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The Routledge Historyof Literature in English
Britain and Ireland
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
RON ALD CARTER AND J O H N M cRAE
with a foreword by M A L C O L M B R A D B U RY
LONDON AND NEW YORK
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V I I
C O N T E N T S
ist of illustrations xmForeword by Malcolm Bradbury xiv
T H E B E G I N N I N G S O F E N G L I S H :
Old and Middle English 600-1485
Contexts and conditions 3Personal and religious voices 6
Language note : The earliest figura tive language IO
Long poems nFrench influence and English affirmation 14Language and dialect 18
Language note: The expanding lexicon: Chaucer and Middle English 21
F r o m a n o n y m i t y t o i n d i v i d u a l i s m 2 2
W o m e n ' s v o ic e s 25Fantasy 27
Travel 28
Geoffrey C ha uc er 29
Lan g land , G ow er an d Lydga te 35
T h e Sco t t i sh Ch auc e r i an s 39
M ed iaeva l d r a m a 41
M alo r y and Ske l ton 44
Language note : Prose and sentence structure 4 7
THE RENAISSANCE: 1485-1660
Contexts and conditions 51Language note : Expanding wor ld : expanding lexicon 56
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vn I Contents
Renaissance poetry 57
Language note: Puttenham s Social Poetics 60
Drama before Shakespeare 6
From the street to a building — the Elizabethan theatre 67Language note: The further expanding lexicon 69
Renaissance prose 70
Translations of the Bible 76
Language note: The language of :he Bible 77
Shakespeare 79
The plays 80
The sonnets 90
Language note: Shakespeare s language 92
The Metaphysical poets . 94
The Cavalier poets 100
Jacobean drama - to the closure of the theatres, 1642 101
Ben Jonson 101
Masques 103
Other early seventeenth-century dramatists 104
Domestic tragedy n oCity comedy, in
The end of the Renaissance theatre 113
R STOR TION TO ROMANTICISM 1660-1789
Contexts and conditions 117
Language note: Changing patterns of thou and you 120
Milton 121Restoration drama 127Rochester 137Dryden 138Pope , 142Journalism 145Scott ish Enligh tenm ent , diarists and Gibbon 147
T h e novel 150Criticism 164
Language note: The expanding lexicon - standards of English 165
Johnson 166
Sterne, Smollett and Scottish voices 168
Drama after 1737 176
Poetry after Pope 177
Language note: Metrical pattern: 183
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x I Contents
Victorian dra m a 312Language note: Reading the language of theatre and drama 315
T H E T W E N T I E T H C E N T U R Y: 1 90 0 -4 5
Co ntexts and con dition s 319M od ern poe try to 1945 322
Language note: Reading Hardy 323
L a t e r H a r d y 325
Language note: The fragmenting lexicon 32 7
G eorg ian an d Imag i s t po e t ry 329Fi rs t W o r ld W ar po e t ry 331
Ir i sh w r i t i ng 334
W B . Yeats 335
T S . El iot 337
Language note : Modernist poet c syntax 34 2
Pop ular poets 344
Th irties poets 345Language note: Reading Auden 34 9
Scottish and W elsh poe try 350
Tw en t i e th - cen tu ry d r am a to 1945 353Ir ish d ra m a 355
D . H . L a w r e n c e 3 57
Pop u la r an d po e t i c d r am a 358
Language note: Literature abou t language 3 6 0
T h e novel to 1945 361Subjectivity: the pop ular tradition 362T h e Kailyard Schoo l 363Provincial novels 364Social concern s 365Light novels 366G en re fiction 367
M odern ism and the novel 368Forster 369
Language note: Metaphor and Tietonymy 372
C on rad and Ford 373D .H . Lawrence 378W oo lf an d Joyce 385
Language note : Irish English, nationa lity and literature 39 4
Novels o f the First W o rl d W ar 395
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Contents I x i
Aldous Hu xley 397Roo ms of their own 398Ireland 402
Early Green e and W aug h 403Th irties novelists 405
T H E T W E N T I E T H C E N T U R Y : 1945 to th e present
Co ntexts and con dition s 411D ram a since 1945 414
Language note : Drama and everyday language 415
Poetry of the Second W orld W ar 434Poetry since 1945 436M artians and gorgon s 450T h e novel since 1945 457Writing for younger readers — so-called child ren's literature 458Later G reene 459
Post-war W augh 46 0Orwell 462Dialogu e novels 465
Language note : Discourse, titles and dialogism 4 6 7
Th e m id-centu ry novel 469Am is, father and son 472
Language note : City slang 47 3
Language note: Common speech 47 5
Golding 476Fowles an d Frayn 478Novel sequences 479Th e cam pus novel 480Falling in love 482. . . and blood 486Muriel Spark and others 487
Margaret D rabb le 489Lessing, Hill , D un m or e and W eldon 489Iris M urd och 491Internationalism 493Rotten Englishes 494New modes of m od ern writing 501
Language note: English, Scots and Scotland 508
Th e con tem po rary Scottish novel 509
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X II I Contents
T h e co n t em po ra ry I r i sh nove l 515
En d in gs and beg inn in gs 517
Winners of the Booker Prize 521
Winners of the Whitbread Prize 522
British and Irish w inners of the Nobel Prize for Literature 524
Timelines 525
Acknowledgements 543
Select bibliography 548Index 559