ABORTION Rels 300 / Nurs 330 26 November 2014
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
ABORTION
Rels 300 / Nurs 330
26 November 2014
2
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Some pictures taken from this website: http://www.w-cpc.org/index.htm
They used pictures from these sources: Nine Month Miracle CD ROM, by A.D.A.M.
Software, Inc. the book A Child Is Born by the famous Swedish
photographer Lennart Nilsson the handbook When You were Formed in Secret, by
Gary Bergel
Additional pictures are from this website: http://visembryo.com/
3
apple
by 3
00
/33
0HUMAN PREGNANCY9 months: 3 trimesters 1st trimester: fertilization to week 13 2nd trimester: weeks 13 to 26 3rd trimester: weeks 26 to 40
Fetal viability: somewhere between weeks 20 and 26earlier than 24 weeks, fetuses have a much
smaller chance of healthy survival; survival rate at 24 weeks is approximately 50%
4
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
Fetal Development Make your own record on paper of fetal
development Draw a graph, or a time-line, or any other
method of keeping track of stages of fetal developmentHow long does a process take?When does it occur?What is the natural % of loss?
5
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
FERTILIZATION sperm moves up the
vaginal canal, through cervix, and into the fallopian tube; 1% make it this far
1 sperm penetrates zona pellucida; 20 minutes
fusion of nuclei of egg & sperm takes another 24 hours
6
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
Morula leaves fallopian tube,
enters uterus
Process takes 3-4 days
5 days after intercourse
conception is now complete Rate of success = 25%
Single-cell zygote begins cell division:
2, 4, 8, etc.; every 20 hours• At 16 cells: zygote becomes a morula
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
7
Yellow = the blastocoel cavity
Blue ring = the traphoblast cells
Purple ring = the placenta
The small black cluster at 10:00 on the circle is the developing embryo
Implantation process continues:
Blastocele cavity forms in centre of morula
Traphoblast cells develop an implantation site for the blastocyst
Implantation site becomes swollen with new capillaries
This process takes
place from day 7 to day
12
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
8
DAY 14: IMPLANTATION IS COMPLETEPRIMITIVE STREAK APPEARS ON THE SURFACE OF THE EMBRYONIC
DISC
This is the future axis of the embryo
By day 15 or 16, viable embryo will continue to develop
Now possible to determine if there are multiple embryos
42% of zygotes fail to achieve implantation
Of these, 8% spontaneously miscarry or result in a still-birth
9
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
4 WEEK EMBRYO
Embryo produces hormones
These function to prevent the woman’s menstrual cycle from shedding the uterine lining and embryo
10
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
5 WEEKSEMBRYO IS THE SIZE OF A SMALL PEANUT
Day 21: Internal organs are
formingHeart has begun to beatNeural tube splits into 3
sections as brain develops
Placenta is functioningSpine and spinal cord are
growingUmbilical cord is clear
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
11
8 WEEKSFETAL BRAIN WAVES CAN BE MEASURED
Facial features developing Eyes have both retina and
lens Major muscles are sufficiently
developed to allow movement Fingers have begun to
develop Fetus has own blood type,
with blood cells being produced by its own liver
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
12
12 WEEKSEND OF 1ST TRIMESTER
All essential external and internal structures are present in early stages
Head: external ear, retina, eyelids, palate, tongue, teeth buds
Abdomen: intestines beginning to move from umbilical cord to body cavity
Pelvis: external genitalia not yet present
Limbs: arms, legs, fingers & toes all developing
13
apple
by 3
00
/33
020 WEEKS: GENITALIA NOW PRESENT+ FETUS CAN HEAR MOTHER’S VOICE+ NEARING VIABILITY
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
14
24 WEEKS[VIABILITY = 20 TO 26 WEEKS]
Fetus is thin Little fat development Auditory and visual systems
continue to develop Reflex movements improving
Blood vessels forming in lungs Lung surfactants begin
production Fingernails & toenails
developing Spine is strengthening All internal organs are formed 50% of 24-week fetuses
survive outside womb Of these, many have life-
long disabilities
15
apple
by 3
00
/33
0FULL-TERM FETUS:40 WEEKS
All body parts and organs are more developed and stronger
Lungs are not yet fully developedLungs complete development only after breathing
begins
Fetus has continued to grow
Fatty tissue has formed under the skin
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
16
ON YOUR TIMELINE OF FETAL DEVELOPMENT, PLACE EACH OF THESE METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
Rhythm method
Condoms – male & female
Hormonal pill, patch, or implant
Cervical barriers; diaphragm, spermicide, ring
Injection – depo-provera
IUD
morning-after pill (emergency contraception
METHOD STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/health-resources/sexual-health/birth-control/
17
apple
by 3
00
/33
0ON YOUR TIMELINE OF FETAL DEVELOPMENT,
PLACE EACH OF THESE METHODS OF ABORTION
# of Weeks Gestation (size of pregnancy) determined by ultrasound
Medical Abortion 7 weeks (http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/health-resources/sexual-health/abortion/medical-abortion/)
Manual Vacuum Aspiration 8 weeks (http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/health-resources/sexual-health/abortion/manual-vacuum-aspiration/)
Suction and Curettage 6 - 14 weeks (http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/health-resources/sexual-health/abortion/suction-and-curettage/)
Dilation and Evacuation 14 - 23 weeks (http://www.womenshealthmatters.ca/health-resources/sexual-health/abortion/dilation-and-evacuation/)
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
18
WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE A PERSON?WHEN DOES A FETUS BECOME A PERSON?
Is a fertilized ovum a person? a zygote prior to implantation? an implanted embryo?
a fetus which has attained some certain level of development? development of nervous system (20
wks)? ability to feel pain? fetal viability (20, 24, 28 ? wks)?
at live birth? at some point after birth?Is a stillborn child a person?
Choose 2 points of fetal development where a person could argue that a fetus becomes a person
give reasons to support 2 different points
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
19
A THIRD WAY BY L. WAYNE SUMNER (P.198)
“The liberal view”
of abortion: (voluntary) abortion is
always morally innocuous
the only acceptable abortion policy is one which treats it as minor elective surgery
“The conservative view” of abortion:
abortion is always morally serious
the only acceptable abortion policy is one which treats abortion
as a form of homicide.
LIBERAL VIEW CONSERVATIVE VIEW
20
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
SUMNER PROPOSES A 3RD VIEW:Moral status of the fetus:
conservative view = full moral standing from point of conception
liberal view = full moral standing from live birth
Sumner’s view = a gradual, differential, and developmental view of increasing moral
status throughout gestation
21
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? early abortion is more like contraception late abortion is more like infanticide
permissive abortion policy in early stages of pregnancy/gestation
more restrictive abortion policy in later stages of pregnancy/gestation
seek agreement on “threshold stage” which divides the 2
22
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
CRITERIA OF MORAL STANDINGcriterion of life = too weak
(not all living things have moral standing as persons)
criterion of rationality = too strong
(some beings who are not rational still have moral standing as persons)
criterion of sentience (or consciousness)
= promising middle path
23
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
WHAT IS SENTIENCE? ability to experience sensations ability to feel pleasure and pain ability to enjoy and suffer capacity for feeling affect (emotional states)
more developed sentience =
consciousness and rationality
“A fetus is…probably sentient by the conventional stage of viability (around the
end of the second trimester). (Sumner, p.198)
24
apple
by 3
00
/33
0SENTIENCE AS A THRESHOLD POINT capacity for sentience depends on the
required physiological structures for sensing Cerebral cortex – thought, voluntary movement,
language, perception, reasoning Cerebellum – movement, balance, posture Brain stem – respiration, circulation, blood pressure Hypothalamus – body temperature, emotions, hunger,
thirst, sleep/wake cycles Thalamus – sensory processing, movement Limbic system – emotions, memory Midbrain – vision, eye movement, hearing, movement
What is the timeframe for neural development?
25
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
WHEN DOES SENTIENCE BEGIN?1st trimester fetuses do not have the physiological capacity for sentience
3rd trimester fetuses do have the physiological capacity for sentience
Physiological capacity for sentience develops during the 2nd trimester of fetal development
Full sentience, including consciousness and rationality, does not develop until some time
after birth
26
apple
by 3
00
/33
02ND TRIMESTER ABORTIONS
According to Sumner, 2nd trimester abortions will need to be justified by a competing moral consideration:serious threat to the woman’s lifeserious threat to the woman’s physical or mental
healthserious fetal deformity
What would you regard as justifiable reasons for a 2nd trimester abortion?
In your opinion, should personal inconvenience and choice count as sufficient reasons for
abortion in the 1st trimester
in the 2nd trimester?
27
apple
by 3
00
/33
0B.C. WOMAN, ROBYN BENSON, 22 WEEKS PREGNANT,
DECLARED BRAIN-DEADCBC NEWS;
HTTP://WWW.CBC.CA/NEWS/CANADA/BRITISH-COLUMBIA/ROBYN-BENSON-ON-LIFE-SUPPORT-AS-HUSBAND-AWAITS-HER-C-SECTION-1.2520768
Dylan Benson says his unborn son was just over five months along and growing normally when Robyn complained of a headache and collapsed on Dec. 28. "She was non-responsive. I tried to call her name and
stuff but nothing would happen," he said. Rushed to hospital, staff determined that she had
suffered a cerebral hemorrhage, and that damage was irreparable. She was declared brain-dead the next day.
"On one hand, I can’t wait to meet my son and try, and give him the best life possible and try my hardest to be a great dad for him. On the other hand, I know that the day or the day after he is born will be the day that I have to say goodbye to Robyn."
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
28
IF YOU WERE IN THIS SITUATION,22 WEEKS INTO A PREGNANCY,
AND SUFFERED A BRAIN HEMORRHAGE,WHAT WOULD YOUR WISHES BE?
Would you wish to have your life artificially maintained for 12 more weeks to increase the likelihood of a healthy C-section birth?
Would you wish to have life-sustaining
interventions removed to allow for your own
natural death?
WHY?
29
apple
by 3
00
/33
0
FEB. 8, 2014: 'BABY IVER' BORN HEALTHYB.C. WOMAN DECLARED BRAIN-DEAD ON DEC. 28
UNDERWENT SURGERY TO DELIVER 'BABY IVER' ON SATURDAY
Robyn Benson, the Victoria woman who was declared brain-dead in December, underwent surgery on Saturday to deliver a healthy baby boy before she died the next day. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/baby-iver-born-healthy-body-of-mother-robyn-benson-dies-1.2531549
Related Documents
