internal RAM1978 Motorola 6801 Single-chip microcomputer1978 Intel 8086/8088 40,000 Transistors (16-bit data)1979 Motorola 68000 68,000 Transistors1979 Motorola 68701 MCU_EPROM–I/O1979 Motorola 6805 Low-cost microcontroller1979 Motorola 6809 Used in TRS-80 color computer1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 8088
The 68000 Microprocessor
• 64-pin chip
• Developed by Motorola in 1979
• 24 address lines – Can address 224 = 16 Mbytes of memory
• 16 data lines
• Used in the original Macintosh Computer
The 68000 MicroprocessorRegisters31 16 15 8 7 0
D0D1D2D3D4D5D6D7
DataRegisters
31 16 15 0A0A1A2A3A4A5A6A7 A7’
AddressRegisters
Program Counter
Status/CCR
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment
1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 80881982 Motorola 680101982 Motorola 680081984 Intel 80286 10 MHz, 130,000 transistors1984 Motorola 68020 32-Bit address and data busses
Integrated Microcontroller1985 Motorola 68HC111986 Motorola 68020 -- 25 MHz1986 Intel 80386 16 MHz, 275,000 transistors1987 Motorola 680301988 Motorola 68030 -- 33 MHz1989 Intel 80486 25 MHz, 1,000,000 transistors1990 Intel 80486 50 MHz1992 Intel Pentium 4,000,000 Transistors1997 Motorola 68HC12 Enhanced 68HC11
Intel Microprocessors
• 8086 -- 40-pin DIP (dual in-line package)
• 80286 -- 68-pin PGA (pin grid array)
• 80386DX -- 132-pin PGA
• 80486DX -- 168-pin PGA
• The Pentium -- 237-pin PGA
• The Pentium Pro -- 387-pin PGA
80486DX -- 168-pin PGA
Some Intel Microprocessors Part Data Bus Width Memory Size
8048 8 2K internal8051 8 8K internal8085A 8 64K8086 16 1M8088 8 1M8096 16 8K internal80186 16 1M80188 8 1M80251 8 16K internal80286 16 16M80386EX 16 64M80386DX 32 4G80386SL 16 32M80386SLC 16 32M + 1 K cache80386SX 16 16M80486DX/DX2 32 4G + 8K cache80486SX 32 4G + 8K cache80486DX4 32 4G + 16K cachePentium 64 4G + 16K cachePentium Overdrive (P24T)32 4G + 16K cachePentium Pro processor 64 64G + 16K Ll cache
+ 256K L2 cache
The 8086 -Pentium ProRegisters
The Segment Register in the Protected Mode
The Descriptor Formats
Base address = starting location of memory segmentLimit = last offset address in segmentG = granularity bit G = 0: Limit is length of 1 to 1M bytes G = 1: Limit is any multiple of 4K bytes
Note: 220 x 4K = 220 x 212 = 232 = 4G bytes
DS register accessesmemory locations100000H-1000FFH
Table 1.2History of Microprocessors
Date Microprocessor Comment
1981 IBM PC, uses Intel 80881982 Motorola 680101982 Motorola 680081984 Intel 80286 10 MHz, 130,000 transistors1984 Motorola 68020 32-Bit address and data busses
Integrated Microcontroller1985 Motorola 68HC111986 Motorola 68020 -- 25 MHz1986 Intel 80386 16 MHz, 275,000 transistors1987 Motorola 680301988 Motorola 68030 -- 33 MHz1989 Intel 80486 25 MHz, 1,000,000 transistors1990 Intel 80486 50 MHz1992 Intel Pentium 4,000,000 Transistors1997 Motorola 68HC12 Enhanced 68HC11
The 68HC11/12
RAM CPU EEPROMROM/ EPROM
TIMER
PARALLEL I/O SPI SCI
A/D68HC11/12
The 68HC12(11) Registers
S X H I N Z V C
A B
D
IX
IY
SP
PC
Accum ulator A
Accum ulator D
Inde x register X
Inde x register Y
Sta ck Pointer
Pro gra m counter
Condition code register
Accum ulator B
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