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    http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/http://htt//etheses.dur.ac.uk/policies/http://%20http//etheses.dur.ac.uk/9944/http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9944/http://www.dur.ac.uk/
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    BH K C O N T I N U A T I O N

    o f

    M A RK

    S o u r c e A n a l y s i sofA c t s w i t h r e f e r e n c et otheM a r c a n G o s p e l ,

    A*O c t o b e r ,1974

    D a v i dMoore,

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    PREFACE

    I n u n d e r t a k i n g t h e p r e s e n t t a s k , t h e r e i s a t w o f o l dd a n g e r , o f p r e s e n t i n g t he h y p o t h e s i s e i t h e r too. va guel y,,o r a s a f a i t a c c o m p l i . I n o p t i n g f o r a n a p p r o a c h v e e r i n gt o w a r d s t h e f o r m e r p i t , I h a v e b e e n g u i d e d by t h e b e l i e ft h a t t h e a u t h o r o f A c t s m u s t f i r s t be u n d e r s t o o d , b e f o r ewe c a n g r a s p h i s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s a ny s o u r c e m a t e r i a l . Them o s t t h a t c a n be a c h i e v e d w i t h a s o u r c e t h e o r y s u c h a s t h a th e r e p r es e n t e d i s t o t h r o w o u tmany s u g g e s t i o n s-some w i t hmore c o n v i c t i o n t h a n o t h e r s - b ut wh i c h , t a k e n a s a w h o l e ,g i v e t h e t h e o r y ( Ih o p e ) a r i n g o fcredibility

    T h i s t h e s i s wa s p r e s e n t e d f o r t h e d e g r e e o f M. L i t t .i n S e p t e m b e r1971 The f o l l o w i n g i s a r e v i s e d p r e s e n t a t i o no f t h a t w o r k * The r e v i s i o n h a s f o l l o w e d s u g g e s t i o n smadeby the M. L i t t . e x a m i n e r s e

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    ABSTBAC3?

    h s t u d ycommencesw i t h a r e v i e w o f t h emany i s o l a t e ds u g g e s t i o n s a d v a n c ed i n s u p p o r t o f a Ma r c a n s o u r c e u n d e r l y i n g p a r t o f A c t s * W h i l s t t h e s e a r e s e e n t o h a v e l i t t l ec o h e r e n c e , t h e o p p o s i t e t h e o r y r e c e n t l y p r o p o u n d e d by P a r k e rt h a t A c t s i s i g n o r a n t o f t h e M a r c a n Go s pe l i s a l s o f o u n dt o he w a n t i n g; i n p r o b a b i l i t y *

    F o l l o w i n g a b r i e f g e n e r a l s u r v e y o f p r e v a l e n t a t t i t u d e st o s o u r c e c r i t i c i s m o f A c t s t o da y , i t i s d e m o n s t r a t e d howt h e p r e s e n t s t u d y h a s a c e r t a i n a d v a n t a g e i n t h i s f i e l dby b e i n g a b l e to p r o v i d esome o b j e c t i v e c o n t r o l o n t h ee v i d e n c e * f o r i nk n o w i n g s o m e t h i n g o f M a r k ' s own l a n g u a g ea n dmethod, a n d L u k e ' s t r e a t m e n t o f i t , we h a v esomeguidanoa s t o t h e n a;ture. o f on e s o u r c e i n A c t s , h a dMark e v e r b e e nu s e d i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f A c t s by L u k e * A s a p a r t i a l c h e c ka g a i n s t a ' f r e a k * r e s u l t v o c a b u l a r y o fMatthew a n d J o h n i sa l s o t e s t e d ? 1 h i s i n e f f e c t h e i g h t e n i n g t h e c o n n e c t i o n sb e t w e e nMark a n d p a r t o f A c t s *

    Armed w i t h a k n o w l e d g e o f M a r k ' s d i s t i n c t i v e v o c a b u l a r y ,t h e t h e s i s d e v e l o p s th e two m a j o r i s s u e s i n v o l v e d $ f i r s t l yd o e s M a r k ' s G o s p e l b e a r a n y e v i d e n c e t h a t i t s a u t h or i n t en d edt o c o n t i n u e w i t h a n ' A c t s ' o f a n y d e s c r i p t i o n ? '- a f t e re x a m i n a t i o n o f k ey p a s s a g e s t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y i s l e f t o p e n*S e co n d l y , a s s um i n g t h e h y p o t h e s i s , t h e t e x t o f t h o s e p a s s a g e si n A c t s w h i c h a p p ea r f r o m s t a t i s t i c a l e v i d e n c e t o m o s tp o s s i b l y h a v eM a r c a n a f f i n i t i e s a r e a n a l y s e d i n d e t a i l usingt he m a t e r i a l g a i n e d f r o m t h e e x a m i n a t i o n o f M a r c a n l a n g u a g ea s t h e b a s i s f o r a l l d i s c u s s i o n * A t t h e same t i m e t h e auth o r ' s own a t t i t u d e s t o h i s m a t e r i a l h a s c o n s t a n t l y t o bee v a l u a t e d , a n d a l t h o u g h th e f i n a l c o n c l u s i o n r em a i n sn e c e s s a r i l y s p e c u l a t i v e , t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f a M a r c a n s o u r c eu n d e r l y i n g a t l e a s t A c . 3: 1 - 1 1 , 1 0 :9 - 1 6 an d ls5-10 s e e m su n a v o i d a b l e *

    T2iew o r k c o n c l u d e s w i t h t h r e e A p p e n d i c e s , a B i b l i o g r a p h ya n d a n I n d e x *

    ( 2 9 9 w o r d s )

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    C0 IO N.T S

    SOURCE C RI T I C I S MOF ACTS ., P a g e1

    2a TESTING:THEHYPOTHESIS ... 50*

    3oMARK , 0 . 62

    4. ACTS ... ... 106

    5oCONCLUSION ... .... 312*

    A p p e n d i c e s ... 3 1 5 .

    oooOOOooo

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    1 . SOURCE CRI T I CI SM 0 ACTS

    1 ) AREVI EWOPMARGANHYPOTHESES

    I n h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n of 1898 i n t o what he c a l l e d t h e' d o u b l e t e x t ' of L u k e / A c t s , B l a s s f a c e d t h e o b s t a c l eofe x p l a i n i n g why , i n b o t h wo r k s , t h e ' s e c o nd e d i t i o n ' L u k eon t h i s t h e o r y i s s a i d t oh a v e i s s u e d d o e s n o t a l wa y ss e ek t o i mp r o v e on t h e r o u g h s t y l e of t h e o r i g i n a l . B l a s s 'a n s w e r was t h a t L u k e i s u s i n g a s o u r c e wh i c h he f e e l s obl i g e d t o f o l l o w c l o s e l y . " S u p p o s e " , he c o n t i n u e d , t h a tMar k was t h e a u t h o r whoh ad w r i t t e n a c o n t i n u a t i o n t o h i sGo s p e l , andt h a t t h i s c o n t i n u a t i o n f e l l i n t o L u k e ' s h a n d s . . .

    Th e t e l l - t a l e wo r d h e r e i s ' s up p o s e ' - a l t h o u g h i two u l d n o t be anu n r e a s o n a b l e a p r i o r i h y p o t h e s i s , s i n c ewe k n o w t h a t Ma r k f o r ms one i m p o r t a n t , andi n d e e d w r i t t e n ,s o u r c e f o r L u k e ' s Go s p e l . B u t t h e r e t h e e v i d e n c e c a nbes i f t e d t h r o u g h , f o r t h e s o u r c e i s e x t a n t . A c t s , by c o n t r a s t ,s t a n d s as o u r u n i q u e r e c o r d of " t he E a r l y C h u r c h .

    De s p i t e t h i s d i f f i c u l t y , T he r e h as n o t b e e n a want ofw r i t e r s p r e p a r e d t oa d v a n c e t h e s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t Ma r kmayh a v e c o n t r i b u t e d some of t h e m a t e r i a l t h a t i snowc o n t a i n e di n TheA c t s . D i s c u s s i n g t h e e n d i n g o f Ma r k ' s Go s pe l i n1 8 7 2 /

    P. B l a s s : P h i l o l o g y of t h e Go s p e l s ( 1 8 9 8 ) p. 1 4 1 . Hi sb a s i c p r e mi s e of a d o u b l e t e x t ha s f o u n d l i t t l e f a v o u r ,b u t seep . 32.0.

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    1 8 7 2 , We i s s s u gg e s t e d t h a t Ma r k mi g h t h a v e w r i t t e n a h i s t o r y of t heE a r l y Ch u r c h , but he n e v e r f o l l o w e d up hi si d e a . I t was B l a s s who was t h e f i r s t t o a t t e mp t t o e s t a b l i s h a d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t we e n A c t s and a Ma r c a ns o u r c e . I n i t i a l s o u n d i n gs came i n 1895 i nh i s c o mme n t a r ywh e r e he c ommen t s on t heap p e a r a n c e of t he name J o hn Ma r ki n A c t s 12. 12 as i f t o d i s t i n g u i s h h i m as t he a u t h o r of

    2t h e n a r r a t i v e . The v i v i d w r i t i n g i n t h i s c h a p t e r comb i n e d w i t h t hename of Ma r k has p r o mp t e d n u me r o u s s c h o l a r st o f o l l o w B l a s s s u g g e s t i o n w i t h o u t d i s c u s s i n g t he i mp l i c a t i o n s ' or e v e n c o mmi t t i n g t h e ms e l v e s a l wa y s , as B l a s sl a t e r d i d , t o t heh y p o t h e s i s of a w r i t t e n s o u r c e .

    B r o wn e , B u r n s i d e , ^ B i c k w e l l , ^ De s s a i n , ^ J e r e mi a s , ^gand T a y l o r , a l l me n t i o n t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y as r e g a r d sA c t s 12 i na p p a r e n t a p p r o v a l . C l a r k e v e n q u o t e s t hea b o v eo f /

    P. B l a s s : A c t a A p o s t o l o r u m ( 1 8 9 5 ) p. 11L i B r o wn e : A c t s ( 1 92 5) p. 206

    W B u r n s i d e : A c t s ( 1 9 1 6 ) p. 153E. B i c k w e l l : A c t s ( 1 92 8 ) p. 352C De s s a i n : A c t s ( C a t h o l i c Commen t a r y on S c r i p t u r e ) ( 1 95 3 )

    p . 1033J . J e r e mi a s : ZTCW36 ( 1 9 3 7 ) p. 217V. T a y l o r : B e h i n d t he T h i r d G o s p e l ( 1 9 2 6 ) p. 200.

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    3.

    o f B l a s s a n d b e l i e v e s " J o h n Ma r k wo u l d h a v e k no wn a l l a b o u tq

    t h e s ev en s t e p s l e a d i n g up t o t he p r i s o n . B r u c e e x t e n d st h e i d e a i nc l a i m i n g Ma r k as L u k e ' s " i n f o r ma n t f o r t h i s ando t h e r n a r r a t i v e s . ^

    Mo r e c a u t i o u s l y i nf a v o t i r of a w r i t t e n s o ur c e f o r A c t s12 i sCe r f a u x " - buti f t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y i s ac k n o wl e d ge d ,t h e q u e s t i o ncan be r a i s e d wh e t h e r any of t hep r e v i o u s c h a p t e r s of A c t s ar e l i k e w i s e l i n k e d w i t h Ma r k . B l u n t c o n s i d e r e d

    12t h i s p o s s i b l e .

    B l a s s h i m s e l f a s s e mb l e d some p r o o f s : but he c o n c l u d e dt h a t i f Ma r k d i d w r i t e a h i s t o r y of t hee a r l i e s t c h u r c hi nJ e r u s a l e m and J u d a ea , i t wo u l d h a v e b e e n i nA r a ma i c . T h i si n t u r n l e a d s t o t her e q u i r e me n t of an A r a ma i c Go s p e l ofMar k and t heh y p o t h e s i s f l o u n d e r s un d e r B l a s s ' a t t e mp t e d

    1 3p r o o f o i t he same.

    A b o u t t he same t i m e , and a p p a r e n t l yi ni g n o r a n c eofB l a s s ' a r g ume n t s , E r b t i n1 8 9 6 , w h i l s t d i s c u s s i n g t he P e t r i n em a t e r i a l i n t he New Te s t a me n t n o t e d t h a t Ma r k ' s Go s p e lb e g i n s /

    9. A. C l a r k : A c t 3 ( 1 9 3 3 ) p. 349: r e f e r r i n g t o A c t s 12. 10 D. 0n_D i nA c t s and j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r ' i t s use h e r e , see Ap t ) . 21 0 . F. F. B r u c e : A c t s ( Gr e e k ) ( 1 95 1) p. 247. A l s o BC 2 p. 146.1 1 . L. Ce r f a u x : ETL 13 ( 1 9 3 6 ) p. 689. ( cp M A l b e r t z p. 2 6 2 f )1 2 . A. B l u n t : St . Ma r k ( 1 9 2 9 ) p. 269.1 3 . B l a s s : P h i l o l o g y pp 193 f f . B u r k i t t : S o u r c e s ( 1 9 2 6 ) 79f a l s oa pp r o v e d of a w r i t t e n Ma r c a n a c c o u n t - C a r r i n g t o n : A c c o r d i n gt o ^Ma r k pp 1 6 0 f , 336, 345 s a y s p o s s i b l y .

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    4.

    b e g i n s w i t h a v e r y e mp h at i c ^ / y ] a n ( 3- t h a t i t c o n t a i n st h e p r o mi s e t h a t t h e G o s p e l i s t o be p r e a c he d t o a l l t h eG e n t i l e s . E r b t c a n no t c o n c e i v e o f Ma r k w r i t i n g s u c hwo r d s u n l e s s he i n t e n d e d t o s h o w t h e i r a c c o mp l i s h me n t ,an d he t h u s p o s i t s t h a t mo s t o f t h e m a t e r i a l f o u n d i n A c t s1- 15 r e s t s u p o n a n a c c o u n t b y Ma r k wh i c h c o n c l u d ed w i t hP e t e r ' s d e a t h , a f t e r he had b r o u g h t t h e g o o d news t o t h eG e n t i l e s . He p r e s e n t s l i t t l e e v i d e n c e , a p a r t f r o m p o i n t i n gt o t h e p a r a l l e l s b e t we e n f o r e x a mp l e , t h e l i f e o f S t e p h e n

    15and C h r i s t . ' The u s e o f t h e name S a u l , he a l s o s a y s ,( L u k e p r e f e r s P a u l ) i s l i k e w i s e i n d i c a . t i v e o f a Ma r c ans o u r c e .

    E r b t ' s ap p r o a c h i s v e r y u n d e t a i l e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s ,t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s r e c e i v e d some h a l f - h e a r t e d s u p p o r t . I n1 8 9 7 P e a s e c o u l d c l a i m t h a t t h e A c t s o f P e t e r " h ad a c l o s e

    1fia f f i n i t y w i t h Ma r k ' s G o s p e l and P i n d l a y s a y s o f t h e t woP e t e r /

    Mk . 1 : 1 , 1 3 ; 1 0 . W E r b t : Von J e r u s a l e m na c h Horn p . 24 ( myr e f e r e n c e s t o a 1 91 2 e d i t i o n ) . On t h e Ma r c a n v e r s e s s eep p . ( > 4 f f . a r v i 8?. .N o t e t h e f a l s e wi t n e s s e s and t h e t heme o f St e p h e n ' s( a b b r e v i a t e d ' p . 2 7) s p e e c h : "Der U ms t t t r z l e r u nd E r n e u e r e ru n d . . V e r u r t e i l t e r , t h e me s i n Ma r k ' s p a s s i o n n a r r a t i v eb u t n o t L u k e ' s .T. P e a s e < BL 16 ( 1 8 9 7 ) p . 1 6.

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    P e t e r m i r a c l e s t o r i e s i nA c t s 9 : 3 2- 4 3: " I s h o u l d l i k e t o17

    a s s o c i a t e Ma r k w i t h " bo th s t o r i e s . T h e s e c o n t r i b u t i o n s ,t h o u g h not e n v i s a g i n g a w r i t t e n Ma r c a n s o u r c e , r e mo v e onema j o r d i f f i c u l t 3 : n a me l y t hei m p r o b a b i l i t y of a s i n g l e s o u r c eu n d e r l y i n g a l l t he d i v e r s e ma t e r i a l i n t he f i r s t h a l f of A c t s .

    A n o t h e r i s o l a t e d a r g u me n t a d d u c e d i nf a v o u r of t heh y p o t h e s i s came i n 1918 f r o m Wh i t l e y . He n o t e s t h a t Ma r k ' sG o s p e l i ss ma l l e r i n t her a t i o of a p p r o x i ma t e l y 14 t o 23 t oo t h e r h i s t o r i c a l wo r k s i nb o t h Ol d and New T e s t a me n t s .H e n c e i f we t h i n k of a. L o s t E n d i n g t o t he G- o s pe l , i t s con-

    19t e n t s mi g h t be as l o n g as ( s a y ) Ac t s 1- 12.

    The o n l y d e t a i l e d p r e s e n t a t i o nof t hec a s e has come f r o mL e' on D i e u who p r o d uc e d h i s c a s e i n 1920 i n s u c c e s s i v ev o l u me s of Revu e B i b l i q u e . T he r e ar e t wo g e n e r a l c r i t i c i s m so f h i s a p p r o a c h :

    1 . He a s s umes Ma r k i n t e n d e d t o w r i t e a h i s t o r y of t hee a r l y c o mmu n i t y . He d o e s not d i s c u s s t he p o s s i b i l i t yt h a t /

    J . P i n d l a y : Ac t s ( 1 9 3 4 ) p. 50 .i . e . A c t s 1- 12. Ot h e r s p r e f e r t he d e s i g n a t i o n of T o r r e y &c .as A c t s 1- 15.W Wh i t l e y ET 29 ( 1 9 1 8 ) p. 3 3 I f . T. Z a hn : I n t r o d u c t i o n ,V o l . 2 ( 1 9 0 9 ) p. 487n. l 0 had a l r e a d y made t h i s o b s e r v a t i o n ,l i m i t i n g h i s f i g u r e s t o t heN. T.

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    t h a t Ma r k ' s G o s p e l was i n t e n d e d t o end at 16: 8.When t h i st h e o r y came i n t o a c e r t a i n amo un t of f a s h i o n a f ewy e a r sl a t e r , i t b r o u g h t i n t o d i s r e p u t e h i s wh o l e h y p o t h e s i s .

    2. Y t o i l s t a wa r e of Ha r n ac k ' s s o u r c e a n a l y s i s of A c t s( s e e b e l o w) , D i e t i f o l l o w s t het h e o r y of T o r r e y , t h ou g h

    w i t h o u t a c c e p t i n g t hen e c e s s i t yof an A r a ma i c s o u r c e , t h a tb e h i n d A c t s 1- 15 i s a s i n g l e s o u r c e . But t hee v i d e n c e t h a ti s s u p p l i e d f o r a Ma r c a n s o u r c e i nc o n n e c t i o n w i t h P au l ' sc o n v e r s i o n i nA c t s 9 i sn o n - e x i s t e n t and D i e u wo u l d h a v eb e t t e r c o n c e n t r a t e d h i s a t t e n t i o n u p o n t h o s e s u b - s e c t i o n so f A c t s wh i c h y i e l d e d some s u p p o r t f o r h i s h y p o t h e s i s .

    F o r c o n ve n i e n c e we l i s t now t hep r o o f s e v o k e d by D i e uf e w of t h e s e ar e c o n v i n c i n g , i mp o r t a n t o n e s ar e d i s c u s s e df u l l y l a t e r :

    1 . Ac. 1: 5. L i k e Ma r k , Ac t s b e g i n s w i t h a c o n t r a s tb e t we e n t heb a p t i s m of J o h n and t heb ap t i s m of t he S p i r i t .T r u e , L u k e c o n t a i n s t h i s p a s s a g e , butMa r k ( 1 : 8 ) and A c t s -u n l i k e Q - o mi t t her e f e r e n c e t o f i r e .

    2. Ac. 1: 7 e c h o e s Mk. 1 3 : 3 2 . Ot h e r c o mme n t a t o r ss u g g e s t t h a t L u k e o mi t t e d t heMa r c a n p h r a s e b e c a u s e hewi s h e d /

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    7.

    20wi s h e d t o e mp l o y i t h e r e . K~ T h i s e x c u s e seems mo s t u n l i k e l y ," Wo u l d L u k e o mi t i n h i s G o s p e l what he was me r e l y p l a n n i n g

    21t o u s e i n A c t s ? " T h i s i s an i mp o r t a n t i s s u e .

    3. D i e u c l a i ms t h a t t h e me n t i o n o f t h e t e mp l e v i s i t s22

    o f t h e C h r i s t i a n s i s mo r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h Ma r k ' s o u t l o o k ,f o r L u k e i s a l l e g e d t o o mi t some o f t h es e r e f e r e n c e s . Bxxt

    23i s t h e T h i r d G o s p e l wh i c h c o n c l u d e s " i n t h e t e mp l e "

    so t h a t t h i s a r g u me n t i s wo r t h l e s s .24

    4. Ac t s 6: 13 has v e r b a l p a r a l l e l s w i t h Mk 14: 58 .Why h as L u k e o mi t t e d t h i s e p i s o d e f r o m J e s u s ' t r i a l ? Hadhe b e e n a l i v e t o t h e p a r a l l e l b e t we e n S t e p h e n ' s ma r t y r d o ma n d /

    2 0. So BC 4 p . 8. CSC. Wi l l i a ms ET64 ( 1 9 5 3 ) p . 2 83 who a l s oc i t e s I l k 5: 40 = Ac 9 : 40, Mk 14: 2 = Ac 12: 3 an d Mk 14: 58( a b ov e ) . G. K i l p a t r i c k i n K e o t e s t a me n t i c a e t S e mi t i c a( 1 9 6 9 ) pp . 1 6 8 - 1 7 1 a l s o a d d s Mk 1 : 2 4a , 34a = Ac 1 6 : 1 7 f ,Mk 1: 27 = Ac 1 7 : 1 9 . H i s r e f e r e n c e Mk 2 : 12 = Ac 4: 25 i smy s t e r i o u s .2 1 . H. Ru s s e l l HTR 48 ( 1 9 5 6 ) p . 17 3.2 2. Ac 2: 46, 3 : 1 , 5: 12 D, 2 0 f , 25 , 4 2 .2 3 . L k 2 4: 53 - c p a l s o L k 2 1 : 3 8 .24. See a l s o E r b t p . 2 6 f and K. L i n c k e ZNW5 ( 1 9 04 ) p. 200 whoc a l l s S t e p he n " t h e f r i e n d o f t h e Ga l i l e a n s " and" a s s i g n sA c t s 6, 7 an d 12 t o a Mar c an s o u r c e . F o r Mar k" . " E v a n g e l i u mund A p o s t e l g e s c h i c h t e war i h m e i n Ga ng e s " .

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    8.

    and J e s u s ' own. f a t e , wo u l d h e n o t h av e b e en q u i c k t o r e p -25

    r o d u c e t h e Ma r c a n e p i s o d e ? The r e f e r e n c e t o( A c . 7 : 4 8) a l s o r e c a l l s t h i s Ma r c a n p as s a g e .

    5. Ac 1 2 : 1 8 - 2 5 : t h e d e at h o f He r o d i s t o l d w i t h ane y e f o r d e t a i l ; c o mp ar e t h e s t o r y o f an e a r l i e r He r o d ' se x e c u t i o n o f J o h n t h e B a p t i s t ( Mk 6 : 1 7- 2 9, n o t L u k e ) .

    6. Ac 1 2 : 2 : J ames t h e " b r o t h er o f J o h n " i s an u n i q u ed e s c r i p t i o n o f J a me s . Di e u c l a i ms t h a t L u k e ' s Go s p e l o mi t sr e f e r e n c e s t o t h e " b l o od r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e s e t wo : L k 6: 16o mi t s f r o m Mk 3; 17 an d L k 8 : 5 1 f r o m Mk 5 : 3 7. Th es e a r e ,however Ma r k ' s o n l y d e s c r i p t i o n s , a p a r t f r o m 1 0: 3 5 wh e r eL u k e c o n t a i n s n o p a r a l l e l , a n d Mk 1 : 1 9 , wh e r e L u k e 5 : 1 0

    26s e t s down t h a t t h e y a r e Ze b ed e e ' s s o n s .7 . Ac 3 : 26 h a s a s i m i l a r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e G e n t i l e

    mi s s i o n t o t h a t o f Mk 7 : 2 7 ( c p Rom 1 : 1 6 ) .

    25 . M. S i mo n: S t . S t e p h e n ( 1 9 5 8 ) pp . 2 3 f d i s c u s s e s L u k eo mi s s i o n o f Mk 1 4 : 5 8 , b u t d r a ws n o c o n c l u s i o n s .26 . A l s o d i s c u s s e d i n L i n c k e p . 2 0 1 .

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    p l a c e t h i s d e t a i l a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e s t o r y i n c o n s i s t e n c y30

    w i t h h i s me t h o d i n t h e G- o s pe l ?

    1 1 . A c u r i o u s , v e r b a l c o i n c i d e n c e o c c u r s i n t h er a i s i n g o f T a b i t h a :

    D i e x i c o n c l u d e s w i t h some wo r d s t u d i e s wh i c h a r e t o os k e t c h y and l a c k i n g i n d e t a i l t o b e s t o w a ny l i f e u p o n t h et h e o r y . A mo r e t h o r o u g h a n a l y s i s i s r e q u i r e d .

    T h e s e v i e ws we r e s o o n f o r g o t t e n , p a r t i c u l a r l y u n d e rt h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e t h e s i s wh i c h c l a i me d Mk. 1 6 : 8 ast h e f i n a l wo r d o f t h e E v a n g e l i s t . B u t mo r e r e c e n t l y ,n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e p r e d o mi n a n t s t r e s s b e i n g l a i d u p o n

    3 1o r a l t r a d i t i o n , a r e v i v a l o f i n t e r e s t i n t h e Mar c a ns o u r c e h y p o t h e s i s f o r A c t s h a s b e e n e v i d e n t .

    Ha e f n e r i n 1 9 58 , l a b e l l i n g h i s a t t e mp t a s " y e t an o t h e r g u e s s " a r g u e s t h a t Mk. 16 : 8 was o r i g i n a l l yf o l l o w e d /

    Ac . 9: 40

    oWc i( T T o 8

    Mk. 5 : 41 | Mk. 5 : 4 1W( e ).OU

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    3 0 .3 1 .3 2 .

    F o r f u r t h e r e x amp l e s i n A c t s , s e e p p . 5 5 f .On wh i c h s e e b e l o w p p . 2 6 f f .A. Ha e f n e r J BL 77 ( 1 9 5 8 ) p . 6 7.

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    f o l l o w e d b y A c t s 3 : l f f , w i t h A c t s 1 : 1 3 - 1 4 a c t i n g a s a' b r i d g e p a s s a g e . The mi r a c l e i n A c t s 3 was t h e f i r s t

    h i n t t o t h e d i s c i p l e s t h a t J e s u s mi g h t b e a l i v e , h e n c e , wemay a d d , t h e l e n g t h y a c c o u n t o f t h i s h e a l i n g , H o w e v e r t h e r ea r e o b j e c t i o n s t o t h i s r e c o n s t r u c t i o n .

    1 . I n h i s Go s p e l , L u k e e mp l o y s h i s Ma r c a n m a t e r i a l i nb l o c k s . Wo u l d h e , o n H a e f n e r ' s a r g u me n t , i n s e r t t wo v e r s e s

    i . e . A c . l : 1 3 f ) i n t o a no n - Ma r c a n c o n t e x t ? B u t n o t e t h er e p e t i t i o n o f s t o r i e s i n A c t s ( P a u l ' s c o n v e r s i o n i s n a r r a t e d t h r i c e , y z\:: P e t e r ' s v i s i o n t wi c e ) wh e r e i n t h eG o s p e l L u k e h a s o n l y o n e mi r a c u l o u s f e e d i n g a g a i n s t Ma r k ' st wo a n d o n l y o n e h e a l i n g o f a b l i n d man. No t e t o o L u k e h a sn o t , i n A c t s , a v o i d e d t h e t e c hn i q ue o f ' d e l a y ed i n f o r m a t i o n '

    35and h e h a s w r i t t e n down A r a ma i c wo r d s , wh e r e p r e v i o u s l yMa r k ' s u s e o f t h e s ame h a d be e n s h u n n e d . L u k e ' s a p p r o a c ht o h i s m a t e r i a l i s d i f f e r e n t i n A c t s . T h i s w i l l mak e an ys o u r c e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n d i f f i c u l t .

    2. Th e n ame s o f t h e d i s c i p l e s a r e s u r e l y r e p e a t e d i nA c t s 1 : 1 3 , s i n c e a n e w b o o k h a s b e g u n . The p o i n t o f t h i sl i s t /

    3 3 . I n d e p e n d e n t l y . Mo r t o n a n d Ma c Gr e g o r : S t r u c t u r e o f L u k eand A c t s ( 1 9 6 4 ) p . 4 2 a s s i g n t o t h e i r P r o t o - A c t s : 1 : 1 2 - 2 43 : l f f .3 4 . See a b o v e p . 9.35. No t a b l y i n A c t s 1 : 19 c p t o o 4 : 3 6 , 9 : 3 6 .

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    1 2 .

    l i s t a f t e r Mark 1 6:8 i s n o t e v i d e n t .

    3. D o e s t h i s t h e o r ymake a n y b e t t e r s en s e of Mk. 1 6 : 1 - 8 ?Would t h e a p o s t l e s s t i l l be i n J er u s a l e m a w a i t i n g p e r s e c u t i o n ?P e t e r ' s v i s i t t o t h e T e m p l e ( A c . 3:1 ) i s a v e r y b o l dmove,u n l e s s he was a w a r e J e s u s wa s a l i v e .

    4.Matthew d i s p l a y s no k n o w l e d g e o f s u c h a n e n d i n g t oM a r k ' s G o s p e l .

    T h u s , a l t h o u g h H a e f n e r 's v i e w s , i n s u ch d e t a i l s a s hep r o v i d e s i s t o be d i s m i s s e d , t h e m a t e r i a l i n A c t s 1 i s ,a p r i o r i t he m o s t l i k e l y c h a p t e r o f a n y i n A c t s t o f u r -n i s h u s w i t h m a t e r i a l t h a t m i g h t o n c e h a v e b e e n p a r t o ft h e M a r c a n En d i n g . I n 1 97 0 S t r o b e l s t a t e d t h a t t h e A s c e n s i o n s t o r y o f A c t s 1 may p r o v i d e t h e s o l u t i o n to ther i d d l e w i t h o u t e n t e r i n g i n t o d i s c u s s i o n o n t h e p o i n t .

    B u t a l s o i n 1 97 0 t h e r e a p p e a r e d a n a r t i c l e by P i e r s o nP a r k e r , w h i c h a l t h o u g h n o t d i r e c t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y a g a i n s tt h e M a r c a n s o u r c e t h e o r y o f A c t s , w o u l d i fc o r r e c t , i n v a l i d a t e o ur i n v e s t i g a t i o n , f o r , s a y s P a r k e r " A c t s r e a d s ,n o t a s t h o u g h i t sa u t h o r s o ug h t t o r e f u t eMark o r go

    37b e y o n d i t , b u t a s t h o u g h h e h a d n e v e r s e e n i t . We w i l ld e a l /

    36. A . S t r o b e l i nVerb oru m V e r i t a s p . 1 3 8 n 2 2 : " S t e h e n w i rdam.it n i c h t a u c h b e idema b g e b r o c h e n e n Mk - S c h l u s s ? "37. P. Pa rk er NTS 16 (1 970) p. 303- H i s p u r p o s e i s t o s u p p o r tt h e t h e s i s o f W i l l i a m s ( s e e n. 2 0) and R u s s e l l ( n . 2 1 ) t h a tA c t s was w r i t t e n b e f o re L u k e .

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    13 .

    d e a l no w w i t h P a r k e r ' s e s s e n t i a l l y n e g a t i v e p r o o f s ,p r o d u c e d t o s u p p o r t h i s t h e s i s , a l t h o u g h d u r i n g t h e c o u r s eo f o u r own i n v e s t i g a t i o n i t w i l l bec o me c l e a r t h a t t h e r ea r e p a s s a g e s i n A c t s , wh i c h , i f we do n o t a c c e p t t h ep o s s i b i l i t y o f a d i r e c t Ma r c a n s o u r c e , a t l e a s t show

    ZD

    k n o wl e d g e o f t h e Ma r c an Go s p e l . Bu t t o c a r r y o f f h i st o u r de f o r c e P a r k e r h a s t o make t h e f o l l o w i n g a s s u mp t i o n s :

    1 . The v a l i d i t y o f t h e P r o t o - L u k e h y p o t h e s i s .39S ho u l d any f i r m t h e o r i e s he " b u i l t o n s uc h a h y p o t h e s i s ?

    2. An e a r l y d a t e f o r A c t s , s o e a r l y as t o he i g n o r a n to f Ma r k . The p r o o f f o r t h i s i s d e r i v e d f r o m s i l e n c e :" T h e r e was . a h o s t o f i f ma t t e r s f r o m 64 o n wa r d s t h a t e v e r yi n t e l l i g e n t p e r s o n , and a f o r t i o r i e v e r y c a r e f u l h i s t o r i a n ,

    40 -o ug h t t o h a v e k n o w n a bo u t " . Bu t was u u k e p r i m a r i l y a

    4 1h i s t o r i a n ?3. P r ot o - L u k e and A c t s e man at e f r o m J e r u s a l e m t e

    C h r i s t i a n s , w h i l s t Ma r k i s r e f l e c t i v e o f t h e b e l i e f s o fG a l i l e a n C h r i s t i a n s .

    38. A g o o d e x a mp l e i s A c t s 5 : 15. c p a l s o n 20 .39 . P a r k e r d o e s v i n d i c a t e t h e c o mp l a i n t o f V i n c e n t T a y l o r t h a t" u nd o ubt e d l y ( t h e r e i s ) a h e s i t a t i o n t o us e i t i n c o n s t r u c t i v e wo r k " ( ET 6 7, 1955 p . 1 2 ) a l t h c u g i T a y l o r ' s d e f i n i t i v es t u d y , Be h i n d t h e T h i r d Go s p e l , i t s e l f be t r a y s j u s t s u c hr e l u c t a n c e : s ee p a g e 2 3 1 o f t h a t wo r k .4 0 . P a r k e r , J BL 84 ( 1 9 65 ) p . 53 .4 1 . c p e . g. E. Hae n c h e n ; A p o s l e l g e s c h i e h t e ( 1 9 56 ) p . 9 2 .

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    14

    A f i r s t g r o u p of P a r k e r ' s p r o o f s d e r i v e s f r o mt hes i l e n c e of e i t h e r Ma r k or A c t s u p o n a p a r t i c u l a r t o p i c .He r e i t i s as w e l l t o p r e l u d e d i s c u s s i o n w i t h a r e m n d e r of A. C. C l a r k ' s i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t he l i t e r a r y m n u t i a e ofA c t s , wh i c h l e dhi mt o c o nc l u d e t h a t t h i s h o o k

    42was not f r o m t he same h a n d as t he P h i r d Go s p e l . I n h i sc r i t i q u e , W Knox r i g h t l y c r i t i c i s e d C l a r k f o r not t a k i n gi n t o a c c o u n t t he d i f f e r e n c e s i n s u b j e c t ma t t e r be t we e nt he

    43t wo v o l u me s , and t he i n f l u e n c e of s o u r c e m a t e r i a l .P a r k e r mu s t f a c e t h e s e same c h a r g e s . For wo u l d we e x p e c tA c t s t o r e f e r t o J e s u s ' ba p t i s m P e t e r ' s d e n i a l , t hej e e r i n g be f o r e J e s u s ' e x e c u t i o n , or t he d a t i n g of h i sd e a t h ? S ho u l d we e x pe c t A c t s t o r e c o r d t e a c h i n gon b l a s phemy or d i v o r c e ? Ma r k , on t he c o n t r a r y , s a y s P a r k e r , hasno c o nc e r n f o r a l ms g i v i n g , g r a c e or r i g h t e o u s n e s s and nome n t i o n of c i r c u m c i s i o n , but w h i l s t a l l t h i s i s t r u e ,n e i t h e r d o e s Ma r k r e f e r t o P a u l , or e v e n J o hn Ma r k byname. 'T h e s e f a c t s h a r d l y s t r i k e us as e x c e p t i o n a l s i n c e we knowMa r k wo u l d noth a v e o c c a s i o n t ome n t i o n P a u l i nh i s Go s p e l .We do not k n o w why, a p a r t pe r h a p s f o r r e a s o ns of s p a c e , aw r i t e r w i l l not t o uc h u p o n a c e r t a i n s u b j e c t - but i t i sd a n g e r o u s /

    4 2 . C l a r k op. c i t . pp. 3 93 - 4 03 .4 3 . K n ox : A c t s ( 1 9 4 8 ) pp. I f f . I t mu s t be s a i d , h o we v e r , t h a tmany of Kn o x' s f i g u r e s ar ewr o n g .

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    15 .

    d a n ge r o u s t o d r a w f r o m t he s i l e n c eany p o s i t i v e s i g n i f i c a n c e .

    I n t he same way, i t seems an u nn e c e s s a r y d e d u c t i o n44

    t h a t b e c a u s e A c t s r e f e r s t o " o n l y b r o t h e r s " of J e s u s , wes e e an a c t u a l i g n o r a n c e "by A c t s of Ma r k . He r e a n o t h e r s t u mb l i n g bl o c k may be l a i d atP a r k e r ' s d o o r : f o r A c t si sd e p i c t i n g a c o n f e s s e d l y l a t e r h i s t o r i c a l s i t u a t i o n . T h a tt h e r e f o r e J o h n ' s d i s c i p l e s we r e notnume r ou s ( a c c o r d i n gt o Mar k 2 s 1 8 , 6: 29) butwe r e wi d e s p r e a d by t het i meofAc . 1 8 : 2 4 f f . i snote v i d e n c e f o r t wo f u n d a me n t a l l y d i f f e r e n tt r a d i t i o n s . On t h e c o n t r a r y , t he f a c t t h a t bo t h Ma r kandA c t s ar ea bl e t o p r o v i d e i n f o r ma t i o non t h i s s e c t s u gg e s t st h e o p p o s i t e . T h u s Ma r k d e p i c t s t h e i r p r o - J e wi s h t e n d e n c i e s( Mk. 2: 18) w h i l s t we r e a d i nAc. 18: 26 of A p o l l o s wa x i n gb o l d i n t hes y n a g o g ue .

    I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o see a c o n f l i c t i ne s c h a t o l o gy : 45

    e i t h e r . A l t h o u g h much of Ma r k ' s e s c h a t o l o gy i s f u t u r ei n o u t l o o k , t h i s f e a t u r ei s put i n t o r e l i e f i nA c t s by t hep r e s e n t a c t i v i t y of t he S p i r i t . A l s o , P a r k e r m n i m s e s t hef u t u r i s t e s c h a t o l o g y of A c t s , p o i n t i n g o n l y t o1 : 1 1 , 3 : 2 0 f ,1 7: 3 1 and 2 3 : 6 , wi t h o u t p e r c e i v i n g t h a t t heo p e n i n g p a r a g r a ph c o n t a i n s a f i n a l r e bu k e by J e s u s on a l l s u c h s p e c u l a t i o n s ( A c . 1 : 6 ) : t het i me has now come f o r i t t o bes u bd u e d /

    4 4 . P a r k e r NTS A r t , C i t . p. 295. Mar k me n t i o n s s i s t e r s at 3: 32AD,6: 3. Swe t e ( Ma r k p. 113)s u gg e s t s t h e y we r e " s c a r c e l yt o uc h e d by t h e c o ur s e of e v e n t s . "45 . NTS a r t . c i t p. 297.

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    16 .

    s u b d u e d . No r d o e s P a r k e r me n t i o n t h e s umma r y o f P e t e r ' s46

    s p e e c h ( 2 : 4 0 ) , wh i c h be g i n s w i t h an a d a p t a t i o n o f J o e l ' swo r d s a t Ac . 2 : 17 . L u k e f u r t h e r p r o v i d e s a t h e o l o g i c a l e x p l a n a t i o n t o t h e r e a d e r i n t h e r e ma r k a bl e u s e o f ' we' i n Ac 1 4 : 2 2 .A c t s p o r t r a y s t h e a c t i v i t y o f a c h u r c h s t i l l e x p e c t i n gan e v e n t u a l P a r o u s i a . I t i s u n r e ma r k a bl e t h e r e f o r e t h a tA c t s ha s mo r e nume r ou s r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e S p i r i t .

    Ma r k , s a y s P a r k e r , d o e s n o t r e c o r d a ny p r o p h e t i ct e s t i mo n y t o t h e R e s u r r e c t i o n , o n l y J e s u s f o r e t e l l s t h i se v e n t . A c t s , o f c o u r s e , i n i t s s h o r t , c o n c i s e s t a t e me n t swo u l d n o t r e f e r t o t h i s l a t t e r as p a r t o f t h e Ker y gma . B u ti s Ma r k q u i t e s i l e n t o n p r o p h e c y ? E l i j a h i s r e c a l l e d ( Mk. 9 : 1 2 )a l b e i t i n a c o n t e x t d i f f i c u l t t o d e t e r m n e , a nd Mk. 1 2: 1 0fq uo t e s i n e x t e n s o Ps . 118 p o s s i b l y w i t h t h e c o n n o t a t i o no f R e s u r r e c t i o n ( c p . Ac . 4 : 1 1 ) . The same may be t r u e o f t h ee n i g ma t i c u s a g e by J e s u s ( Mk . 12: 37 c p Ac . 2 : 3 4 f ) o f Ps . 110 .

    P a r k e r a l s o s t a t e s t h a t A c t s ( l i k e L u k e ) u s e s t h e t e r m' t h e e l e v e n ' , w h i l s t Ma r k n e v e r d o e s . bu t i s i . t c e r t a i n

    t h a t Mar k e n d e d a t 16: 8 a f t e r wh i c h p o i n t he m g h t h a v eh a d /

    46 . On t h i s se e p p.47 . I k . 24: 9, 33, Ac . 1: 26 ( n o t D) , 2: 14 bu t t h i s r e f e r s t o" P e t e r w i t h t h e e l e v e n " , h e n c e D r e a d s " t e n " . A l s o i n ( Mk ) 1 6 : 1 4 .

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    17 .

    ha d o p p o r t u n i t y t o us e t h e t e r m? An o t h e r p r o o f * o n t h i sba s i s i s t h a t t h e f u l l e s t d e t a i l f o un d i n a ny New T e s t a me n tbook u p o n t h e As c e n s i o n i s f u r n i s h e d by A c t s . I t i sd i f f i c u l t t o t a k e t h i s e v i d e nc e v e r y s e r i o u s l y .

    P a r k e r a l s o c l a i ms Mar k n e v e r u s e s t h e f o r mu l a " i t i sw r i t t e n " o f t h e Law, bu t t h e s o l e i n s t a n c e i n A c t s 23: 5i s i n t h e mo ut h o f P a u l . F u r t h e r mo r e t h e v e r b i s u s e da t Mk. 1 0 : 4 f , 12 : 19 t o i n t r o d u c e a q u o t a t i o n f r o m t h e T o r a h .

    A mo r e i n t e r e s t i n g c a s e f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f o u r p r e s e n ts t u d y c o nc e r n s t h e A c t S ' a c c o u n t o f J u d a s ' d e a t h ( Ac . 1 : 1 8 - 2 0 ) .The s i l e n c e o f Mar k i s o n l y p u z z l i n g be c a u s e Ma t t h e w, who

    4-8i s e v e n " f a r t h e r f r o m A c t s " d e a l s w i t h t h i s e p i s o d e .I s i t p o s s i b l e t h a t Ma t t h e w k n e w t h i s s t o r y f r o m Ma r k ? We

    w i l l r e t u r n t o t h i s p a s s a g e l a t e r .We d e a l now w i t h t h e a l l e g e d c o n t r a d i c t i o n s be t we e n

    g l e a n e d f r o m t h e LXX ( c p Mt . 2 : 2 3 ) , wh i c h wo ul d a r g ue f o r ,p a c e P a r k e r , a l a t e r mo r e d e v e l o p e d C h r i s t o l o g y ? P a r k e ra l s o c l a i ms t h a t Mar k a nd A c t s a p p l y P s . 2: 7 t o d i f f e r e n te v e n t s . E u t t h i s i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y c o n t r a d i c t i v e - i ts u g g e s t s /

    t h e t wo v r o r k s . Ma r k ' s J e s u s i sWot U Q 49l OS But i s n o t t h i s l a t tBut i s n o t t h i s l a t t e r a u s a g e

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    48 . P a r k e r NTS a r t . c i t . p . 3 01 .49. A l s o i n A c t s a t 26: 15 ( 6 1 4 ) . Bu t Mk. 1 0: 4 7" M a l s o r e a d s

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    1 8 .

    s u g g e s t s bo t h wo r k s a r e t h e p r o d u c t o f a c o mmun i t y wh i c ha t t a c h e d a. s i n g u l a r i mp o r t a n c e t o t h i s P s a l m

    P a r k e r a l s o f i n d s s e v e r e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e a c c o u n t so f - J e s u s ' m i n i s t r y . " De s p i t e i t s i n t e r e s t i n s u r n a me s "t h e l i s t o f t h e a p o s t l e s i n A c t s 1 : 13 e mp l o y s s u c h i d e n t i f i c a t i o n h a r d l y a t a l l - i n c o n t r a s t t o t h e Go s p e l l i s t s .Bu t i f L u k e i s p r i o r t o A c t s , t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r a r e p e t i t i o n

    50o f t h i s k i n d i s o b v i a t e d . F u r t h e r Ma r k p l a c e s mo s t o fJ e s u s ' m i n i s t r y i n t h e N o r t h , wh e r e a s A c t s o n l y r e c o u n t sa " be g i n n i n g " f r o m G a l i l e e ( 1 0 : 3 7 , 1 3 : 3 1 ) . Bu t i s t h eKer y gma r e c o r d e d i n A c t s c o n c e r n e d v / i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n o fJ e s u s ' m i n i s t r y ? Ma r k d . e p i c t s t h e i r G a l i l e a n c a l l i n g , A c t s

    51" i m p l i e s t h a t he had t h e m i n J u d ae a " . Bu t e v e n A c t sr e c o g n i s e s t h e i r hu mbl e o r i g i n s : ^ v ^ o t S ( "c^V.i X

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    19.

    t h a t e q u i v o c a l Ma r c a n e n d i n g - c a n we l i m i t Mar k i n a bs e n t i ai n s u c h a way? He may e xp e c t a t l e a s t t h e P a r o us i a i n Z i o ni t s e l f ( 1 4 : 6 2 ) .

    Mo r e i m p o r t a n t l y , a l t h o u g h A c t s , l i k e L u k e , r e c o r d so n l y t h e J e r u s a l e m a p p e a r a n c e s , t h e wo r d s o f Ac . 1: 4 s u g ge s tt h a t t h e a u t h o r o f A c t s i s a wa r e o f a no t h e r R e s u r r e c t i o n

    53t r a d i t i o n , wh i c h he i s a t p a i n s t o r e f u t e . I f t h i s i s s o ,L u k e wo u l d h a v e b e e n o n l y t o o a wa r e o f t h e G a l i l e a n s t o r i e s

    As t o l o v e , f o r Mar k i t i s h i g h e r t h a n t h e Law ( 1 2 : 2 8 - 3 4 )- A c t s h o w e v e r t e l l s u s o f J e r u s a l e m C h r i s t i a n s z e a l o u s f o rt h e Law ( ' 21: 20) . Bu t s i l e n c e n e e d n o t be t a k e n as me a n i n gt h a t l o v e h e l d a s e c o n d p l a c e w i t f c & . i t h i s b o d y . What wa s t h e

    54Co mmu ni t y o f G- oods, i f n o t f o u n d e d u p o n t h i s p r i n c i p l e ?So t o o , P a u l c l a i ms t o h a v e b e e n z e a l o us f o r t h e Law ( A6 . 22 : 3 ,Ga l . 1 : 1 4 ) , y e t h i ms e l f e n u me r a t e s l o v e a s t h e h i g h e s t g i f t .Sho u l d we t h e r e f o r e c o nc l u de t h a t t h e w r i t e r o f A c t s was

    55r a t h e r u n e mo t i o n a l a nd h ad a n a s c e t i c o u t l o o k " ? J J T h i sh a r d l y b e f i t s t h e w r i t e r o f t h e T h i r d Go s p e l

    The mo s t r e v e a l i n g o f P a r k e r ' s n e g a t i v e wi t n e s s e s c o n c e r n sP e t e r ' s v i s i o n t o go t o t h e G e n t i l e s , a f t e r he i s shown a l lf o o d s /

    53. T h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s e xa m n e d i n d e t a i l be l o w pp .54. c p . p . 220 n . 245.55 . The d e s c r i p t i o n i s C l a r k ' s o p . c i t . p . 405 .

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    20.

    f o o d s a r e c l e a n . T h i s , s a y s P a r k e r y be t r a y s i g n o r a n c e o fJ e s u s ' d i s c o u r s e i n Ma r k 7, n o t f e a t u r e d t h e r e f o r e i nL u k e ' s Go s p e l . Bu t d o e s t h i s c o n c l u s i o n t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e f a c t t h a t Ma r k d e p i c t s t h e d i s c i p l e s ase x t r e me s l o w t o co mpr eh en d t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s ? I n f a c tbo t h p a s s a g e s s h a r e t h e same s e q u e n c e o f e v e n t s : J e s u s i sr e ma r k a bl y r e l u c t a n t t o t r a n s l a t e i n t o p r a c t i c a l t e r msw h a t he has j u s t t a u g h t ( s e e Mk. 7: 27) and t h e p r o t e s t o f

    P e t e r ( Ac . 1 0: 1 4) ; i s s i m i l a r l y v e he me nt i n i t s d e f e n c e o f57o r i t h o d o x J e wi s h l a ws o f c u l t i c i m p u r i t y .

    F r o m t h e i n s t a n c e s g a t h e r e d a b o v e , i t w i l l be c l e a rt h a t P a r k e r ' s c a s e i s f a r f r o m p r o v e n . I h 1898 B l a s s hadh o p e f u l l y t r i e d t o i mp r o v e on t h e h y p o t h e s i s wh i c h ha da l r e a d y b e e n p u t f o r wa r d " as a c o n j e c t u r e , n o t as. ' : a

    58c e r t a i n t y " ^ t h a t Ma r k c o n t r i bu t e d t o t h e ma t e r i a l i n A c t s .I n a t t e mp t i n g t o d i s p r o v e P a r k e r ' s t h e s i s , we w i l l n o ta c h i e v e t h e a mbi t i o n o f Bl a s s f o r c e r t a i n t y i n t h e ma t t e r .B l a s s /

    56 . So Mk . 7 : 18. A f u l l e r d i s c u s s i o n on pp . 7 8 f f .57. A wo r d m g h t be s a i d he r e a b o u t P e t e r . I n J o hn , P a r k e rc l a i ms t h a t " P e t e r i s me n t i o n e d a bo u t as o f t e n p e r p a g eas A c t s " . ( NTS A r t . c i t . p . 300) - t h e o c c u r e n c e s a r e Mk.26 t i me s , L k . 29, J n . 38, Ac . 58 - p e r 1 00 p a g e s o f Ne s t l et e x t t h i s wo u l d g i v e an a p p e a r a n c e i n Mk. o f 4 1 , L k . 26,J n . 48 a nd Ac . 46 . T h i s , t h ou gh wo r t h v e r y l i t t l e , b r i n g sAc t s c l o s e r t o Ma r k t h a n L u k e .58. E l a s s : P h i l o l o g y p . 1 4 1 .

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    2 1 .

    B l a s s f e l l s h o r t of h i s g o a l , notf r o m any i m p r o b a b i l i t yi n h e r e n t i n h i s t h e s i s , butf r o m t he d i f f i c u l t y of p r o d u c i n ge n o u g h c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e t o s u p po r t i t . The p r e s e n ta t t e mp t , I wo u l d l i k e t oh o p e , at l e a s t w i l l h a v e t h e me r i to f be i n g mo r e t h o r o u g h i na n a l y s i n g t h e Ma r c a n f e a t u r e sofA c t s . Much w i l l r e ma i n on t he l e v e l of s u p p o s i t i o nando u r e x a m n a t i o n of Ac t s w i l l a s s ume t h a t a r g u me n t i ne s s a y i n g t o s h o w i t s p r o b a b i l i t y . But f i r s t l y Ma r k ' s e x t a n t wo r kmu s t be v i s i t e d t o see i f t hea u t h o r showsus t h e r e , anyi n t e n t i o n on h i s p a r t t o c o n t i n u e w i t h an o u t l i n e of t hee a r l y d a y s of t he f i r s t f o l l o w e r s of J e s u s .

    ( i i ) The P r e s e n t S t a t e o f t h e Qu e s t i o n ofS o u r c e s i n A c t s

    We mu s t now d i s c u s s , v e r y b r i e f l y , p r e s e n t a t t i t u d e st o t h e m a t e r i a l L u k e u s e d i nc o mp o s i n g A c t s . I t i s u n n e c e s s a r yt o r e v i e w t henume r ou s t h e o r i e s t h a t h a v e b e e n p r o p o un d e du p o n t heS o u r c e s of A c t s as t h e s e ar er e v i e we d i n Du po nt ' sd e f i n i t i v e s t u d y of t h e same name.

    Me n t i o n mu s t be made of t heA r a ma i c t h e o r y , p o p u l a r i s e dby T o r r e y , wh i c h he e xt e n de d t o a s o u r c e u n d e r l y i n g a l l ofA c t s 1- 15. But a l l e g e d A r a ma i s ms ar e not e v e n l y s p r e a d o v e rt h e s e c h a p t e r s , and t he l a t e r p o r t i o n sof A c t s c o n t a i ns i m i l a r d i f f i c u l t i e s i n t he t e x t , wh i c h c a n n o t be e x p l a i n e df r o m

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    f r o m t h i s s t a n d p o i n t . A c c o r d i n g l y , some h a v e l i m i t e d t h et h e o r y t o a p o r t i o n o f A c t s . R e c e n t l y Wi l c o x h a ss c r u t i n i s e d t h e s u b j e c t i n d e t a i l , a n d w h i l s t r i g h t l yh e s i t a n t , s u s p e c t s A r a ma i c i n f l u e n c e p a r t i c u l a r l y wh e r e60Ha r n a c k f o un d h i s " A n t i o c he n e " s o u r c e .

    Ha r n a c k r s wh o l e t h e s i s h a s wo n wi d e s p r e a d a p p r o ba t i o n .The ba s i s o f h i s d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n o f s o u r c e s i smade t h r o u g ha d i s t i n g u i s h i n g o f p e o p l e a n d p l a c e s . T h u s , f o r e x a mp l e ,P h i l i p i s t h e s o ur c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n f o r 8 : 4 - 40 a nd o t h e rs t o r i e s . Ha r n a c k d i s c o u n t s l i t e r a r y d a t a , f o r " i nn o p a r to f A c t s c a n t h e u s e o f s o u r c e s be p r o v e d o n t h eba s i s o fl i n g u i s t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n . " ^ Y e t t h e p o s i t i o n a s r e g a r d so u r a l l e g e d Ma r c a n s o ur c e i s a l i t t l e d i f f e r e n t , f o ra l t h o u g h we d o n o t h a v e s u c h a s o ur c e e x t a n t , we do h a v em a t e r i a l f r o m Ma r k ' s h a n d wh i c h r e v e a l s t o u s s o me t h i n go f t h a t w r i t e r ' s l i t e r a r y t a s t e s . We a l s o know how L u k ed e a l s /

    59. BC2 p . 4 8 s u gg e s t s Ac . 1 - 5 : 16 a nd 9: 13 - 1 1: 1 8. Do d d :A p o s t o l i c P r e a c h i n g ( 1 9 36 ) p . 3 5 n . l a n d Kn o x o p . c i t .pp . 1 8 f f , 3 1 f o l l o w t h i s m o d i f i c a t i o n , t h o u gh Knoxa c c e p t s o n l y 1 - 5 : 1 6 .60. M Wi l c o x : S e m t i s ms o f A c t s e s p . p p . 1 5 7 - 1 79 . E a r l i e rl i t t l e wa s f o un d i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n t o j u s t i f y t h i sp o i n t o f v i e w.6 1 . A. Ha r n a c k : A c t s ( E T 1 9 0 9 ) p . 1 6 3 .

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    d e a l s w i t h t h a t Mar c a n m a t e r i a l . I n our s i t u a t i o n al i n g u i s t i c e x a m n a t i o n of A c t s i s e s s e n t i a l . E me r g i n gf r o m Ha r n a c k ' s a n a l y s i s i s t he f a c t t h a t c h a p t e r s 2 and5: 17 - 42 f o r m a d o u bl e t t o 3: 1 - 5: 16, t hef o r me r of wh i c h ,mo r e o v e r , i s " w o r t h l e s s ' ' ' . 6 2 Now l e t us h e r e t e s t Ha r n a c k ' sab ov e s t a t e me n t on t h e u s e l e s s n e s s of l i n g u i s t i ce x a m n a t i o n i nA c t s : we w i l l t a k e wo r d s i n some wayt y p i c a l or p e c u l i a r t oAc t s and see i f any one of t hes e c t i o n s wh i c h Hamack s e t s down, r e v e a l t h e ms e l v e sa s n o t a b l ya c o m p i l a t i o n by t h e e d i t o r of A c t s :

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    B 2,5 : 17 - 42 1 . 2 5 % 1 . 6 0% 2. 49 % 0. 89% 2 . 58% 3 . 8 1 % A 3: 1-5 : 1 6 , 8 ,1 2 0 . 1 2 % 0 . 6 7% 2 . 54 % 0 . 6 7% 1. 8 2% 5 . 8 3 %1 3- 2 8 0 . 3 1% 0. 6 6% 2 . 76% 0 . 6 9% 1 . 3 1 % 5 . 7 3%9: 31 -1 1: 3 0 0 . 2 4% 0. 99% 2. 55% 0 . 6 8% 1. 24 % 5 . 70 %6: 1 - 8: 3 0 . 2 2% 0. 72% 2. 52% 0 . 79% 1. 44 % 5 . 6 9 %9: 1- 30 0 . 7 5 % 0 . 5 6% 1 . 8 7% 0 . 3 8% 2 . 0 6% 5. 62%Ch a p t e r 1 0 . 4 1 % 1 . 0 3% 1. 44 % 1 . 0 3% 1 . 4 4% 5 . 3 5%Wor ds i n t he 66s a mp l e : 138 473 129 271 ( 6 1077. 0 3 % )

    62. A. Ha r n a c k op. c i t . p . 1 9 4 .63. T h e s e ar e l i s t e d i n S. Da v i d s o n : I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t he NewT e s t a me n t pp. 1 3 8 - 1 4 2.

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    24.

    ( I n t h i s t a b l e t h e a c t u a l n u mbe r o f i n s t a n c e s i n anys e c t i o n i s e xp r e s s e d i n t e r ms o f t h e f r e q u e n c y ha d t h a ts e c t i o n c o n s i s t e d o f 100 wo r d s , i . e . g i v e n a s a mp l e o fs u f f i c i e n t s i z e , t h e f i g u r e s o f e a c h s e c t i o n a r e d i r e c t l yc o mp a r a bl e . T h i s me t ho d w i l l be u s e d i n s u b s e q u e n t l i n g u i s t i c t e s t s a l t h o u g h t h e s i z e o f t h e wo r d s a mp l e s , l i m i t e dby t h e a v a i l a b l e d a t a , a r e n o t a l wa y s o f a n a d e q ua t e s i z et o p e r m t a n y t h i n g mo r e t h a n v e r y g e n e r a l i s e d c o n c l u s i o n s .I n t h e a b o v e , Chs . 13- 28 a r e n o t a n a l y s e d i n d e t a i l , ast h e y w i l l n o t f o r m much p a r t o f o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . )

    The a b o v e e v i d e n c e s t r o n g l y h i g h l i g h t s t h e c o mp o s i t ec h a r a c t e r o f c h a p t e r s 2 and 5 s 1 7- 4 2. T h o u g h we mu s t be wa r eo f b u i l d i n g ma j o r d e d u c t i o ns u p o n any s i n g l e s t a t i s t i c a lf o u n d a t i o n , we may n o t e :

    1 . I f L u k e ha s c o mp i l e d t h e ma t e r i a l f o un d i n Ha r n a c k ' sB s o u r c e , h i s me t ho d i s now c o n t r a r y t o t h a t o f t h e

    Go s p e l , wh e r e he c o n s c i o u s l y r e mo v e s d o u bl e t s . ^

    2 . The f a c t t h a t L u k e u s e s d o u bl e t s s u g g e s t se i t h e r /

    64 . See p* 1 1 . F o r t h e v i e w o f J e r e m a s t h a t t h e r e a r e nod o u bl e t s i n A c t s 1- 5 s ee p . 204 n . 219 - bu t , t h a t t h ew r i t e r o f Ac t s i s n o t a v e r s e t o c o ns c i o us r e p e t i t i o nc a n be . s e e n i n Ac t s 1 0 , 1 1 .

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    25.

    e i t h e r( i ) he had l i t t l e a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h eE a r l y Ch ur c h .

    o r ( i i ) he h a d a h i g h r e g a r d f o r t h e i mp o r t a n c e o fJ e r u s a l e m ( c p . 1 : 4 ) .

    o r ( i i i ) he had a d e l i b e r a t e p u r po s e i n a m p l i f y i n g a na c c ou n t o f t h e g i f t o f t h e S p i r i t : ( c p . 1 0 : 4 4 - 4 3 ,l l : 1 7 f ) : and t h e i mp r i s o n me n t o f t h e a p o s t l e s .

    T h e s e p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e n o t mu t u a l l y e x c l u s i v e .

    Bu t as r e g a r d s Ha r n a c k ' s t h e o r y , as w e l l as t h os e o fh i s e l a b o r a t o r s , t h e r e s u l t s wh i c h c a n be a t t a i n e d a r e t o ov a g u e , o r e l s e t o o t e n t a t i v e , t o m e r i t a ny p e r ma n e n t p l a c ei n New T es t a me nt S c h o l a r s h i p . T h u s B u p o n t c o n c l u d e s h i ss u r v e y i n t o T he o r i e s o f P a r a l l e l S o u r c e s w i t h t h e s t a t e me n t t h a t " t h e a t t e mp t smade up t o t h e p r e s e n t h a v e

    65n o t l e d t o c o n v i n c i n g r e s u l t s . " 'I t i s t h e g e n e r a l a bo r t i v e n e s s o f s uc h s o u r c e a n a l y s i s

    t h a t ha s l e d t o a p r e s e n t e c l i p s e be h i n d a me t ho d l a b e l l e d66

    S t y l e - C r i t i c i s m , wh i c h i t s e l f a v o i d s t h e s u b j e c t i v i t yi n h e r e n t i n t h e o l d me t ho d o f Ha r n a c k , p r o c l a i m i n g noc o mm t t e d v i e w o n t h e s c o p e o f t h e m a t e r i a l wh i c h wo u l dh a v e b e e n a v a i l a b l e t o L u k e . We m g h t s a y t h a t i t wasb e c a u s e t h e s o ur c e a n a l y t i c a l s c h o o l c o u l d n o t s u s t a i na n y /

    65 . J . Du po n t : S ou r c e s o f A c t s ( ET 1 96 4) p . 5 0 . S i m i l a r j u d g e me nt s on p p. 29, 32 , 6 1 .6 6 . Se e S i b e l i u s ' E s s a y e mp l o y i n g t h i s t e c hn i q u e i n S t u d i e si n A c t s pp . 1 - 2 5 .

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    2 6 .

    a n y c o n v i n c i n g t h e o r y d e mo n s t r a t i n g a w r i t t e n s o u r c e , t h a tmod e r n s c h o l a r s h a v e a r r i v e d a t t h e v i e w t h a t L u k e mu s th a v e b e e n r e l y i n g l a r g e ^ ( a n d n o t me r e l y p a r t i a l l y ) u p o no r a l t r a d i t i o n s . Now a w r i t e r who u s e s o r a l t r a d i t i o n s h a st o e xe r c i s e a g r e a t e r d e g r e e o f l i t e r a r y f r e e d o m a n d t h i s ,

    i s c l a i me d , i s d e mo n s t r a bl e i n L u k e ' s c a s e : f o r he h a ss e l e c t e d and a d a p t e d t h e s t o r i e s a v a i l a b l e a c c o r d i n g t ot h e i r r e l e v a nc e f o r h i s c o n t e mp o r a r i e s . Wyh a s L u k e d on et h i s ? B e c aus e t h e Ch ur c h ' s r e a l i s a t i o n t h a t J e s u s wa sd e l a y i n g h i s r e t u r n me a n t t h a t e x h o r t a t i o n s ba s e d o n a ni mm n e n t e s c h a t o l o g y ha d l o s t t h e i r e d ge - wh a t wa s n e e d e dwas mo r e d a y t o d a y g u i d a n c e i n t h e p r a c t i c a l i t i e s o f f a i t h .The a s s u mp t i o n o f t h i s s c h o o l o f t h o ug h t i s t h a t L u k e h a sr e mo d e l l e d a n y o l d e r w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l t h a t d i d c o v e r t h eh i s t o r y o f t h e e a r l y c o mmu n i t y ( a n d t h e r e wo u l d be l i t t l ee n o u g h o f t h i s w i t h J e s u s a b o u t t o r e t u r n ^ ) s o t h a t t h ec o mp o s i t i o n o f A c t s i s s o L u c a n t h a t l i t t l e o f h i s i n f o r ma n t ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n s c a n be t r a c e d .

    We may a g r e e w i t h some c o n f i d e n c e t h a t t h e r e a r ec e r t a i n t h e me s L u k e h a s d e s i r e d t o e mp ha s i s e b u t t h a t h ewas r e s t r i c t e d by a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n seems i n d i c a t e d

    c p . H a e n c h e n o p . c i t . p p . 3 12 f : " Men s c h en d i e d a s E n d ed e r We l t f u r n a h e h a l t e n . . . h a be n k e i n I n t e r e s s e d a r a nd i e B e k e h r u n g e i n e s Ce n t u r i o z u e r z a h l e n " .

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    27 .

    by t h e v e r y o p e n i n g s e n t e n c e o f A c t s wh i c h s p a n s f i v ev e r s e s , f u l l o f o b s c u r i t y , and by Ac . 2: 22- 24 wh i c h t h eWe s t e r n t e x t , a nd T o r r e y a s u s u a l , wi s h t o p a t c h u p. Bu t

    68n o t o n l y i s he r e s t r i c t e d , bu t , as we h a v e s e e n , he69a l s o w i l l r e t a i n some i mm n e n t e s c h a t o l o g y . So, e v e ni f we a c c e p t t h e t h e o r y o f a Be l a y o f t h e P a r o u s i a , wec a n n o t l e t o u r s e l v e s o f f l o o k i n g a t t h e q u e s t i o n a s t owh e t h e r a t s u c h p o i n t s L u k e i s p e r m i t t i n g u s a g l i mp s eo f a s o u r c e .

    I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n t h e s i t u a t i o n h a s b e e n r e a n i ma t e dby a b r i e f a r t i c l e by B u l t ma n n who a t t a c k s t h e i n a d e q u a t et r e a t me n t o f t h e ma t t e r o f s o u r c e s i n t h e c omme nt a r y o f

    70H a e n c h e n . B u l t ma n n a t t e mp t s t o e s t a b l i s h a w r i t t e n

    " A n t i o c he n e s o u r c e ^ bu t , l a u d a b l j r , H a e n c h e n h a s r e p l i e d :he e x a m n e s A c t s 15 i n d e t a i l , a nd c o n c l u d e s i t s c o mp o s i t i o n

    7 1i s L u c a n t h r o u g h and t h r o u g h . We w i l l h o w e v e r r e s t r i c to u r d i s c u s s i o n t o t h e g e n e r a l p o s i t i o n h e l d by t h e s et wo /

    6 8 . v . p p . 1 5 f .6 9. S o . S. Wi l s o n : ZNW59 ( 1 9 6 8 ) p. 280 t a l k s o f L u k e / A c t s ' " v i ame d i a " , a l t h o u g h he c a n no t f i n d a n y i mm n e n t e s c h a t o l o s y i nA c t s ( NTS 1 6, 1970 p p. 3 3 6- 3 44 ) .70. .K. B u l t ma n n i n T. W Manson Me mo r i a l E s s a y s p . 74 : "Manv e r m s s t be i H a e n c h e n e i n e zusammenhSngende Un t e r s u c h u n gd i e s e r F r a g e . " A l s o n . 1 2 .7 1 . Ha e n c h e nBZNW26 ( 1 9 6 0) p p . 1 5 4 f f .

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    2 8 .

    t wo w r i t e r s .

    H a e n c h e n c l a i ms t h a t t h e r e c o v e r y o f s o u r c e s i si m p o r t a n t , ^ t a u t b e c a u s e t h i s i s i mp o s s i bl e , i t i s b e t t e rt o t h i n k i n t e r ms o f o r a l s o u r c e s . B u t t h i s a r g u me n t ,a s B u l t ma n n i n s i s t s , i s d a n g e r o us l y c i r c u l a r a s t h ed i f f i c u l t y o f r e c o v e r i n g s o u r c e s l e a d s t o t h e p r e m s et h a t t h e s o u r c e s mu s t be o r a l - b u t t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a tL u k e ' s s o u r c e s we r e ma i n l y o r a l s h o ul d n o t be u s e d t os u p p o r t t h e a r g u me n t t h e t L uk e h a d t o w r i t e w i t h l i t t l ew r i t t e n m a t e r i a l t o h a n d f be c a u s e u n t i l t h e d e l a y o f t h eP a r o u s i a was r e a l i s e d i t me a n t t h a t n o o n e u n t i l t h e nwo ul d h a v e be e n c o n c e r n e d t o w r i t e a n y t h i n g . I f we a c c e p tt h e t h e s i s o f a De l a y o f t h e P a r o u s i a , wo u l d t h e r en o t .be a n e e d o f w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l e v e n d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d ?A u s e f u l c r i t i q u e o n t h i s s u bj e c t i smade by J e r v e l l 1 ^who n o t e s t h a t P a u l , who c o u l d w r i t e a t l e n g t h o np a s t o r a l ma t t e r s a t t h i s t i me , was i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e d e e d so f /

    72 . H a e n c h e n a r t . c i t . p p . 1 5 4 f : " T a t s f t f c h l i c h l e u g n e t n i e ma n dd a s s d i e E v a n g e l i e n u nd d i e Apg . I r g e n d we l c h e t r b e r l i e i e r u n gbe n ut z e n u n d d a s s e s s e h r w i c h t i g wa r e , d a s B i l d d e rc h r i s t l i c h e n Ur g e s c h i c h t e z u k e n n e n, d as d i e s e ( Qu e l l e n )l a hne n l a s s e n . "7 3 . J . J e r v e l l ST 1 6 , 1 9 63 - who a l s o r e f e r s t o Rom 1: 8.2 Co r . 3 : 1 - 3 .

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    29

    o f t h e E a r l y C h u r c h as e a r l y as 1 T h e s s . l : 8 f . .

    We may say t h a t w i t h t h e r a p i d e x p a n s i o n o fC h r i s t i a n i t y , me r e o r a l i n f o r m a t i o r t w o u l d he s a d l y i n a d e qu a t e t o t e l l e v e n o f t h e i mp e n d i n g end o f t h e wo r l d .L i t e r a r y men c o u l d c o n v e y t h e n e w s o f J e s u s q u i c k e r ,g i v i n g t h e i t i n e r a n t p r e a c h e r t i me t o g i v e an o u t l i n eo f t h e g o s p e l b e f o r e p a s s i n g on e l s e wh e r e . S u c h a l i t e r a r ya c t i v i t y wo u l d t h u s ma i n l y c o v e r t hel i f e o f J e s us , buta l s o e v e n t s c u r r e n t at J e r u s a l e m h e a d q u a r t e r s may h a v eme r i t e d a t t e n t i o n w h e n o f p a r t i c u l a r i mp o r t a n c e . T h i sa c t i v i t y wo u l d r e q u i r e t hes e r v i c e so fmany c o p y i s t s -

    . / 7 4 .t h u s , f o r e x a mp l e Ma r k i s d e s i g n a t e d v j r t ^ t r ^ v a wo r d ,u s e d i n L u k e 1: 2, 4: 20 of a d o c u me n t c a r r i e r or h a n d l e r .When t h e a d mi t t e d De l a y o f t h e P a r o u s i a was r e a l i s e d ,s u c h w r i t i n g s c o u l d , wh e r e a v a i l a b l e , h a v e b e e n u s e di nt h e c o mp o s i t i o n s o f t h e E v a n g e l i s t s .

    T h u s i t i s i mp o r t a n t t o e x a m n e e a c h s t o r y i n d e t a i l" a s k i n g p r e c i s e l y t owh a t k i n d o f t r a d i t i o n i t b e l o n g s " . 7 - 'Some o f t h e s e t a l e s , we b e l i e v e , can be s h o w n - as r e g a r d sA c t s - t o h a v e a f f i n i t i e s w i t h Ma r k ' s Go s p e l .

    74 . A c t s 13: 5KAB7 5 . So Bu l t ma n n p. 7 1 , who c l a i ms t h i s i se x a c t l y w h a t H a e n c h e nf a i l s t o do. I n s t u d i e s i nL uk e / A c t s ( 1 9 6 6 ) p. 270 H a e n c h e nr e g r e t t a b l y has t o say " t h e s p a c e a l l o t t e d d o e s n o t p e r mi tt h e d i s c u s s i o no f a l l t he s h o r t n a r r a t i v e u n i t s - wh i c hl e a d s t o t heo m s s i o n of any r e f e r e n c e t oA c t s 12 - a f o c a lp o i n t i nt h e p r e s e n t s t u d y .

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    d e s c r i b e a g i v e n o b j e c t o r a c t i o n . F u r t h e r , h i sc h o i c e s w i l l o f t e n b e i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e wo r d s us e d i n t h es t o r y a s h a n d e d down t o h i m, a n d h i s e l a b o r a t i o n s -s o me t h i n g e v e r y a r t i s t c a n n o t r e s i s t o n c e i n a wh i l e*?w i l l a l s o r e v e a l some o f h i s o wn p a r t i c u l a r l i t e r a r yp r e d i l e c t i o n s .

    Th e me a s u r e me n t o f t h e s e d a t a f o r m a n i n d i s p e n s a b l eb a s i s f o r o u r a n a l y s i s o f t h e t e x t o f A c t s . We a r e o n l yl i m i t e d b y t h e a mo un t o f t h e ma t e r i a l a v a i l a b l e . Wewo u l d k n o w mo r e o f L uk e ' s v o c a b u l a r y , a l t h o u g h i n t h eNe w T e s t a me n t i t i s d i s t i n c t i v e , a n d mo r e , p a r t i c u l a r l yf o r o u r p r e s e n t p u r p o s e s , o f Ma r k ' s . Be c a us e we a r e t ome a s u r e t h e s e f e a t u r e s i n v e r y s ma l l s e c t i o n s i n A c t s ,we a r e n o t w a r r a n t e d i n d r a wi n g a n y f a r - r e a c h i n g c o n c l u s i o n s ,e x c e p t w i t h t h e c o r r o b o r a t i o n o f a l i t e r a r y e x a m n a t i o n ,v i r h i c h c a n b e u s e d t . o e n l a r g e u p o n t h e s p a r s e i n d i c a t i o n so f o u r s t a t i s t i c s .

    F i r s t l y , t h e n , we t u r n t o t h e d i s t i n c t i v e v o c a b u l a r yo f t h e a u t h o r . F o r L u k e a l o n g l i s t i s p r o v i d e d b y Ha w k i n s , 2t h e v a l u e o f wh i c h i s p r o v e n s i n c e t h e wo r d s a r e s e e n t ob e d i s t r i b u t e d e v e n l y i n A c t s 1 - 1 2, 1 3- 2 3 a n d t h e Wes e c t i o n s . When we b r e a k down t h e s e f i g u r e s , a n d a n a l y s ei n d i v i d u a l /

    J . C. Ha wk i n s : Ho r a e Sy n o p t i c a e ( 1 3 9 9 ) p p . 1 4- 2 0 .

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    3 2 .

    i n d i v i d u a l s e c t i o n s o f A c t s - t h e r e a r e p l a c e s wh i c hy i e l d a w i l d v a r i a t i o n f r o m t h e a v e r a g e f i g u r e . P l a c e si i / h - * e t h i s f i g u r e i s l o w ( e . g . P e t e r ' s v i s i o n : A c . 1 0 : 9 - 1 6 )

    w i l l s u g g e s t f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n , t h e p o s s i b i l i t yb e i n g t h a t h e r e L u k e h a s s u b mi t t e d h i s m a t e r i a l t om i n i m a l e d i t o r i a l t r e a t m e n t . P l a c e s wh e r e t h i s f i g u r e i sh i g h ( e . g . A c . 10 : 1 - 8 ) ; s u g g e s t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y - f e a t L u k eh a s c o n s i d e r a b l y o v e r wo r k e d h i s m a t e r i a l ; p e r h a p s e v e n

    3h i m s e l f c o mp o s e d i t

    F o r Ma r k , a l s o , Ha wk i n s p r o v i d e s a u s e f u l l i s t , t h o u g hi t i s s m a l l . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o r e c o g n i s e t h a t h e r e wea r e mo v i n g b e y o n d p r e v i o u s s o u r c e c r i t i c i s m o f A c t s -s i n c e i f a wo r k o f Ma r k d o e s u n d e r l y p a r t o f t h e m a t e r i a li n o u r A c t s , some wo r d s u s e d b y t h e a l l e g e d s o u r c e w i l lb e k n o w n t o u s , a n d , f u r t h e r m o r e , w e w i l l k n o w h o w L u k et r e a t e d t h e s e i n h i s Go s p e l . I s i t n o t a r e a s o n a b l e s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t a s L u k e u s e d Ma r k f o r p a r t s o f Vo l u me On e ,s o Vo l u me T wo wo u l d h a v e l i k e w i s e i n c o r p o r a t e d Ma r c a nm a t e r i a l i f t h a t wa s a v a i l a b l e ? H o w e v e r i t i s t h e c l a i mo f H a e n c h e n t h a t a s " Ma r k c a n n o t b e r e c o n s t r u c t e d f r o mL u k e " s o a l s o i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o d i s e n t a n g l e t h es o u r c e s /

    3 . A l l t h e s e r e s u l t s a r e t a b u l a t e d i n A p p e n d i x 1 . On t h ej u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r i n c l u d i n g We s t e r n Re a d i n g s s e eA p p e n d i x 2 a n d n o t e s t h e r e . On p o s s i b l e c r i t i c i s ma b o u t t h e s i z e o f t h e s a mp l e s e e p p . 3 6 , 4 9 .4 . H a e n c h e n BZNWa r t . c i t . p . 1 5 7 .

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    33

    s o u r c e s u s e d i n t h e b o o k . o f A c t s . T h i s a r g u me n t i ss t a t e d e v e n mo r e p o s i t i v e l y b y C a d b u r y wh o u p h o l d s t h a t" a n a c t u a l c o u n t o f t h e o c c u r e n c e i n L uc a n w r i t i n g so f wo r d s i m p a r t i a l l y c h o s e n a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f Ma r k( i . e . b y Ha wk i n s a n d S we t e ; s h o w s t h a t t h e s e o c c u r a so f t e n o r o f t e n a r i n t h e p a r t s o f L u k e a n d A c t s n o t

    5d e r i v e d f r o m Ma r k . " I f t h e s e o p i n i o n s a r e c o r r e c t ,t h e n o u r t a s k f o r A c t s w i l l b e t h e mo r e f u t i l e . B u tCa d b u r y do e s n o t j u s t i f y t h e s t a t e me n t w i t h a n y f i g u r e ^a n d s o l e t u s s o u n d o u t t h e s u p p o s i t i o n :

    5. I nBC 2 p . 1 6 3.6. As r e q u i r e d b y Ca d b u r y I i n c l u d e Ma r c a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c sa s d e f i n e d i n Ha wk i n s p p . l O f , a n d Swe t e ( Ma r k p . x l i x ) -t h o ug h t h e s e l a t t e r a r e n o t s c i e n t i f i c a l l y s e l e c t e d . Thed e f i n i t i o n o f wh e r e L uk e i s d e p e n d e n t up o n Ma r k i s , o fc o u r s e , o p e n t o d i s p u t e , b u t f o r t h e s a k e o f o b j e c t i v i t yI h a v e a d o p t e d t h e d e l i n e a t i o n o f T a y l o r o p . c i t .

    p p . 1 2 6 - 1 2 8 - wh i c h a l l o ws mi n i ma l d e p e n d e n c e . A mo r el i b e r a l a l l o wa n c e o f Ma r c a n i n f l u e n c e i n Luke- i n c r e a s e st h e Ma r c a n t a l l y , o f c o ur s e ; t h u s b y t a k i n g a s Ma r c a nL k . 3 : 3 - 6 , 1 5 f , 2 1 f , 4 : 1 4f , 3 1 - 4 4 , 5 : 1 2 - 6 : 1 9 , 8 : 4 - 9 : 5 0 ,1 0: 2 4- 2 8 , 1 1 : 1 4- 2 3, 1 3 : 1 8 - 2 1 , 1 8 : 1 5 - 4 3 , 1 9 : 2 9 - 3 8 , 4 5 - 2 1 : 4 ,2 2 : 1 - 3 0 , 3 9 - 2 3 : 5 , 2 3 : 1 8- 2 5 , 5 0 - 2 4 : 1 1 , wh i c h m g h t b er e g a r d e d a s v i r t u a l l y a maxi mums a mp l e ; - we h a v e 8 5 ( D = 9 9 )Ma r c a n wo r d s i n Ma r c a n S e c t i o n s , w h i l s t t h e r e ma i n d e r o fL u k e y i e l d s 54 ( D = 6 2 ) . A l l wo r d c o u n t s b e l o w a r e myow n a nd o m t LXX q u o t a t i o n s , wh i c h a l t h o u g h r e q u i r i n ga n a l y s i s , do n o t b e a r u p o n e v i d e n c e f o r t h e v o c a b u l a r yo f t h e a u t h o r .

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    34 .

    1 . Ma r c a n P o r t i o n s o f L uk e ' s Go s p e l .

    L i e . Number o f Ma r c a n F r e q u e n c y perC h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 100 wo r d s .4: 31- 44 13 4. 945: 12- 39 7 1. 286: 1- 11 3 1. 458: 4- 56 12 1. 259: 1- 50 11 1. 151 8 : 15- 43 12 2. 921 9 : 2 9 - 36 , 45f . 2 1. 432 0 : 1- 21: 4 12 1. 72P a s s i o n f r a g me n t s 6 0. 74

    2. No n - Ma r c a n P o r t i o n s o f L u k e .

    L k . Number o f Ma r c a n F r e q u e n c y perC h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 100- wo r d s .1 : 1- 2: 52 6 0 . 313: 1- 4: 30 7 0 . 715: 1- 11 06: 12- 19 1 0. 726 : 2 0 - 8 : 3 8 0. 539 : 5 1 - 1 0: 4 2 3 0. 161 1 : 1- 54 3 0 . 311 2 : 1- 59 4 0. 391 3 : 1- 14: 35 2 0. 161 5 : 1 - 1 6 : 3 1 4 0. 351 7: 1 - 1 8 : 1 4 6 0. 73

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    3 5 .No n - Ma r o a n p o r t i o n s o f L u k e ( p o n t ' d )k I t o i b e r o f Marc a n F r e q u e n c y p e r' * c h a r a o t e r i s t i o a 1 0 0 wo r d s .1 9 : 1 - 2 8 , 3 7 - 4 4 , 4 7 f 6 1- 002 I : l 2 - 3 8 ( e x c e p t P a s s i o n 0

    f r a g me n t s )2 2 : 1 4- 7 1 3 0' - 42 3: 1 - 5 6 " 6 n862 4 : 1 - 9 , 1 1 - 5 3 3 0 . 40 -

    T h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d may b e s u mma r i s e d :Ma r c a n p a r t s o f L u k e : 7 3 Ma r c a n C h a r a c t e r i 3 t i e s ( F r e q u e n e y 1 . 5 6 )No n - Ma r c a n p a r t s o f L u k e : 6 1 " " ( F r e q u e n c y 0 . 4 3 )

    We s e e t h e n t h a t , i n g e n e r a l , L u k e i s 3 t i me s mo r e l i k e -l y t o r e p r o d u c e a Ma r c a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i e i n a Ma r e a n . s e c t i o nt i t s a u l s e wh e r e . T h e ma i n d o u b t s r e f e r , a n d we n e e d n o t be .s u r p r i s e d , t o t h e P a s s i o n n a r r a t i v e . T h e r e a r e t h r e e l i m i t -a t i o n s w h i c h we mu s t i mp o s e u p o n t h e s e r e s u l t s ?

    1 . W;h a v e b e e n a b l e t o d i s c e r n t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t L u k ed o e s n o t o b l i t e r a t e s u c h m a t e r i a l a s comes f r o o a h i s s o u r c e .We s e e t h a t h i s f i d e l i t y t o h i s Ma r c a n a c c o u n t i s v a r i a b l e .B u t i n a l l c a s e s , e x c e p t i n g t h e p a s s i o n " f r a g me n t s " , t h ep r o p o r t i o n a t e y i e l d o f Ha r e a n i s ms i s h i g h e r i n t h e Ma r c a nd e r i v e d p a s s a g e s . ( Y e t i f Ma r k 1: 16- 20 d i d f o r m t h e b a s i so f L u k e 5 : 1 - 1 1 , v. e l i k e many o t h e r s , wo u l d n e v e r h a v eg u e s s e d ) .

    2 . I n t h e a b o v e we s t a r t e d f r o m a k n o w n q u a n t i t y -t h e Ma r c a n s e c t i o n o f L uk e a n d s aw t h a t t h e f i g u r e sc o r r o b o r a t e /

    v i z .

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    3 6 .

    c o r r o b o r a t e t h e e v i d e n c e - i n A c t s we s h a l l h a v e t o wo r kf r o m t h e f i g u r e s t o d e du c e t h e s e c t i o n s wh i c h c o u l dc o n c e i v a b l y b e Ma r c a n . P o r t h i s , p a r a g r a p h s a s s m a l la s p o s s i b l e a r e r e q u i r e d ; b u t s m a l l e r s a mp l e s l e a d t o l a r g e r d e v i a t i o n s . I f we a t t e m p t t h esame w i t h L a k e ' s So s p e lo f t h e 74 s e c t i o n s / s t o r i e s , t h e f o l l o w i n g r e v e a l t h e ms e l v e s a s c l e a r l y Ma r c a n :S e c t i o n o f Number o f S e c t i o n o f Number o fL u k e Ma r c a n i s ms L u k e Ma r c a n i s ms4 : 31 - 3 7 9 1 8 : 3 1 - 4 3 75 : 1 7 - 2 6 6 2 0 : 1 - 1 8 6a n d a s p r o b a b l y Ma r c a n :3: 7 - 1 4 3 8 : 4 0 - 5 6 44 : 38 - 4 4 4 9: 7- 17 56 : 6 - 1 1 2 ( D: 5 ) 1 8 : 1 5 - 1 7 37 : 1 8- 2 3 2 1 9 : 2 8 - 4 0 48 : 2 2 - 2 5 2 2 0 : 2 7 - 4 0 38 : 2 6 - 3 9 3

    " F r o m t h i s c o mp l e x we h a v e a r g u a b l y a c h i e v e d :Ma r c a n s e c t i o n s c o r r e c t l y r e v e a l e d 1 2T h e r e f o r e : Ma r c a n s e c t i o n s NOT r e v e a l e d . . . . . . 1 5

    7. T he o v e r a l l f i g u r e s f o r Ha wk i n s ' a n d Swe t e ' s Ma r c a nwo r d s a r e :I n L u k e 139 wo r d s a pp ea r - , f r e q u e n c y 0 . 73I n A c t s 1 - 1 2 5 3 d o . 0.69I n A c t s 1 3 - 2 8 5 9 d o . 0 . 5 3 .

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    3 7 .

    S e c t i o n s r e v e a l e d i n c o r r e c t l y 2 .

    I t i s s a i d t h a t h a l f a l o a f i sb e t t e r t h a n n o n e , ando ur c o n c l u s i o n h e r e s h o u l d be t h a t we h a v e p o s i t i v e l y mana g e d , by t h i s me t h o d , t o i d e n t i f y some Ma r c a n s t o r i e s -t h o ug h we mu s t note x p e c t t hef i g u r e s t o p o i n t i n f a l l i b l yt o t he use of a Ma r c a n s o u r c e .

    3. The p o s i t i o n i sc o mp l i c a t e d , b e c a u s e a l t h o u g h Hawk i n s has s e l e c t e d h i s wo r d s w i t h c a r e , L u k e i s not a v e r s eh i m s e l f t o u s i n g t h e s e same wo r d s and e x p r e s s i o n s . Two-t h i r d s of t he 73 Ma r c a n i s ms f o u n d i nMa r c a n s e c t i o n sar et a k e n d i r e c t l y f r o m t h a t s o u r c e , y e t t her e ma i n d e r ar e i nf a c t L u k e ' s own i n s e r t i o n s : i . e . 0. 50$ of a l l wo r d s . T h i sf r e q u e n c y t a l l i e s c l o s e l y w i t h t he f i g u r e f o r L u c a n a c t i v i t y i n t hen o n - Ma r c a n s e c t i o n s of L u k e ( 0 . 4 3 $ ) . T h us ,ma t h e ma t i c a l l y s p e a k i n g , we r e we t o d e l e t e t h o s e p l a c e swh e r e we knowL u k e has b e e n i n f l u e n c e dby Ma r k , h i suseo f ' Ma r c a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 5 ' r e ma i n s f a i r l y c o n s t a n t ; A l s o ,r e g a r d i n g h i suse o fMa r k , i t mu s t be e mp h a s i s e d ( as c o r r e c t i v e t o t h e s e f i g v i r e s ) t h a t L u k e d o e s r e mo v e many o f t heMa r c a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o u n d i nh i s s o u r c e , i n a l lr e t a i n i n g /

    o r 3, i f L u k e 1 9 : 2 8 - 4 0 be t a k e n as f r o m a Ma r c a n s o u r c e .

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    38

    r e t a i n i n g 49 out of 244, a b o u t o n e - f i f t h .

    B e f o r e p a s s i n g o n t o A c t s w i t h t h i s f i r s t t e s t , i ts e e ms c l e a r t h a t some w o r d s ( e v e n t h o u g h a l l ar e " c h a r a c -t e r i s t i c . ) w i l l p r o v i d e a mo r e r e l i a b l e g ui d e t o Ma r c a nv o c a b u l a r y t h a n o t h e r s - a l t h o u g h t heg e n e r a l r e l i a b i l i t yo f t h o s e w o r d s s e l e c t e d by Ha wk i n s a s c h a r a c t e r i s t i ci s d e mo n s t r a t e d i n a s t u d y by Gr o b e l who has e x a m n e dt h e p a s s a g e s i n Ma r k wh i c h mo s t p r o b a b l y b e t r a yt heh a n d o f t hef i n a l e d i t o r . He t a k e s t he s e v e n wo r d s t h a tHa wk i n s ma r k s as t hemo s t d i s t i n c t i v e of Ma r k ' s

    c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and f i n d s t h a t t h e y ar eMa r c a n , andn o t f r o m a p r e - Ma r c a n s o u r c e . On l y t wo of t h e s e wo r d scome i nA c t s h o w e v e r - but t h e r e ar e i n a d d i t i o n someo t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Ha wk i n s u p o n wh i c h we w i l l l a yp a r t i c u l a r s t r e s s :

    ( i ) *K*9oy >- n>$- Luke 4- 33, 36, 8- 29, 9- 42 ( f r o m Ma r k ) .I i u k e 6- 18 may h a v e b e e n s u g g e s t e d by Ma r k 6-7 ( c p . Mk 50a n d L u k e 11- 24 ( =Ma r k 1 2 : 4 3 ) f r o m Q No wh e r e d o e s L u k ea d d t h i s wo r d . The wo r d i st h u s s i g n i f i c a n t l y Ma r c a n -a n d i t r e c u r s i nA c t s f i v e t i me s .

    ( i i ) ^ , ^ o l X ' j o n l v o n c e i n ^ u k e wh e r e i t i s t a k e nf r o m Ma r k 1: 22. As t o o t h e r i n s t a n c e s i nMa r k ^ t hewo r di n Ma r k 1: 27, f i n d s Ma r k 4: 2s u s a g e r e d u n d a n t and c h a n g e st h e n o u n s i n Ma r k 11: 18 and 12: 38 i n t o v e r b s . Thea p p e a r a n c e s /

    K. G r o b e l J BL 5 9 ( 1 9 4 0 ) pp. 4 0 7 f

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    3 9 .

    a p p e a r a n c e s i nA c t s may s u g g e s t i t was a t e n u u s t e c h n i c u sf o r t he A p o s t o l i c p r e a c h i n g ( A c t s 2: 42, 5: 28, 17: 19 a l s o1 3: 1 2 ) .

    ( i i i u * M o V r - n e v e r a p p e a r s i nL u k e ' s Go s p e l - i ti s d e l e t e d f r o m Ma r k 8: 35, and p o s s i b l y Ma r k l : 1 4 f . , 1 3: 1 0,1 4: 9 . For our p u r p o s e s t hewo r d may he c a l l e d ' d i s t i n c t i v e l y 'Ma r c a n , as i t i so b v i o u s l y notL u c a n . The o c c u r r e n c e s i n

    r QA c t s ^1 5 : 7 , i nP e t e r ' s l a s t s p e e c h and 2 0 : 2 4 i n a P a u l i n es p e e c h . A l s o i nA c t s 1: 2, We s t e r n T e x t s , r e p e a t i n g Ma r k 3: 14D,

    ( I v ) d- TTOi - d e l e t e d f o u r t i me s by L u k e f r o m Ma r k 2.L u k e o b v i o u s l y d i s l i k e s t h i s v u l g a r wo r d . ( Ha wk i n s h o we v e rd o e s not t h i n k i f ' d i s t i n c t i v e ) , so t h a t t he a p p e a r a n c e oft h e wo r d i nA c t s 5: 15 9: 33 has l e f t c o mme n t a t o r s s i l e n t .Mo r e o v e r , L uk e ' s d e l e t i o n s , a l t h o u g h t h e y can be p a r t i a l l ye x p l a i n e d as due t o a d e s i r e t o a v o i d r e p e t i t i o n , ar e esp e c i a l l y r e ma r k a b l e as t he t e n d e n c y o f t he S y n o p t i s t si st o a g r e e on p o i n t s of s p o k e n word s" 1" " * " . The u s a g e s i nA c t so f t h i s w o r d mu s t s u r e l y t h e r e f o r e i n d i c a t e a p r e - L u c a nt r a d i t i o n . 1 ^

    ( v ) K ^ T t i / - L u k e 8: 54 ( f r o m Ma r k 5: 41) andL u k e 2 4 : 1 6 : t he l a t t e r use means t h a t we c a n n o t be q u i t ec e r t a i n /

    1 0 . cp. 1 P e t e r 4: 17.1 1 . A l o o k at a s y n o p s i s o f t heG o s p e l s i s s u f f i c i e n t t o c o n f i r m t h i s p o i n t .1 2 . T h u s we c a n n o t a g r e e w i t h A. Q. Mo r t o n i nA u t h o r s h i p andI n t e g r i t y o f t he New T e s t a me n t ( 1 9 6 5 ) who s t a t e s t h a tL u k e " wo ul d not a c c e p t f r o m any o f h i s s o u r c e s wo r d swh i c h he wo u l d noth a v e u s e d " , ( p. 59)

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    4 1 .

    t h e y o c c ur i n A c t s , ( s o me t h e o c c u r r e n c e s a r e mu t u a l l yd e p e n d e n t 1 5 ) i n c h a p t e r s 1- 1 2 t we n t y t i me s , i n c h a p t e r s

    161 3- 2 8 t h i r t e e n t i me s . And i n t h e s t o r i e s i n v o l v i n g P e t e rt h e r e a r e s i x t e e n s u c h wo r d s , a p p e a r i n g i n t h e s e s e c t i o n si n t h e r a t i o o f 3 ^: 1 i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e r e ma i n d e r o f A c t s .

    1 7I f Ma r k was " t h e i n t e r p r e t e r o f P e t e r " ' i t w i l l be i nt h e s e s t o r i e s o f A c t s t h a t o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n wo u l d s e e mt o s u g g e s t mo s t p r o m s e o f a p o s i t i v e r e s u l t .

    Th e y i e l d f o r Ma r c a n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ("|") i n A c t s i st a b u l a t e d i n t h e a p p e n d i x , t h o ug h o n l y Ha wk i n s ' wo r d s a r eu s e d , a nd n o t Swe t e ' s , s i n c e t h e l a t t e r ' s a r e n o t , o nHa wk i n s 1 d e f i n i t i o n , i n f a c t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a t a l l :i . e . w o r d s o c c u r r i n g i n Ma r k " mo r e o f t e n t h a n i n Ma t t h e w

    18a n d L u k e t o g e t h e r " . Ho we v e r , o u r c o n c e r n i s t o d i s t i n g u i s h Ma r k ' s v o c a b u l a r y f r o m t h a t o f L u k e , a n d t h u s we w i l lp r o v i d e a f u r t h e r l i s t o f wo r d s , wh i c h w i l l b e t e r me dCommon/

    1 5 . i f l wWr o SA c t s / 5 : 1 6 c p . 8 : 7, Ac - fes 10: 1 4 i s r e p e a t e d i n 1 0 : 2 8a n d l l l : 8 . t ot\ iV - A c t s 1 0: 1 5 ( 1 6D) = 1 1 : 1 0 . biptW - Ac 2 : 42 ,same v e r b i n t h e s i m i l a r s umma r y : A c t s 4 : 3 4 . '1 6 . T a k e n a s A c t s 1 : 1 3- 2 6 , 2 : 1 4- 4 1 , 3: 1 - 4 : 2 2, 5 : 1 - 1 1 , 1 5 - 3 3 ,3 : 1 4- 2 5 , 9 : 3 2 - 4 3 , 1 0: 9 - 1 1 : 1 8 , 1 2 : 1 - 1 7, 1 5 : 7 - 1 2 - i . e .a l l p a s s a g e s i n wh i c h P e t e r p l a y s a n a c t i v e r o l e . SeeA p p e n d i x 3.1 7. I n E u s e b i u s H. E. 3 : 3 9 : 1 5 , a n d s ee p . 6 2 .1 8 . Ha wk i n s o p . c i t . p . 9.

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    4 2 .

    Common Ma r c a n i s ma wh i c h a p p e a r l e s s f r e q u e n t l y i nL u k e ' sGo s p e l . Of t h e s e wo r d s , t he mo s t d i s t i n c t i v ea r e :

    l ur, T, Removed Re t a i n e d A d d e d t o t h ej y uc . J. f r o m m.9 f r o m m m M a r c a nP a r a l l e l .

    oeroS ^

    1 9 1 7 4 8 137 3 2 1 0 1 0 08 2 3 1 05 4 1 1 01 8 1 8 6 8 14 2 2 1 06 4 3 0. 01 2 7 3 3 01 2 3 8 1 01 5 5 8 1 01 4 1 0 4 5 11 0 5 2 2 05 1 1 1 01 3 5 9 0; 11 0 5 2 2 0

    Oc c u r e n c e s i nA c t s ar e l i s t e d i n t heA p p e n d i x . A l l t h e s ewo r d s a p p e a r mo r e t i me s i nMa r k - and i t s h o u l d be r ememb e r e d t h a t t h i s Go s p e l i s o n l y t w o - t h i r d s t he s i z e o f L u k e -a n d i n t he a b o v e I h a v e t r i e d t o i n c l u d e o n l y t h o s e wo r d swh i c h L u k e r a r e l y i n s e r t s i n t o h i s m a t e r i a l , and o f t e na v o i d s . T h e r e ar e o t h e r wo r d s , mo r e n u me r o u s i nMa r k ,wh i c h h a v e no t b e e n i n c l u d e d (e.g.y^^rriosi'ttp[rf TiftS)a s t h e s e ar e p a r t i c u l a r l y l i a b l e t o a p p e a r f r e q u e n t l yi nc e r t a i n /

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    43

    c e r t a i n s i t u a t i o n s - and a f ewo t h e r s h a v e a l s o b e e ne x c l u d e d as t h e y o c c u r so f r e q u e n t l y t h a t t h e y wo u l dd o m n a t e t h e s t a t i s t i c s . Some o t h e r wo r d s a l s o me r i ta me n t i o n , a l t h o u g h t h e y h a v e n o t b e e n " c o u n t e d i n " :

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