318 607 A BREIF SURVEY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Bahareh Hosseini � , Atefe Zand Karimi � � Shahid Beheshti University, Iran Keywords: Iranian Islamic architecture, Culture, Principles of Iranian Islamic architecture, Iran, traditional buildings Introduction: This essay is a brief study on the principles of Iranian Islamic architecture, to extract the major points and challenge them from different points of view. After introducing Islam into Iranian territory outstanding architectural landmarks affected dramatically by this newborn religion. Iranian architecture did not lose its identity in confront with Islam ethic, but Iranian architects re-created the buildings based on local culture and civilization with adaption to Islamic point of view. Previous buildings changed to follow new orders and new ones such as mosques, Islamic schools and new kinds of tombs were created to join and enrich the architecture of Iran. The word Islamic architecture refers to a kind of architecture that has been built in Islamic territories. This kind of architecture was created in the country of Iran when the religion of Islam was introduced to the world in around 600 A.C. and flourished in duration of almost thirteen centuries. [1] In spite of racial and cultural differences among people of different parts of the country, some new kind of architecture was created which had extensible unity in all of its parts. It means that all of the buildings in the category of Islamic architecture placed in different territories of Iran possessed similar features. However aside this unification, there are some slight differences which are derived from the local cultures and life style. [2] So Iran as a country that is being intruded during centuries for its strategic location in the Silk Road find a new opportunity to develop its architecture and aesthetic fields. Efflorescence of cities such as Isfahan, Yazd, Kashan and Shiraz are signs of the huge impact of Islam on Iranian's life. Many different reigns have ruled Iran during this period. (1-13 century in Hijri calendar) [2] Consequently these political terms have had impacts on the architecture of this region of the world, but they do not mainly influence the architecture of Iran. As it is mentioned above some principles dominate the Iranian Islamic architecture seem to be derived from beliefs that the religion of Islam brought and vernacular culture at the same time. Architecture in Iranian territories in which the climate is hot and arid possesses its own specifications. It is dependent on the climate, religion, worldview and above all culture that has had the greatest impact on its architectural features. Being humanistic and proportional, abstinence from inanity, having structure as aesthetic elements, self sufficiency, introversion, purity in shapes and volumes, having symmetry and being colorful are some of the origins that can be found in any building of Iranian Islamic architecture. All of these principles are legislated for one purpose and that is to build an excellent building. [2] Terminology wise if we concern the word "Architecture" that is driven from ancient Greek word defining something more than sheer to build a building, implicates on a higher meaning which is to build perfectly, like other aesthetic works. [3] In the regard of some meaning-oriented critics like Henry Corbin (1973) that consider this world one of two which god has designed, the artist's main duty is to discover mysteries of the other and the so called hidden world. He should seek spiritualism in his works in order to disclose them. [4] Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road 2 nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women’s Univ., Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012 Proceedings
A BREIF SURVEY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
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iaSU2012_proceedings121004_.indd318
607
A BREIF SURVEY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Bahareh Hosseini , Atefe Zand Karimi
Shahid Beheshti University, Iran
Introduction:
This essay is a brief study on the principles of Iranian Islamic architecture, to extract the major points and challenge them from different points of view. After introducing Islam into Iranian territory outstanding architectural landmarks affected dramatically by this newborn religion. Iranian architecture did not lose its identity in confront with Islam ethic, but Iranian architects re-created the buildings based on local culture and civilization with adaption to Islamic point of view. Previous buildings changed to follow new orders and new ones such as mosques, Islamic schools and new kinds of tombs were created to join and enrich the architecture of Iran.
The word Islamic architecture refers to a kind of architecture that has been built in Islamic territories. This kind of architecture was created in the country of Iran when the religion of Islam was introduced to the world in around 600 A.C. and flourished in duration of almost thirteen centuries. [1] In spite of racial and cultural differences among people of different parts of the country, some new kind of architecture was created which had extensible unity in all of its parts. It means that all of the buildings in the category of Islamic architecture placed in different territories of Iran possessed similar features. However aside this unification, there are some slight differences which are derived from the local cultures and life style. [2]
So Iran as a country that is being intruded during centuries for its strategic location in the Silk Road find a new opportunity to develop its architecture and aesthetic fields. Efflorescence of cities such as Isfahan, Yazd, Kashan and Shiraz are signs of the huge impact of Islam on Iranian's life. Many different reigns have ruled Iran during this period. (1-13 century in Hijri calendar) [2] Consequently these political terms have had impacts on the architecture of this region of the world, but they do not mainly influence the architecture of Iran.
As it is mentioned above some principles dominate the Iranian Islamic architecture seem to be derived from beliefs that the religion of Islam brought and vernacular culture at the same time. Architecture in Iranian territories in which the climate is hot and arid possesses its own specifications. It is dependent on the climate, religion, worldview and above all culture that has had the greatest impact on its architectural features. Being humanistic and proportional, abstinence from inanity, having structure as aesthetic elements, self sufficiency, introversion, purity in shapes and volumes, having symmetry and being colorful are some of the origins that can be found in any building of Iranian Islamic architecture. All of these principles are legislated for one purpose and that is to build an excellent building. [2] Terminology wise if we concern the word "Architecture" that is driven from ancient Greek word defining something more than sheer to build a building, implicates on a higher meaning which is to build perfectly, like other aesthetic works. [3]
In the regard of some meaning-oriented critics like Henry Corbin (1973) that consider this world one of two which god has designed, the artist's main duty is to discover mysteries of the other and the so called hidden world. He should seek spiritualism in his works in order to disclose them. [4]
Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women’s Univ., Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012
Proceedings
319
1.
Human elemen always suitable
Human For inst as large Persian come i building a perso
2.
It has b architec countrie detailing orname suitable humani sun gla beauty
3.
The Pe knowled had a s gained chest. [ layer va
ering this, es for arch
st details of se and mea
Humanism
e for human
ism in Irani tance a sin e as it is co n) are also d n. (Fig. 1)
g, for examp on to lead on
Abstinenc
been tried cture. In ho es have had g just for
entation. [1] e for living. stic proport
are and its of elements
Structura
ersian word dge of stati sensible no a lot of info
[6] The com aults are we
the aforem itecture in a the design.
aningful ma
m and Pro
amic archit man body an art that had ns and respe
an architec gle space l
omfortable f designed to Details are
ple plinths i n.
to abstain oly Koran w d arts perta the sake
] They used Even when tion by the heat enter s but their e
l Conside
mentioned all parts of . It has bee nner as foll
oportional
tecture is nd his phys tangible re ects his bel
cture is obv like three-d for an avera o remind an e also des n most mos
nanity
from frivol we see:" bel aining to ar
of beauty d everythin n they used means of the room.
efficiency an
e of masonr Iranian arc
Fig. 1: Interi
ity
the heed ical and em elation with iefs and pe
ious when w oor room w
age family t Iranian fam
signed prop sques are h
ing and bu lievers, who chitecture s
y, in Iran g for a cer
d ornamenta it, or they b Therefore I nd utility.
n used in y, and mate y did not di uction metho ry walls, arc chitecture of
or of an Iran
of human motional nee
daily life. rsonal amb
we have a which is pre to live. Com mily glory fo portionate f high at a lev
uilding supe o they abst such as pai architects rtain reason ation under built colorfu Iranian arch
Iranian arc erial science screte struc ods by expe ch-shaped c f that time.
ian House
proportion eds. The pa In Iran arc
bitions. [5]
look at spa evalent in tr mmunity spa or the guest for a perso vel that mak
ernumerary tain from in inting figure never use
n in order t r the vaults ul windows hitects didn
chitecture a e. Iranian tr cture from erience and ceilings and (Fig. 2-4)
orm and e generalitie
between ast architect hitecture ha
aces and its raditional ho aces (called ts who are a
on who utili kes comfort
y in Iranian anity." If Eu
es or sculpt ed them as to make the they want in order to
n't just cons
d transfer it d the subtle
essential es to the atures in
building ture has as been
s details. ouses is d talar in about to izes the table for
Islamic uropean turing or s sheer e space to have prevent
sider the
320
4.
Iranian the buil somew was mo obtain s believed facilities materia differen accordi sufficien
5.
Basical tradition the iss introspe not pos within t one wa of the o
Fig. 2: th
of Yaz groun
Self suffic
architects h lding in a w here else. S ore compat supplement d that mate s as possib
al in the pla nt kinds of ng to avail ncy in these
Introversi
ly people nal architec ue of tend ection is to ssible to un he building
alk through Y outer side o
: Seraglio (S he Nasirol mo
6: Vertical ex raditional ho zd in order to nd water and
stages sun
ciency
have alway way that it w So in this w tible with v tary materia erial should ble. [6] Fo
ateau of Iran mortar use able verna e buildings.
ion
beliefs had cture. The m dency to th divert the a nderstand t
in order to Yazd or Ke
of the buildi
habestan in olk mosque,
xtention of o uses in the c o reach unde supply lowe
n light.
ys tried to p would not b way the bui vernacular n al in order t be indigen r instance n was the b ed in the c cular facilit (Fig. 5, 6)
d a great i most stable a he inside a attention to t the building o understand erman's stre ngs. (Fig. 7
Persian) of Shiraz
rocure esse be depende lding proce nature. As o repair the
nous and it the usage
basis of mu onstruction ies is one
impact on and sturdy
and in gene the inside a g from outs d the main
eets he just 7) But as s
Fig. 3 dome, I greate
ential mater ent on getti edure would
a result it e building in should be of clay w
ultiple gene process. T
and refuse o side. [7] In
story of tha recognizes
kind.
was also a n the case o tried to ben
which was t rations of b The optimiz er example
ng unified f t Iranian Isla ersion. The outside, in s this status
at building. s the simple enters one
molki of the of its
ocal areas a al and meth ng and the always pos of renovatio nefit the ve the most a bricks and t zation of fo s regarding
features in amic archite e main aim such a way one shoul For instanc
e and earth e of them, h
Fig. 4: The the Nezam
dome, I
available tiles and ormation g to self
Iranian ecture is
m of the that it is ld stand ce when en crust
he might
321
find hig is due t true ab tendenc provide wants to
In the n space h decrees architec around [8] But causes each ot the spa two or i the rela which th
Conseq textures Figure munime cities in walls su
hly decorat to the need
bout the pu cy to get p
es the feasi o try the sp
notion of su has all the s some sp cture. The o it is famous as mention the buildin
ther. This c ace order fo in some ca
ation betwee he privacy i
quently the s became 10 shows. [ ent against n Iran never urrounded t
ted interior of having
ubjectivism, decoration
patial disci order of co s in Islamic ned above g to find tw
contrast is o r open and ses three d en inside a s crucial the
perspective a collection [11] There i
intruders. r felt secure he city, let a
Fig. 7 Outlook one of
alleys in city o
deteriora
facades. Th privacy in b s such as g. 8, 9) In gmenting th ence he wo
the outside ns and attra iplines and urtyard in t
c architectur the impact
domains: pu and outside e most intric
e of the citi n of closed s another p Having str
e from attac alone leavin
Fi inter
he misleadi buildings su mosques a fact the no
he influence ould find him
e of the bui actions. Th
d that is a he middle o re for the pr t of introve aspects, tw features of ces that fin
ublic, privat get more c
cate cases
ies also cha d and open prospect att rategic situa ck. They us ng their hou
g. 8, 9: The rior (Right) of
Ka
cities.
ng point is uch as hous and forums otion of inv e of the spa mself compl
ilding has n his organiza a central of the build rivacy it brin rsion is no
wo aspects t Islamic arc ally leads to e and in be complicated of access s
anges beca n spaces th ributed to in ation betwe
sually belea uses being e
exterior (left) f Amino dole
ashan
onal (right) a of Yazd sho in Iranian tra
that it seem ses, but we s (bazzars) viting the v ace to him etely wrape
no appeara ation mann courtyard
ding and for ngs. (Shown t only the that are tota
chitecture. E o separation etween spa d. In traditio systems are
ause of the hat periodic ntroversion een Middle guer thems exposed.
) and e forum,
visitor to the since the w
ed.
nce but the er of the b in Iranian
rming other n in figures privacy it b ally in contr Eventually i n of the buil ces. [9] As
onal Iranian e seen. [10]
e introspecti cally duplic that justifie Eastern c
selves behin
e interior buildings
Islamic r spaces
5 & 12) brings; it rast with t affects ldings in a result houses
ion. City cated as es it as a countries nd great
322
6.
The Ira and vol achievin used el courtya geomet limitatio like bein 11, 12)
Pattern which m the form herbal.
7.
Having modern the cen thing is used w the role
Purity in S
nian traditio umes. In th ng the best lement in Is
ard, elevatio trical and ons he wou ng geometr
s in this kin mentioned, m of round,
Symmetry
symmetry nism totally ntral elemen s that not ju water to brin es. (Fig. 14)
Fig. 13: The plan of the H
grange
Shapes an
onal archite he general f t design is slamic arch on, plan a pure. Even ld skillfully rical. The ar
nd of archit and the pat soft, ringlet
y
nt seems mo ust physical ng another k
e symmetrica Hasht-Behes e, Isfahan
nd Volume
ecture had s form of Iran evident in t
hitecture is and volume n when on design the rchitect of t
ecture may tterns of ara ts and is int
e features o 3] In a spa ore importa elements m
kind of sym
es of build ne could no interior in
the Friday m
of traditiona ace or plane ant than the makes sym
mmetry in w
ding are cr ot design a way that
mosque of Y
d in two gro hich is a co nd wavy wh
al Islamic a e with symm other elem
mmetry. Inge which the bu
Plan (left) an Friday mos
: Reflection o ace in the po
rresponden re, seeking
t every sing Yazd maste
oups: the ge ombination o hich at first
rchitecture metry and p
nd perspectiv sque of Yazd
of Chehelsot ool, Isfahan
s like pool, h shapes t ngles" due
gle key spa erly knew th
eometrical of different glance see
which the n perpendicu 13) The int ian architec its virtual tw
ve (right) of t d
tun
that are e to the ce feels
hat. (Fig.
he
323
8. colorful space
Another interesting feature of Iranian Islamic architecture is the extensive use of colors in the buildings. A variety of limited and splendid colors usually wraps the whole interior of the buildings. [12] This is not like what we call "decoration" today; it is like giving a final spatial quality to a world of strict regulations. The designer wishes to express his feelings through colorful and abstract patterns. By the means of a thin layer of color whether be painted on the wall or a tile the characteristic of the space changes hugely; what Iranian Islamic architects discovered in order to bring their imaginary gardens to their earthenware buildings.
Conclusion:
What has been set down in this article was a brief introduction of what is called Iranian Islamic architecture and some of its main principles. It is an architecture that pursues tranquil and peace by the means of using spiritualism in the buildings. The thing that led to different styles was the diversity of how architects and literally people looked at the space. An Iranian Islamic architect worships his God by the means of building. He pursues a space that is perfect, a fault-free and inconvertible space. He utilizes available elements in order to satisfy the hunger of tranquility of the people he builds for. As mentioned the priority of the interior over the exterior, the seeking of the complete and geometric pattern for forming spaces and shapes, the hidden contemplation behind the simplicity of the buildings, being from and for the local environment shows that the architecture is a cultural phenomenon, an art that is in a daily correspondence with the people. As a result Islamic architecture in Iran was greatly influenced by its traditional culture, and gradually adjusted itself to the new insight of Islam religion.
References:
[1] Pirnia, M. Sabk Shenacy (Methodology), Journal of Art and Architecture, No. 10-11, Tehran, pp. 20-36, 1971.
[2] Haji GHasemi, K. A contemplation in Iranian Islamic Architecture and the way of understanding that, Soffe Magazine, No. 52, pp. 2-14, 2012. ( In Persian)
[3] MadadPoor, M. a Breif Survey on Architectural Spiritual Philosophy & The Future World, Andish nameh, Shahid Beheshti University,2008.
[4] Corbin, H. En Islam Iranien: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques. Gallimard, Paris, 1973. [5] O'Gorman, K. and Prentice, R. Iranian hospitality: from caravanserai to bazaar to reporting
symbolic experience. Proceedings of the Conference of EuroCHRIE 2008 Congress, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 11-14 October, 2008.
[6] Ghobadian, V. Climatic Analysis of the Iranian Traditional Buildings, Tehran University Publications, pp. 308-37, Tehran, 2001. (In Persian)
[7] Memarian, GH. Ashnaii ba Memari Maskooni Irani, Ghuneh Shenasi Darunghara (An introduction to house typology in Iran: Courtyard houses), Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1993. (In Persian)
[8] Memarian GH, Brown, F. The shared characteristics of Iranian and Arab courtyard houses. In SM. a. HM. Edward B (eds) Courtyard Housing, Oxon, pp. 21-30, Taylor & Francis, 2006.
[9] Ramezani, S. & Hamidi, S. Privacy and Social Interaction in Traditional Towns to Contemporary Urban Design in Iran, American Journal of Engineer and Applied Sciences, Vol.3, pp.501-508, 2010.
[10] Memarian, GH. & Sadoughi, A. Application of Access Graphs and Home Culture: Examining Factors Relative to Climate and Privacy in Iranian Houses, Scientific Research and Essays, Vol. 6(30), pp. 6350-6363, 2011.
[11] Shabani, M & Authors, Achieving Privacy in the Iranian Contemporary Compact Apartment through Flexible Design, University Kebangsaan, Malaysia, 2011.
[12] Haji GHasemi, K. Searching for Meaning in Persian Islamic Architecture, Annual MESA Conference, Washington, 1999, http://ilex.ilexfoundation.org/confer/mesa.html
607
A BREIF SURVEY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF IRANIAN ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE Bahareh Hosseini , Atefe Zand Karimi
Shahid Beheshti University, Iran
Introduction:
This essay is a brief study on the principles of Iranian Islamic architecture, to extract the major points and challenge them from different points of view. After introducing Islam into Iranian territory outstanding architectural landmarks affected dramatically by this newborn religion. Iranian architecture did not lose its identity in confront with Islam ethic, but Iranian architects re-created the buildings based on local culture and civilization with adaption to Islamic point of view. Previous buildings changed to follow new orders and new ones such as mosques, Islamic schools and new kinds of tombs were created to join and enrich the architecture of Iran.
The word Islamic architecture refers to a kind of architecture that has been built in Islamic territories. This kind of architecture was created in the country of Iran when the religion of Islam was introduced to the world in around 600 A.C. and flourished in duration of almost thirteen centuries. [1] In spite of racial and cultural differences among people of different parts of the country, some new kind of architecture was created which had extensible unity in all of its parts. It means that all of the buildings in the category of Islamic architecture placed in different territories of Iran possessed similar features. However aside this unification, there are some slight differences which are derived from the local cultures and life style. [2]
So Iran as a country that is being intruded during centuries for its strategic location in the Silk Road find a new opportunity to develop its architecture and aesthetic fields. Efflorescence of cities such as Isfahan, Yazd, Kashan and Shiraz are signs of the huge impact of Islam on Iranian's life. Many different reigns have ruled Iran during this period. (1-13 century in Hijri calendar) [2] Consequently these political terms have had impacts on the architecture of this region of the world, but they do not mainly influence the architecture of Iran.
As it is mentioned above some principles dominate the Iranian Islamic architecture seem to be derived from beliefs that the religion of Islam brought and vernacular culture at the same time. Architecture in Iranian territories in which the climate is hot and arid possesses its own specifications. It is dependent on the climate, religion, worldview and above all culture that has had the greatest impact on its architectural features. Being humanistic and proportional, abstinence from inanity, having structure as aesthetic elements, self sufficiency, introversion, purity in shapes and volumes, having symmetry and being colorful are some of the origins that can be found in any building of Iranian Islamic architecture. All of these principles are legislated for one purpose and that is to build an excellent building. [2] Terminology wise if we concern the word "Architecture" that is driven from ancient Greek word defining something more than sheer to build a building, implicates on a higher meaning which is to build perfectly, like other aesthetic works. [3]
In the regard of some meaning-oriented critics like Henry Corbin (1973) that consider this world one of two which god has designed, the artist's main duty is to discover mysteries of the other and the so called hidden world. He should seek spiritualism in his works in order to disclose them. [4]
Archi-Cultural Translations through the Silk Road 2nd International Conference, Mukogawa Women’s Univ., Nishinomiya, Japan, July 14-16, 2012
Proceedings
319
1.
Human elemen always suitable
Human For inst as large Persian come i building a perso
2.
It has b architec countrie detailing orname suitable humani sun gla beauty
3.
The Pe knowled had a s gained chest. [ layer va
ering this, es for arch
st details of se and mea
Humanism
e for human
ism in Irani tance a sin e as it is co n) are also d n. (Fig. 1)
g, for examp on to lead on
Abstinenc
been tried cture. In ho es have had g just for
entation. [1] e for living. stic proport
are and its of elements
Structura
ersian word dge of stati sensible no a lot of info
[6] The com aults are we
the aforem itecture in a the design.
aningful ma
m and Pro
amic archit man body an art that had ns and respe
an architec gle space l
omfortable f designed to Details are
ple plinths i n.
to abstain oly Koran w d arts perta the sake
] They used Even when tion by the heat enter s but their e
l Conside
mentioned all parts of . It has bee nner as foll
oportional
tecture is nd his phys tangible re ects his bel
cture is obv like three-d for an avera o remind an e also des n most mos
nanity
from frivol we see:" bel aining to ar
of beauty d everythin n they used means of the room.
efficiency an
e of masonr Iranian arc
Fig. 1: Interi
ity
the heed ical and em elation with iefs and pe
ious when w oor room w
age family t Iranian fam
signed prop sques are h
ing and bu lievers, who chitecture s
y, in Iran g for a cer
d ornamenta it, or they b Therefore I nd utility.
n used in y, and mate y did not di uction metho ry walls, arc chitecture of
or of an Iran
of human motional nee
daily life. rsonal amb
we have a which is pre to live. Com mily glory fo portionate f high at a lev
uilding supe o they abst such as pai architects rtain reason ation under built colorfu Iranian arch
Iranian arc erial science screte struc ods by expe ch-shaped c f that time.
ian House
proportion eds. The pa In Iran arc
bitions. [5]
look at spa evalent in tr mmunity spa or the guest for a perso vel that mak
ernumerary tain from in inting figure never use
n in order t r the vaults ul windows hitects didn
chitecture a e. Iranian tr cture from erience and ceilings and (Fig. 2-4)
orm and e generalitie
between ast architect hitecture ha
aces and its raditional ho aces (called ts who are a
on who utili kes comfort
y in Iranian anity." If Eu
es or sculpt ed them as to make the they want in order to
n't just cons
d transfer it d the subtle
essential es to the atures in
building ture has as been
s details. ouses is d talar in about to izes the table for
Islamic uropean turing or s sheer e space to have prevent
sider the
320
4.
Iranian the buil somew was mo obtain s believed facilities materia differen accordi sufficien
5.
Basical tradition the iss introspe not pos within t one wa of the o
Fig. 2: th
of Yaz groun
Self suffic
architects h lding in a w here else. S ore compat supplement d that mate s as possib
al in the pla nt kinds of ng to avail ncy in these
Introversi
ly people nal architec ue of tend ection is to ssible to un he building
alk through Y outer side o
: Seraglio (S he Nasirol mo
6: Vertical ex raditional ho zd in order to nd water and
stages sun
ciency
have alway way that it w So in this w tible with v tary materia erial should ble. [6] Fo
ateau of Iran mortar use able verna e buildings.
ion
beliefs had cture. The m dency to th divert the a nderstand t
in order to Yazd or Ke
of the buildi
habestan in olk mosque,
xtention of o uses in the c o reach unde supply lowe
n light.
ys tried to p would not b way the bui vernacular n al in order t be indigen r instance n was the b ed in the c cular facilit (Fig. 5, 6)
d a great i most stable a he inside a attention to t the building o understand erman's stre ngs. (Fig. 7
Persian) of Shiraz
rocure esse be depende lding proce nature. As o repair the
nous and it the usage
basis of mu onstruction ies is one
impact on and sturdy
and in gene the inside a g from outs d the main
eets he just 7) But as s
Fig. 3 dome, I greate
ential mater ent on getti edure would
a result it e building in should be of clay w
ultiple gene process. T
and refuse o side. [7] In
story of tha recognizes
kind.
was also a n the case o tried to ben
which was t rations of b The optimiz er example
ng unified f t Iranian Isla ersion. The outside, in s this status
at building. s the simple enters one
molki of the of its
ocal areas a al and meth ng and the always pos of renovatio nefit the ve the most a bricks and t zation of fo s regarding
features in amic archite e main aim such a way one shoul For instanc
e and earth e of them, h
Fig. 4: The the Nezam
dome, I
available tiles and ormation g to self
Iranian ecture is
m of the that it is ld stand ce when en crust
he might
321
find hig is due t true ab tendenc provide wants to
In the n space h decrees architec around [8] But causes each ot the spa two or i the rela which th
Conseq textures Figure munime cities in walls su
hly decorat to the need
bout the pu cy to get p
es the feasi o try the sp
notion of su has all the s some sp cture. The o it is famous as mention the buildin
ther. This c ace order fo in some ca
ation betwee he privacy i
quently the s became 10 shows. [ ent against n Iran never urrounded t
ted interior of having
ubjectivism, decoration
patial disci order of co s in Islamic ned above g to find tw
contrast is o r open and ses three d en inside a s crucial the
perspective a collection [11] There i
intruders. r felt secure he city, let a
Fig. 7 Outlook one of
alleys in city o
deteriora
facades. Th privacy in b s such as g. 8, 9) In gmenting th ence he wo
the outside ns and attra iplines and urtyard in t
c architectur the impact
domains: pu and outside e most intric
e of the citi n of closed s another p Having str
e from attac alone leavin
Fi inter
he misleadi buildings su mosques a fact the no
he influence ould find him
e of the bui actions. Th
d that is a he middle o re for the pr t of introve aspects, tw features of ces that fin
ublic, privat get more c
cate cases
ies also cha d and open prospect att rategic situa ck. They us ng their hou
g. 8, 9: The rior (Right) of
Ka
cities.
ng point is uch as hous and forums otion of inv e of the spa mself compl
ilding has n his organiza a central of the build rivacy it brin rsion is no
wo aspects t Islamic arc ally leads to e and in be complicated of access s
anges beca n spaces th ributed to in ation betwe
sually belea uses being e
exterior (left) f Amino dole
ashan
onal (right) a of Yazd sho in Iranian tra
that it seem ses, but we s (bazzars) viting the v ace to him etely wrape
no appeara ation mann courtyard
ding and for ngs. (Shown t only the that are tota
chitecture. E o separation etween spa d. In traditio systems are
ause of the hat periodic ntroversion een Middle guer thems exposed.
) and e forum,
visitor to the since the w
ed.
nce but the er of the b in Iranian
rming other n in figures privacy it b ally in contr Eventually i n of the buil ces. [9] As
onal Iranian e seen. [10]
e introspecti cally duplic that justifie Eastern c
selves behin
e interior buildings
Islamic r spaces
5 & 12) brings; it rast with t affects ldings in a result houses
ion. City cated as es it as a countries nd great
322
6.
The Ira and vol achievin used el courtya geomet limitatio like bein 11, 12)
Pattern which m the form herbal.
7.
Having modern the cen thing is used w the role
Purity in S
nian traditio umes. In th ng the best lement in Is
ard, elevatio trical and ons he wou ng geometr
s in this kin mentioned, m of round,
Symmetry
symmetry nism totally ntral elemen s that not ju water to brin es. (Fig. 14)
Fig. 13: The plan of the H
grange
Shapes an
onal archite he general f t design is slamic arch on, plan a pure. Even ld skillfully rical. The ar
nd of archit and the pat soft, ringlet
y
nt seems mo ust physical ng another k
e symmetrica Hasht-Behes e, Isfahan
nd Volume
ecture had s form of Iran evident in t
hitecture is and volume n when on design the rchitect of t
ecture may tterns of ara ts and is int
e features o 3] In a spa ore importa elements m
kind of sym
es of build ne could no interior in
the Friday m
of traditiona ace or plane ant than the makes sym
mmetry in w
ding are cr ot design a way that
mosque of Y
d in two gro hich is a co nd wavy wh
al Islamic a e with symm other elem
mmetry. Inge which the bu
Plan (left) an Friday mos
: Reflection o ace in the po
rresponden re, seeking
t every sing Yazd maste
oups: the ge ombination o hich at first
rchitecture metry and p
nd perspectiv sque of Yazd
of Chehelsot ool, Isfahan
s like pool, h shapes t ngles" due
gle key spa erly knew th
eometrical of different glance see
which the n perpendicu 13) The int ian architec its virtual tw
ve (right) of t d
tun
that are e to the ce feels
hat. (Fig.
he
323
8. colorful space
Another interesting feature of Iranian Islamic architecture is the extensive use of colors in the buildings. A variety of limited and splendid colors usually wraps the whole interior of the buildings. [12] This is not like what we call "decoration" today; it is like giving a final spatial quality to a world of strict regulations. The designer wishes to express his feelings through colorful and abstract patterns. By the means of a thin layer of color whether be painted on the wall or a tile the characteristic of the space changes hugely; what Iranian Islamic architects discovered in order to bring their imaginary gardens to their earthenware buildings.
Conclusion:
What has been set down in this article was a brief introduction of what is called Iranian Islamic architecture and some of its main principles. It is an architecture that pursues tranquil and peace by the means of using spiritualism in the buildings. The thing that led to different styles was the diversity of how architects and literally people looked at the space. An Iranian Islamic architect worships his God by the means of building. He pursues a space that is perfect, a fault-free and inconvertible space. He utilizes available elements in order to satisfy the hunger of tranquility of the people he builds for. As mentioned the priority of the interior over the exterior, the seeking of the complete and geometric pattern for forming spaces and shapes, the hidden contemplation behind the simplicity of the buildings, being from and for the local environment shows that the architecture is a cultural phenomenon, an art that is in a daily correspondence with the people. As a result Islamic architecture in Iran was greatly influenced by its traditional culture, and gradually adjusted itself to the new insight of Islam religion.
References:
[1] Pirnia, M. Sabk Shenacy (Methodology), Journal of Art and Architecture, No. 10-11, Tehran, pp. 20-36, 1971.
[2] Haji GHasemi, K. A contemplation in Iranian Islamic Architecture and the way of understanding that, Soffe Magazine, No. 52, pp. 2-14, 2012. ( In Persian)
[3] MadadPoor, M. a Breif Survey on Architectural Spiritual Philosophy & The Future World, Andish nameh, Shahid Beheshti University,2008.
[4] Corbin, H. En Islam Iranien: Aspects spirituels et philosophiques. Gallimard, Paris, 1973. [5] O'Gorman, K. and Prentice, R. Iranian hospitality: from caravanserai to bazaar to reporting
symbolic experience. Proceedings of the Conference of EuroCHRIE 2008 Congress, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 11-14 October, 2008.
[6] Ghobadian, V. Climatic Analysis of the Iranian Traditional Buildings, Tehran University Publications, pp. 308-37, Tehran, 2001. (In Persian)
[7] Memarian, GH. Ashnaii ba Memari Maskooni Irani, Ghuneh Shenasi Darunghara (An introduction to house typology in Iran: Courtyard houses), Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1993. (In Persian)
[8] Memarian GH, Brown, F. The shared characteristics of Iranian and Arab courtyard houses. In SM. a. HM. Edward B (eds) Courtyard Housing, Oxon, pp. 21-30, Taylor & Francis, 2006.
[9] Ramezani, S. & Hamidi, S. Privacy and Social Interaction in Traditional Towns to Contemporary Urban Design in Iran, American Journal of Engineer and Applied Sciences, Vol.3, pp.501-508, 2010.
[10] Memarian, GH. & Sadoughi, A. Application of Access Graphs and Home Culture: Examining Factors Relative to Climate and Privacy in Iranian Houses, Scientific Research and Essays, Vol. 6(30), pp. 6350-6363, 2011.
[11] Shabani, M & Authors, Achieving Privacy in the Iranian Contemporary Compact Apartment through Flexible Design, University Kebangsaan, Malaysia, 2011.
[12] Haji GHasemi, K. Searching for Meaning in Persian Islamic Architecture, Annual MESA Conference, Washington, 1999, http://ilex.ilexfoundation.org/confer/mesa.html
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