A Bloody Conflict Chapter 16 section 3 WWI: Trench Warfare Trenches emerged during the First World War as a means of defense, primarily from the invention.

A Bloody ConflictChapter 16

section 3

WWI: Trench WarfareTrenches emerged during the First World War as a means of defense, primarily from the invention of the machine gun.

In 1914 weapons development hits its peak:

-The French develop a 75mm artillery gun that could be fired without re-aiming… just reload!

-The machine gun comes about, originally firing up to 500 rounds per minute @ 2,000 yards… A problem considering generals are still using cavalry charges…

WWI: Trench WarfareGerman trenches were better… They were:

-Big, Deep, and DRY!!!

-They had electricity

- Sound-proof doors

- Bunk beds and small kitchens

WWI: Trench WarfareWestern trenches were poorer… They were:

-Wet and muddy… often with setting water

-The setting water brought diseases

- The trenches were open to noise, weather, shells…

WWI: Trench WarfareThe trench system had many problems…

-Rats would feed off of the rotting flesh of the dead

- The stench of rotting flesh was everywhere!

- Generals were still fighting the wars of their youth(a.k.a. wars where they would charge the enemy)

-WWI battles lasted months… Not days or hours like previous battles

WWI: New TechnologyCasualties were high due to the new technology and trenches…

-Soldiers died by shells, snipers, gas, long range artillery, bullets, & bayonets- In the battle @ Somme 30,000 British soldiers died in the first 4 hours…

- A 10 month total @ Verdun saw 1 million killed…

- Shrapnel and evacuation were the big killers…

What new technologies

were introduced in World War I?

WWI: War at SeaGreat Britain dominated the waters

-successful blockade of German ports

Germany responded by using U-Boats to sink ships heading to Great Britain

WWI: The War on LandVerdun and the Somme *Verdun – February, 1916

Germany stages a surprise attack on France at Verdun (a massive fortress in northeastern France on the Meuse River).

This battle was one of the longest and bloodiest of the war…

More than 750,000 French and German soldiers lost their lives… When fighting stopped the Western Front had only moved 10 miles…

Somme – July 15-November 28, 1916Britain launches an attack against Germany in the valley of the Somme River in northern France… This battle too was inconclusive, but Britain did introduce the tank (with little success)…

World War IRussia gets out of the war

War going disastrously Czar Nicholas II unable to provide leadership Czar Nicholas II overthrown in February

Revolution (March 1917) Provisional government replaces monarchy

But continues fighting Bolsheviks under Lenin gain control in

October Revolution (November 1917) Promise “Peace, Land, and Bread” Sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March

1918R. yields Poland, Baltic States, Ukraine,

FinlandWar indemnity. $6 B marks

WWI: The Russian RevolutionDue to a revolution in Russia, they back out of the war… Signing a peace treaty with Germany…

-March 1917- uprising (after Rasputin is killed)-Czar Nicholas II abdicates self, Provisional Government put in place

Bolshevik Revolution and Lenin-Vladimir Lenin (leader of the Bolsheviks, radical Socialists) seizes power from the struggling provisional government

Terror-killed Czar and family-used against political enemies

WWI: US Enters

Even though America wanted to remain neutral, U-Boat attacks to American trade vessels propel America into the war…

-Sinking of the Lusitania

Zimmerman Telegraph and the use of unrestricted sub-warfare by Germany brought the US into the war.

Insure that debts from GB would be repaid.

April 2,1917- US enters war

Wilson- “make the world safe for democracy”

World War I The US declares war on Germany in

1917 Germany resumes unrestricted submarine

warfare in 1917 President Woodrow Wilson wants US to

“make the world safe for democracy” US tips the balance on the side of the

Allies American troops, money, and supplies

give advantage to the Allies

Why would Pershing want to

keep U.S. Soldiers in their

own units?

WWI: Peace at Last

US entry raised Allied moral

There was no one decisive victory to end the war, the German War Machine ground to a halt and the Allies will win.

On the 11th hour, of the 11th day, in the 11th month of the year 1918 a cease-fire was called.

The Treaty of Versailles Representatives from Allied nations and

Germany meet in Paris Wilson represents the United States and tries to

make peace The Fourteen Points

National self-determination Open agreements League of Nations Arms reductions Free Trade

The Treaty of VersaillesBritain (George) and France

(Clemenceau) don’t buy Wilson’s Fourteen Points They want revenge on Germany

Britain and France make a harsh peace with Germany Germany takes full responsibility for the war Stripped all of its colonies Ger=No AF; restricted army and navy Impose heavy reparations (132 B gold

marks=$33B) Germans feel angry and cheated

The Treaty of Versailles End of World War I redraws the map of Europe

Austria-Hungary dismembered into new states Ottoman Empire dissolved

New republic in Turkey Middle East divided between Britain and France

Poland reappears as a republic Yugoslavia comes into existence Empires gone: Ottoman, Austria-Hungary, Russia,

German

The League of Nations

Wilson compromises on Fourteen Points to get support for the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles had to be ratified by the US US Senate refuses to ratify the Treaty of

Versailles in 1919 US does not join the League of Nations League of Nations has no credibility

WWI: Peace

WWI was the bloodiest war to date in which 30 nations participated.

Wilson’s 14 points-plan for peace during WWI and after

1 – 5: causes of the war

6-13: boundary changes drawn along lines of nationality

14: call for a “League of Nations”

WWI: PeaceThe Treaty of Versailles

On Dec. 1918, Wilson and his wife travel to the Versailles Peace Conference, where America, Germany, France, and Italy attended.

Wilson ends up conceding his 14 points for the League of Nations.

On June 28, 1919, the treaty was signed, making 9 new nations, redrawing borders, limiting the German army, Germany had to pay reparations and war damages totaling 33 billion dollars, and admit ALL blame for war… Germany finds the treaty outrageous…plan was to punish Germany

The Treaty of Versailles laid the groundwork for WWII

Impact of War10,000,000 dead. 20,000,000+ wounded$330 Billion total costEuropean economy in shambles

Euro govs in debt w/ no way to repay—esp to USA

• Psychologically scarring. Doubts and fears reflected in art, writing and philosophy of early 20th c.

• 20th century was to be a century of prosperity and progress shakes belief in humanity, order and reason

• Not the “war to end all wars.”

What was national self-determination and why

did Wilson think it would help prevent war?

Complete a pictograph to illustrate technology used in warfare during World War

I

Technology used in

warfare in World War I