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accompany I'd be delighted to accompany you. admire I admire your courage to tell him the truth. answer Answer the bell, Jim. approach A stranger approached me and talked to me. attend A lot of people attended the funeral. consider You must consider other people's feelings. contact You can contact me at this number. discuss I discussed the problem of food with them. enter Everybody stands up when the teacher enters the class. excel Tom excels all his classmates in mathematics . leave I'm leaving Paris for Tokyo in three days. marry My sister married a bank clerk. mention Don't mention it. obey The men always obey him. oppose I oppose the plan because I'm sure it won't work. reach We reached our destination in two days. resemble The animal resembles a rat. survive Grandmother survived her husband by five years. 他動詞と取りちがえやすい自動詞 agree He quite agreed with me on that point. appologize I apologized to him for my rudeness. compete Barbie loves to compete against her big sisters. complain We have nothing to complain of (about). object I object to her going to the party. ★ point 2 要求提案命令などの動詞
3.不定詞・動名詞どちらも目的語に取る動詞 a) 不定詞は述語動詞の時制より先の時を表し,動名詞は述語動詞の時制より以前の時を表すもの remember Did you remember to lock the door? I remember seeing her somewhere. forget Don't forget to meet me at the station. I shall never forget visiting London last summer. regret I regret to say that she is seriously injured. I regret telling[having told] you. b) 不定詞は能動,動名詞は受動の意味を表すもの deserve She deserves to succeed. A person who steals deserves punishing. need You need to go there alone. He will need looking after. ・ c) 不定詞は未完了、動名詞は完了を表すもの try He tried to write to the singer, but he could not. He tried writing to the singer, but she did not reply. ★ point 4 二重目的語をとる意外な動詞 allow He allows himself many luxuries. cause Your letter will cause him a great deal of distress to him. charge They charged me twelve dollars for the broken window. cost This hat cost me$10. One mistake can cost a person his life. deny She denies her child nothing. hand I handed him a map leave Her uncle left her a great amount of money. lend Can you lend me 5,000 yen until payday? offer He offered her a ride to school. owe I owe my brother$5. pass Would you pass me the salt? reach Please reach me that box. save Your help saved me a lot of work.
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spare Could you spare me a few minutes? take It took me two hours to go there, wish I wish you a Happy New Year. ★ point 5 S+V+O to do の文型をとる重要動詞 advise I advised him to come back at once. allow I can't allow you to behave like that. ask I asked her to go there for me. cause Her behavior caused me to laugh. compel His illness compelled him to stay indoors. enable Her help will enable me to do the job sooner. encourage I encouraged him to try again. expect He expects the bus to be late. force We were forced to work hard. invite I invited him to attend the party oblige Poverty obliged him to commit this crime. permit Permit me to ask one question. persuade We persuaded her to go on a picnic with us. remind Please remind me to call her at seven. require All passengers are required to show their tickets. teach She taught me to drive. tell I told him not to go. want He wants me to leave ★ point 6 類語を区別すべき重要動詞 . 1.借りる borrow You can borrow these books from the library for a week. 他人の所有物を一時的に借りる use I need to use the washroom. 借りて使う rent We rented an apartment in Tokyo. 有料で他人の家・土地, 車, ビデオソフト, 衣装などを借りる hire They hired a studio by the hour 短期間有料で借りること owe I owe my brother ¥10,000. 物や金を借りている lease We lease all our computers. 賃借りする[from] 2. 貸す lease I will lease a house to him =I will lease him a house 賃貸しする。 lend My parents lent me the car to go to the movies. 無料で貸す let This house is to let [to be let]. 有料で家・土地を貸す。 rent We rented him our cottage. =We rented our cottage to him. 賃貸しする。
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3.かく write Write your name at the top of the sheet. 文字を書く draw Draw a map to your house, please. 線で絵や図を描く paint The Mona Lisa was painted by da Vinci. 絵の具を使って描く 4. 合う、似合う become Your new dress becomes you very well. (服装・髪型が) (人)に似合う suit Black suits you well. (服装・色が) (人)に似合う This climate does not suit tropical plants. (食物・気候などが)(人・事・物)に適する,合う fit The dress fits her like a glove. (人・もの)に(大きさ・形などが)合う match Those black shoes match this black skirt. (物が)(物)と調和する, 似合う go with Red wine goes with meat. (ものがもの)に調和する agree with Sushi doesn't agree with me. (風土・気候・食物などが) (人)に合う 5. 疑う doubt I doubt that he will come. [SV (that)節] …でないと思う I doubt if he is kind. [SV whether [if] 節] …かどうか疑問に思う suspect I suspect that he will come. (~だと)思う 6. 行く go I go to school by bus. 話者も聞き手もいない場に「行く」 come I'll come to your party. 聞き手がいる場に「行く」 7. 持って行く take Take the DVD when you go to see her. 話者も聞き手もいない場に持って行く bring Bring the DVD when you come to my house tomorrow. 聞き手が焦点の場所にいる場に持って行く.
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8. 着る・着ている A を着る(動作) put on A He put on his overcoat before going out. get dressed in A He got dressed in power suits for his interview. A を着ている(状態) wear A She wore a nice hat when I met her. have on A She had her chef coat on when I met her for the first time. be dressed in A He was dressed in a beige suit. ★ point 7 使役動詞 1.let [SVO do] O に…させてやる。 My father won’t let me drive his car. 2.make [SVO do] O に…させる He made me go there against my will. = I was made to go there against my will. 人主語の場合は通例強制 Her jokes made us all laugh. 物・事主語の場合は非強制 3.have [SV O do] O に仕事・サービスをさせる[してもらう] You should have a mechanic look at this car before you buy it. ★ point 8 知覚動詞 見る see /look at/ watch 聞く hear /listen to 気づく observe/notice/perceive 感じる feel ★ point 9 難易・快不快の形容詞 A: How is your new car ? B: The car is easy to drive. cf. It is easy to drive the car. comfortable (快適な) convenient (便利な) dangerous (危険な) difficult (難しい) easy (やさしい) exciting (わくわくさせる) hard (難しい)
impossible (不可能な) interesting (興味深い) nice (気持ちがいい) pleasant (気持ちいい) tough (困難な)
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★ point 10 叙述用法のみの形容詞
afraid (恐れて) His brother is really afraid of dogs. alike (似て) We looked very alike. alive (生きて) We didn't know whether he was alive or dead. alone (1 人で) John was all alone in a strange city. ashamed (恥じて) I'm ashamed of the things I said. asleep (眠って) The girl was asleep on the sofa. awake (目がさめて) Nightmares kept me awake all night. aware (気づいて) He was aware of the danger content (満足して) The oldman seems content with his life. unable (できない) He is unable to speak English well. ★ point 11 限定用法のみの形容詞 chief (主要な) Safety is our chief concern. elder (年長の) Tom's elder brother died in the war. inner (内部の) Her inner voice told her to be cautious. latter (後者の) The latter way would be simpler. lone (孤独な) Most lone parent families are headed by mothers. main (主たる) My main concern now is to protect the children. mere (ほんの) Shes a mere child. only (唯一の) My father is an only son. outer (外部の) Remove the tough outer leaves before cooking. principal (主たる) Oil is the country's principal source of income. sheer (全くの) The house's sheer size makes it expensive to heat. total (全くの) The sales campaign was a total disaster. upper (上の) He was promoted to the upper rank. utter (全くの) All of your talk was utter nonsense. ★ point 12 限定用法と叙述用法で意味の異なる形容詞 able He is an able businessman.
He was able to do the job. certain She has a certain charm. Spring is certain to follow winter. due The bus is due to arrive at 9:00. We treated the teacher with due respect. ill Ill news travels fast.
She was ill in bed. late The late Mr. Tanaka was an able teacher. I was late for the appointment. present What is your present address? All the members were present.
やったね!(相手に対して) You did it! /Well done! /Good job! /Good for you!
おめでとう Congratulations!
卒業おめでとう Congratulations on your graduation!
元気出して Cheer up!
気にするな Don't worry. /Not to worry. /Never mind.
その調子! That's the spirit.
お気の毒に That's too bad. /What a shame! /I'm sorry to hear that./
That's a pity.
ついてないね Bad luck.
落ち着いて Calm down.
だまれ! Shut up!
ほっといて! Leave me alone!
おまえに関係ねーよ! (It's) None of your business.
出ていけー! Get out of here!
言い訳するな! No more excuses!
もうたくさん! That's enough.
なるほど/あ、そっか I see.
そうだよ、うん Uh-huh.
あ、そうなの? Is that right? / Is that so? / Is that true?
そうだよ、そのとおり That's right.
そうそう! Exactly!
そう? Oh, yeah?
そうですか? Oh, really?
私も Me, too. / So am I. /So do I.
私も(否定) Neither do I. / Me neither.
冗談でしょ? No kidding! / You're kidding! /You're joking!
さあ着いた Here we are.
さあいこう Here we go.
はいどうぞ Here it is. /Here you are.
⑫聞き直し
え!何ですか I beg your pardon? / Pardon (me)? / Sorry? 解りますか? Do you follow me?
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第 2 問 C 語句整序問題
問題研究 (配点/12 点 難易度/標準 標準解答時間 5 分)
C 配点と問題形式は昨年とほぼ同様である。若干変更された点は、コミュニケーションの中で
適切に使えるかを測定するために、対話形式の中で問う問題が昨年より更に1問増えた。問2の
正答率が3割台と低く、“owe what I am”の表現にするのが難しかったと思われる。しかし、残
りの設問の正答率は6割弱となった。
知識整理
《整序作文解法の原則》
[1] 語句整序作文では、常に述語動詞を中心に考えること。センター試験の整序問題では基本動
詞の文型で考えるものが圧倒的に多い。
[2] まず、選択肢の中に述語動詞と考えられるものを探し、その数を数える。なお、その際、分
詞・to 不定詞・動名詞は述語動詞と誤解しないよう注意すること。
[3] 述語動詞が 2 つ以上ある場合は、原則として必ず〈つなぎ言葉〉がある。
〈つなぎ言葉〉になるのは、以下の通り。
1. 接続詞(等位接続詞・従属接続詞)
2. 関係詞(関係代名詞・関係副詞・関係形容詞)
3. 疑問詞(疑問代名詞・疑問副詞・疑問形容詞)
4. 又、センターでは少ないが、分詞構文の可能性も考えなければ
ならない
[4] 次に、選択肢の中にある名詞に注目する。名詞は、原則として以下のいずれかの役割を
果たす。
1. 主語 2. 動詞の目的語 3. 前置詞の目的語 4. 文中で補語
[5] さらに、選択肢の中に形容詞がある場合、その形容詞は原則として
以下の 2 つのいずれかの役割を果たすことになる。
1.名詞を修飾する 2.補語になる
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第 3 問 A 文意・語意問題
問題研究 (配点/10 点 難易度/易 標準解答時間 3 分)
文脈の理解から未知の語彙や慣用句の意味を推測させることにより、英語理解力を測定する問
題である。今回の正答率は5割台から6割台であったが昨年度がどちらも7割台、8割台と高か
ったことからすればやや難しくなったといえる。
第 3 問 B 要旨要約
問題研究(配点/18 点 難易度/やや易 標準解答時間 8 分)
話し言葉のテキストを読ませ、発言の意図や要点を問うことにより、英語理解力を測定する問
題である。2013 年度のテーマは図書館駐車場横の空き地の利用法をテーマにした町の住人の議論
である。発言者の論旨も明快であり、解答に当たって迷うところはなく、取り組みやすい問題で
あったと言える。
知識整理
この手の問題の基本的な解答手順を以下に示す。(次ページの 2010 年本試を例にとる)
① まず司会者、教師など進行役の最初の発言から何について話し合われるのかを明確に 把握する。⇒より若い人々はどう老人に接すべきか? ② まず各選択肢を先に読む。その際の司会者の発言にもヒントがあることが多い。 ⇒ 興味深い観察をなされていますね ③ この段階で①のテーマにこたえていないまたは②のヒントに矛盾する選択肢は切る。 ① 医者や看護師は術語を使いすぎる⇒ 一般論であって老人と関係ない ② 多くの老人は医者に話しかけるとき、気を使わないで済んでいる。⇒ 問われて いるのは、老人にどう接すべきかであって老人がどう接すべきかではない ③ 医療関係者もまた老人たちに対しては特別な話し方をする。⇒ ①にこたえている し②とも矛盾しない ④ 子供のような話し方をしないと、人と交流できない人がいる。⇒ 一般論であって 老人と関係ない ⑤ ここで初めて本文を読む。まず第一文(トピックセンテンス)に注目⇒人はしばしば 老人に特別な話し方をする。これは選択肢③に一致するのでこれが正解とわかる。
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2010 年 本試験
次の英文は,地域の公開討論会で行われた高齢者問題についての議論の一部である。空所に入れ
るのに最も適当なものを,それぞれ下の①~④のうちから一つずつ選べ。
Chair: Today's discussion is about how younger people should communicate with the
elderly. We invited three panelists:Dr. McDonald, a medical doctor, and Mr. Johnson and Ms. West, who are researchers specializing in gerontology, or the study of the elderly. Mr. Johnson, can you start our discussion?
Mr. Johnson: Certainly. I often notice people communicate in a particular way with the elderly.
People exaggerate their ways of speaking, for instance, by using a loud voice. Sometimes people speak as if they were talking to a child, but I wonder if older people really like this. In my observations at senior centers, even doctors and nurses employ this particular way of speaking. However, I wonder if this is a good way to communicate with them.
Chair: That's an interesting observation. You're saying that . What do you think, Dr.
McDonald?
① doctors and nurses often use too many technical expressions ② many elderly people are comfortable when they speak to doctors ③ medical professionals also speak differently to the elderly ④ some people can't communicate without speaking like children
Dr. McDonald: Well, as doctors, we have to be considerate when we talk to patients. We should adjust how we communicate with older people to make sure they understand what we say. Often, they can't hear well, so it's important to speak to them slowly and clearly. They need to understand us, so they can respond to questions we may have. I'm sure they're grateful when they're addressed in this manner. I feel that when you meet a person who appears to be old, you should always show consideration by speaking in such a manner. Chair: OK. Dr. McDonald, with his professional experience, thinks that . What are your thoughts on this point, Ms. West? ① age has nothing to do with speech style ② more intelligent words should be used ③ special attention should be paid to the elderly ④ the elderly should speak more slowly and clearly Ms. West: I'm an older person myself, but I'm afraid I have to disagree with Dr. McDonald. He said he could tell who needs to be spoken to clearly and slowly from their appearance. I guess you base your judgment of older people on their slow movements, gray hair, and wrinkles. But that's a stereotype of the elderly. Some older people may not need any special adjustments during conversation. Rather, such adjustments may insult them. I on't want to be addressed like that, or stereotyped in that way. Chair: Thank you. Ms. West's comments emphasize that our judgments of the elderly . ① don't determine our behavior ② don't hurt their feelings ③ should be based on their appearance and movements
④ shouldn't be made without careful consideration
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2007 年 本試験
次の英文は、テレビゲームの影響について、クラスで行われたディスカッションの一部である。
文中の空所に入れるのに最も適当なものを,それぞれ以下の①~④のうちから一つずつ選べ。
Moderator: More and more young people are fascinated by video games. These games influence
teenagers both positively and negatively. Today, I would like to in-vite your opinions on this topic.
Brian: Thank you. I’d like to express my views on video games. Sometimes, teenagers who enjoy playing video games seem likely to attempt the tricks that they see. This could lead to serious injuries. On the other hand, playing certain video games allows people to gain skill in using their eyes and hands at the same time. Having such skills can help young people increase their en-joyment of sports activities.
Moderator: So, Brian, you are saying that video games are helpful in . ① developing concentration ② getting serious injuries ② improving physical responses ④ promoting eyesight Madoka: It is true that some video games have cool characters who perform neat tricks, and
kids try to imitate them. But I think video games could also influ-ence teenagers in a positive way. I’ve read some studies which say that play-ing video games encourages you to try harder and achieve more. For example, when you’re playing a game and you lose, you might keep on trying to master it until you succeed.
Moderator: You and Brian have offered different opinions. Okay, Madoka, your view is that .
① imitating characters can teach us manners ② neat tricks teach you cool ideas ③ video games help you learn to never give up ④ video games help you make more profits Moderator: Are there any other views which we should consider? Joe: Video games definitely influence some teenagers in bad ways. There was an incident
in which two teenagers were found with a rifle in their home. They had used it to shoot at trucks passing by, and had killed a man. It seems that they were influenced by a video game. Parents should check the content of video games before buying them for their children. They need to take an active role in determining what their children are allowed to play.
Moderator: Thank you, Joe. You have mentioned one negative aspect of video games. What you said is that .
① children cannot stop playing video games, and sit indoors all day long, resulting in poor health ② children who play many video games can understand the difference between reality and virtual reality ③ people kill other people because they believe that they will come back to life again by pressing the
reset button ④ video games may make children imitate improper behavior, so parents should choose games carefully
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2008 本試験
次の英文は,学校新聞に載った,服装規定についての記事である。三人の生徒の意見の要約と
して最も適当なものを,それぞれ以下の①~④のうちから一つずつ選べ。
The topic for this week's "Speak Out" column is whether there should be a mandatory dress code in our school. The first opinion selected was sent in by Monica Molina, a tenth grader. She writes:
There needs to be some limitation to what students can wear to school. Without a dress code students could wear clothing that is offensive, inappropriate, distracting, or threatening. Clothing with offensive slogans and pictures that promote drugs, alcohol and smoking should not be allowed. Pictures and slogans which are offensive to race and gender should not be allowed, either. Clothing with distracting pictures or writing could take students' attention away from studying, which is why students are here. Clothing with messages, writing or pictures that are threatening to students or teachers shouldn't be worn. Being in a school with no dress code would be very bad. A dress code should be made, taking into consideration everyone who studies and works in the school.
① A lot of students wear clothing that is threatening to others.
② Clothing that has writing which encourages smoking is not so bad.
③ Dress rules should protect everyone in school from being offended.
④ Most students don't wear appropriate clothing to school.
Our next opinion was submitted by Kishan Santha, an eleventh grader, who says:
Students should be free to choose what they want to wear to school. Granted, there are some shirts that have offensive writing on them but the majority of messages are not offensive. Most messages do not negatively affect our learning and attention in class. If we have a dress code at all, it should state that students cannot wear clothes with insulting words on them. But, that is it. I'm sure that whether there is a dress code or not, my friends will wear what they know is fine and appropriate in school. Teachers should trust us to be able to determine whether or not the clothes we decide to wear are appropriate.
① A dress code cannot prevent students from wearing clothing with offensive messages.
② In most cases, students can determine what clothing is acceptable to wear to school.
③ Teachers can be trusted to make a dress code that students will accept.
④ Students should be encouraged to make a school dress code for themselves.
The third opinion selected was written by Kim Higgins, a twelfth grader. She says:
I believe that students can express themselves with their clothing. However, there should be some kind of dress code at school. It should not be a strict code, but a realistic one that everyone can follow. A rule that I find reasonable is that a shirt or blouse should not be so short that part of the person's body can be
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seen. It particularly bothers some people when they can see someone else's bare stomach. Also, we should not have to see other people's underwear. This offends some people and can be considered insulting. If we don't have school dress rules, with today's fashion, things could get out of control.
① Clothing is not a good way for students to show their feelings.
② Current dress styles don't require a specific school dress code.
③ Showing one's stomach is fashionable and not so offensive.
④ Some guidance is needed to help students dress with moderation.
We would like to thank Monica, Kishan and Kim for submitting their opinions to "Speak Out." They have given us a number of important points that we must consider seriously before everyone votes on this policy.
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2009 本試験
次の英文は,アメリカの高校の授業で友人関係について話し合われた議論の一部である。 空
所に入れるのに最も適当なものを,それぞれ以下の①~④のうちから一つずつ選べ。 Teacher: Today, we’re going to talk about the issue of friendship. Let me ask a question: Is it better
to make friends with many people, or to have just a few good friends? In other words, which is more important, the quantity of our friendships or the quality of our friendships? Does anyone have any comments? Yes, Jordan.
Jordan: I think it’s important to have a friend you can count on when you’re in trouble. We all have some tough times, and we need someone to talk to at such times. No matter how many friends you have, your problems can’t be solved unless you have someone you can trust. Having many friends doesn’t always mean that their advice will help you solve your problems. Here at school, I have just two good friends, but I know I can rely on them for anything I need. They both help me a lot in my daily life. I think this is far better than having lots of friends. Also, you can’t maintain long-term relationships with many people. The fewer friends you have, the more time you can spend with each of them. Just saying “Hi” to everybody doesn’t give you a better quality of life.
Teacher: OK. Thanks a lot. Jordan says .
① having many friends is related to people’s happiness in life ② he made a decision to help friends whenever he can ③ people can be satisfied if they simply have many friends ④ quality is more important than quantity in friendships
Teacher: Any other ideas? Amy? Amy: I think people should have a lot of friends throughout their lives. I mean, you should get
on well with as many people as possible because having a lot of friends will widen and deepen your understanding of life in various ways. You’ll learn and experience different ways of thinking by knowing them. I like having many friends because each friend brings me new possibilities. Also, I disagree with Jordan. When you’re in trouble, fewer friends will give you fewer chances to solve the problem. When I have a problem, I like to ask as many friends as possible for their advice.
Teacher: All right. Amy thinks that .
① by observing many friends, you’ll gain skills to distinguish trustworthy people from others ② friends can sometimes be mean to you, but friendships will become steady
③ many friends often confuse you, and they guide you to wrong solutions ④ the more friends you have, the more chances you’ll have to solve problems
Teacher: Any other comments on this question? Maria? Maria: Unlike Jordan and Amy, I don’t think we have to choose between having “many” friends
and having “good” friends. I’m one of Amy’s many friends, but that doesn’t necessarily mean the quality of our relationship is bad. In fact, she’s always good to me, listens to my problems and offers advice, even though, as she says, she has many friends. I believe people can have both.
Teacher: Well, I think that’s an excellent way to conclude, Maria. .
① Having good friends is much more important than having many friends. ② We can have both quantity and quality in our friendships. ③ Your good friendship with Amy is a rare case. ④ Your idea is just a repetition of Jordan and Amy’s comments.
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2011 年 本試験
次の英文は,3 人の俳優による座談会での議論の一部である空所に入れるのに最も適当なものを,
それぞれ下の①~④のうちから一つずつ選べ。
Moderator: Today, we welcome three actors, Fernando Costa, Nina Pavlova, and Manuel
Dupond, to our round-table talk. Today’s topic is playing different kinds of roles. Would you start, Fernando?
Fernando: Sure. As an actor, I like being a different person on stage. I’m basically a happy person. I always enjoy talking with friends and telling jokes. But when I act, I like playing tragic roles. A playwright creates a situation which draws the audience into another world, and I can also enter that world. For example, I take pleasure in playing Hamlet or Othello, who both experience great misfortune. I can’t easily imagine such drama in my daily life, so I prefer performing serious roles like that.
Nina: I like to play tragic roles, too, but for somewhat different reasons from yours, Fernando. You seem to like to act out what , don’t you?
① the audience expects you to do on stage ② writers themselves don’t want to do on stage ③ you don’t usually experience in real life ④ you have experienced in your daily life Fernando: Yes, exactly. Nina: Personally, it’s difficult to imagine how characters who are different from me would feel and
behave. I’m not an optimistic person and I tend to take things very seriously. I can’t even imagine myself telling a joke. So I’m not good at playing comic roles.
Moderator: Thank you, Nina. Your point is that you . ① are disappointed when you are assigned a serious role ② can tell jokes on stage without practice ③ can understand how someone else feels in a happy situation ④ feel more comfortable with serious roles Nina: Yes, that’s right. Moderator: OK. How about you, Manuel? Manuel: Like Nina, I think that if your personality is similar to that of the character you play, it helps
your performance and makes the character you play more believable. For me, it’s sometimes impossible to express what I don’t usually think and feel. I’m very outgoing and I feel happy when people laugh at my jokes. So it’s difficult for me to play very serious roles. Of course I can think of the person I’m playing and put myself in that person’s shoes, but I’m most comfortable playing someone whose personality is close to mine, I mean, playing comic roles.
Moderator: It seems that what matters most to you is whether or not. ① the audience likes your acting ② the role fits your true personality ③ you can accept the challenge of serious roles ④ you can stretch yourself to fit the role
Kenji: I think watching television too much is harmful to young children. I’ve read that it can
delay their speech development. I believe face-to-face communication is essential for young children to develop their speech. I know some parents use TV as a babysitter. Maybe they’re very busy, but they should try to make time for their children rather than just let them watch television. Oh, here comes Hiroshi. Hi, Hiroshi.
Hiroshi: Sorry I’m late. Miki: Hi, Hiroshi. We’ve just started. We’re talking about the effects of television on young
children. Kenji thinks . ② parents should talk to their young children about television programs unless they’re busy ② watching television is good because it enable because it robs them of precious time ④ young children who watch television a lot may not learn to talk as early as they should Takako: I can understand your point, Kenji. But have you ever thought how busy parents are? They
have to take care of the house and kids! Sometimes it is very convenient to let their young children watch TV. I think it’s OK, as long as the viewing time is limited and the contents of the programs are checked. Besides, there are educational TV programs. For example, by watching English TV programs for young kids, children can get used to the sounds of English.
Kenji: OK, your point is . ① busy parents can teach their children the sounds of English by watching TV programs ② parents should be encouraged to watch educational TV programs with their young children ③ the best way to learn English while we are very young is to watch English TV programs ④ watching TV programs can be good for the education of children if it is carefully monitored Hiroshi: You must be talking about the effect on very young children. But I was thinking about
children who are a little bit older, like four, five, or six years old. When I was that age, I often watched action hero stories. In such stories, the hero eventually defeats the bad character in the end. Although TV hero stories are far from reality, that kind of program demonstrates the difference between things you should and should not do. In real-life situations, we don’t always have opportunities to learn this. Watching TV programs can be one way to learn right from wrong.
Miki: OK, you seem to be . ① against watching television because programs are different from reality ② against watching television because right or wrong can be learned through experience ③ for watching television because it can teach valuable lessons in life ④ for watching television because programs are the same as reality Takako: Oh! We have to go. Class is about to start. Let’s talk about this again later. Kenji: OK, good idea. Hiroshi: I agree. See you after class.
Bob: OK. Let’s get started. I see we have well over a dozen people here to discuss what to do with
the area next to the library parking lot. Would anyone like to start with some suggestions? . . . Yes, Jack?
Jack: I think there’s enough space for a small park with at least one tree, maybe two . . . and a lawn of beautiful green grass. Maybe we can put a bench there as well. Along one side, we could leave some space for flowers. The park could be an ideal place to sit and read a book.
Bob: That’s pretty much what I imagined, too ― a kind of miniature park that . ① can be used for community events ② creates a comfortable and peaceful atmosphere ③ suits the architecture of the new library ④ would be a good place to park a car Jack: That’s right. Anne: But Jack, do you know how much money it would cost to do what you propose? We would
need to hire somebody to take care of the flowers, trees, and lawn and also clean up the leaves. Bob: So, Anne, what do you have in mind? Anne: Well, last year my husband and I decided to change our lawn into a desert-style rock garden,
so we hired an expert to make one for us. It looks great, but more importantly, doesn’t need much care.
Bob: So what you’re saying, Anne, is . ① a desert-style garden is better because it is more economical ② a park with a lawn would help create jobs for residents ③ we can create a desert-style garden which looks professional ④ we have enough money to maintain a lawn and a garden Jack: Anne, can you explain it in more detail? Anne: Well, I’ve invited the person who designed our yard. This is Carol Jones. She can explain
this better than I can. Carol: Hello, everyone. We all know that we don’t get much rain here in the Southwest. A
desert-style rock garden basically creates a scene we might see in deserts by using sand and rocks of various sizes and colors. It uses plants that don’t require much water, such as cactuses and other desert plants.
Jack: Hmmm. I have an image of deserts being really hot and uncomfortable, not relaxing. Carol: It doesn’t have to be that way. We could choose a variety of rocks and plants. For instance,
we could use rocks that are green and smooth pebbles from river bottoms to create a cooler impression. Some desert plants offer shade as well as beauty.
Anne: So, Carol and I think that . ① a rock garden cannot be as comfortable as a garden full of plants ② a rock garden would go well with the atmosphere of the town ③ it is difficult to choose the right materials for a rock garden ④ it is possible to create a refreshing space with a rock garden Bob: OK, so we have two choices so far: a rock garden, or the small park that Jack recommended.
If there are no more suggestions, shall we take a vote?
36
第 3 問 C 空所補充
問題研究(配点/18 点 難易度/標準 標準解答時間 8 分)
Cはいわゆるパラグラフリーディングの典型的な問題であり、パラグラフの中心となる考えを
的確に表した英文を選択する形式である。2013年度の内容は「米国のインディアナ州における標
準時と夏時間制度」いう、狭い国土の日本では存在しないなじみのないテーマであることを懸念
し、イラストを付けることでテキストの内容把握の補助としている。3問とも6割前後の正答率
でかつ識別力もかなり高く、標準的な問題であった。なお。今年はパラグラフが一つ増え、昨年
度の四つのパラグラフ構成が五つの構成となり、その結果、総語数が増えた
知識整理
1.この手の問題の基本的な解答手順を 2010 年度本試験を題材に以下に示す。
Vinegar is a very familiar household product, which has long played an extremely important
part in cooking all over the world. But what exactly is vinegar and what are its uses besides cooking?
( ) In Japan, rice is used to make vinegar, which is a necessary ingredient in making some
traditional Japanese dishes. In Korea, they use another native crop, persimmons; in the U.S., apples;
and in the Philippines, sugar cane. It is clear that there is a variety of vinegars worldwide.
① Local vinegar is unimportant elements in traditional dishes.
② People in different places make vinegar out of their local products.
③ Rice vinegar has been made and used by people for a long time.
④ The word "vinegar" is from an old French word meaning "sour wine."
① 第1段落に目を通す。第1段落には問題はないからトピックセンテンスを読んで出題文のテ
ーマをつかむ。⇒ vinegar(酢)が本文のテーマ 。
② 第2段落の( )の前後関係から選択肢を選ぶ。この空所はパラグラフの文頭つまり一般
にtopic が置かれる位置である。空所以下に続く文のIn Japan/ In Korea/in the USAに注目すると
空所部分(抽象論)⇒以下の文(具体例)の流れがあるだろうことがわかるはず。
37
① Local vinegar is unimportant elements in traditional dishes.
「地元産の酢は伝統的料理の重要な要素ではない」直後の文に necessary とあり、おかしい。
② People in different places make vinegar out of their local products.
「人々はその土地の作物で酢を作る」以下の抽象⇒具体例の流れに注目
different places ⇒ In Japan/ In Korea/in the USA
local products ⇒ rice/persimmons/apples
③ Rice vinegar has been made and used by people for a long time.
「米酢は長い間人々作られ、使われてきた」続きの文は国によって原料が違うことを言っている。
④ The word "vinegar" is from an old French word meaning "sour wine."
「ビネガーという言葉は古いフランスのサワーワインを意味する言葉から来ている」続きの文と
のつながりがおかしい。
Regarding the process of making vinegar, it is made by allowing air to react with alcohol of some
type. This means that the process always begins with a raw material, such as grapes, rice, or hops,
that has been converted into alcohol. ( ) The former, allowing it to age naturally, can take weeks
or months, or even in an extreme case, as long as 100 years, as in expensive Italian balsamic
vinegars. The latter process can take as little as 20 hours. This is made possible by adding air and
bacteria to the source liquid.
① It takes an extremely long time to make genuine vinegar.
② Many crops and recipes are connected to vinegar.
③ There have traditionally been several ways to make vinegar.
④ Vinegar can be produced either by a slow or fast process.
( )の直後の2文のThe former/ the latterに注目。このような代名詞に注目するのは典型解法。
The former, allowing it to age naturally, can take weeks or months, or even in an extreme case, as
long as 100 years, as in expensive Italian balsamic vinegars.「前者は--- 数週間か数ヶ月あるいは---
100年もの期間」
The latter process can take as little as 20 hours.「後者はわずか20時間」
「前者」「後者」に相当するものが選択肢の文にあるはず。
① It takes an extremely long time to make genuine vinegar.
「真の酢を作るためには極端に長い時間をかける」「前者」「後者」に相当するものがない。
② Many crops and recipes are connected to vinegar.
「多くの穀物と調理法は酢と関係する」「前者」「後者」に相当するものがない。
38
③ There have traditionally been several ways to make vinegar.
「伝統的に酢を作るにはいくつかの方法がある」「前者」「後者」に相当するものがない。
③ Vinegar can be produced either by a slow or fast process.
「酢はゆっくりの過程か速い過程のどちらかで作られることができる」
「前者」=「a slow process」、「後者」=「a fast process」と考えればこれが正解。
The uses of vinegar are as extensive as its source materials. Before refrigerators became common,
vinegar was vitally important in preserving food in the form of pickles. Vinegar has also long been
important in cleaning and for medical purposes. ( ) to polish surfaces and reduce the pain of
insect bites. Clearly, vinegar was an important discovery for ancient civilizations which remains
useful even today.
① It could have been used
② It has been commonly used
③ It is rarely used
④ It will not be used
Vinegar has also long been important in cleaning and for medical purposes.
「酢はクリーニングや医療を行う場合に長い間重要であった。」
( ) to polish surfaces and reduce the pain of insect bites.
「表面を磨いたり、虫にかまれた痛みを削減するために( )」
この2文に抽象⇒具体例の流れがあることは容易に気づくはず。
① It could have been used
「それは使うことができただろうに(実際は使わなかった)」仮定法過去完了。直前の文か
ら酢は実際に使われていたのでこの選択肢はダメ。
② It has been commonly used
「それは一般的に使われてきた」( )の直前の文の内容と一致する。
③ It is rarely used
「それはほとんど使われなかった」rately があるので否定文。
④ It will not be used
「それは使われないだろう」未来の話なので直前の文とつながらない。
39
2,ディスコースマーカリスト
逆接
actually 実際には、本当のとこ
ろは
all the same それにもかかわら
ず
although だけれども
as a matter of fact 実際は
however しかしながら
in fact 実は
in spite of A Aにもかかわらず
in contrast 対照的に
meanwhile その間に
nevertheless それにもかかわら
ず
nonetheless それにもかかわら
ず
on the contrary それどころか
otherwise さもなければ
still それでも
~,though でも(文頭不可)
(and) yet それにもかかわら
ず
対比
in contrast 対照的に
instead その代わりに
on the other hand 他方では
whereas ところが一方
while ところが一方
例示
for example 例えば
for instance 例えば
新情報の追加
additionally その上、さらに
also その上、さらに
at the same time また同時に
besides おまけに、その上
for one thing ひとつには
furthermore おまけに
in addition その上、さらに
in addition to A Aに加えて
to begin with まず最初に
moreover その上、さらに
not to mention A Aは言うま
でもなく
similarly 同様に
to say nothing of A A は言
うまでもなく
what is more その上、さらに
言いかえ
as it were いわば
in other words 言い換えれば
namely すなわち
so to speak いわば
~,that is すなわち
after all 結局のところ
all in all 大体
anyway いずれにせよ
by and large 概して
eventually 結局は
finally 結局は
in any case いずれにせよ
in brief 要するに
in conclusion 要するに
in short 要約すると
in sum 要するに
in the end 結局は
on the whole 概して、大体は
to put it briefly 簡単に言えば
to sum up 要約すると
結果、論理的帰結
accordingly したがって
as a result その結果
as it turned out 結局のとこ
ろ
because of A Aのために
consequently その結果
for this reason この理由のた
めに
hence それゆえに
in the long run 結局
inevitably 必然的に
of course もちろん
then それゆえ
therefore それゆえ
thus したがって
40
2007 本試験
1 At 508 meters, it is one of the world’s tallest buildings. Taipei may not be widely known for its modern architecture, but it does have this towering building. The building has become a symbol of Taipei’s progress, identity and vision. Let’s start in the basement and work our way up. There we can see the Grand Market, Asia’s largest food court. We then move up to the first floor where a busy shopping mall begins. On the second and third floors we find a variety of designer shops, while the fourth floor, called City Square, offers coffee shops with tables in a central plaza. 2 They are the world’s fastest, and in no time at all we are at the top of the building. Half a kilometer below, the scene glows orange-pink with city lights. Even after the sun sets, we can still make out the outline of Taipei’s surrounding mountains, blacker than the evening sky. Taipei 101 represents the progress of Taipei and its identity. 3 Of course, many other aspects of Taipei’s culture are appealing, too. However, the citizens of this city can be proud to have this impressive building. 1 ① Taipei is famous for its city lights and black rivers to the north and east. ② Taipei is known for many of the world’s greatest ancient historical sites and fine museums. ③ Taipei has many things to be proud of, but perhaps the most impressive is the L-shaped
Taipei 101 Mall. ④ Taipei’s newest attraction has the most stylish goods in the latest fashion. 2 ① Also on the fourth floor are some escalators to the fifth floor. ② On the fifth floor, we can buy tickets for the elevators to the observation deck. ③ The organic coffee beans from Colombia are especially famous. ④ We do not need to make reservations to use the observation deck. 3 ① By visiting this building, one can sense the attractiveness of this modern city. ② It is worth paying the expensive admission fees to see Taipei 101. ③ Taipei is a must for foreign tourists who want to enjoy shopping and good cof-fee. ④ Taipei is such a great city that it can be recommended for school excursions.
41
2008 年 本試験
A role model is an ideal person whom we admire. Role models may have various backgrounds and ways of looking at things. However, they all inspire others through their actions. I would like to introduce two people I admire. Mr. Chico Mendes is one of my role models. He was born in the Amazon region in 1944 to a poor Brazilian family that had farmed rubber from rubber trees for many generations. They loved the rainforest and 1 . However, mining companies and cattle ranchers started destroying the Amazon rainforest which is more than 180 million years old. They burned and cut down hundreds of thousands of trees, endangering the living environment of the people there. Chico began a movement that organized ordinary workers to oppose those harmful practices. The movement 2 , as Chico's efforts led people in other countries to protect the earth's forests and the forests' native inhabitants. Mr. Chico Mendes is a role model for me because of his courage, dedication and self-sacrificing work to protect not only the Amazon rainforest, but the natural environment of the entire planet. Dr. Mae Jemison, the first Afro-American female astronaut to travel into space, is my other role model. Mae was born into a middle-class American family. She entered university at the age of 16, and went on to receive degrees in Chemical Engineering, African-American Studies and Medicine. She became a fluent speaker of Japanese, Russian and Swahili. In 1992, she was the science mission specialist on the space shuttle Endeavour, on a cooperative mission between the U.S. and Japan. 3 , Dr. Jemison has used her education to improve the lives of others by providing primary medical care to poor people. She has helped countless people through various educational and medical projects. The main characteristics of my two role models are that they sympathize with other people's distress and are committed to improving the world by helping others. They are caring people who use their potential to benefit the world, making it a better place. 1 ① did not tell outsiders the location of their trees ② did not want strangers living anywhere near them ③ protected the indigenous tribes from being killed ④ used its resources in a way that did not destroy it 2 ① eventually spread to other parts of the world ② remained basically a problem for Brazilian people ③ was especially concerned with global warming ④ was focused mainly on the Amazon rubber trees 3
③ A compassionate person ② Because she loved traveling ③ In order to gain experience ④ Wanting an adventure
42
2009 年 本試験
It has been said that nine out of ten people like chocolate and the tenth one is lying, but did you ever
think about who gets the money you pay for your favorite chocolate? In fact, the farmer who grows the
cocoa beans and the farmer whose cows give the milk get very little of the money you pay. Most of it goes
to the companies which transport the raw materials, turn them into chocolate, then package, advertise and
distribute it to stores. As a result, the cocoa and milk producers often live in very poor conditions. 1
Garstang, near Lancaster in England, is a town which encourages stores to sell “Fairtrade” goods; in fact,
it calls itself “The World’s First Fairtrade Town.” If you buy goods with the “Fairtrade” label, you can be
sure that a reasonable part of the money you pay will go to the farmer who grows the raw materials from
which your goods are made. For example, money paid for “Fairtrade” chocolate goes to cocoa farmers in
Africa. People in Garstang became interested in “Fairtrade” when they began to look for a way to help
these farmers. The farmers complained that big chocolate companies were interested only in buying cocoa
beans inexpensively, and not in whether the farmers had enough money to live. One group in Garstang
decided to 2 , making sure the farmers could keep as much of the profit as possible.
The chocolate sold in stores in Garstang with a special “Fairtrade” logo on it was more expensive than
ordinary chocolate, but 82% of local people said they were willing to pay extra if they knew the money
was being used to help people in a poor country. Gradually, other goods came to be traded in this way.
The next thing that happened was that local dairy farmers demonstrated in the center of Garstang. They
wanted 3 . They pointed out that, like the cocoa farmers in Africa, they also felt disadvantaged by an
unfair trading system. They wanted more money for the milk their cows produced. As a result, Garstang
has become a center not only for fair trade with poorer countries, but also for promoting locally produced
goods.
1
① Farmers in England have started to grow their own cocoa. ② One small town in England is trying to change this situation. ③ People take action in their local community to reduce the price of chocolate. ④ There is very little that can be done to improve things.
2 ① buy cocoa directly from the farmers and make it into chocolate ② give money to poor African farmers who grow cocoa beans ③ return the chocolate to the cocoa farmers in Africa ④ supply cocoa beans to African farmers
3
① to become involved in the “Fairtrade” movement ② to be paid more for the cocoa they produced ③ to encourage chocolate consumption ④ to reduce the price of their chocolate bars
43
2011 本試験
Indonesia is well-known all over the world for a special kind of cloth that is made in a very long and
complex production process. It is produced by applying wax to some parts of the surface of a piece of
cotton cloth and then dyeing it. When the cloth is put into the dye, the parts under the wax do not absorb
the color; they resist the dye. This cloth is called batik.
32 Fine, smooth cotton cloth must first be washed and treated before the batik maker can begin to
draw the designs on the cloth with a small pot of hot wax. Care must be taken to control the temperature of
the wax and not to make a mistake in the design. If it is too hot, it will flow too easily, but if it is too cool,
it will not flow at all. Both sides of the cloth are covered with designs in wax; then the cloth is dipped into
a large container of dye. After the dyeing, the cloth is soaked in cold water, and the wax is removed with a
knife. The same process is repeated for each color of the design.
The preparation of batik requires great skill. 33 Therefore, batik makers perform certain rituals to
make sure they will be successful in waxing and dyeing the cloth. In some local areas, they even stay up all
night for ceremonies before beginning the work.
The complex production process 34 . The unique patterns drawn in wax and the soft colors all
combine to make this a special product. Although modern manufacturing methods can mass-produce cloth
that looks like batik, for those who truly love batik, a genuine piece created by a skilled maker is a
treasured work of art.
32
① Batik is used to make both modern and traditional clothes.
② Batik makers need permission to carry out the special process.
③ Many methods for decorating cloth exist in Indonesia.
④ There are many steps involved in the production of batik.
33
① However, that process is not so difficult.
② Many things can go wrong during the process.
③ Moreover, there is a faster and more efficient process.
④ The batik making process can be found in several other countries.
34
① is not always needed to make true Indonesian batik
② is not the only reason Indonesian batik is famous
③ makes it difficult for Indonesian batik to be famous
④ may be crucial for making the price reasonable
44
2012 本試験
Do you like eating “mixed nuts” while watching TV and movies at home? Since both almonds and
peanuts can be found in the mixed nuts sold at grocery stores in Japan, you might assume that they are
similar types of food. Indeed, 32 . For instance, they are both nutritious as sources of minerals and
vitamins. At the same time, however, some people can have allergic reactions to them. According to recent
research, many children suffer from peanut and almond allergies.
Despite these similarities, however, almonds and peanuts are quite different. First, although they are
both called nuts, they are classified differently in plant science. The almond is considered a drupe. This
kind of plant bears fruit, inside of which is a hard shell with a seed. Other examples of drupes are peaches
and plums, but with almonds, the seed is the part we eat. In contrast, the peanut is classified as a legume, a
type of bean. The peanut grows underground, while the almond grows on trees. Moreover, each peanut
shell contains from one to three peanuts as seeds, while the almond fruit has only one seed.
Second, almonds and peanuts 33 . Almonds came from the Middle East. Gradually, they spread to
northern Africa and southern Europe along the shores of the Mediterranean, and later to other parts of the
world. Peanuts, however, were first grown in South America, and later they were introduced to other parts
of the world.
In conclusion, the product that we know as mixed nuts actually 34 . Almonds and peanuts are
plants which differ greatly, despite their notable similarities.
32 ① it may be difficult to find some similarities between them ② many consumers know about differences between them ③ there is a wide variety in each package of mixed nuts ④ they share some interesting characteristics with each other 33 ① are produced in different countries today ② are similar in that both are grown as crops ③ differ in terms of their place of origin ④ originated in the same part of Africa 34 ① consists of foods with distinct characteristics ② contains foods having several similar qualities ③ includes different foods that may harm human health ④ offers good examples of plants defined as true nuts
The United States is a vast country. From the East Coast to the West Coast, there are four different time zones. In addition, many parts of the country observe daylight saving time (DST) as well. In areas that adopt DST, the clock is moved one hour forward for the summer. Thus, the local time varies across different areas of the country, depending on which time zone the area is in and whether DST is adopted. The state of Indiana, shown in the map below, is known for its [ 1 ]. For decades, both the Eastern Time Zone and Central Time Zone have existed within the state. Many areas in the state have switched back and forth between Eastern Time and Central Time. Furthermore, until very recently, policy concerning DST differed from one place to another. Most areas in the Eastern Time Zone did not adopt DST, and the time stayed the same throughout the year; while in other areas, where DST was adopted, the clock was moved forward by one hour for the summer. In 2006, however, the entire state started to observe DST. Some have argued that the time system in Indiana [ 2 ]. For example, a company in Indiana once scheduled a phone conference with companies in other states. When the meeting started, only half of the out-of-state participants were on the line. This was because the participants who missed the conference did not know in which time zone the company was located. It is not easy to resolve this issue because being in a particular time zone has important consequences for Indiana residents. Local businesses may benefit from being in the Eastern Time Zone where the financial center of the entire country, Wall Street in New York City, is located. Meanwhile, this may not be convenient for residents in the western parts of Indiana who commute to major cities in the Central Time Zone, like Chicago, just across the state border. The controversy over time in Indiana was partly resolved in 2006, when the entire state started to observe DST. [ 3 ] This debate may continue as long as people living in different parts of the state have different needs. [ 1 ] ① complex time system that has been changed many times over the years ② convenient time system that has attracted new businesses to the state ③ flexible time system that allows workers to choose their own working hours ④ traditional time system that is a good model for the rest of the country
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[ 2 ] ① discourages communication between government and businesses ② harms local businesses working with companies outside of Indiana ③ is understood and accepted by companies in other areas of the country ④ strengthens relationships among businesses in the state and those elsewhere [ 3 ] ① However, residents agree that Indiana should adopt a single statewide time zone. ② However, there is still disagreement about having two different time zones in the state. ③ Thus, this new change made the problem in the state more serious than before. ④ Thus, whether or not Indiana should have two time zones is no longer an