A Beautiful Disaster

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND THE RESEARCH DESIGN

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Why Can't I See Me?

I look at herFrom head to toe.

From her ashy dry hair,To her carbuncled toes.

I turn up my nose.I shook my head.

'How on earth can she stand herself.'That made me smile.'She can't,' I thought,

She detests the sight of her.

She hates that her hair can't be tamed.That her eyes are slightly crossed.

That her ears troop off the sides of her head.And her nose!Oh, that nose.

No words will do it justice.Hairs on her chin.

She dislikes her man-like shoulders,And her sinewy arms that dangle there.

Her flat chest.Her disappearing hips.

She turns around to check her back;Can't find her derriere.

Hairy legs,Sticking up from over-sized feet.

And wonders,She wonders what she's doing right.

By: Loi-Renee

Few numbers of people find themselves ugly and

unattractive physically. There might be some reasons of

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unsatisfied physical attributes and characteristics. Reasons

of failure to accept oneself physically which also

contributes to the emotional, social and psychological

aspect of the person. They might be unable to accept who

they are and what they really are. In this sense, selected

people in our country try to compensate their own perception

of themselves through aesthetic upgrading.

Aesthetic upgrading refers to the enhancement of one’s

physical attribute to look good and feel good about them.

Supposedly, this procedure is legally done by experts and

licensed surgeons but circumstances tell that some people

exercise beauty enhancement procedure without legal

processing or procedures of the papers in the authority. The

researcher considers the practice of beauty enhancement as

cosmetic surgery and facial aesthetics which may include the

following: breast enlargement/augmentation, nose reshaping,

eyelid surgery, liposuction, buttocks enlargement, facelift,

injections (glutathione booster, silicone implantation,

etc.), and medication taking like pills to modify one’s

hormones to have conversion of certain parts of the body.

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This medical procedure is intended to enhance a person’s

appearance of physical feature, irregularities and defect

rather than health concerns. The success of this procedure

might bring add confidence to a person’s self-image and

self-concept; and as to how the person sees oneself.

Nowadays, numbers and statistics aside, the decision to

get surgery has as much to do with physical reasons as the

psychological reasons. This is surely related to the self.

On the cognitive level, what does it mean that more and more

people are getting cosmetic surgery? Who are they trying to

impress and what "problems" are they trying to fix? Who are

they rejecting themselves in favor of?

People considering beauty enhancement procedures should

know that choosing the right surgeon to visit or right

medication to take is the single most important decision

they will make. In this sense, they are also responsible to

whatever effect that they might get. In the society, the

practice of illegal aesthetic upgrading does exist and it

does contribute harm to the patients physically,

emotionally, mentally and psychologically. Moreover, it

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might contribute factors that could affect how the person

sees himself, how the people perceive him and how the

society would interpret as such incident of failure of

beauty enhancement procedure exist.

In connection, the main focus of the study is to know

the possible reasons of people getting interested and

engaged in beauty enhancement procedure that would possibly

add awareness to these people and society which could give

help in understanding them and their situations. Moreover,

it examines how these people handled the experience of not

being able to get what they wanted to happen in the context

of beauty enhancement – unsatisfied.

The current study is entitled A Beautiful Disaster

which refers to a person undergone unsuccessful beauty

enhancement procedure more likely to be considered a

disastrous experience. However, remains to be beautiful

inside despite of the imperfections of the physical

attributions. Thus, this would represent the idea of the

research subjects’ experience.

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Conceptual Framework

“Your appearance is judged to be an important part of

who you are.” Few people might believe on this on this

principle which leads them to have a beauty enhancement

procedure. These factors are to be determined that might

have influence to the conclusion of upgrading the physical

aspect of few people.

This study focuses on the basic reason why some people

undergone a procedure of enhancing oneself physically. These

individuals will be studied according to the characteristics

and their personality before and after the incident. It is

necessary to look at the different aspects of the research

subject to have a strong and firm data to be collected. This

would also help the researcher in attaining a level of

understanding about the experience of the subjects and how

it does affect in their lives. In this way, a level of

congruence between the researcher and the subjects will

exist which is very necessary in conducting this research.

Examination of one’s self-image, self-esteem, self-

confidence and self-concept must also be given focus. From

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the experience of not being able to satisfy the need to be

beautiful and be upgraded, the effects are also intended to

study and examine. This would stress the different coping

mechanisms that each of the research subjects is utilizing

towards the self and to the situation itself.

The research involves examining and determining their

current state as victims of the unsuccessful aesthetic

upgrading. The subjects’ perception and interpretation of

the incident is very important in this study since they are

the ones who have an experience and possibly, they get

learning from the incident itself.

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Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

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This study has a procedure to be followed in order to

get the necessary information, to have a strong basis of

foundation, to have a proper and legal process to be pursued

and to be exercised. In this sense, the researcher would be

able to analyze the data gathered and could have an output

basing from the collected information.

Theoretical Background

The study is based on the theory of Self-Theory by Carl

Rogers (1902-1987) which states that the organism has one

basic tendency and striving - to actualize, maintain, and

enhance the experiencing organism. This theory or the

Person-Centered theory focuses about self-actualization

process. Behavior is the “goal-oriented attempt” of the

organism to meet its needs as it perceives them (Rogers,

1951). This goal-oriented behavior is accompanied by

emotions that, unless they are excessive or inappropriate,

facilitate the behavior. Fully experiencing one’s emotions

facilitates growth, whereas the denial or distortion of

emotions may permit them to raise havoc in our lives. Rogers

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suggested that actualization occurs most freely when the

person is open and aware of all experiences, be the sensory,

visceral, or emotional. Our inner experiences are

intrinsically growth-producing. An organismic valuing

process subconsciously guides us toward productive growth

experiences provided that it has not been overlaid with the

external rules and societal values that preclude healthy

self-actualization (1964).

Out of the interaction of the organism and the

environment, and in particular the interaction with

significant others, there gradually emerges a structure of

self, or a concept of “who I am” (Adler,1951). Those

experiences that appear to enhance one’s self are valued and

incorporated into one’s self-image; those experiences that

appear to threaten the self are denied and rendered foreign

to the self.

The self-concept is a portion of the phenomenal field

that has gradually become differentiated. It is composed of

those conscious perceptions and values of “me” or “I”, some

of which are result of the organism’s own valuing of its

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experiences and some of which have been introjected or taken

from important others. Because the self-concept comes in

part through others, the potential for dissociation or

estrangement exists (and usually occurs to some degree). As

a result, the actualizing tendency may be perverted into

behaviors that do not lead to actualization. The self-

concept, then, is an object of perception. It is the person

as she or he perceives herself or himself. Thus we have a

distinction between the organism or real self in the process

of actualization, and the self as perceived, or object. The

“self” that forms may be a variance with the real experience

of one’s organism because it includes values that are taken

over from other people rather than actual experiences of the

organism.

The experiences that occur in our lives are symbolized,

ignored, denied, or distorted. If an experience is

symbolized, it is accepted into conscious, perceived, and

organized into a relationship with the self. Experiences are

denied or distorted if they appear to be inconsistent with

the self-structure.

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Carl Rogers also introduced the concept of congruence

and incongruence. There is a need for the self as perceived

and the self, the organism, to be congruent. A state of

congruence exists when a person’s symbolized experiences

reflect all of the actual experiences of the organism. When

one’s symbolized experiences do not represent all of the

actual experiences, or if they are denied or distorted,

there is a lack of correspondence between the self as

perceived and the real self. In such a situation, there is

incongruence and possible maladjustment. Diagrammatically,

we can show this with overlapping circles distinction

between the real self and the ideal self.

Display 1. The Total Personality

Rogers believed that a person is free from inner

tension and is psychologically adjusted when the self-

concept is congruent with the experience. Diagram a depicts

a state of psychic tension. Diagram b depicts a state of

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relative congruence, wherein most elements of experience are

integrated into the self.

When an individual denies or distorts significant

sensory and visceral experiences, certain basic tensions

arise. The self-perceived, which is primarily governs

behavior, is not adequate representative of the true

experiences of the organism. It becomes increasingly

difficult for the self to satisfy the organism’s needs.

Tension develops and is felt as anxiety or uncertainty. The

theory will be a guide in determining the possible reason

why people tend to change their physical attributes. It

might be because there is an incongruence with their real

self and ideal self.

In the concept of self-esteem, identity is an

individual's ability to know himself or herself, and self-

esteem is the value that an individual places on himself or

herself. Self-esteem is a salient component of identity

development and maintenance as individuals construct their

identity based on interpersonal relationships, group

affiliations, and other cultural influences. Some experts

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think self-esteem is central to human existence from being

an innate longing in the subconscious, to a conscious need

that must be met by planning, motivation, and determination,

all of which influence the thoughts and behaviors of

individuals and groups.

Several other theories are utilized in this study such

as the Individual Psychology by Alfred Adler, Psychogenic

Need Theory by Henry Murray, Social Learning Theory of

Albert Bandura, Psychoanalytic Theory by Sigmund Freud and

Logotherapy by Viktor Frankl.

Individual Psychology by Alfred Adler is leading

concept of his psychology is his emphasis on the importance

of human culture and society. Human society is crucial not

simply for the development of an individual personality, but

also for the orientation of each and every behavior and

emotion in a person’s life.

Human beings are driven by certain innate instincts,

drives, or needs, such as the impulses to maintain life.

This shaping of instinctual expression in terms of one’s

attitude toward the environment suggests that underlying all

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other instincts and needs is the innate characteristic of

social interest (Adler, 1939). Social interest refers to

that urge in human nature to adapt oneself to the conditions

of the social environment. It expresses itself subjectively

in one’s consciousness of having something in common with

other people and of being one of them. It expresses itself

objectively in cooperation with others toward the betterment

of human society. While common to all, social interest does

not automatically emerge, nor does it invariably find

constructive expression. It must be nurture and cultivated.

Adler suggested that the psyche has its primary

objective the goal to superiority. This is the ultimate

fictional finalism for which all human beings strive, and it

gives unity and coherence to the personality. The essential

dynamic of human nature lies in its striving for

superiority. The drive for superiority involves the desire

to be competent and effective in whatever one strives to do.

This is considered to be innate and part of the struggle for

survival as human beings. This entails adapting oneself to

and mastering the environment.

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Inferiority feelings begin in childhood and continue to

crop up now and then throughout adulthood. They occur when

someone does better than you, criticizes you, shows

authority over you, hurts you, or otherwise gains advantage

over you. Inferiority feelings are normal and even

beneficial, because they lead to a compensating drive to

become superior or improve yourself to avoid such feelings

in the future. They show their low self-esteem in all

possible ways: with facial expression, tone of voice,

posture, choice of clothing, and choice of activities. They

avoid challenge because they are sure they will fail.

The research subjects might strive for superiority to

have a higher level of positive perception towards self.

This theory will help us trace the influences within the

self in changing one’s physical attributes for

attractiveness.

This study also nailed on the Henry Murray’s

Personology- his term for the study of individual “human

lives and the factors that influence their course” (1938)-

Murray emphasized the understanding of normal individuals in

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natural settings. To attain the level of understanding, he

defined need as a construct representing force in the brain

that organizes our perception, understanding, and behavior

in such a way as to change an unsatisfying situation and

increase our satisfaction. He constructed a list of twenty

basic needs which he believed as hierarchy of needs.

Table 1. Murray’s Table of Needs

Dominance To govern and directDeference To respect and conformAutonomy To behave independentlyAggression To attack and fightAbasement To yield and surrenderAchievement To succeed at a hard taskSex To be eroticSentience To find joy in sensuousnessExhibition To show off an attract

attentionPlay To have funAffiliation To relate to othersRejection To exclude othersSuccorance To seek helpNurturance To give helpInfavoidance To guard against

embarrassment

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Defendance To protect one’s self from

abuseCounteraction To face failure with

continued effortHarm Avoidance To stay away from dangerOrder To organize thingsUnderstanding To seek comprehension

To characterize an individual’s behavior simply on the

basis of needs is to give a one-sided portrait. Stimuli that

arouse needs motivate us to look for or avoid certain press-

forces from the environment that hinders the person to reach

the goals.

This would probably help the researcher to find out

what kind of need that the research subject wants to attain

and have. It would give an understanding about stimuli that

might affect the behavior of people who have gone for

physical upgrading.

This study is also anchored on Social Learning Theory

of Albert Bandura. Bandura conceives of human agency as the

ability to act and make things happen. Personal agency

occurs within a larger network of socio-cultural influences

Personal (cognitive, affective, & biological) determinants

Environmental determinantsBehavioral determinants

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in which people construct and are constructed by social

systems (2001). Both producers and products of their

environment, people have cognitive, vicarious, self-

regulative, and self-reflective capacities that influence

behavior and provide some measure of control over it. Human

agency entails intentionally, which enables us to behave

purposefully; forethought, which permits us to anticipate

outcomes; self-reactiveness, which allows us to motivate and

regulate actions, behaving in ways that give us satisfaction

and avoiding behaviors that bring self-censure; and self-

reflectiveness, which gives us the ability to reflect on our

thoughts and behavior and make changes as needed. We can

exercise our agency individually, collectively, or by proxy

when we authorize others to act on our behalf.

Bandura’s perspective is reflected in his concept of

triadic reciprocal causation (1978, 196a), the regulation of

human behavior by the interplay of behavioral, cognitive,

and environmental factors. The tree types of factors operate

as “interlocking determinants” of one another. The diagram

below describes the process of each factor.

Environmental determinantsBehavioral determinants

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Environmental stimuli influence our behavior, but

individual personal factors such as beliefs and expectation

also influence how we behave. The outcomes of our behavior

change the environment. Many psychologists have agreed with

Bandura that behavior arises from the interactions of a

person and the environment rather than from either factor

alone. However, some earlier conceptualization saw the

person and situation as separate agents that combine to

produce behavior, or they considered the behavior that the

person and situation produce to be a by-product that does

not enter into the causal process. Bandura believes that his

concept is significant because it emphasizes the reciprocal

nature of the interaction among all three factors.

Figure 2. A Diagram of Triadic

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Bandura emphasizes the power and pervasiveness of

social modeling and the process of learning through

observation or by example. In his one of the famous study

together with his colleagues demonstrated three factors that

influence modeling:

1. Characteristics of the model. People are more likely to be

influenced by someone who they believe is similar to

themselves than by someone who is different. Simpler

behaviors are more readily emulated than complex

ones, and certain kinds of behavior seem more prone

to learning through observation than others. Hostile

and aggressive behaviors are readily learned through

modeling.

2. Attributes of the observer. People who are lacking in self-

esteem or who are incompetent are especially prone

to follow the structure and style of a model. A

highly motivated individual will also emulate a

model in order to master a desired behavior.

3. Reward consequences associated with a behavior. People are

more likely to emulate a behavior if they believe

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that such actions will lead to positive short-or

long-term results. Bandura believes that this

variable is stronger than the other ones.

Learning through observation is not simple matter

of imitation. It is an active judgmental and

constructive process. Learning from the environment

contributes big factor that influences the drive to

change physical characteristics of selected people.

These people believe that the desired outcome will

happen to have a better presentation of their self.

In these sense, we could track their way of thinking

and perceiving themselves.

This study also anchored on the Psychoanalytic Theory

of Sigmund Freud. On his concept of defense mechanism, he

made a distinction among three kinds of anxiety. Reality anxiety

refers to fear of real danger in the external world. Neurotic

anxiety refers to fear that one’s inner impulses cannot be

controlled. Moral anxiety is fear of the retributions of one’s

own conscience. All have their basis in reality anxiety. In

order for an individual to cope with the anxiety, the ego

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develops defense mechanisms, procedures that ward off

anxiety and prevent our conscious perception of it. Defense

mechanisms share two features: They occur on an unconscious

level so that we are not aware of what we are doing, and

they deny or distort reality so as to make it less

threatening. Defense mechanisms are not necessarily

maladaptive; indeed, we cannot survive without them. They

must created to assist the developing ego in carrying out

its functions. However, should their distortion of reality

become too extreme or should they be used to exclusion of

other, more effective means of dealing with reality, defense

mechanisms may become maladaptive and destructive,

preventing further personal and social growth. Some of the

more common defense mechanisms are as follows.

Table 2. Coping Mechanisms

MECHANISM CHARACTERISTIC

RepressionBlocking a wish or desire from conscious

expression

Denial Refusing to accept an unpleasant reality

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ProjectionAttributing an unconscious impulse, attitude,

behavior or another

Reaction

FormationExpressing an impulse by its opposite

RegressionReturning to an earlier form of expressing an

impulse

Rationalizat

ion

Dealing with tan emotion intellectually to

avoid emotional concern

Identificati

on

Modeling one’s behavior after the behavior of

someone else

Displacement Satisfying an impulse with a substitute object

SublimationRechanneling an impulse into a more socially

desirable outlet

Repression involves blocking a wish or desire from

expression so that it cannot be experienced consciously or

expressed directly in behavior. It is an involuntary act

that prevents us from being aware of many of our own

anxiety-producing conflicts or remembering certain traumatic

emotional events from our past. The repressed emotion seeks

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an alternative outlet, and resistance is required to prevent

its emergence into consciousness. Nevertheless, once formed,

repressions are difficult to eliminate.

Denial entails refusing to acknowledge an unpleasant

reality of life. Many people who indulge in activities that

is undesired deny the certain cause that might hurt them.

They may see it affect other people, but they think, “That’s

not going to happen to me.”

Projection refers to the unconscious attribution of an

impulse, attitude, or behavior onto someone or something

else in the environment. An individual who unconsciously

feels hostile toward someone may project the hostility onto

the other person. Such a defense reduces anxiety by placing

its source in the external world, which makes it seem easier

to handle. Further, it permits us to defend ourselves

aggressively against our opponent and thereby indirectly

express our impulses.

Reaction formation expresses an impulse by its

opposite. Hostility, for example, may be replaced by

friendship. Frequently, however, the substitution is

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exaggerated, thereby calling into question the genuineness

of the feeling.

In regression the person moves backward in time to a

stage that was less anxious and had fewer responsibilities.

Regression frequently occurs following traumatic experience.

Rationalization involves dealing with an emotion or

impulse analytically and intellectually in order to avoid

feeling it. As the term implies, it involves faulty

reasoning, since the problem remains unresolved on the

emotional level.

In identification, we reduce anxiety by modelling our

behavior on that someone else. By assuming the

characteristics of a model who appears more successful in

gratifying needs, we can believe that we also possess those

attributes. We may also identify with an authority figure

that is resented and feared. Such identification may assist

us in avoiding punishment.

If an object that would satisfy an impulse of the id id

unavailable, we may shift our impulse onto another object.

Such substitution is called displacement. The substitute

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object, however, is rarely as satisfying as the original

object. Thus displacement does not bring complete

satisfaction but leads to a buildup of undischarged tension.

Sublimation rechannels an unacceptable impulse into a

more socially desirable outlet. It is a form of displacement

that redirects the impulse itself rather than the object.

Freud suggested that sublimation was a crucial to the

development of culture and civilization. It is clear from

biographical studies that sublimation was a defense commonly

used by Freud.

In this sense, the researcher could verify as to what

defense mechanisms the research subjects were or are using

in connection to their experience of not being able to

achieve the desired goal to enhance themselves physically.

In a broad theory of Existential Psychotherapy, this

study makes use of this. Viktor Frankl developed

Logotherapy, which means “therapy through meaning”. Frankl’s

philosophical model shed light on what it means to be fully

alive. “To be alive encompasses the ability to take hold

life day by day as well as to find meaning in suffering.”

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The central themes running through his works are life has

meaning, under all circumstances; the central motivation for

living is the will to meaning; the freedom to find meaning

in all that we think; and the integration of body, mind and

spirit. According to Frankl, the modern person has the means

to live but often has no meaning to live for. The

therapeutic process is aimed at challenging individuals to

find meaning and purpose through among other things,

suffering, work and love (Frankl, 1965).

Viktor Frankl talks of two different meanings: (1.)

Ultimate meaning: A meaning we can never reach but just

glimpse at the horizon... It can be God, but also science as

the search for truth, nature, and evolution for those who do

not believe in God. (2.) Meaning of the moment: People have

all the time to answer the questions life asks us and,

therefore, it is important to understand the meaning of each

moment by fulfilling the demands life places on them. 

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Display 2. Logotherapy Map

In the diagram below, it emphasizes how an individual

finds meaning. When an individual fails to see meaning in

his life, that’s when life has no meaning. It becomes empty.

We live in what Frankl calls an "existential vacuum." It is

a state of inertia, boredom, and apathy experienced by many.

If this state persists, it progresses into existential

frustration, and eventually becomes a "noogenic neurosis."

We try to fill the existential vacuum with drugs, violence,

also with food, over-work, sports, etc., yet remain

unfulfilled.

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This can be compared to Freud’s ego defense mechanism

when an individual tries to find ways to avoid certain

things that enables them to see their failures, struggles

and difficulties. In relation to the current study, this

theory finds the researcher to seek realizations and lessons

from the experience of the research subjects of not being

able to achieve what they have desired to have.

In the concept of holism from the Gestalt Therapy

Theory which means a whole or completion, or a form that

cannot be separated into parts without losing its essence.

All nature is seen as a unified and coherent whole, and the

whole is different from the sum of its parts. Because

Gestalt therapists are interested in the whole person, they

place no superior value on a particular aspect of the

individual. Emphasis may be on a thoughts, feelings,

behaviors, body, memories, and dreams. Emphasis may be on a

figure (those aspects of the individual’s experience that

are most salient at any moment) or the ground (those aspects

of the client’s presentation that are often out of his or

her awareness).

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In connection with this, to grasp the figure and the

ground of an individual lead to determine and evaluate the

holism, wholeness of the person’s aspects in mind, body, and

spirit.

Survey of Related Literature

Social psychologists have attempted to explain why

individuals like certain other individuals. Research

indicates that there are three major influences on

interpersonal attractiveness: proximity, similarity and

physical attractiveness. In general, physical attractiveness

has been found to be the main determinant of whom to get to

know better. An experiment being published showing that

physically attractive people are perceived to have more

socially desirable traits and are expected to be more

successful in life than are unattractive people. The

research suggests that people stereotype physically

attractive people as having the best of all worlds. The

experiment shows that attractive stimulus persons were

assumed to have better prospects for happy social and

professional lives. They were expected to have more total

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happiness on their lives than those lesser attractiveness.

It is evident that the subjects assumed that the attractive

stimulus persons were more likely to find acceptable partner

than those of lesser attractiveness and were expected to

marry earlier and to be less likely to remain single. The

results suggested that a physical attractiveness stereotype

exists and that its perfectly compatible with the “What is

beautiful is good” thesis. Not only are physically

attractive persons assumed to possess more socially

desirable personalities than those of lesser attractiveness,

but it is presumed that their lives will be happier and more

successful.

Many people believe that good things happen to good

people and bad things happen to bad people. In other words,

people get what they deserve. Facial beauty is easier to

recognize than to define. It is widely agreed that beauty is

an evolutionary adoption for ensuring the survival of the

species, because physical attractiveness is rated as more

vital in mate selection. It includes a combination of

qualities, starting from the grace of form to the charm of

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the colours that delight the sight and other senses. It does

not have any norms however individual or societal assessment

of attractiveness is greatly influenced by cultural

standards. Several soft and hard tissue surgical procedures

are therefore performed around the world each year. In this

12 years study from 1992 to 2004 the types of orthognathic

surgical procedures performed and their psychological impact

on the patients' well-being have been evaluated. By

carefully structured interviews and psychosomatic

evaluations It has been clinically demonstrated that

psychological analysis is as important as soft and hard

tissue parameters for patients undergoing surgical

procedures to enhance facial beauty.

Obsession with a youthful appearance has become

commonplace in modern society and has resulted in an upswing

in cosmetic procedures trying to reverse the aging process.

Modern western society is obsessed with achievement, youth,

and beauty. Since the latter half of the 20th Century there

has been an increasing focus on the body as a vehicle for

identity and self-expression, with a greater recognition of

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the role of appearance and the desire for self-improvement.

Youth has become valued and privileged above age and life

experience. Beauty is the apparent new indicator of social

worth. This contrasts with cultures where age is revered and

elders are deferred to with respect.

However, the desire for beauty is not purely a late

20th Century phenomenon. Well documented beauty practices

date back as far as Cleopatra’s milk baths, the use of kohl

to darken and enhance the eyes, vegetable dyes on cheeks and

lips, and hair adornments. Historically, people have often

undergone extreme discomfort and risk to conform to

culturally prescribed modes of beauty including binding of

the feet, ritual tattooing, and body scarification.

A contributing factor to the 21st Century obsession

with beauty and perfection has been the significant

development over the past two decades of the ways in which

the body (particularly female) has been presented by the

mass media and portrayed in advertising. The media is a

significant force in convincing women, especially, that they

are inadequate unless they package and present themselves in

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certain culturally sanctioned ways (Ring 2000). This has

promoted increasingly impossible standards of beauty, which

have progressively become more unrealistic and unattainable.

Although beauty practices have mainly been the domain

of women, both sexes historically went to great lengths to

beautify themselves. For example, in pre-Revolution 18th

Century France, the Parisian lady and her male counterpart

both wore heavily powdered faces, painted lips, false hair

and wigs, and high heeled shoes.

Haiken (1997) has suggested that North American society

became increasingly visual with heightened values attached

to women’s looks over the period since the Second World War.

The emergence of Hollywood movie stars and the presence of

fashion models in film, television, and the print media

served to make “ideal” images accessible to greater numbers

of people and to have a greater impact on the public

consciousness. Appearance became a focal point for women and

the pursuit of beauty was worth the time, money, and in some

instances, the pain.

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Throughout the latter part of the 20th Century,

advances in medicine and nutrition, combined with an

increasing awareness of individual healthcare, have enabled

people to live longer, healthier, and more productive and

active lives. As the population ages, more people are

seeking ways of enhancing their appearance for personal and

professional reasons. Beauty and youth are becoming

significant determinants of economic security, and to appear

well groomed and confident, and remain viable in the

workplace, middle aged women, especially, began seeing the

growing speciality of cosmetic surgery as a solution to the

“tyranny” of middle age. A 1958 study (Edgerton et al),

found the typical facelift patient to be a married, upper-

middle class, socially active woman who was grateful for and

enthusiastic about their enhanced appearance.

The preoccupation with appearance extends across the

life span with each stage creating distinct psychological

reactions to the body (Goin and Goin 1981). However, the

loss of youth and the onset of middle age (between 40 and 60

years) are significant because of negative stereotypes and

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myths associated with aging, and the critical psychosocial

realities of this growing group.

Life roles alter with age through events such as the

death of parents or partners, disruption of relationships

due to ill-health, children leaving the family home, and

loss of vocational status. For women, the physiological

signs of aging have been further perceived as being

symptomatic of the loss of femininity, sexual identity,

social power, and social visibility (Featherstone 1995). All

these factors serve to enhance dissatisfaction with looking

old, and increase a desire to try to look younger.

Increased demand for “aesthetic” or cosmetic surgery

(over the past 20 years) has been reflected in the changing

attitudes to youth and beauty. According to the American

Society of Plastic Surgeons, more than 8.7 million people

underwent cosmetic surgery in 2003, an increase of 33% from

the year before, and a massive increase of 1698% since 1992

(ASPS 2004). In Australia, accurate statistics for

cosmetic/aesthetic procedures are not available as there is

no centralized statistical authority or statutory data

37

collection requirements. However, based on estimates of

350 surgeons, the New South Wales (NSW) Cosmetic Surgery

Inquiry into Cosmetic Surgery (HCCC 1999) established that

the local industry had doubled over the 5 years preceding

1998 with approximately 52 000 surgical procedures and 250

000 cosmetic medical procedures performed in 1998 alone.

This rate of growth is regarded comparable per capita with

that of the US, with aesthetic surgery now one of the most

popular strategies available in Australia to achieve and

maintain a socially acceptable appearance (Ring 2000).

The motivations for individuals undergoing surgery to

try to reinstate a youthful appearance are complex. Figueroa

(2003) emphasizes the role of self-esteem, and how a poor

body image impacts upon self-esteem. In particular, she

points to one of the motivations for cosmetic surgery being

a “perceived inability to carry out a public role” as a

driving force for cosmetic procedures. This motivation is

obvious in people such as actors, but is also impacting on

competitiveness for other jobs. In particular, males, often

executives, are increasingly likely to opt for cosmetic

38

procedures to make them look younger, in the belief that

this will enhance their job prospects. According to the

British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons, males now

account for some 10% of cosmetic surgery clientele, compared

with 5% five years ago. The most popular procedure for men,

who typically present in their 50s, is eyelid surgery or a

brow lift. Botox is becoming an increasingly popular non-

invasive option.

Allen (2003) considers that aesthetic surgery is one

component of the evolving field of anti-aging medicine that

has been designed as “the application of knowledge that

delays the physical and mental deterioration associated with

senescence to the end of life”. In this anti-aging context,

aesthetic surgery has been referred to as “rejuvenative” and

is performed mostly on the face to modify the signs of aging

for those who wish to have their appearance restored to what

it was previously. Some refinement of features may also be

undertaken at the same time. Such surgery may be carried out

to try to avoid the negative stereotyping of aging.

39

This contrast with “transformative surgery” designed to

change features, such as refining a large nose, and is more

commonly done in the younger years. Some specific procedures

are age-related such as liposuction, eyelid rejuvenation,

facelifts, brow lifts, chemical peels, dermabrasion, and

laser resurfacing, which were selected by patients between

the ages of 40 and 60 years (Demas and Braun 2001).

According to Mendelson (1992), significant improvements in

facial rejuvenative surgery based on the correction of

anatomical layers supporting facial features instead of a

“nip and tuck”, have had a major impact on outcome quality

and have contributed to the increasing numbers of patients

seeking surgery. In Australia, the NSW Inquiry into Cosmetic

Surgery (HCCC 1999) has estimated that women aged between 45

and 59 years, who underwent mostly rejuvenative surgery,

comprised 32.1% (the largest proportion) of all cosmetic

surgery procedures surveyed for the study.

Cosmetic surgery for aging skin is also a rapidly

growing field in dermatology. Advanced techniques that

promise less invasive procedures and a swifter recovery make

40

surgery seem less frightening, especially for first time

patients. It has been mooted by some researchers in the

field that the preoccupation with appearance and the human

body is partly due to these rapid technological advances

(Jefferson 1976). According to Ringel (1998),

biotechnological advances in such areas as laser surgery

(which has shed its science fiction image and become a

significant tool against aging skin [Greely 2000]), chemical

peels, and liposuction have made it possible to erase signs

of aging that previously were considered indelible.

According to the American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery,

nearly 170 000 men and women underwent laser resurfacing of

the face in 1998, up from 138 800 in 1996 (a 64% increase)

(AACS 2005). Laser resurfacing is considered effective

because superficial layers of facial skin are vaporized,

removing wrinkles and lines, and leaving new skin to grow.

Other forms of facial rejuvenation include “injectibles”

such as collagen (to remove lines around the mouth), and

restalayne and hyalaform (to help plump out wrinkles and

give lips a fuller look). Botox is an increasingly common

41

therapy, which is the injection of a muscle paralysing toxin

that blocks impulses from nerves to muscles related to

expression lines and effectively flattens out frown lines

around the mouth and eyes. Estimated expenditure in the US

in 2004 on Botox was $1125 220 232. Also popular is fat

transfer, where fat harvested from the abdomen or thighs is

injected into the face to augment subcutaneous tissue of the

face.

The ostensible objective of aesthetic surgery is to

improve the patient’s psychological well-being by modifying

their body image. Body image is the mental picture

individuals have in their mind’s eye of how they appear to

others. This perception is influenced by each individual’s

beliefs and attitudes and is shaped by developmental,

perceptual, and socio-cultural influences (Sarwer et al

1998). An understanding of body image and its perturbations

is of profound importance to plastic and aesthetic surgeons,

because without a clear understanding of the patient’s body

image and physical concerns, it may prove impossible to

understand the motivations, fears, and expectations of the

42

patient undergoing aesthetic surgery. Body image is not a

static phenomenon. It changes in response to lifestyle

events and situational factors including puberty, pregnancy,

disability, illness, surgery, menopause, and aging (WHQ

2000). Body image is closely aligned to self-image and self-

esteem.

Body image has become a significant factor in the

request for aesthetic surgery and this is reinforced by

several review articles that have investigated psychological

issues in aesthetic and plastic surgery (Pruzinsky

1993; Sarwer et al 1998; Hasan 2000; Honigman et al 2004).

Researchers in this field have recently deviated from the

historical framework of looking for psychopathology in

aesthetic surgery patients as a basis for understanding

their motivation for cosmetic interventions, and have

acknowledged the relevance of the individual’s “body image”

as a more appropriate starting point for understanding the

motivations for requests for aesthetic surgery.

The literature on body image in the elderly suggests

that appearance is a motivating factor for surgery, and body

43

image as a determinant of psychological well-being. Fooken

(1994) found that body image was a greater significance in

the development and maintenance of sexual interest in the

elderly than was physical health. This study validates the

observations of Goin and Goin (1981), Pruzinsky (1993) and

Sarwer et al (1998), who concur in the view that it is body

image which is ultimately linked to appearance and is a

significant motivator throughout one’s life.

Common sense tells us that "Beauty is only skin deep".

But the sad thing for most women is that few can have the

wisdom to see through the illusory nature of extrinsic

beauty. After all, it is only self-deceiving to expect

people not to judge a woman by her appearance. Looks are all

that matters, they counter. Not only can beautiful looks

bring love, but also they can fetch a fortune.

It is therefore not surprising to see countless women

of all ages, madly going after youth and beauty by going

under the knife at the risk of their lives, and at great

cost. This also explains why many women easily fell prey to

the glamorous posters and advertisements plastered across

44

the city by beauty parlors, proclaiming their high-risk

beauty treatments can bring magic to people's looks.

The so-called magic therapies are enough to make your

head spin, ranging from Botox injections, liposuction,

facelifts, double-eyelid surgery, laser, breast enhancement

to stem cell therapy, you name it. Despite the obviously-

high health risks posed by these procedures, and many

plastic surgery failures, all along the government has

turned a blind eye to the unscrupulous practices of beauty

parlors or private clinics.

And still over the years women are all willing to

surrender their cash to pursue their beauty-enhancement

dreams and fight aging. But when these beauty practices have

gone to the point of endangering people's lives, it is time

for the government to discard its laissez-faire approach,

and impose a stringent regulatory regime on these beauty

treatments and therapies.

In Philippine context, one of the most famous beauty

enhancement clinics is the Belo Medical Group. It matters

who does, says Dr. Vicki Belo (in a recent press meet to

45

tackle beauty issues), reminding the public that extra care

should be taken in choosing where to go for beauty

enhancement, maintenance, and restoration, otherwise suffer

the ill-effects of mistreatment

Not a few cases of mistreatment have surfaced in her clinic

Belo Medical Group for repair or reconstruction, she

reveals, which she has had to turn down because the damages

are simply irreparable. Dr. Belo cites a woman who suffered

deformity after liquid collagen had been injected into her

face. “You see, “she explains, “these things blend and grow

into the muscles and complications arise. Sometimes the

damage is so severe that you have to strip the whole muscle

to make repairs… iisa isahin mo. And that’s the danger of going

for a beauty procedure… kasi mas mura. You really must go to

your trusted clinic. “ Twenty-two years in business, the

Belo Medical Group busts beauty issues concerning the face,

skin, and body, using the most complete and advanced beauty

products, tools, and technology (132 lasers, 63 RF machines,

26 phototherapy units, and 8 ultrasound treatments). Dr.

Belo, founding officer of the Philippine Society of

46

Liposuction Surgery, has affiliates to prestigious groups of

doctors including American Academy of Dermatology, American

Society of Dermatologic Surgery, American Academy of

Cosmetic Surgery, among others. Surgical cases go through

meticulous preparations physically and psychologically

before undergoing the prescribed procedures, just like

renowned radio-TV personality Grace Lee did before she had

Smart Liposuction to trim her flabby arms (she needed to

conquer her fear of needles) and model-TV host-actress

Phoemela Baranda prior to breast augmentation.

Their services and treatments, surgical and otherwise,

Dr. Belo admits, may be expensive, especially as she is

requested to do surgery herself, but they are safe and sure

to produce quick and desirable results.

“I’m more con dent now wearing sleevelessfiand haltered dresses. Kahit ano’ng damit nga bagay!”Grace raves. For breast augmentation, Belo used onPhoemela the ultra-safe cohesive silicone gelprosthesis with minimal post-surgery. The implantis made under the muscles (not under the skin assome would have it ) giving the breasts a morenatural look and feel, lessening the risk ofdeformity, and allowing for breastfeeding fornursing mothers. How long it lasts, you may ask.“For life, without repeat surgery,“ Dr. Belo

47

beams. “Kaya you may be 85 years old pero firm parin ang breasts mo.“ “I wanted to improve myproportions, to be more confident of how I look.”Phoemela reveals. With her new body, she has gonebeyond modelling to take on acting and hostingprojects, too. Both Grace and Phoemela, not tomention Jennylyn Mercado and Coco Martin, amongother celebrities, entrusted their bodies to Beloand marvelled at the results. How about you?Incidentally, one doesn’t have to be a celebrityto enjoy the Belo beauty treatment. Dr. Beloreveals, only 10 percent of their clientele arecelebrities. The rest are ordinary people wantingto improve their looks (Online, 2012).

As cited in the previous pages, there are different

kinds of beauty enhancement procedures to undergo in order

to upgrade the physical attributes of an individual.

Different perspective reasons why undergo such procedure. It

might be rooted from the low self-esteem and to somehow

compensate the imperfections, they tend to experience such

method to gain confidence, pride and attractiveness.

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

48

This study seeks to explore the motivation and effects of

the existing issue of unsuccessful beauty enhancement

procedures on selected individuals in Visayas with the

intention of knowing their situation and letting the community

be aware. The following questions shall serve as guide posts

in the execution of the study:

1. What are the personal backgrounds of the individuals who

undergone unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedure

according to:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Profile;

1.3 Economic Status; and

1.4 Family Orientation?

2. What is the lifestyle of these people before experiencing

the effects of the incident?

3. What are the factors influencing the existence of this

unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedures according to:

1.1 Interest;

1.2 Attitude towards the expected outcome; and

1.3 Attitude towards the cosmetic procedures?

49

4. What are the psychological effects of the experience to

the research subjects in terms of:

1.1 Self-esteem;

1.2 Self-Concept; and

1.3 Behavior?

5. What are the social effects of the unsuccessful procedure

to the research subjects according to:

1.1. Relationship towards family and friends; and

1.2. Involvement towards the societal environment?

6. What are the emotional aspects affecting the selected

subjects according to:

1.1 Depression;

1.2 Embarrassment;

1.3 Frustration; and

1.4 Stress?

7. What are the coping mechanisms of the individuals who

undergone unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedure as

healing process in their personal situation?

50

8. Based on the findings of the study, what counselling

program may be proposed to help the subjets cope with

their situation?

Significance of the Study

The study of unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedure as

one of the social issues that exist in our society can help

and promote the proper health care that people should get.

This is of significance to the aspect of people’s experiences

on cosmetic surgeries, silicone or glutathione injections,

taking cosmetic medications, etc. that would lead them to

intervention of which could probably help themselves; this

will also give concern to the community for the awareness of

this existing issue and will serve as a step to prevent this

phenomenon; this is a great help for the victims letting them

to thwart for the societal rights and protection.

Dissemination of the learning from the output of this study

would benefit entities involve in this unresolved issue.

51

The following sectors shall stand to benefit in the

conduct of the study. Specifically, the following are the

intended beneficiaries:

The Individuals Undergone Unsuccessful beauty

Enhancement. The subjects who are the focus of the study will

help them gain more knowledge about the effects and the

outcome brought to them by this traumatic event. This will

help them reform and prevent this phenomenon of happening

again in their lives and would definitely teach them how to

draw positive reaction, accept and do their desired actions to

do for their own satisfaction. Real awareness of their

experience will proceed towards spontaneous organismic flow of

human nature.

The researcher. As one of the concerned and interested

individuals, the researcher herself will get benefit from this

study. She will be aware of the environment and the nature of

the traumatic experience that caused victims problems

personally, socially psychologically and emotionally. While

the study is progressing, the researcher would get information

about the more precise, specific and particular effects

52

towards these people. She can also prevent this phenomenon to

happen to an innocent entity and promote the proper heath care

that individual must receive from health practitioner. And in

such way, she will have the grasp of possible ways to help

these victims to cope with the traumatic incident and

facilitate them to live with a meaningful life by the proposed

counselling program.

The general public. This will help in giving more

attention to this issue that our society is facing. The

problem with this is that it occurs far too often. This study

intends to let the public be aware of this certain

circumstances. This unresolved issue might be rare but the

harm that could bring to the victims is intensively

disturbing, frustrating and stressing. The researcher will

help deliver the effects and the dangers of such enhancement

procedure leading them to have more extra care of engaging

with beauty enhancement experts who are credible, responsible

and licensed.

Promotion of proper health care. This study will improve

the quality of health care that each practitioner must

53

practice. Proper procedures and methods must take into

considerations in this field for it indeed necessary for no

laws that are in favor of harming individual. Respecting the

rights, social justice and equity are important above all

things.

The beauty enhancements experts. Beauty enhancement

experts will get knowledge about brief and specific effects of

this existing matter. This knowledge will let them realized

how dangerous and traumatic to become a victim of such

incident. This will able them to be more sensitive and more

careful about their duties that dominate the protection and

sake of their patients; being ethical and being a follower of

the standard rule helper of humans who need beauty

satisfaction.

The government agencies. The first line of security is

the law making body which also get benefit from this study.

They will become aware and alert of this existing issue in our

society to achieve their goal as protector and defender of

human rights. They might have to execute action regarding this

54

to be watchful to strengthen the prevention and to minimize

the continuation of this concern.

The faculty and counselors. As individuals who are in

practice of dealing with people with diverse situations,

perspective and beliefs, they will be able to have

intervention and conduct possible solution that will serve as

their additional knowledge which are useful in handling

information to students and clients. They might become more

open-minded, willing and enthusiastic to help people as

psychologists. By this arrangement, this will illustrate a

model of good guiding counselors and educators in school.

The future researchers. This study will help the future

researcher to develop and improve the existing study for the

more it will develop, the more entities will get beneficiaries

and benefits from it. This will help them grasp more about the

study to gain deeper understanding and to help people behind

this problem.

The researcher is optimistic and hopeful to be a great

help of this social issue and health care opportunity in the

55

community. By this, the researcher can impart knowledge and

allow it to be a vehicle of protection against human harms.

THE RESEARCH DESIGN

In attaining the objectives of the research design study,

the researcher made the use of qualitative and quantitative

method through problem conceptualization, data analysis, and

the output.

In this study, the researcher sought to explore the kinds

of coping of victims of medical malpractice. Theories and

concepts were used to explore coping mechanism/s used by these

victims in response to the stressful event of experiencing

unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedure. The researcher

gathered information about the subject and once sufficient

data are noted, the researcher may look for variables from the

researcher’s inferences. Variables of the study were selected

so as to determine the methods used. After the problem

conceptualization, the instrument used for the study was

determined. The methods used were qualitative and

quantitative. In the qualitative method, the researcher made

use of the interview schedule and observation guide. In the

56

quantitative method, the researcher gives further explanation

to the study through interview and checklist.

The final part of the research design was the output. In

this study, a counseling program for the victims of

unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedure is proposed.

PROBLEM CONCEPTUALIZATION

DATA ANALYSISOUTPUT

THEORIES and CONCEPTS: SELF-THEORYINDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOGENIC NEED THEORYSOCIAL LEARNING THEORYPSYCHOANALYTIC THEORYLOGOTHERAPYGESTALT THEPARY

VARIABLES: LIFESTYLESTRUGGLE AND COPING

RESEARCHER’S INFERENCES:Victims have difficulty in coping.Perception towards the situation and people involved in an operationDistrust to the operation & people involveSensitivity towards physical enhancement operations

QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: Semi-structured Interview DocumentationObservation

QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS:Impact of Event ScaleSorensen Self-Esteem TestBig Five Personality TestSelf-Perception Test

Proposed Counselling program

for Victims of Unsuccessful Beauty

Enhancement

CONCLUSIONAND

GENERALIZATION

57

Figure 3: The Research

Design

58

Research Methodology

This study is a multi-method research that used

qualitative and quantitative approach which data were

presented in a descriptive manner in assessing the effects

towards the victims of medical malpractice and developing a

counselling program for the subjects.

Under qualitative method, the researcher refers to verbal

summaries of findings without the use of statistical analysis.

This also includes documentation, semi-structured interview

technique. The main instrument used in collecting data was the

interview schedule. It was supported by a follow-up interview

to deeply understand the answers to the study and for

clarification purposes. Observation of non-verbal responses

was also noted and interpretations will be done afterwards.

Under the quantitative method, the following instruments

were used to assess the personality, emotional state and the

stress of the victim of medical malpractice:

Impact of Event Scale

Sorensen Self-Esteem Test

Big Five Personality Test

59

Self-Perception Test

Research Environment

The research environment of the study is Cebu City. The

victims of unsuccessful aesthetic upgrading have their place

of abound in different section of Cebu City. This is the

chosen environment as to the accessibility and convenience of

the researcher. Cebu City often called the “Queen City of the

South” and the Seath of Christianity in the Philippines. Cebu

is the country’s oldest city. Exploring Cebu City, one

encounters a rich historic past. Cebuanos are extremely proud

of their cultural and historical heritage, a legacy which has

endured through the centuries from the time the great explorer

Ferdinand Magellan, first planted the cross on Cebu’s shore.

Time has been kind to Cebu from Zubu, the busy trading part in

1521, has evolved into a highly urbanized metropolitan center

which now serves as a focal point of growth and development in

Southern Philippines. With its 6 cities, Cebu, Danao, Lapu-

Lapu, Mandaue, Toledo and Talisay and its 47 smaller towns.

Cebu has more than kept a pace with the nation’s progress.

Today the island province leads in traditional and non-

60

traditional exports and has the highest economic growth rate

anywhere in the country. Likewise, recent indicators pointed

out that Cebu has become the country’s favorite tourist

destinations. In contrast to the busting metropolis, the rest

of Cebu’s 167 islets and islands are lined with idyllic white

sandy beaches and pristine clear waters. Cebu has gained wide

popularity for fantastic diving ground evidence by the

proliferation of resorts which offer luxurious accommodations;

excellent dive facilities and the services of competent dive

masters and dive guides. Cebu’s strategic location makes it

ideal for those who wish to travel to other islands and the

provinces by plane, boat or bus. No plane could be too far

from Cebu.

61

Sampling Technique

Figure 4. Map of CebuCity

62

The particular sampling method used was the purposive

sampling. The subjects were chosen by purpose. Only those

victims of aesthetic upgrading were taken as subjects in the

study as the nature of the study calls for it.

A selection of subjects was based on the availability and

convenience. The researcher identifies and analyzes the

differences and similarities of the nature of medical

malpractice, the coping styles and healing processes.

Research Subjects

The following are the subjects’ qualification for this

study:

1. A male/female individual regardless of sexual identity

who undergo beauty enhancement procedure;

2. Beauty enhancement pertains to non-surgical/ surgical

procedures;

3. Married/unmarried;

4. The subject must be aged between 20-45 years old;

5. He/she must be living in Cebu City;

63

6. Have permanent effect physically; may be internally of

externally due to the bad effects brought by the

unsuccessful procedure.

Through the purposive technique, the researcher

identified the subjects who met the previously-mentioned

criteria.

Subjects of the Study

Display 3. Research Subjects

Code Names Description

Aphrodite A 23 year-old woman who took

Diane pills to have a bigger

size of breasts.

Venus A 39 year-old woman who

undergone collagen injection on

her nose.

Research Gate Keepers

64

Gatekeepers contributed significantly in this study. They

are the people who helped the researcher in the identification

and location of the subjects in the study. The following table

showed each subject’s gatekeepers.

Display 4. Research Gate Keepers

Code Names Gate Keepers Qualification

Aphrodite Relyn A school friend of

Aphrodite

Romm A long time best-

friend of of Vittoria

Venus Rich A long time neighboor

of Venus

Mond A friend of Venus

Research Key Informants

In order to validate the subject’s responses, research

key informants of the study were also interviewed. They were

the people who have direct contact and relationship with the

subjects. These key informants provided supplement information

65

on the subjects’ whereabouts. The table below showed each

subject’s two key informants.

Display 5. Research Key Informants

Code Names Key Informants Qualification

Aphrodite Luth A college batch mate

Rel A close friend

Mel A boyfriend of Aphrodite

Venus Chir A close neighboor

Ram A company of Venusduring upgrading session

Ralf A cousin living in thesame house

Research Instrumentation

The qualitative approach to this study used the following

research instruments:

a. Semi-structured interview. This method used a

combination of pre-set open and close ended questions

(Wright, 2001). It allowed new questions to be brought

up the interview as a follow-up to what the interview

has said. With the flexibility of this method, the

66

researcher obtained unexpected significant

information, other than answers to the pre-set

questions.

b. Questionnaire. This method comprised a series of

questions generated subject’s preferences, behaviors,

facts, latent traits, attitude and relationship to the

family members. One best way to know the attitude of a

person towards a matter is to ask them about it

(Sommer & SOmmer, 2002) which was done in the

questionnaire.

For the quantitative approach, the following instruments were

used:

a. Big Five Personality Test. The Big Five Personality

Test measures the five broad dimensions of personality

which is called the “Big Five”. It is a semi-

standardized web-based test from outofservice.com.

The table below shows the “Big Five” theory dimensions and

illustrative adjectives where the Big Five Test (Harvey, R.,

et.al. 1995) is anchored.

67

Table 3. “Big Five” Theory Dimensions and Illustrative

Adjectives

Dimensions Prototypical

Characteristics

Illustrative Adjectives

ConscientiousnessResponsible,

dependable, able to

plan, organized,

persistent, need for

achievement,

persistence,

scrupulousness

Organized, systematic,

thorough, hardworking,

planful, neat,

dependable, (careless),

(inefficient), (sloppy),

(impulsive)

Extraversion Sociable, talkative,

assertive, ambitious,

active, dominance,

tendency to experience

positive emotions

Extroverted, talkative,

assertive, gregarious,

energetic, self-

dramatizing, (reserved),

(introverted), (quiet),

(shy), (unassertive),

(withdrawn)

Agreeableness Good-natured,

cooperative, trusting,

Sympathetic,

cooperative, warm,

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sympathy, altruism,

(hostility),

(unsociability)

tactful, considerate,

trustful, (cold),

(rude0< (unkind),

(independent)

Neuroticism Calm, secure, not

nervous;

(predisposition to

experience anxiety,

anger, depression,

emotional instability)

Un-envious, relaxed,

calm, stable, confident,

effective, (moody),

(touchy),

(nervous), (self-

doubting)

Openness to

Experience

Imaginative,

artistically

sensitive,

aesthetically

sensitive,

intellectual depth

of feeling,

curiosity,

need for variety

Intellectualism

creative, artistic,

imaginative,

curios, original,

(unimaginative),

(conventional),

(simple), (dull),

(literal-minded)

69

The researcher chose the test to measure the subject’s

personality based on the dimensions of the Big Five Theory

which in the study if McCrae & Costa in 1992, are the

personality traits that may affect political attitudes.

The semi-standardized web-based Big Five Personality test

(see Appendix _) is a 45-item test which is comprised of

statements that depict the dimension being measured, The items

could be answered in the scales of 1 to 5 where 1 is the

lowest and five is the highest using the Strongly Disagree,

Disagree, Neither, Agree and Strongly Agree as the degree of

agreement, respectively. Strongly Disagree means that the

subject opposes to the statement. Neither means that the

subject cannot tell whether he or she is similar or dissimilar

to the statement. Agree means that the subject strongly admits

that she possess the attitude or behavior.

The internet based interpretation presented percentile scores.

The percentile scores tell the rank of the subject per

personality dimension compared to the other people who took

the test. It may vary when compared to other groups like age

groups and nationality.

70

The Big Five Dimensions and the corresponding items in

the Big Five Personality Test Booklet used in this study for

the quantitative method are shown in table below.

Table 4.Big Five Dimensions and the Corresponding Items in

the Big Five Personality Test Booklet

Dimensions Items

Extraversion 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, 36, and 41

Agreeableness 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 27, 32, 37, and 42

Conscientiousness 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, 28, 33, 38, and 43

Neuroticism 4, 9, 14, 19, 24, 29, 34, 49, and 44

Openness to Experiences5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45

The average score among the grouped items is the basis

whether one has a high or low score on a certain dimension.

Here is the interpretation of scores by dimension:

A. Extraversion: High scorers tend to be sociable,

friendly, fun loving, and talkative. Low scorers

tend to be introverted, reserved, inhibited, and

quiet.

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B. Agreeableness: High scorers tend to be good natured,

sympathetic, forgiving, and courteous. Low scorers

tend to be critical, rude, harsh, and callous.

C. Conscientiousness: High scorers tend to be reliable,

well-organized, self-disciplined, and careful. Low

scorers tend to be disorganized, undependable, and

negligent.

D. Neuroticism: high scorers tend to be nervous, high-

strung, insecure, and worrying. Low scorers tend to

be calm, relaxed, secure and hardy.

E. Openness to Experience: High scorers tend to be

original, creative, curious and complex. Low scorers

tend to be conventional, down to earth, narrow

interests, and uncreative.

b. To assess the impact of the event towards the victims

of medical malpractice, the researcher also used the Impact of

Event Scale (IES) that evaluates the distress that is caused

by traumatic events. It is a short set of 15 questions that

can measure the amount of distress that individuals associate

with a specific event. Developed in 1979 by Mardi Horowitz,

72

Nany Wilner, and William Alvarez, it continues to find use in

research and with mental health professional worldwide.

c. Sorensen Self-Esteem Test is a test made by Marilyn

J. Sorensen, Phd, Clinical Psychologist & Author. This is

adopted from her book, Breaking the Chain of Low-Esteem. For her, LSE

(Low self-esteem) is frequently the root cause of many

psychological, emotional, personal, and relationship issue.

This test is composed of 50 item statements that the subject

will only be checking each statements which is true to them.

d. Self-Perception Test is a simple web-based

psychological test. This test focuses on the perception of the

person in his/her body attributes. Each statements has 4

choices to be chosen (I agree a lot, I agree a little, I

disagree a little, I disagree a lot).

Validation Techniques

In order for the researcher to take a look at the

detailed and very core of the subjects of the study in terms

of their behavior, the researcher improvised an interview

guide that asked specific questions of some details about the

Method 1

Method 2

Method 3

Method 3

73

significant events of the life of the subjects which

contributed to the kind of coping they are having.

The researcher used Triangulation, also called as “cross-

examination” to indicate that more than one method was used in

a study. The purpose of this techniques is to check out the

consistency if findings generated by the different data

collection method. Methodological Triangulation is a

validation technique for this multi-method research wherein

three were used to gather data.

The questions were also validated and verified by the

trustworthy persons with concrete educational background and

exhibit a high intellectual competency. These persons

translated the English questionnaire into the Visayan language

Figure 5. Method ofTriangulation

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for the accuracy of the data to be gathered in the study.

Moreover, certain qualifications were set for the validators.

Validators of the Study

The researcher had chosen three persons to validate the

semi-structured interview questionnaire used in the study.

Validators are the people who could authenticate the items

found in the questionnaire to be accurate. The following table

showed the validators whom the researcher found fit to examine

and re-structure the instruments’ content.

Display 6. Validators

Validators Descriptions

Ms. Zoennette Barrit Graduate of Developmental Communicationof CITU.

Ms. Rugellete Rastrom BSED Teacher of Dalaguete Cebu;Graduate of Cebu Normal University

Ms. Andrew Munoz Masscom Graduate of USJR

Data Gathering Procedures

The researcher found subjects who fit the qualifications

of the study. The researcher then approached the subjects and

asked their consent for them to be part of the research. The

75

researcher informed the subjects of their participation in the

research and the process that would be undertaken. The

researcher then gave the subjects a checklist questionnaire

for them to answer followed by a semi-structured interview.

The data gathered were analyzed.

Data Analysis

The data being gathered by the researcher must remain

confidential. This is in accordance to the American

Psychological Association’s Codes of Ethics which gives great

account to the dignity and respect of the research subjects.

Under the qualitative method, the analysis used was

conversational analysis wherein the researcher gathered all

the necessary information for the study. The researcher took

down the time, date, and subjects being observed and

interviewed. In order not to miss out important data and

information, the researcher recorded immediately all the

important data. Data was recorded based on the subjects’

responses. The researcher interpreted the subjects’ responses.

76

Under the quantitative method, the data was made through

interpretations generated from the test results. The Big Five

Personality Test was encoded at www.outofservice.com which

based on the big five factors of personality. The Big Five

factors were discovered through a statistical procedure called

factor analysis, which was used to analyze how ratings of

various personality traits correlated in humans. The Self-

Perception Test conducted was also encoded at

www.learnmyself.com which evaluated the kind of perception the

research subjects have and how did it affect attitude and

feelings towards life. The Self Perception Test aims to identify

personality as of how much importance people place on different

aspects of self-perception. Both the Sorensen Self-Esteem Test

and Impact of Event Scale were interpreted through a scaling

system provided from www.psychotherapy-center.com and

www.counseling.ufl.edu.

77

Definition of Terms

To better achieve a unified concept and understanding

about the study, the following terms used in the study are

therefore operationally defined:

Aesthetic This refers to a sense of beauty.Pills This refers to a medication taken to

attain desired effect regarding the

physical beauty.Self-concept This refers to notion, idea or

conception of oneself.Self-confidence This refers to a sense of reliability

to oneself; a good feeling of

trustworthiness to oneself.Self-esteem This refers to respect and admiration

to oneself.Self-perception This refers to how an individual sees

himself internally and externally.Surgical Enhancement This refers to a process of treatment

done with manual or operative

procedure.Unsuccessful Beauty

Enhancement

This refers to a beauty procedure that

has undesirable and unsatisfied

outcome.Upgrading This refers to a process of enhancing

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one’s attribution to attain

development and progress.Vital Statistics This refers to an ideal body

measurement of women.

CHAPTER II

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents analyses and interprets the data

based on the problems that were set at the beginning of the

study.

THE CASE OF KEYSHAWN: THE BEAUTY PERFECTIONIST

stated.

Profile

Keyshawn was born on November 11, 1987. He is now a 25

year-old and is engaged with his male partner. He is a

graduate of Business Administration in one of the

universities in Cebu. Originally, he came from the province

79

of Leyte. However since the day that he was sent in Cebu to

study his high school level until the date of the interview,

he never went home back. He is just living alone in an

apartment located in Mandaue City Cebu. His parents are in

Leyte together with her 6 siblings. Keyshawn is the 3rd son

among her all boy siblings.

His apartment was just enough for her. The personal

interview was conducted in his apartment. He appeared happy

and gay at the initial interaction. He was approachable and

hospitable. He was so open about his various experiences on

the unsuccessful beauty procedure.

Keyshawn answered the Big Five Personality Test

administered by the researcher to determine and examine the

type of person she is. The following context below is the

interpretation of the Big Five Personality Test from

outofservice.com.

Results

Closed-Minded

Open to New Experiences

Disorganized

Conscientious

Introverted

Extraverted

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Disagreeable

Agreeable

Calm /Relaxed

Nervous / High-Strung

Openness to Experience/IntellectRelatively open to new experiences.

    (Percentile: 76)

ConscientiousnessYou are well-organized, and are reliable.

    (Percentile: 69)

ExtraversionYou tend to shy away from social situations.

    (Percentile: 37)

AgreeablenessYou are good-natured, courteous, and supportive.

    (Percentile: 93)

NeuroticismYou aren't particularly nervous, nor calm.

    (Percentile: 55)

Figure6. Keyshawn’s Big Five Personality Test Result

Motivation/Intention of Aesthetic Upgrading

Keyshawn already desired to enhance his physical

attribution since he was in high school. He wanted to do

something about her beauty. He wanted to feel attractive

because he felt before that those guys at school weren’t

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looking up to him. At his young age, he felt the need to be

beautiful and be attractive.

“Ani ni siya, sauna, naa ba gyud ng crush-rush gud inday.Siyempre, ako naa gayud ko crush sauna sa among skul ngagwapo. Dato, taas, puti ug bright pa gayud, higher year to namosiya. Ambot lang ato day ah, kay maningkamot ko nga iya kopansinon. Pero dili man gyud. Haha. Luoy kaayo ko sauna gud kaydili gayud ko gwapa mao dili siya mopasin nako.” (It likethis, before I usually had a crush at school whowas handsome, rich and smart. I didn’t know beforebut I was trying hard to get her attention but Ifailed. Haha. I felt pity because I was notbeautiful at all that’s why he can’t notice me.)

According to him, he tried to beautify herself by

putting make-ups on his face. He used to stare at the

mirror and tells himself that he was too ugly. He

perceived himself negatively because of the thought

that he wasn’t too attractive to those guys out there

he mostly admired.

During her early years in college, she used to

wear make-up at school everyday. She said, “Maghatag ko

ug usa ka oras para magpagwapa. Pananglitan, alas 7 ako klase, inig

alas 6, mag-andam nako daan. Bisan unsa pa kasayo, wa gyud

makapugong nako ug pagwapa.” (I gave an hour to beautify

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myself. Example, If I had class at 7am, I started to

prepare at 6am. No matter how early my class was, I

still managed to beautify.) He continuously made extra

effort in making himself attractive to all the boys he

got along with.

After achieving his degree course, he used to go

to different disco bars and had party with people. He

found it enjoyable and fun where he can meet people and

socialize. Drink and talk to gain more friends and

extend connections.

“Ato nga panahona kay naglaag-laag pako ugmaayo. Inom diri, inom didto kauban ang mga kaila ug dilikaila. Naa pud ko mga kauban nga mga bayot pareha nako.Malingaw ko gayud ko kay pareha man mo ug pamati ugganahan.” (That time, I was into partying.Drink here and there with people I knew and Ididn’t. I also had gay companions. I enjoyedit because we had same feelings and wants.)

His gay companions were taking medications to enhance

their physical attributions. Some of them also even

undergone surgeries and sex change. According to him, he was

influenced by them. Knowing that most of them undergone such

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procedure, he even thought of trying such procedure. He

said,

“Kana gani day nga imong mga kauban, nagbuhat na anaunya ako nalang wala. Ma-pressured pud ko usahay kay muragmahulog nga ako ra ang lahi nila, ug lain ko nila. Nakahunahunapud ko nga ganahan man sad ko mogwapa nga mura ug babayetan-awon. Pero kuan, tinud-anay, naglisod ko ug decide.Hangtud nga niabot gayud ang panahon nga nidecide ko ngamosulay.” (It was like all your companions aredoing it except me. I felt pressured sometimesbecaue somehow it went like I am differentcompared to them. I was thinking that I wantedalso to be beautiful to look llike a real woman.But actually, I was having hard time deciding totry or not. Until time came that I decided to tryit.)

Keyshawn also took a Self-Perception Test. Below is the

interpreted result from www.learnmyself.com. Figure 7 shows

the figural interpretation of the test.

Figure7. Keyshawn’s Self-Perception Test Result

According to the result, Keyshawn is strongly invested

in his appearance and feel like he needs to look good to

feel good. In times where he finds himself not attractive,

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he feels uncomfortable and uneasy. He has tendency of

counting on the comments and criticisms of people. He tends

to be somewhat of an emotional person and care very much

about how people see him. If something occurs that makes him

feel unattractive it can make him feel stressed and

fatigued. For him, it is important to project attraction to

the people surrounding him.

Keyshawn engaged in various types of beauty enhancement

procedure. He first took pills to have an initial

enhancement. He wanted to experience procedures slowly and

surely. He said, “Ang ako una gisulayan kay ang pills una kay dili man

kaayo siya grabe nga pamaagi. Dili hadlok,dili pud kanang kaayo gasto.” (I

did try first the pills because it was just simple way. Its

not dangerous and not too expensive.) He was still 21 years

old that time. He mentioned that he wanted to enhance first

his skin and the tone of hi skin. He took the mostly taken

pills which is Diane. “Ang Diane nga pills gud day. Kanang, daghan

kaayo nag.inom ana run. Para mamukol ang totoy sa mga laki. Aron pud nindot

ang panit gane day.” (It was the Diane pills. Many are taking

that kind of pills for them to form breasts and to have nice

85

skin.) According to the web, pinoyexhacnge.com, Diane pills

are breast enhancing pills that are mixtures of estrogen and

progesterone. It could produce small, pingpong shaped

breasts. However, this is dangerous if it is done by self-

medication since it changes the hormonal composititon of

their bodies to something closer to females. Pills should

never be used casually.

However, for Keyshawn’s case, the taking f pills was

successful. For span of months he has taken the pills, he

achieved the desired breasts he had.

“Kanang, sobra ka lipay kaayo ko ato day uy. Kana ganengnaa na makumot-kumot gane day ug kanang nindot na tan-awonkay naa nay bungtod-bungtod sa ako atubangan. Nindot kaayoako pamati kay mura gane ug majustify na akoang pagsul-o ugbra.” (I was too happy that time. I already hadsomething to squeeze and it looked nice because ithad somewhat hills. The feeling was nice for itjustified when I wear bra.)

When asked about his financial status that time,

he answered,

“Kung kadtong sa pills, gisuportaan pako ato sa akoginikanan sa karta. Pero actually, wala sila nakahibalo ato nganagtake nako ug pills para modako ang totoy. Kay kanangpaghuman gayud nako ug eskwela, gisuportaa gihapon ko nilapero wala ko nikoyug nila didto sa among probinsiya.” (When Itook the pills, I was financially supported by my

86

parents but actually, they didn’t know that I tookthose to widen my breasts. Right after graduation,they still supported me but I didn’t go with themin our province.)

After experiencing the desired effects of pills, he

looked for a job to work with to finance his own needs and

and wants especially when he started spending money for his

aesthetic upgrading. Most of all, his parents didn’t know

his desirs he wanted to achieve in his life.

Nature of the Unsuccessful Beauty Enhancement Procedure

The success of his initial enhancement procedure did

motivate him a lot to try another aesthetic process. After

years of being employed, he decided to undergo the procedure

so called chin and cheek augmentation. As defined from

http://www.beverlyhillsplasticsurgeryinc.com, chin

augmentation, also known as genioplasty or mentoplasty, is a

surgical procedure designed to strengthen the appearance of

a receding chin by increasing its projection. This procedure

improves facial profile by creating a better balance between

the chin and other facial features. Chin implants are made

in various shapes and sizes, and are made out of both solid

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and semi-solid materials. Cheek augmentation, or otherwise

known as malar augmentation, is another surgical procedure

designed to enhance the contours of the face. Augmentation

of the cheekbones is achieved by placing a specially

designed implant over them, resulting in a fuller, more

sculpted look. Facial implants provide a permanent and

predictable result while bringing the chin or cheekbones

into balance with the rest of the face.

Keyshawn wanted to improve his facial attributes. He

wanted it for how many years of his life for he longed to

have acceptance and avoid rejection. His desire to improve

his facial feature made her decide to undergo the procedure.

“Beynta-dos ako edad ato day nga ni.undergo ko ato. Ako nakat-unan ang clinic

sa ako ra pud kaila nga nakahibalo ato nga clinic didto dapit, one day rato nga

operation day.” (I was 24 years old when I underwent the

procedure. I learned the clinic from my friend who knew it.

The operation only took for a day.) It was November 2011

daysright after his birthday.

“Paghuman ato, mga semana nga niagi day, nihubag, nag-sore siya.

Wala ko kasabot sa ako gibati ato. Nihubag gayud to ug maayo akong nawng.”

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(Weeks after the operation, my face was swelling and

soaring. I didn’t understand how I felt before.) He

experienced discomfort and soreness on his face. “Kuan pud

day, naminhod siya ug maaayo. Ingon ang doctor na nag.opera nako nga

kanang normal ra daw kung makabati ko ug in-ani. Mao nga wala lang kaayo

nako gipangitaan ug paagi unsaon ni.” (It did also numb. The doctor

said that it was normal feeling this way. So I didn’t find

ways how to get rid of it. )

During the swelling and numbness of his face, he was

forced to stop working. He only stayed at home and limited

himself from going out. He said that the swelling disturbed

him so much.

“Niabot ang swelling ug usa ka bulan kapin. Nahadlok nako kaywala naman siya’y hiyos-hiyos. Nagtumar man unta ko sa tambal gihatagsa doctor. Ako gibuhat ato kay nisulay ko ug tawag sa doctor pero di nakokacontact niya. Nisamot ko kahadlok ato day uy. Akong huna-huna atokay basin ba, basin gane nailad ko atong doctora kay murag uso naraba na karun.” (

Psychological Effects

Social Effects

Emotional Effects

Coping Mechanisms

89

Case Analysis

According to Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Theory, out

of the interaction of the organism (person) and the

environment, and in particular the interaction with

significant others, there gradually emerges a structure of

self, or a concept of “who I am” (1951). Those experiences

that appear to enhance one’s self are valued and

incorporated into one’s self-image; those experiences that

appear to threaten the self are denied and rendered foreign

to the self. Events occur in people’s lives play a great

role in actualizing their self-concept. In the case of

Aphrodite, she considered that having undergone beauty

enhancement procedure could perfect her self-image. She

thought that the size of her breasts is the one that needs

to be improved and enhanced. She was capable of experiencing

things for her satisfaction and self. In addition, the

theory stated above helps in determining the possible reason

why people tend to change their physical attributes. It

might be because there is an incongruence with their real

90

self and ideal self. However, upon experiencing the side

effects of the pills she took which threatened her life,

made her somehow denied and tried to forget it.

Human beings are driven by certain innate instincts,

drives, or needs, such as the impulses to maintain life.

This shaping of instinctual expression in terms of one’s

attitude toward the environment suggests that underlying all

other instincts and needs is the innate characteristic of

social interest (Adler, 1939). Aphrodite was driven by her

urge to have more desirable body. She mentioned that she

liked swim wears (two-piece) every summer that would

possibly attached people’s perspective that she is sexy and

attractive. It can be connected to the need of exhibition

from the hierarchy of needs formulated by Henry Murray which

is to show off an attract attention. There might be the need

to needy and it could attain through social interest. This

is more likely address that the need to be attractive is the

fear of rejection by people. Most likely individuals want to

attain the ideal mage that everybody idolizes and admires.

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Aphrodite also mentioned that she learned the beauty

enhancement process form one of her colleagues. From

Bandura’s perspective, environmental stimuli influence our

behaviour, but individual personal factors such as beliefs

and expectation also influence how we behave. The outcomes

of our behaviour change the environment. He also emphasizes

the power and pervasiveness of social modeling and the

process of learning through observation or by example.

Aphrodite’s colleague had good effect in taking the pills

which influenced her to also try out of curiosity.

Aphrodite got most out of her support from selected

individuals who she considers to be important people in her

life. By this, she might be diverted her attention of being

unsuccessfully processed to the individuals who supported

her most. Her coping styles might be denial and sublimation.

She refused to accept the unpleasant reality outcome of her

desire to be physically enhanced. She also rechanneled the

impulse into a more socially desirable outlet which was

walking down the corridor of the hospital singing praises of

God. She considered God as her source of strength, faith and

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hope. She tried to find ways to avoid it that enabled her to

see her failures, struggles and difficulties.

As Victor Frankl’s view of man’s suffering and

hardships, there is always the “other side of the coin”

considering not only the bad incidents but also the good

ones that brought from the bad ones. As Aphrodite mentioned,

she expressed that because of the incident, she has a close

relationship with her father now. It made her father change

by doing responsibilities as a parent by guiding her. The

theory also supports that in dealing undesirable and

unexpected situations, a broader perspective is the focus in

viewing different angles of the situation.

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THE CASE OF VENUS: THE BEAUTY MADNESS

“Naka.realize ko nga unta mayta nga wa nalang to nako buhata nga na-

ingon ato ko nga nagpa-enhance ko sa akong ilong. Pagmahay.” (I realized

that I shouldn’t enhanced my nose. I feel regret.)

Profile

It was hot afternoon when the researcher went to the

place of Venus somewhere in Naga, Cebu City. Venus is 39

years old married woman. Among her 5 siblings in the family,

she is the youngest. She was not able to finish her college

94

degree course. She is married to her husband currently

staying abroad and that they belong to middle class

families. Together with her place, are her mother and her

son who is already working in an industrial field. She was

financially stable according to her. She didn’t have a job

since then because her husband stayed abroad to finance her.

She just stays at home.

The interview was conducted outside their residence. At

the first appearance, she was still hesitant to undergo the

interview. However, at the later part of personal

interaction between her and the researcher, she shows

willingness in sharing her personal experience of being

unsuccessfully beautified. According to her, she likes to

just stay at home and loves to surf the internet. She

considered herself as fashionista and is much updated to the

latest trends in the world of modern technologies.

Venus answered the Big Five Personality Test

administered by the researcher to determine and examine the

type of person she is. The following context below is the

interpretation of the Big Five Personality Test from

95

outofservice.com. The following context below is the

interpretation of the Big Five Personality Test from

outofservice.com

Results

Closed-Minded

Open to New Experiences

Disorganized ConscientiousIntroverted ExtravertedDisagreeable Agreeable

Calm /Relaxed

Nervous / High-Strung

Openness to Experience/Intellect She is somewhat

conventional.    (Percentil

e: 20)Conscientiousness

She is well-organized, andis reliable.

    (Percentile: 69)

ExtraversionShe tends to shy away fromsocial situations.

    (Percentile: 22)

AgreeablenessShe is neither extremely forgiving nor irritable.

    (Percentile: 50)

NeuroticismShe isn’t particularly nervous, nor calm.

    (Percentile: 49)

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Figure8. Venus’ Big Five Personality Test Result

Venus got high scores on Conscientiousness factor of

the personality test which describes that she tends to be

reliable and careful on things. It also illustrates that she

is a well-organized person with self-disciplined. On the

other hand, she is introverted and reserved. She tends to be

quiet and shy in certain circumstances. She can also be

considered to be conventional. She has tendency to be

uncreative because she seems to have narrow perception

towards an interest. She is also down to earth person and

has tendency of being withdrawn.

Motivation/Intention of Aesthetic Upgrading

“Wala ra, kuan ra nga mausab ba unta ang atong gamay,ma-enhance unta atong ilong gamay, mausab atong dagwaygamay. Pero daghan kaayo nisulti nako nga maayo pa ug walanalang kono kay ganahan sila sa akong ilong nga taguytuy.” (Ijust want to have little changes, to have littleenhancement on the nose, to have little change ofmy face. But many said it was better if I didn’tundergo such because they liked my small nose.)

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Venus was greatly motivated with her desire to change

the size of her nose. She was eager to attain the ideal

picture of a perfect nose. She said, “Aw, gusto ra gyud na ko ba

nga motaas-taas lang gyud gamay. “ (I just want my nose to be

longer a bit.), she added. She wanted to improve her facial

attributes by increasing the size of her nose which she

thought to be valuable and effective. She thinks that it

would make her feel good about herself and that it she could

have the interest of people around her. Other factor

contributed her execution was her friend. She also said,

“Pirmiro, akong friend ba kay nagpa.collagen injection ba, unya nindot

man kaayo. Suya-suya ba mao to.” (At first, it was my friend who

had tried collagen injection and it was very nice. That’s

it, envy.) She admitted that she was envy of the outcome of

her friend’s (expired) procedure which drove her to try and

do such. Her friend’s procedure was successful which also

her basis to be exposed to such procedure.

“Ganahan pud baya ko magtan-aw tan-aw ug mgamaanindot ug kana ganing elegante nga sinina ug make-up day sainternet ug sa mall. Hilig gayud na nako. Ganahan ko ngakada lakaw nako kay gwapa ko kay maulaw man ko molakaw kungdili nako feel ang ako gisul-ob ug ang make-up pud.” (I also

98

like to watch nice and elegant clothes and make-uponline and even at malls. I really like that. Ilike to go outside beautiful because I feelashamed if I don’t feel my clothes and my make-up.)

To determine other motivational factors that drove

Venus’ execution towards the beauty process, she completed

the Sorensen Self-Esteem Test administered by the

researcher. Based from the statistical scaling of the said

test, Venus’ checked items 22 statements which were

interpreted from www.counseling.ufl.edu as having severely

low self-esteem. This representation of herself thus played

a role that led her to experience the beauty enhancement

process. Low self-esteem profile makes her not feel good

about herself. She is envious about others especially on the

aspects of beauty and enhancement of the self.

“Madala-dala raman unta ako panagway day. Puti gud koug kuan, arangan gud. Pero giganahan gayud ko nga mausab angporma sa ako-ang ilong kay kini laging uso unya ako-ang mgaamiga pud kay mga gwapa. Mura gane ug ma-influence pud konila kay sige man mi ug koyug-kuyog sa mga lakaw gud. Mao nasiya day.” (My physical feauture is enough. I havewhite skin however I wanted to change the form ofmy nose because It was trending and my friends arealso beautiful individuals. It seemed like I was

99

influenced by them because we used to go together.That’s it.)

She added, “Willing gayud ko mogasto atong panahona day kay

naa man pud ikagasto basta kay makuha nako ang nindot nga ilong nga ako

gipangandaoy day.” (I was willing to spend my money since I can

afford to with assurance that I can achieve a nice-looking

nose that I wished for.)

Venus also took a Self-Perception Test. Below is the

interpreted result from www.learnmyself.com. Figure 9 shows

the figural interpretation of the test.

Figure9. Venus’ Self-Perception Test Result

She is not overly invested in her appearance, but she

does like to look good. She is not an overly emotional

person, but she does somewhat care about how people see her.

If something occurs that makes her feel unattractive it has

the potential to make her feel a bit stressed. Her health is

extremely important to her and if she feels like she isn’t

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100% it can affect her quite strongly and create stress and

fatigue.

Nature of Unsuccessful Beauty Enhancement

Venus underwent three types of beauty enhancement

procedures. On April 2010, she had a collagen injection on

her nose. A collagen injection is a cosmetic procedure that

can soften some signs of aging on the face. That time, she

still had fair skin however, she still wanted something

more. She said, “Primiro gyud sa nag-inject kanang happy ko kay na-

enhance unya nausab, ninidot gyud ba pirmiro to.” (On my first

injection, I was happy because it did enhance and had

changes. It went good.) On the first injection, she felt

good about the outcome of the said procedure. However, she

was not yet contented. She had another same procedure. She

said, “Pag-ikaduha na kayug murag nagsugod na siya iswelling ug

nakapaguol gayud to nako.” (However, on the second injection,

the swelling started and it made me feel sad.) She mentioned

that the one who did her first injection was the one who was

televised on the regional news being arrested and was

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accused to be a fake doctor just near her place. She then

acknowledged herself as one of the many victims of the

accused. She still underwent another collagen injection on

her nose with the different “injector”. She was still eager

to continue the collagen injection process because of what

she has achieved the first time. Unfortunately, it went

unexpectedly. The swelling got worst on November 2010.

“Nagswelling ko ato uy grabe pula gayud ako ato unya ni kuan sad to niburot

sad.” (The swelling was in serious condition. The infected

skin was so red and it also bulged.) When asked about the

cause of the swelling, she answered, “Ang kadto siyang swelling,

mao to siya silbi infection na tungod tingale to sa nga ang gitira sa ako kay dili

disinfect ba.” (The swelling was the infection brought by the

injected collagen which was not disinfectant.) She was not

really aware of the mixture of the injected dose. To

mention, she thought that the “injector” was of under of a

license and of legal procedure to conduct such injection.

Being asked about the how she handled it, she said,

“Bisag unsa nalang akong nahuna-hunaan nga tambal. Dako kaayo ko ug gasto

ato uy mag-ointment diha pero way epek” (I thought of any

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medicine. I spent big amount of money for ointment but it

was ineffective.) She already spent large amount of money as

an investment to sure the swelling of her nose. Despite of

the availability of money she had, she did complain about

the amount of money she already spent for treatment

purposes.

After a year, she had another procedure which was the

treatment of the swelling through injection. It was one way

to decrease the amount of swelling Venus had. She maintained

it for a year until now to control and avoid the swelling of

her nose. She said, “Ang ako gud sauna ato nga maghuwat nalang ko

maayo akong swelling. Unya akong mama man sigeg ingon nga sige na, pa-ayu

nalang para dili naka maulaw.” (I was thinking before that I will

only wait until the swelling will discontinue but my mother

was telling me to do something about it for me not feel

ashamed anymore.)

“Ang kadtong pa-inject sa swelling, every month to siya. Unya

dayon, pag-after ana mga seven ka inject kay gi-rhinoplasty na gyud ko. Gi-

cuttan ni siya dinhi dapit para mogamay.” (The injection for the

swelling was every month. After seven injects, the

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rhinoplasty followed. It was being cut to decrease its

size.)

According to her, to have an assurance of being cured

and treated she undergone another procedure which was the

rhinoplasty. As defined in thefreedictionary.com, the term

rhinoplasty means "nose molding" or "nose forming." It

refers to a procedure in plastic surgery in which the

structure of the nose is changed. The change can be made by

adding or removing bone or cartilage, grafting tissue from

another part of the body, or implanting synthetic material

to alter the shape of the nose. Due to the effects of the

swelling, she had to undergo such procedure last September

2011, this time to the licensed doctor.

The rhinoplasty process achieved her goal to lessen and

stop the swelling though she still needs to maintain

treatment to prevent the swelling. It re-formed her nose

into a different one with unnatural substance placed in it.

However, the scars and remains of the swelling can still be

seen.

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“Naa gayud gihapon ang mga pula-pula sa akoangdagway day uy. Murag maulaw gihapon ko pero maayo nalangkay di naman siya burot. Murag maklaro man gud nga ni-agi koug kanang dili natural nga pamaagi sa pagpagwapa day ba.Maulaw gihapon ko. Pero di nalang kaayo ko magpadala sakaulaw. Naa naman ni. Ako pud ning binuhatan day. Kanangdawaton nalang.” (The redness on my face is stillvisible which would make me feel ashamed. It isstill obvious that I have undergone unnatural wayof beauty enhancement. I’m still shy. But I wontlet that shyness to drive me. It is also theconsequence of my act so I need to accept it.)

EFFECTS OF THE INCIDENT

Psychological Effects

Due to the swelling of her nose, it greatly affects her

perception and feeling towards herself. She even refused to

face in the mirror. “Kulba kaayo grabe. Mura ko ug na.down gyud. Mura

ko ug di nako ganahan manamin.” (I felt nervous, I was like so

down. It was like I didn’t want to face the mirror.) She

added, “Mura man gud ug monster.” (I can be likening to a

monster.) For five months, she stopped going out from her

house because of the great shame she felt. Psychologically,

she felt anxiety. “Dili nako magpakita. Usahay dili nako motuo. Di nako

ganahan makig-mingle nila.” (I don’t want to be seen. Sometimes I

didn’t believe. I didn’t want to mingle with others.) Venus

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thought of many possible remedies during the swelling of her

nose. She lost the confidence she had before. She didn’t

even talk with other people. She was too paranoid and

anxious of the people surrounding her making not to trust

them easily. She also felt regret. She said, “Naka.realize ko

nga unta mayta nga wa nalang to nako buhata nga na-ingon ato ko nga nagpa-

enhance ko sa akong ilong. Pagmahay.” (I realized I’d better didn’t

enhanced my nose. I feel regret.)

Social Effects

Venus’ Mother

The initial reaction of her family when the swelling

started was shocked due to the allergy existed. One of the

many questions being asked to her was: why did she undergo

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such procedure? Even her husband got mad about it. Venus

said, “Ngano daw kono nagpa-ana. Dili naman daw kono makontento ana.”

(Why I did undergo such and why I was still not contented?)

However, she got most out of the support from her family

especially her mother who was the one who pushes her to

treat the swelling. “Maayo nalang kay nisuport pud sila nako sa ato nga

experience.”, she declared. (It was good enough since they

supported me on that experience.) She considers her mother

to be understanding who was always on her side during happy

and hard times. Her friends gave her advises months later

when she tried to mingle again about her struggles. They

were the ones who she considered to be her sources of

positivism. “Mas nindot nuon kay sigeg pangutana ug kumusta naka.”, she

added. (It was nicer because they frequently asked if how

was me.) She continued, “Ni-ana sila nga kinanghanglan gyud

nga moadto ko sa doctor. Mohatag lang ug tambag ba.” (They

said that I needed to go to the doctor. They only gave

advises.) When asked if her husband knew about her incident,

she asked, “Ang nahibaw-an sa akong bana kay nagpa-inject rako sa

treatment. Wala siya kahebalo nga nagparhinoplasty ko.” (My husband

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knew only about the injection of the treatment. He doesn’t

know that I underwent rhinoplasty.) When her husband knew

about the collagen injection, he got mad. She added, “Maayo

gane akong bana wala. Akong bana naa sa gawas kay pag.abot niya na-ayo-ayo

naman (ang swelling).” (It was good my husband was not around. He

was in abroad. When he came home, the swelling was slightly

cured.) Her neighbours were also asking about the details of

the incident and she wasn’t hesitating to share those

specific things.

Venus’ family did support her emotionally and

financially. They stays close to each other no matter what

happen. She said, “Nagpasalamat gyud day kay ngano, wala gayud ko nila

gibayaan labina kadtong pag-agi nako ato. Bisan nalain sila nako, naa gihapon

sila labina akoa nga bana pud.” (I am thankful that they never left

me when I did experience it. Though they were disappointed,

they were still there especially my husband.)

Emotional Effects

Her thoughts were about how she could possibly treat

herself. “Ako ato nag-sige ko research. Nangita ko ug maayo ug doctor unya

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niadto ko ug dermatologist naa nag-guide nako nga maong doktora. Didto gyud

kog Banilad gane kanang daghan aesthetic clinics didto.” (I did some

research. I looked for good doctors and went to

dermatologist who guided me to whom doctor will I go. I even

went to Banilad where there’s a lot of aesthetic clinic.)

She was emotionally depressed and frustrated toward the

outcome of her beauty enhancement process. She mentioned

that during the immediate reaction, she only stayed at home

and never went out. She said that she was too afraid to

trust other people again for she considered herself as a

victim. However, when asked about her current emotional

state, she answered,

“Okay-okay naman ko day. Kanang madala-dala na dinaman kaayo grabe gud. Naay pagmahay pero unsaon paman ngpagmahay day nga kanang mao naman gayud ning dagwaya.Dawat lang gayud. Kay ako ra pud ang magsakit ang dughan day.Salig lang gayud pud.” (I am okay. I can handle itbecause it’s not anymore grave. There is regretbut what can I do, this is my face. Just Accept.Because it will be just me who could get heartache.)

Venus also took an Impact of Event Scale that the

researcher admisitered from http://www.psychotherapy-

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center.com. Venus’ total score is 21 and its scaling method

describes that she may be affected with the incident. There

are no significant patterns of trauma from the experience.

COPING MECHANISMS

As she mentioned, upon experiencing the bad effects of

the collagen injection, she didn’t go out from her house.

She preferred to stay inside for about 5 months. Due to the

shame she felt, she refuses herself to be exposed to people

and mingle with them. She was in great loss of confidence

for that period of time. She admitted that she felt

frustrated of not being able to achieve what she desired for

her physical attributes and also, she felt embarrassed. The

things she only enjoyed were playing and surfing the

internet, and cleaning the house which she considered to be

useful and meaningful.

When she was asked about important things she considers

to be important, she answered, “Cellphone, kay kontak para sa ko

bana, computer, kwarta number one.! Mao ra gyud na. Importante gyud ug

yang pag-ampo para mangayo ug guidance.” (Cellphone for contact

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with my husband; computer, money- number one! That’s it.

Praying too is important for guidance.) She added, “Happy

nako tungod kay naayo na pero naa pay tahi uy.” (I am happy now

because I am well but there still stitches on it.)

Considering that her nose is okay and formed, she already

felt fine and good. Based from her experience, she realized

that, “Dili nana magdali-dali ug desisyon. Dili diretso ug jump into

conclusion. Huna-hunaon sa ug maayo sa dili pa mosulod anang butanga. Ug

dili na mag-ibog-ibog.” (That is I won’t decide in a rush. I won’t

directly jump into conclusion. Think things well before

entering into things.) When she was asked if her perception

did change about beauty enhancement procedures, she

answered, “Maayo siya ug kung tarong ang doctor. Kinanghalan, nga sweto-

sweto pud ka. Tarong nga pagpangutana ug dili ka magpasagad.” (It is

good if there is rightful doctor. You also need to be

informed enough. Correct giving of questions and you will

not be careless.)

ANALYSIS OF THE CASE OF Venus:

Overall Quantitative Data Interpretation

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Venus got low scores in extraversion and openness to

experience factors of the personality test. This would

describe that she tends to conventional and down to earth.

She narrows her interests and limits herself to the usual

things she is exposed. She tends to be uncreative,

introverted, reserved, inhibited and quiet. On the other

test conducted, it shows that she has severely low self-

esteem. She sometimes has poor self-image that affects her

thinking and behaviour towards self and others. This is an

indication that Venus was driven by her urge to heighten her

self-esteem by exposing herself to such beauty enhancement

procedure.

She is not overly invested in her appearance, but she

does like to look good. She is not an overly emotional

person, but she does somewhat care about how people see her.

If something occurs that makes her feel unattractive it has

the potential to make her feel a bit stressed. Her health is

extremely important to her and if she feels like she is not

100% it can affect her quite strongly and create stress and

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fatigue. She has a somewhat compulsive or obsessive

personality and illness can be quite traumatic for her.

Venus shows that she may be affected of the

unsuccessful beauty enhancement she undergone. It projects

that the impact of the event doesn’t have great effect in

her life which shows that there is no clinical-related

disorders.

Case Analysis

Out of the interaction of the organism and the

environment, and in particular the interaction with

significant others, there gradually emerges a structure of

self, or a concept of “who I am” (Adler, 1951). Those

experiences that appear to enhance one’s self are valued and

incorporated into one’s self-image; those experiences that

appear to threaten the self are denied and rendered foreign

to the self.

Venus’ experience of the undesired situation did

threaten herself which she initially denied and refused to

face. It was attributed to the other object that made the

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incident happen. Venus s self-image was shown as destroyed.

She lost track of her daily routine and declined herself

from going out at home. There might be a sense of

incongruence- maladjustment of the totality of the person.

This means that her actual experience is not with accordance

with her symbolized experience that she reflected.

In addition, Venus is more likely failed to attain the

need provided by Murray in his Pscyhogenic Need Theory. The

need of exhibition was the main focus of her. She might be

in need to an attract attention from people, significant or

not significant ones.

Venus experienced being so low and down when she had

the serious condition on the swelling of her face. She felt

the great anxiety about people who she thought to be harmful

and dangerous to her. Freud’s concept has three kinds of

anxiety which are the basis of reality anxiety- refers to

the real danger in the external world. . Freud declared

that in order for an individual to cope with the anxiety,

the ego develops defense mechanisms; these are procedures

that ward off anxiety and prevent the conscious perception

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of it. Defense mechanisms may become maladaptive and

destructive, preventing further personal and social growth.

This is considered to be a mental operation that kept

painful thoughts and affects out of awareness. Venus

refused to admit the failure of the incident. She chose to

stay at home for several months because of the shame she

felt. It greatly affected her perception about her self-

esteem and self-image.

Learning from the environment is one of the

perspectives that Bandura formulated. He said that in order

for an individual to perform a behavior, there is the

external stimulus that drives it. These external stimuli are

models that considered as people in the society. Venus was

greatly influenced by her friend who had been undergone

collagen injection. She was envy about the good effect

brought by the procedure to her friend. Her friend possesses

the good characteristics of a model that made Venus more

eager to try the beauty process. Because of the attributes

that Venus had, she is lacking in self-esteem or is

incompetent are especially prone to follow the structure and

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style of a model. Venus emulate her friend’s behaviour

because she believed that such actions will lead to positive

short-or long-term results which Bandura believes that this

variable is stronger than the other factors.

Frankl’s concept of Logotherapy projects that people

finds meaning in life through work, suffering and love. “To

be alive encompasses the ability to take hold life day by

day as well as to find meaning in suffering.” Venus

experience can be considered to be a suffering. By means of

it, it made her learn basic processes in decision making, in

doing things with proper procedure and exercising balancing

good and evil. She got the most support from the experience

of unsuccessfully enhanced from the people in her family.

She was emotionally supported with advises and

encouragements to do something about it which gave her the

capacity to take plan and action.

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CHAPTER III

PROPOSED INTERVENTION PROGRAM

This chapter presents the Proposed Intervention Program

for individuals who have undergone unsuccessful beauty

enhancement procedure in Cebu City as a result of the data

gathered in the previous chapter.

Program Management

This section contains the program title, rationale,

description, objectives and the scheme of the implementation

of the program.

Program Title:

“Mind, Body and Soul Counseling Program”

Program Rationale:

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“What if beautiful is good.”This quote more likely

influenced individuals to enhance their physical attribution

that they thought was the technique to boost social

interest. The data gathered, analyzed and interpreted of the

study in the previous chapter are the basis of this program.

Individuals were controlled by their desire to heighten

their attractiveness. These individuals were considered to

have severely low self-esteem. As mentioned, Adler’s concept

of striving for superiority is caused by the inferiority

feelings which enables individuals feel low and down about

themselves. They will then compensate and drive oneself for

superiority to avoid such feelings in the future. However,

individuals studied on this research fails to achieve what

they have desired. In the Logotherapy of Viktor Frankl,

these individuals sought to find meaning on their

experience. Unable to find meaning means lifeless and is

useless.

This program, Mind, Body and Soul Counseling Program,

aims to help individuals who have experienced failure in the

actualization process of their selves by enhancing only

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their physical attributes. It aims to have integration of

their thinking, feeling and presentation of the self.

Through the basis of Gestalt Therapy which gives emphasis to

the holism and self-awareness, this program will be possible

which believes in it’s assumption, “The whole is greater

than the sum of its parts.”

Program Description

The proposed “Mind, Body and Soul Percentile Program”

looks to give awareness and information about their current

state by letting them experience more about themselves

through the activities made by the researcher. This would

also provide them options to better their lives through

their chosen path in life. This could possibly help them

broaden their perspective in life and live the meaning they

could find. This program is consist of two (2) modules, two

(2) sessions each modules, and two (2) activities per

sessions. This program will exclusively be used for the

selected individuals on the study of (Title of the study), a

study on unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedure.

Program Objectives

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The program, “Mind, Body and Soul Counseling Program”

is composed of different structured learning activities

together with group therapy counseling that focus on

different thrust that needs to be developed by the selected

participants. Counselling is a way of addressing and

resolving issues. It may involve identifying options,

learning new skills to cope better, gaining greater

understanding of issues, or being supported while recovering

from some significant life event. These individuals are

expected to gain and absorb the following during and after

the program:

1. Develop openness to one’s experience, struggles in

relation to beauty enhancement procedure with others.

2. Realize the factors contribute to the existence of

unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedures

3. Increase the level of awareness and understanding

towards their selves.

4. Widen their perspective in other possibilities in their

lives and find more meanings in their lives.

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5. Develop sense of self-responsibility and self-

involvement.

6. Learn to have more appreciation about oneself

imperfections and physical attributions regardless of

how it is being perceived by many.

7. Achieve the level of contentment and satisfaction about

oneself in order to have personal growth, self-

confidence and trust.

8. Attain the level of congruence of one’s thoughts,

feelings and behavior that would assist the application

of the lesson from the program itself in real-life

situations.

Requirements:

I. Human Resources:

Speaker/s

An outstanding speaker who have been practising

psychology for years specifically in therapies

used in counseling sessions.

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A renowned speaker who is an expert of the

intervention of body dysfunction through mind and

soul management.

A prominent speaker who is skilled in facilitating

trainings and seminars.

Main Facilitator

A person who is knowledgeable and skilled enough

in facilitation and conduction of the flow of the

program.

Assistant Facilitator

A person who is willingly assists the main

facilitator in taking charge of the whole

program.

Process Observer

A person who is kin observer and has good skills

in presenting the documentation of the program.

Set-up Coordinator/s

A person/s who is/are in-charge of setting up the

venue, making sure that materials to used are

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prepared and is the monitoring the sound system

during and after the program.

Invited Guests

A person/s who is/are authorized personnel in

medical and surgical operations (a medical doctor

who is an expert in legal beauty enhancement

procedure).

Participants

A group of people who have been selected based on

the study (title of the study).

Program Evaluators

A person chosen by the researcher to observe,

analyze and evaluate the process of the program

including the planning, execution and evaluation

in relation to the objective of the program.

Committee (with following tasks):

A. Executive Committee

Ensures the proper process of planning the

program and its implementation.

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Responsible for monitoring the overall flow of

the program and its necessities.

Exercise coordination and communication between

other committees.

B. Secretariat Committee

Responsible for the preparation of letters for the

execution of the program.

Prepare the certificates needed after the program.

In-charge of the registration of the participants

and the monitoring of their attendance and

numbers.

Accountable for proper documentation and the

evaluation of the program.

C. Venue and Utilities Committee

In-charge of finding a confidential and safe

environment for the execution of the program.

Make sure that facilities needed are available for

its usage. These may include: chairs & tables,

sound system with microphone, stage, etc.

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Supply the necessities during the program and

materials to be used namely: pen & paper, masking

tapes, CD’s, laptops, LCD, etc.

D. Food Committee

Ensures the preparation of food and drinks needed

during breaks (short breaks & lunch breaks) for

the participants, speakers and organizers as well.

Provide an order sheet of the needed ingredients

with its corresponding prices and quantity for the

monitoring of the budget.

E. Finance Committee

Plan a budget for the program in accordance to the

necessities of the program.

Find specific actions to raise funds to lessen the

expenses of the program.

Prepares a financial report to be presented to the

executive committee.

II. Facilities

Sound System with Microphone/s

Tables and Chairs

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Laptop and LCD Projector

Enough space to be occupied by the participants

Stage

III. Materials

White Board

White Board Markers

Pens & Sheets of Papers

Masking Tapes

Cartolina

IV. Venue

The venue of this program, “Mind, Body and Soul

Percentile Program” will be held at the DepEd ECOTECH Center

located in Sudlon, Lahug Cebu City which examined to be

confidential and safe environment for the execution of the

program. The venue is the fixed place of this program.

V. Time Duration

“Mind, Body and Soul Counseling Program” Outline

Module 1

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“Awareness & Involvement ”

Module 1 Description

This module consists of two sessions which compose of

lecture and activities that would inform participants more

about their own unique characteristics thus giving them

enough knowledge about the importance of self-awareness for

their own personal psychological growth. This will make them

recognize more about the process of self-actualization. This

is a one-day activity to be conducted in DepEd ECOTECH

Center located at Sudlon, Lahug, Cebu City.

Module 1 Rationale

“The first step toward change is awareness. The second step is acceptance.

“ -Nathaniel

Branden

The start of everything is awareness indeed. Before any

action happen, to be informed and experience the real

circumstance with the current thinking and emotions is

necessary. The way people see things affect their own

understanding and perspective of things. Man is able to be

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fully aware of one’s inner self before his external self and

his environment.

Module 1 Objectives:

Learn the process of attaining self-awareness

Develop ways to practice and used in acknowledging

self-awareness.

Attempt to go higher level of consciousness in

thinking, feeling and behaving.

Apply the lessons in real-life situations.

Session 1:

“Be Known and Be Informed”

Session 1 Description

This session focuses on knowing more about the

participants’ experiences in life including struggles and

happiness which would help them build relationship with one

another to gain more success on this program. It also

focuses on giving first the lecture about the process and

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the importance of gaining self-awareness. By it, the

participants are more likely to have grasped what the

program is all about. This is half-day session in the

morning to be conducted.

Session 1 Rationale

One cannot be change without letting him learn about

himself, his society and his environment. Learning is a

life-long process that an individual passes. One who refuses

to learn refuses his life to be lived. Indeed, only those

accept new perspective grow personally and psychologically.

Session 1 Objectives:

Acquire knowledge about achieving self-

awareness.

Know its importance of and understand its

concept.

Session 1 Program Flow

TIME ACTIVITYPERSON-IN-

CHARGEMATERIALS

8:00-

9:00

Assembly Time &

Registration

Asst.

Facilitators

Pens

Registrat

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ion Forms

9:00-

9:20

GTKY &

Expectation Setting

Main

Facilitator

9:20-

9:40Ground Rules

Main

Facilitator

9:40-

10:00SNACKS

Food

CommitteeFood

10:00-

12:00

Lecturette about The

Process and

Advantages on Self

Awareness

Speaker

Laptop

Sound

system

LCD

12:00-

1:00LUNCH BREAK

Food

Committee

Session 2: “The Two-Sided Me”

Session 2 Description

This following session is to be conducted after the

previous session. It focuses on the acknowledgement of the

participants’ strengths and weaknesses, positive and

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negative, and possible significant others that may criticize

and accepts them. There is an integration of the both sides

that would exist. Its goal is for them to gain self-

confidence, contentment and satisfaction of themselves.

Session 2 Rationale

This session shows the two sides of a person, event or

a thing which are the advantage and the disadvantage.

However, it aims to dominate the advantage of a specific

thing, person or event. This is anchored on Adler’s concept

of inferiority feelings which do exist because of the

negative perspective a person has. However, in order for him

to avoid such undesirable feeling, the individual strives

for superiority. Thus, this would help them find ways how to

control these undesired feelings and to be more acceptable

of oneself by compensating.

Session 2 Objectives

Experience more of his/her negative and positive

side and find which side feels good the most.

Learn to control in dominating the good feeling.

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Develop a sense of self-affirmed ways to accept

more about oneself.

Increase or rediscover the level of self-

confidence and acknowledge the others’.

Session 2 Program Flow

TIME ACTIVITYPERSON-IN-

CHARGEMATERIALS

1:00-

1:15

Icebreaker & Recap

of the previous

session

Assistant

Facilitator

1:15-

2:15

Activity 1

(Burn the

Pessimistic )

Main

Facilitator

pen &

paper,

lighter,

open metal

container

2:15-

2:45Processing

Main

Facilitator

2:45-

2:50Short Break

Food

Committee

2:50- Activity 2 (The Main pentel pens

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3:20Optimistic has

Risen)Facilitator & cartolina

3:20-

3:50Processing

Main

Facilitator

3:50-

4:00

CLOSING ACTIVITY

(Self-Affirmation

Action)

& Giving of

Instructions for the

following sessions

Main

Facilitator

with

Assistant

Facilitator

mirror,

music

“Mind, Body and Soul Counseling Program” Outline

Module 2

“Undesirable Makes Me Who I am”

Module 2 Description

This module is consists of two sessions to be conducted

both on the same day. It composes of structured learning

133

activities, meaningful icebreakers, and showing of film

related to the experience of the participants. This would

help them appreciate the importance of self, experience and

meaning in life.

Module 2 Rationale

Seeing the beautiful part on every struggles and

suffering is the one of the assumption that Frankl

formulated on his Logotherapy theory. It allows individual

to see the other side of the coin by finding meaning in all

circumstances. This module greatly influenced by his concept

in finding meaning in life through love, deed and suffering

which by it, an individual could wish for his desired goal

in life.

Module 2 Objectives:

Open new possible significant options in living

one’s life.

Realize the importance and advantage of

experiencing struggles regardless of its negative

axioms.

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Discover a more directive goal in life that is

achievable and attainable.

Session 3:

“The Meaningful Negative”

Session 3 Description

This session to be conducted in the morning focus more

on the showing of the film entitled “Soul Surfer”. It a true

and inspirational story of champion who experienced failures

due to unexpected attack of a shark which brought her great

damage physically-(synopsis of the movie can be read on the

following pages). This would certainly help to picture out

how is it to stand up though struggles are fighting back.

Session 3 Rationale

“Our current mental-hygiene philosophy stresses the idea that people

ought to be happy, that unhappiness is a symptom of mal-adjustment. Such a

value system might be responsible for the fact that the burden of unavoidable

unhappiness is increased about being unhappy.” -from Frankl’s Man’s

Search for Meaning

Moreover, perceptions about life circumstances depends

on the process of seeing and understanding it.

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Interpretation might be undesired or desired, each

individual have the choice and freedom as to which path

would they will take.

Session 3 Objectives

Realize that struggles are not meant to unhappy

oneself.

Develop sense of freedom in choosing what they

want to have, to become and to believe towards

oneself and to others.

Able to find meaning as to whatever life-

situations they may encounter.

Session 3 Program Flow

TIME ACTIVITYPERSON-IN-

CHARGEMATERIALS

8:00-8:30 RegistrationSecretariat

Com

Pen

Registratio

n Forms

8:30-9:00 RecapAss.

Facilitator

9:00-9:15 Ice breaker Main

136

Facilitator

9:15-9:35 BREAK Food Committee Food

9:35-

12:00

FILM SHOWING

(Soul Surfer) &

Discussion

Ass.

Facilitator

Laptop

Speakers

LCD

Projector

12:00-

1:00LUNCH BREAK Food Committee

SYNOPSIS OF THE MOVIE SOUL SURFER:

A champion surfer loses her left arm in a terrifying

shark attack, but summons the determination to make an

incredible comeback in this inspirational sports drama based

on an incredible true story. A lifelong surfer who always

felt at home in the sea, Bethany Hamilton (AnnaSophia Robb)

honed her surfing skills in Kauai, and went on to compete in

numerous surfing competitions. Then, one fateful Halloween

morning, the wave-riding teen was taking part in a national

surf competition when a 14-foot-long tiger shark emerged

from the depths and changed her life in the blink of an eye.

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By the time Bethany reached shore, her left arm was almost

completely gone. But just when it started to look like she

would never ride a surfboard again, young Bethany used her

faith and determination to reclaim the title of champion

while being cheered on by her supportive parents (Dennis

Quaid and Helen Hunt), and Sara (Carrie Underwood), the

kind-hearted leader of a local youth group. ~ Jason

Buchanan, Rovi.

Session 4:

“New Found Me”

Session 4 Description

This session focuses on the integration of the

participant’s thoughts, feelings and emotions thus by

helping them achieve higher level of self-awareness. Through

this the participants will be able to develop self-

confidence and responsibility of one’s action and in making

decision. By believing in one’s own abilities, achieving a

satisfying life is within a person’s grasp.

Session 4 Rationale

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Early part of this program, self-awareness was

mentioned several times which is its main point of the

formulation, execution and the implementation of this

program. This is greatly influenced by the Gestalt theory of

holism which means a whole or completion, or a form that

cannot be separated into parts without losing its essence.

All nature is seen as a unified and coherent whole, and the

whole is different from the sum of its parts. The

integration of one’s thoughts, feelings and emotions are

created for the wellness of an individual’s personal and

psychological growth. It would entail that them to

understand one’s self and their environment.

Session 4 Objectives

Recognize their abilities and strength for its

empowerment.

Develop one’s confidence and would lead to deep

understanding of oneself.

Appreciate one’s attributes and imperfections.

Develop a plan for goals in life for contentment and

satisfaction.

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Session 4 Program Flow

TIME ACTIVITYPERSON-IN-

CHARGEMATERIALS

1:00-1:30 Recap & IcebreakerAss.

Facilitator

1:30-2:30

Activity 1

(My Illustrative

Goal)

Main

Facilitator

coloring

materials

,

cartolina

,

pencil,

pen

2:30-2:45

Discussion about

their Goals

related to the

unsuccessful

procedure they

have experienced

Main

Facilitator

with Ass.

Facilitator

2:45-3:25 Activity 2 Main backgroun

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(Affirmation of

Self & Others)

Facilitator

& Ass.

Facilitator

d music,

dim light

3:25-3:45 Wrap-Up Main Faci

3:45

EVALUATION done by

the participant &

the program

evaluator

Secretariat

Com, Program

Evaluator,

participants

Evaluatio

n Sheets

4:00 BREAKFood

Committee

141

Learning Group Activities

ACTIVITY 1

Title: “Burn the Pessimistic”

Rationale:

Inferiority feelings exist because of the treatment of

others that makes people feel low and down about oneself.

They can be considered as the negative factors that are

uncontrollable and unavoidable unless manage. It does not

only entail people but even oneself having negative thoughts

accompanied with negative behaviors and feelings towards the

self.

Objective:

This activity is entitled “Burn the Pessimistic” for

this aims to help participants to expresses negative

emotions towards significant others, events or even one’s

self that hindered them to believe and gain self-confidence.

This is equipped towards the development of growth of

participant in a psychological aspect of their lives. These

negative factors in their lives will be removed for them to

142

avoid the feelings of inferiority and would enhanced the

good emotions within themselves.

Materials: pen & paper, lighter, open metal container

Procedures:

Let the participants have as many sheets of paper as

they can.

Let them think of people, events or things that

contribute negative emotions inside them.

Let them write it on the sheets of paper, one factor

each paper.

Let them write brief descriptions about it and how it

does affect their current situation in life.

Let them be grounded my attaching the negative emotion

towards each paper.

One by one, let them burn each sheet of paper and throw

it in the metal container until everybody is done.

Processing Questions:

What negative factor did you burn and its accompanying

emotion?

How was the feeling upon burning it?

143

What were your thoughts upon executing the activity?

What have you learned from the activity?

How will you be able to apply those learning in your

life?

ACTIVITY 2

Title: “The Optimistic has Risen”

Rationale:

Accepting begins when an individual starts to

understand and be aware of his/her traits may it be

physically, emotionally, socially or spiritually. It will be

known once it is being experienced. Generally speaking, most

of the people have greater acknowledgement on their positive

traits, achievements and strengths.

Objective:

This activity aims to let participants count the good

things they have in their lives. It may include their

hobbies, achievements, accomplishments and strengths. It may

also be their significant people around them. In this way,

they will give importance on their positive traits and how

144

it would help them in perceiving themselves as beautiful,

excellent and good. That despite of the experience of

unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedure, they still have

good things within them. These factors will elevate the good

emotions and good behaviors and thoughts will follow.

Materials: pentel pens & cartolina

Procedures:

Let the participants have time think of good people,

good emotions, good hobbies, achievements and

strengths.

Let them write those positive things with brief

description as many as they can on the given sheets of

papers provided.

Let them choose at list 3 factors that strikes them the

most.

Let them share it to the group by describing it and how

it affects her.

Processing Questions:

How was the experience in doing the activity?

145

What feeling did apparently dominated upon sharing

those selected good factors?

What have you learned from the activity?

How can you be able to apply that learning in real-life

situations?

ACTIVITY 3

Title: “Self-Affirmed Action”

Rationale:

“You cannot give what you don’t have.” – Anonymous

In continuation of the previous activity, giving of

affirmation to oneself is one way to escalate the level of

confidence and contentment an individual has. It must start

within oneself before others. Acceptance to others can’t be

totally achieved if there is a failure of accepting one’s

own.

Objective:

This 10-minute short activity is geared towards the

enhancement of the participants in a psychological way. They

will be exposed in experiencing more of the positive factors

146

they have for them to acknowledge them and nurture it for

the betterment leading them to establish firm foundation

about themselves.

Materials: mirror, music

Procedures:

Let the participants form a circle facing outside.

Each participant will be facing a mirror.

They will be asked to portray of someone they idolizes

and impresses. They can talk, act and think the way

just like the person they choose to portray.

They will be given 5 minutes to feel and experience how

is to be someone they idolize.

ACTIVITY 4

Title: “My Projective Goal”

Rationale:

“Goals are your destinations in life; objectives are the stops along the

way.”

― Gerard de Marigny, The Watchman of Ephraim

147

Goals in life the things that individuals hope to

accomplish over the course of their lives. These keep them

live more and experience more to achieve it.

"Go confidently in the direction of your dreams. Live the life you have

imagined." by Thoreau. Goals keep us alive that give us direction

as to what path we will be taking. It gives us strength and

power to find more meaning in life.

Objective:

Participants will then develop a sense of confidence.

They will be able to find how to make feel good about

themselves and others. It would help them in handling and

experiencing hardships in life.

Materials: coloring materials, cartolina, pencil, pen

Procedures:

Let the participant draw symbol/s that could represent

their goals in life. (It could be a connection of two

symbols representing one whole idea.)

Let it paste on the white board and let each of them

explain what they have drawn including their feelings,

thoughts and expectations.

148

Processing Questions:

What made you think of that goal?

How would you describe your emotion towards your goal?

What have you learned from the activity?

How will you be able to apply that learning in real-

life situations?

ACTIVITY 5

Title: “Affirmed Me & Others”

Rationale:

Self-affirmation is necessary for the self. This will

produce positive behaviors with positive feelings and

behaviors. Lack of affirmation fails to establish the sense

of self according the real and ideal self. Incongruence

might occur within the self.

Objective:

This solemn activity is done to integrate what have

implemented in the previous module and sessions. This is to

be conducted with correct facilitation to achieve success of

149

the program. It aims to let participants see and experience

the whole objective of the program.

Materials: background music, dim light

Procedures:

Scatter each participant in the room to build spaces

and boundaries among themselves.

For about 10 minutes, each of them will have to give

positive message to one’s self. They will be given time

to talk with their selves.

Let them find a partner and choose who will be person A

& person B.

For about 3 minutes, person A must tell only positive

traits, characteristics about person B and vice versa.

Once a couple is done, there would be exchanging of

partners and will execute the same to their previous

partners.

Processing Questions:

How was the feeling of saying good things about one’s

self? To others?

What do you think was the activity for?

150

What have you learned from yourself?

PROGRAM EVALUATION FORM

Please rate this activity on a scale of 1 to 5 with 5 being

the most favorable rating and answer the following questions

151

honestly by checking on the blanks. Comments are

encouraged.

1. Organization of the activity:

1__ 2__ 3__ 4__ 5__

2. Learned knowledge out from the activities

1__ 2__ 3__ 4__ 5__

3. Your level of interests for the activity

1__ 2__ 3__ 4__ 5__

4. Have you participated in programs similar to this

before?

Yes ____ No ____

5. After participating in this activity, did you learn

something new?

Yes ___ No ____

6. Did the program meet your expectations?

Yes ____ No ____

If No, Why?

________________________________________________________

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____________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

7. Was the length of the activity

Just right? ____ too long? ____ too short? ____

8. Was the cost

Just right? ____ too low? ____ too high? ____

9. Would you participate in this activity again?

Yes__ No__

10. Was the speaker and facilitator well prepared?

Yes __ No __

11. Was the activity well organized?

Yes __ No __

12. Did the speaker and facilitators relate well with the

group?

Yes __ No __

13. Were the facilities adequate?

Yes __ No __

14. Should this activity, or one similar to it, be offered

again?

Yes __ No__

153

15. Overall satisfaction with the activity:

1__ 2__ 3__ 4__ 5__

16. If you have any other comments regarding this activity,

please let us know. Please note that we will take your

feedback into account in order to improve for future

projects.

154

PROGRAM BUDGET

Venue = P 3,500.00/day P 7,000.00

Speaker Honorarium = P 8,000.00/speaker P 8,000.00

Tokens = P 1,000.00/speakerP 2,000.00

Certificates = P 200.00/day P 400.00

155

Participants Certificates

= P 100.00/day P 200.00

Supplies and Materials = P 1,000.00/day P 2,000.00

Contingency = P 8,000.00 P 8,000.00

Food = P 5,000.00/day P 10,000.00

TOTAL P 37,600.00

Chapter IV

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY

“What is beautiful is good.”- This axiom assumes that

physically attractive people are superior to others on many

other traits, such as intelligence and overall personality.

156

This effect is extremely influential because people often

want to be desired to form and maintain close social bonds.

It even convinced percentage of people to change their

physical attributions.

Victims of unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedure

were the selected individuals of Visayas Region for this

current study. It was designed to determine the factors

which affected the decision to enhance one’s own physical

attributions. The effects of its failure was also presented,

analyzed and examined.

The research methods used in this study were the

quantitative and qualitative. Qualitative method includes

observation, semi0structured interviews and case study. For

the quantitative method, data were gathered through web-

based questionnaires. These are the Big Five Personality

Tests, Self-Perception Test, Impact of Event Trauma Scale

and Sorensen Self-Esteem Test. The subjects were chosen by

purpose and were based on their availability and

convenience. The research subjects were individuals aged

157

between 20-45 years old regardless of sexual identity who

undergo beauty enhancement procedure (it may be surgical or

non-surgical) and have permanent effect physically; may be

internally of externally due to the bad effects brought by

the unsuccessful procedure. Data were analyzed by the use

of case analysis, verbatim and narrative analysis together

with the corresponding interpretation of tests being used.

The theories used in this study were Self-Theory by

Carl Rogers, Individual Psychology by Alfred Adler,

Psychogenic Need Theory by Henry Murray, Social Learning

Theory of Albert Bandura, Psychoanalytic Theory by Sigmund

Freud and Logotherapy by Viktor Frankl.

FINDINGS

The findings of the study are hereby presents on the

variables explored in the problem.

1. The following are the profiles of the selected

individuals who have undergone unsuccessful beauty

enhancement procedure:

158

1.1 Age. The first subject, Aphrodite is 23 years

old; the second one, Venus is 39 years old.

Both subjects’ age is under the scope of young

adulthood.

1.2 Profile. Based from the quantitative data

interpretation of the Big Five Personality

Test, both the subjects were shy and

introverted. They seemed to prefer the usual

routine and conventional things. Both of them

have tendency to be organized and self-

disciplined. On the other hand, from the result

of Self-Perception Test, they both have

tendency to care about their physical

appearance. They seemed to feel not good if

they don’t appear attractive.

1.3 Economic Status. Both Aphrodite and Venus are

both under the average economic status.

1.4 Family Orientation. All subjects have the basic

structure of a family. Aphrodite is a single

woman living with her parents and his

159

grandmother. Venus is a married woman with a

son and her mother living with her; husband

staying abroad. Both of the subjects have a

nuclear type of family.

2. Lifestyle of these selected persons before

experiencing the effects of the incident.

On the aspect of work, Aphrodite used to

work on an HR-oriented field of work which she

dreamt of. She used to eat her favourite salty

foods, liked to drink soft drinks and eat junk

foods which she liked most. Socially, she and

her dad were not too close to each other that

they used to quarrel most of the time. On the

other hand, Venus used to go out with his

friends and socialize. She got to trust people

easily surrounding her by undoubtedly believed

of what they said. Both subjects’ experiences

brought change in their lives.

160

3. Factors influencing the existence of this

unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedures according

to:

1.4 Interest. Both of the subjects were driven to

change their physical attribution to achieve

contentment on their self-image. Specifically,

Aphrodite wanted to gain bigger size of breasts

to appear attractive and to perfect her beauty

package. On the other side, Venus wanted to

have a better look of her nose. She wanted to

change it to also achieve a higher level of

ideal beauty of the outside.

1.5 Attitude towards the expected outcome. Both of

the subjects were expecting to achieve the

expected outcome. They intentionally believed

and hoped to experience a beauty-enhanced self.

1.6 Attitude towards the cosmetic procedure/s. Both

subjects were eager to be exposed to such

procedure considering the fact that they needed

to spent money. Aphrodite spent part of her

161

salary to buy the beauty pills without the

knowledge of her parents which used to be the

cause of the conflict as family. On the other

hand, Venus was enthusiastic to execute the

beauty enhancement procedure without the

knowledge of her husband who was in abroad. She

kept it as a secret without considering that

her husband was the one supporting her

financially.

4. Psychological effects of the research subjects from

the experience according to:

1.4 Self-esteem. On the quantitative method, both

of the subjects were interpreted to have

severely low self-esteem. Aphrodite got 20

checked items while Venus got 22. It has shown

that sometimes they may not feel good about

themselves lacked reliability and

trustworthiness to oneself.

1.5 Self-Concept. Both of the subjects were once

uncontented of their physical attributes which

162

led them to undergo the beauty enhancement

procedure. They thought that there was

something lacking to perfect the beauty

attributions. However, with their current

state, they realized and learned to be

satisfied of what they have. Considering that

they learned from the experience of being

unsuccessfully beauty-enhanced.

1.6 Behavior. Right after the incident, both

subjects acted the same in a certain manner

that they temporarily lost their sense of self.

Aphrodite while admitted at the hospital was so

down and helpless. She never wanted to be in

the hospital which made her think of escaping

but never happened. While Venus stayed at home

for several numbers of month. Currently, their

behaviors are more likely the same prior to the

incident of the failure to enhance the beauty.

5. Social effects of research subjects after the

unsuccessful procedure according to:

163

1.3. Relationship towards family and friends .

Aphrodite’s relationship with her father and

his boyfriend are considered to be intimate.

However, towards her mother, there’s a boundary

between them. They are not too close as well as

towards her grandmother and her aunts. On the

other hand, Venus has a close family relation.

She relates to her mother and her son well

especially after the incident.

1.4. Involvement towards the societal environment.

Aphrodite doesn’t really relate to her

neigboors. She considered them as gossipers and

liked to criticize people. On the other hand,

Venus relates toward her neigboors. She let

them knew about the real incident though there

were sometimes that she was still hesitant to.

6. Emotional aspects affecting the selected subjects

according to:

1.5 Depression. Both of the subjects felt a

temporary depression about the incident.

164

1.6 Embarrassment. The data proves that both of

the subjects felt embarrassed and shame.

Aphrodite didn’t even tell her neighboors and

her other relatives about the true cause of

the incident. She avoids criticism from

people surrounding her. Only that, she shared

it to people she thought to be the

trustworthy ones. On the other hand, Venus

refused herself to go out from her home

especially during the initial reactions of

the beauty procedure. Currently, Aphrodite

remains secretive while Venus is already

open.

1.7 Frustration. Both of subjects felt frustrated

about the incident itself. Considering that

they never achieved what they desired for.

1.8 Stress. Based from the administered Impact of

Event Scale, both of the subject shows no

patterns of trauma. Aphrodite got a total

score of 20 while Venus got 21. It has shown

165

that they may only be affected by the

incident. Thus, the unsuccessful beauty

enhancement procedure is not that impactful

for the subjects.

7. Coping mechanisms of the subjects as healing

process according to:

1.1 Towards the personal situation. Initially,

both subjects coped with the situation by

temporarily denying it. Their behavior was a

representation of escaping from the reality.

However at the later part of the incident,

they rechanneled the object of frustration to

other outlets. Aphrodite learned to ask help

from God to whom she gave trust more. She

used to sing his praises and songs. So as

Venus, she got the source of hope from Him.

Moreover, she did things at home such as:

cleaning, net surfing, texting, etc.

8. Based on the findings of the study, a Proposed

Intervention Program named “Mind, Body and Soul

166

Counseling Program” will be the implication to

unsatisfied individuals undergone beauty enhancement

procedure.

CONCLUSIONS

The individuals undergone enhancement procedure was

motivated by their interest and need to achieve a high level

of self-image and social interest; and that they are highly

influenced by their peers. Effects of the incident were

highlighted on their psychological, social and emotional

aspects of their lives.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings of the study, the researcher

recommends the following:

i. Adoption of the Proposed Intervention Program.

ii. Execution of the said program to the research subjects.

167

iii. The future researchers having the same interest in

“Beautiful Disaster” should come up with a much

comprehensive studies with regards to childhood

experiences that include the families of affected

victims.

iv. That further studies about legal aesthetic operation’s

failure should be conducted.

References

Books:

168

Corey, G. (2009). Counseling and Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice.

Singapore: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd.

Edition, T. F. (1994). Notable Selections in Social Psychology.

Guilford, CT: The Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc. .

Engler, B. (2011). Theories of Personality Philippine Edition. Pasig

City: Cengage Learning Asia pte ltd (Philippine

Branch).

Frankl, V. E. (1984). Man's Search for Meaning. New York: POCKET

BOOKS.

Electronic Devices

Dewey, R. (2007). Inferiority feelings. Retrieved from

http://

www.intropsych.com/ch11_personality/inferiority_feelings.htm

l

Honigman, Castle J. (2006,June). Aging and cosmetic

enhancement. Retrieved from

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles /PMC2695163/

169

Violetta,Y. (2012, October 19). Danger behind beautiful

face. Retrieved from

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/201210/19/content158

29548.htm

Australas, A.R. (2004, October). Surgical enhancement of

facial beauty its psychological significance. Retrieved

from

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16479858

http://loi-renee.hubpages.com/hub/Why-Cant-I-See-Me

Online Newspaper

Online. (2012, October 10). Belo: Who touches your body?

Tempo:News in Flash. Retrieved from

http://www.tempo.com.ph/2012/10/belo-who- touches-

your- body/#.UIkI1ob9GVA

Online Psychological Tests

Self-Perception Test. Retrieved from

http://www.learnmyself.com/personality .asp?p=Self-

Perception-Test

170

Impact of Event Scale. Retrieved from

http://www.psychotherapy-

center.com/Measuring_the_Impact_of_an_Event.html

Sorensen Self-Esteem Test. Retrieved from

http://www.counseling.ufl.edu/cwc/uploads/docs/Sorensen_Self

- Esteem_Test.pdf

Big Five Personality Test. Retrieved from

http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/

171

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR SUBJECTS

PERSONAL INFORMATION SHEET

Name:

Date of Birth:

Gender:

Age:

172

Residence:

Civil Status:

Religion:

Occupation:

Economic Status:

Educational Attainment:

Birth Order:

Type of Aesthetic Upgrading:

INTERVIEW PROPER

Beauty Enhancement History

1. What were other beauty enhancements you undergo prior

to the unsuccessful enhancement?

2. What was the outcome of the prior enhancement procedure

you experienced?

3. What were the reactions of your family, and friends?

Motivation/ intention of aesthetic upgrading

1. What motivated you to undergo beauty enhancement

procedure?

173

2. What were your expectations during the execution of

the method?

3. Where you stable financially?

4. Did your family and friends support you in this

matter?

5. What were the factors that contributed to your

decision to upgrade your beauty?

6. How eager were you to do such procedure?

7. From whom did you get the most of the support?

8. What good did you see in enhancing your physical

appearance?

Nature of the Unsatisfactory Beauty Enhancement Procedure

1. What were the specific happenings that take place

during the enhancement procedure?

2. What was your quick response upon experiencing the

effect of the procedure?

3. What was the first thing you did?

4. How did you handle the experience?

5. To whom did you first tell the incident?

174

6. What were your thoughts upon experiencing the effect of

the procedure?

7. How did you feel about the unexpected incident?

8. What were the realizations you get from the experience?

9. What were your thoughts about the comments of other

people?

10. How did they react to your situation?

Perception about Oneself

1. How do you see yourself physically before you had

experienced the procedure?

2. How do you feel towards yourself?

3. What is making you happy and feel satisfied?

4. How do you relate yourself with others?

5. What are the things you consider are important about

you?

Impact of the unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedure to

the ff:

a. Self:

1. What can you say about your current situation?

2. How do you see yourself after the incident?

175

3. What are the thoughts you are planning to do?

4. What can you possibly think that you will do about the

incident?

5. What aspects in your life that was affected after the

incident?

6. What learning did you get from your experience?

b. Family

1. How did the incident affect your relationship with your

family?

c. Friends

1. How did the incident affect your relationship with

your friends?

d. Other individuals:

1. How did the incident affect your relationship with

other people surrounding you?

e. Aesthetic Upgraders:

1. How did the incident affect your perception towards

authorized or unauthorized people involve in beauty

enhancement procedure?

f. Coping Mechanism

176

1. How are you coping with the experience of

being unsatisfied of the aesthetic upgrading?

APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR KEY INFORMANTS

PERSONAL INFORMATION SHEET

Name:

Date of Birth:

Gender:

Civil Status:

Residence:

Years of Residence:

177

Relation to the Subject:

Years of Acquaintance with the subject:

INTERVIEW PROPER

Beauty Enhancement History

1. What were other beauty enhancements that the subject

undergo prior to the unsuccessful enhancement?

2. What was the outcome of the prior enhancement procedure

that the subject experienced?

3. What were the effects of the prior enhancements to the

subject, his/her family, and friends?

Motivation/ intention of aesthetic upgrading

1. What motivated the subject to undergo beauty

enhancement procedure?

2. What were the subjects’ expectations during the

execution of the method?

3. Was the subject stable financially?

4. Did people surround the subject supported?

5. What were the factors that contributed to the subjects’

decision to upgrade your beauty?

178

6. How eager was the subject to do such procedure?

7. From whom did the subject get the most of the support?

8. What do you think was the good thing that t he subject

see in enhancing his/her physical appearance?

Nature of the Unsatisfactory Beauty Enhancement Procedure

1. What were the specific happenings that take place

during the enhancement procedure?

2. What was your quick response upon knowing the effect

of the procedure?

3. What was the first thing that the subject did?

4. How did the subject handle the experience?

5. To whom did the subject first tell the incident?

6. What were the subject’s thoughts upon experiencing

the effect of the procedure?

7. How did the subject feel about the unexpected

incident?

8. What were the realizations that the subject get from

the experience?

9. What were the subject’s thoughts about the comments

of other people?

179

10. How did the people react to your situation?

Perception about Oneself

1. How do you think the subject sees herself/himself

physically before you he/she experienced the

procedure?

2. How does the subject feel towards oneself after the

incident?

3. What is making the subject happy and feel satisfied?

4. How does the subject relate with others?

5. What are the things that the subject considers

important about him/her?

Impact of the unsuccessful beauty enhancement procedure to

the ff:

1. How do you know the subject?

2. From your observation, what made the subject decide to

have a beauty enhancement procedure?

3. Did the subject possess traits that lead him/her to

experience upgrading?

4. Was there a time where in the subject recall the

incident happened?

180

5. What was the effect to the subject when he/she recalls

the incident?

6. What can you say about the subjects’ current

situation?

7. How do you think the subject see himself/herself after

the incident?

8. What do you know about the plans of the subject?

9. What aspects in the subjects’ life that were affected

after the incident?

10. How did the incident affect the subject’s

relationship with his/her family?

11. How did the incident affect the subject’s

relationship with his/her friends?

12. How did the incident affect the subject’s

relationship with other people surrounding him/her?

13. How did the incident affect the subject’s

perception towards authorized or unauthorized people

involve in beauty enhancement procedure?

181

APPENDIX C: THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TEST

DIRECTIONS: The following statements concern your perceptionabout yourself in a variety of situations. Your task is to indicate the strength of your agreement with each statement,utilizing a scale in which 1 denotes strong disagreement, 5 denotes strong agreement, and 2, 3, and 4 represent intermediate judgments. In the boxes after each statement, click a number from 1 to 5 from the following scale:1. Strongly disagree2. Disagree3. Neither disagree nor agree4. Agree5. Strongly agreeThere are no "right" or "wrong" answers, so select the number that most closely reflects you on each statement. Take your time and consider each statement carefully.

I see myself as someone who...

1. ...Is talkative

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

2. ...Tends to find fault with others 

182

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

3. ...Does a thorough job 

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

4. ...Is depressed, blue

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

5. ...Is original, comes up with new ideas

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

6. ...Is reserved

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

7. ...Is helpful and unselfish with others

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

8. ...Can be somewhat careless

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

183

9. ...Is relaxed, handles stress well

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

10. ...Is curious about many different things

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

11. ...Is full of energy

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

12. ...Starts quarrels with others

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

13. ...Is a reliable worker

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

14. ...Can be tense

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

15. ...Is ingenious, a deep thinker

184

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

16. ...Generates a lot of enthusiasm

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

17. ...Has a forgiving nature

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

18. ...Tends to be disorganized

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

19. ...Worries a lot

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

20. ...Has an active imagination

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

21. ...Tends to be quiet

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

185

22. ...Is generally trusting

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

23. ...Tends to be lazy

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

24. ...Is emotionally stable, not easily upset

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

25. ...Is inventive

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

26. ...Has an assertive personality

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

27. ...Can be cold and aloof

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

28. ...Perseveres until the task is finished

186

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

29. ...Can be moody

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

30. ...Values artistic, aesthetic experiences

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

31. ...Is sometimes shy, inhibited

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

32. ...Is considerate and kind to almost everyone

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

33. ...Does things efficiently

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

34. ...Remains calm in tense situations

Strongly 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly

187

Disagree Agree

35. ...Prefers work that is routine

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

36. ...Is outgoing, sociable

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

37. ...Is sometimes rude to others

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

38. ...Makes plans and follows through with them

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

39. ...Gets nervous easily

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

40. ...Likes to reflect, play with ideas

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

188

41. ...Has few artistic interests

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

42. ...Likes to cooperate with others

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

43. ...Is easily distracted

Strongly

Disagree1 2 3 4 5

Strongly

Agree

44. ...Is sophisticated in art, music, or literatureStrongly Disagree 1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Agree

45. ...Is politically liberalStrongly Disagree 1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Agree

189

APPENDIX D: THE BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TEST- VISAYAN VERSION

GIYA SA PAGTUBAG: Isuwat ang imong pag-uyon o dili pag-uyonsa kada pangutana gamit ang gibutang na mga kapilian diinang numero uno (numero 1) nagpakita na kusog imongpagtutuol, and numero singko (numero 5) nagpakita sa imongkusog na pag-uyon, ug ang numero dos, tres ug kwatro (numero2,3,4) nagpakita na ang imong tubag naa sa kabutngaan.Sirkoli ang numero sa imong tubag nga nagpakita sa imongkinaiya.

1- Kusog nga pagtutol

2- Sakto lang ang pagtutol

3- Dili ka mo-uyon ug dili ka mo-tutol

4- Sakto lang ang pag-uyon

5-Kusog na pag-uyon

Akong nakita ang akong kaugalingon nga…

1. .. tabian

Kusog nga 1 2 3 4 5 Kusog sa

190

pagtutol pag-uyon

2. .. mangita ug sayop sa uban

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

3. .. ganid motrabaho sa trabahuon

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

4. .. magul-anon

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

5. .. makahuna-huna ug mga bag-o nga ideya

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

6. .. konserbatibo

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

7. .. matinabangon ug dili hakog

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

8. .. danghag usahay

Kusog nga 1 2 3 4 5 Kusog sa

191

pagtutol pag-uyon

9. .. kalamado, maayo modala ug kakapoy

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

10. .. ganahan makahibalo sa mga bisan unsa nga butang

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

11. .. puno ug kusog

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

12. .. mag una-una ug pangaway sa lain

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

13. .. masaligan sa trabaho

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

14. .. dali makuyawan

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

15. .. lalum ug huna-huna

192

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

16. .. makadala ug alegre

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

17. .. dali magpasaylo

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

18. .. dali mawad-an ug konsentrasyon

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

19. .. sige ug kabalaka

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

20. .. paspas ang imahinsayon

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

21. .. hilumon

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

193

22. .. dali mosalig

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

23. .. tapulan

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

24. .. Sali mahiubos

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

25. .. hilig mag-imbento

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

26. .. kusog ug personalidad

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

27. .. pwede ra mag-inusara

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

28. .. kugihan hangtod mahuman ang trabaho

Kusog nga 1 2 3 4 5 Kusog sa

194

pagtutol pag-uyon

29. .. mag-usab-usab ang buot

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

30. .. hilig ug mga arte/ sining

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

31. .. uasahay manggi-uwawon

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

32. .. buotan ug maayo sa isig katawo

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

33. .. epektibo motrabaho

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

34. .. kalmado bisan lisod na ang sitwasyon

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

195

35. .. ganahan motrabaho na na-andan na

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

36. .. hilig makig-halibilo sa ubang tawo

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

37. .. usahay madaog-daogon sa uban tawo

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

38. .. mobuhat ug plano ug mosunod sa plano

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

39. .. dali makulbaan

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

40. .. hilig mamalandong

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

41. .. dili kayo hilig ug art

Kusog nga 1 2 3 4 5 Kusog sa

196

pagtutol pag-uyon

42. .. ganahan nga naay koopersayon sa uban

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

43. .. dali samokan

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

44. .. kaantigo sa arts, musika o literature

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

45. .. liberal ang panglantaw sa politika

Kusog nga

pagtutol1 2 3 4 5

Kusog sa

pag-uyon

197

APPENDIX E: SORENSEN SELF-ESTEEM TEST

DIRECTION: Place a check next to the number of each

statement that you find to be true.

1. _____ I generally feel anxious in new social situations

where I may not know what is expected of me.

2. _____ I find it difficult to hear criticism about myself

3. _____ I fear being made to look like a fool

4. _____ I tend to magnify my mistakes and minimize my

successes.

5. _____ I am very critical of myself and others.

6. _____ I have periods in which I feel devastated and/or

depressed.

7. _____ I am anxious and fearful much of the time.

8. _____ When someone mistreats me I think that I must have

done something to deserve it.

9. _____ I have difficulty knowing who to trust and when to

feel.

10._____ I often feel like I don’t know the right thing to

do or say.

11._____ I am very concerned about my appearance.

12._____ I am easily embarrassed

13._____ I think others are very focused on --and critical

of --what I say and do.

14._____ I fear making a mistake which others might see.

198

15._____ I often feel depressed about things I’ve said and

done, or things I failed to say or do.

16._____ I have avoided making changes in my life because

I was fearful of making mistake or falling.

17. _____ I often get defensive and strike back when I

perceive I am being criticized.

18. _____ I have not accomplished what I am capable of due

to fear and avoidance.

19. _____ I tend to let fera and anxiety control many of

my decisions.

20. _____ I tend to think negatively much of the time.

21. _____ I have found I t difficult to perform adequately

or without embarrassment when I involved in sex

22. _____ I am one of the following: The person who

reveals too much personal information about myself or

the person who seldom reveals personal information.

23. _____ I often get so anxious that I don’t know what to

say.

24. _____ I often procrastinate.

25. _____ I try to avoid conflict and confrontation.

26. _____ I ve been told Im too sensitive.

27. _____ I felt inferior or inadequate as a child.

28. _____ I tend to think that I have higher standards

than others

29. _____ I often feel like I don’t know what is expected

of me.

199

30. _____ I often compare myself to others.

31. _____ I frequently think negative thoughts about

myself and others.

32. _____ I often feel that others mistreat me and or take

advantage of me.

33. _____ At night, I frequently review my day, analyzing

what I said and did or what others said and did to

me that day.

34. _____ I often make decisions on the basis of what woul

please others rather than on what I want or without

even considering what I want.

35. _____ I often think that others don’t respect me.

36. _____ I often refrain from sharing my opinions, my

ideas, and my feelings in groups.

37. _____ I sometimes lie when I feel that the truth would

result in criticism or rejections.

38. _____ Im fearful that I will say or do something that

will make me look stupid or incompetent.

39. _____ I do not set goals for the future.

40. _____ I am easily discouraged.

41. _____ I am not very aware of my feelings.

42. _____ I grew up in a dysfunctional home.

43. _____ I think life is harder for me than for most

other people.

44. _____ I often avoid situations where I think I will be

uncomfortable.

200

45. _____ I tend to be a perfectionist, needing to look

perfect and to do things perfectly.

46. _____ I feel too embarrassed to eat out alone or to

attend movies and other activities by myself.

47. _____ I often find myself angry or hurt by the

behaviour and words of others.

48. _____ At time I get so anxious or upset that I

experience most of the following heart racing or

pounding, sweating, tearfulness,; blushing;

difficulty swallowing or lump in my throat; shaking;

poor concentration dizziness, nausea or diarrhea;

butterflies.

49. _____ I am very fearful of criticism, disapproval, or

rejections.

50. _____ I rely on the opinion of others to make

decisions.

APPENDIX F: SELF-PERCEPTION TEST

1. It's important to me to look my best all the time.

I agree

a lot

I agree a

little

I disagree

a little

I

disagree

a lot2. When something goes wrong inside your body, you are never

really the same person again.

201

I agree

a lot

I agree a

little

I disagree

a little

I

disagree

a lot3. If a woman doesn't look good to others, she can't

possibly feel good about herself.

I agree

a lot

I agree a

little

I disagree

a little

I

disagree

a lot4. The idea of having surgery bothers me because it means

doing damage to my body.

I agree

a lot

I agree a

little

I disagree

a little

I

disagree

a lot5. I am very careful about my diet.

I agree

a lot

I agree a

little

I disagree

a little

I

disagree

a lot6. I feel good about myself only if I know I look good to

other people.

I agree

a lot

I agree a

little

I disagree

a little

I

disagree

a lot7. A scar from an operation, even one that doesn't show, is

a constant reminder to yourself that something was wrong

with you.

I agree

a lot

I agree a

little

I disagree

a little

I

disagree

202

a lot8. I have to look as good as I can to others in order to

feel right about myself.

I agree

a lot

I agree a

little

I disagree

a little

I

disagree

a lot9. Completely apart from the pain, I'd have trouble giving

myself an injection because it would mean forcing a needle

into an undamaged part of my body.

I agree

a lot

I agree a

little

I disagree

a little

I

disagree

a lot10. I consciously make an effort to avoid eating things I

know aren't good for me.

I agree

a lot

I agree a

little

I disagree

a little

I

disagree

a lot

203

APPENDIX G: IMPACT OF EVENT SCALE

List Today's Date_________

List the Date of the Event_________

Describe the Event______________________________________________

Below is a list of comments made by people after stressful life events.  Pleasemark each item, indicating how frequently these comments were true foryou during the past seven days.  If they did not occur during that time, pleasemark the "not at all" column. Encircle the answer that applies to you.

Select only one answer per row.

Not atall

RarelySometime

sOfte

n

1. I thought about it when I didn't mean to. 0 1 3 5

2. I avoided letting myselfget upset when I thoughtabout it or was reminded

0 1 3 5

204

about it.

3. I tried to remove it from memory. 0 1 3 5

4.

I had trouble falling asleep or staying asleepbecause of pictures or thoughts about it that came to my mind.

0 1 3 5

5. I had waves of strong feelings about it. 0 1 3 5

6. I had dreams about it. 0 1 3 5

7. I stayed away from reminders about it. 0 1 3 5

8. I felt as if it hadn't happened or was un real. 0 1 3 5

9. I tried not to talk about it. 0 1 3 5

10.

Pictures about it poppedinto my mind. 0 1 3 5

11.

Other things kept makingme think about it. 0 1 3 5

12.

I was aware that I stillhad a lot of feelings about it, but I didn't deal with them.

0 1 3 5

13.

I tried not to think about it. 0 1 3 5

14.

Any reminder brought back feelings about it. 0 1 3 5

15.

My feelings about it were kind of numb. 0 1 3 5

_0_ + ____

+ _______ + __ = __

Scoring: Total each column and add together for a total stress score.

205

University of San Jose-Recoletos Corners P. Lopez & Magallanes Streets, Cebu City 6000, Philippines

APPENDIX H: LETTER OF INTENT

_______________________________________________________________

Dear ________________:

I am a Psychology student of the University of San Jose-Recoletos who is currently enrolled in Research Class inPsychology. As part of our course requirements, I am tasked tostudy about the victims of medical malpractice in Cebu Province.

206

I would like to ask for your permission to be the subjects inmy study and if you will be available to take the tests, to beinterviewed, to be observed and to let your family members, friendsand neighbors be one of your key informants. I believe you cansupport and attest to the variables that I am looking for; restassured that your identity and the disclosed information will behighly confidential as I will be using codenames and will presentto you my find output.

I sincerely appreciate your positive response on this matteras this would help me fulfill my academic requirements and sharpenmy skills in doing research as a psychology student. If there areany questions you would like to ask, you can reach me through thisnumber: 0923-5288070 or 255-8257.

Thank you for giving your time reading my letter and God blessyou.

Sincerely yours,

Ma. Ethel CatalanResearcher

Approved by:

Ddr. Raymundo C. Rosada, Jr.Chair, DPLIS

Noted by:Dr. Teoddie B. Dumam-agDean, College of Arts and Scienc

University of San Jose-Recoletos

Corners P. Lopez & Magallanes Streets, Cebu City 6000,Philippines

APPENDIX I: LETTER OF CONTRACT

________________

207

I am Mr/Ms. ____________________________, agreed to be theresearch subject of Ms. Ma. Ethel V. Catalan for her researchstudy entitled: Victims of Lab, provided that the researchstudy and sessions shall have the following conditions:

1. Firstly, Ms. Catalan has to has to handle the datagathered from me with outmost confidentiality. This meansthat no person shall have to access to such data withoutmy consent, except for those who are members in theacademic panel. Secondly, privacy shall be observed,meaning, that Ms. Catalan, during her conduct of herresearch session, shall not seeing any other person whoare not related to the research study, unless beingapproved and agreed by both me as the research subjectand by Ms. Catalan as the researcher.

2. Being the researcher, Mc. Catalan can take up videotapeprovided with all conditions in number one.

3. Ms. Catalan shall communicate and debrief with me thefindings of my assessment and be able to provide certaininterpretation form, which I can personally utilize.

4. Being the stated research subject, I shall give Ms.Catalan with all the necessary information she needs fromher methods of study, as honestly as I can from the startof her research session with me until to the very end ofher research journey.

5. Both parties who are unable to follow this contract willbe subjected for legal actions.

__________________________________________________________Research Subject’s Signature Over Printed Name

__________________________________________________________Researcher’s Signature Over Printed Name

MA. ETHEL V. CATALAN

208

Born : April 4, 1993

Home Address : Caliongan, Dalaguete, Cebu

Address : Unit V Upper OPRRA Kalunasan Cebu City 6000

Mobile No. : 0923-5288070

Home No. : (032) 255-8257

Email Address: [email protected]

Educational Background:

Tertiary University of San Jose-

Recoletos

Magallanes Street, Cebu City

Bachelor of Science in Psychology

June 2009- present

Dean’s List

Secondary University of Southern

Philippines Foundation

Salinas Drive, Lahug Cebu City

June 2006-March 2009

Primary Caliongan Elementary School

Caliongan, Dalaguete, Cebu

209

June 2000- March 2006

Salutatorian

Affiliation: Cebu Facilitators’ Circle Inc.

Batch 20th Circle

2011 – Present

Chief Purser/Treasurer

USJ-R Junior Jaguar Jaycees

June 2010- March 2011

Member

Psychology Society

June 2009-March 2013

Member