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The Making of the Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage ………………………………. vii George A. Kiraz
Editors’ Preface ………….……………………………………………………………………………….…… ix Sebastian P. Brock, Aaron M. Butts, George A. Kiraz, and Lucas Van Rompay
List of Contributors …………………………………………………………………………………………… xiii
Sigla and Abbreviations …………………………………………………………..……………………..…… xvii
I. General abbreviations …….……………………………………………………………………….…… xvii
II. Sigla and abbreviations for journals, serial publications, and reference works …….….….….….…… xviiiIII. Frequently quoted publications, referred to by the author’s last name and short title …….….….… xx
List of Entries and Authors …….…………………………………………………………………….…… xxiii
List of Figures …….………………………………………………………………………………….…… xxvii
Map I. Syriac Christianity in the Roman and Sasanian periods …………………………………… 474–475
Map II. Syriac Christianity in the Islamic period …………………………………………………… 476–477Map III. Syriac-Orthodox Christianity centered around Ṭur ʿAbdin ……………………………………… 478
Map IV. The heartland of East-Syriac Christianity in the modern period ……………………………… 479
Map V. Main sites of Syriac Christian wall paintings in Lebanon and Syria …………………………… 480
List of Patriarchs of the Main Syriac Churches in the Middle East ……….……….………….………… 481–491 Samuel Burleson and Lucas Van Rompay
I. The Church of the East and its Uniate continuations …….……….……..…………………………… 481
II. The Syriac Orthodox Church and its Uniate continuations …….……….…………………………… 486
III. The Maronite Church …….……………………………………….………………………………… 490
THE M AKING OF THE GORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
George A. Kiraz
The making of the Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage (GEDSH) was a long journey that beganas a high school kid’s summer project, and ended up, twenty-eight years later, with the current volume con-taining contributions by seventy-six scholars from around the globe. In between, the language in which it was written changed once, its medium flip-flopped between print and electronic a few times, and its ‘operationalcenter’ moved from continent to continent. Along the way, many individuals helped and contributed in making GEDSH what it is today. This brief story acknowledges their contributions.
The first incarnation of the project aimed at compiling, in Arabic, what we may call an encyclopedia of Syriac biographies, with an Arabic title1 more impressive than the content itself. A lemma list was compiled inthe summer of 1983 in Bethlehem, drawing from the available Arabic resources. The list constituted 526 head-ings, each with a reference or two to the sources. Between 1984 and 1990, now in Los Angeles but still using Arabic, the list was transferred onto 3x5 index cards and was expanded to cover Syriac scholars (both Easternand Western), modern writers, and a few place names. During this period, the late Anton A. Kiraz helped by adding lemma headings from Nuro’s Jawlat ī 2 and Saka’s al-Sury ā n .3 By the end of this stage, the lemma list con-sisted of 1,300 headings, each with at least one reference giving the lemma’s primary source. Still, no articles were actually written. Later, the index cards would be used to add entries to GEDSH, especially for the firstletter of the alphabet. A future encyclopedia covering biographies of minor personalities can make use of theindex cards, which are now preserved in the Beth Mardutho Research Library, Piscataway, NJ.
The second incarnation of the project, codenamed the Syriac Hyper-text Project (SHT), began in 1993 inCambridge, England, under the auspices of the Syriac Computing Institute, the forerunner of Beth Mardutho. As its title indicates, it had in mind a different objective (a hypertext) and hence a different medium (electronic). A hypertext is a text that includes references, or hyperlinks, to other text that can be easily accessible, say with amouse click. While the term was coined in 1965 (by Ted Nelson) and implemented in earlier systems, hypertextsbecame ubiquitous when they were used in the World Wide Web (WWW), first implemented in 1992. It was thisimplementation of the WWW that gave rise to the idea of SHT. A team of volunteers worked on two tracks: atechnical track for the implementation of the software necessary to deploy SHT and a second one for the gath-ering of content. As for the technical work, A. Bolton implemented a prototype system that permitted the tag-ging of texts with hyperlinks. One was able to import such tagged texts into a database, from which one couldgenerate electronic and printable versions. A database backend permitted the management of bibliographicalreferences within the encyclopedia. The technical aspects of this system have been described elsewhere.4 Interms of content, standard Syriac references were used to compile draft articles by a team of volunteers that
1 Arabic title: Ar ī j al-ray ḥā n f ī tar ā jim al-a ʿ y ā n wa-siyar maš ā h ī r al-sury ā n lil-a fi dy ā qon George bin Anton ā l Kiraz .2 A. Nouro, My Tour in the Parishes of the Syrian Church in Syria & Lebanon / Krukhyo dil(y) / Jawlati (Beirut, 1967).3 I. Saka, al-Sury ā n ī m ā n wa- ḥ a ḍā ra , 1–5 (Aleppo, 1983–1986).4 A. Bolton and G. Kiraz, ‘The Syriac Hyper-text Project: Report I’, in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference
and Exhibition on Multi-lingual Computing , ed. A. Ubaydli (1994).
VIIIGORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
included Andrew Criddle, Ken Moxham, and Daniel Ponsford. About 1,200 articles were compiled between1993 and 1995 in ca. 150,000 words (compare with GEDSH which has 622 entries with ca. 350,000 words). A full list of the resources used to compile the content is provided in the project’s reports.5 SHT was closer inspirit to today’s Wikipedia in that it relied on anonymous volunteers. The length and quality of the articles wererather mixed, with some articles consisting of a sentence or two, while others were a few pages. Sebastian P.Brock reviewed the material to determine which articles, after an editorial process, could stay, and which needed
to be re-written by a specialist. The third incarnation of the project took place in the fall of 1996 during an informal lunch meeting atOxford. It was during this meeting that the decision to produce a printed edition, consisting of selectionsfrom SHT, was made, and Robert Kitchen kindly agreed to manage the lemma list. (It should be noted thatthe idea of a printed Syriac encyclopedia had been circulating for some time among Syriac scholars and waspublicly suggested to the scholarly community by Witold Witakowski during the 1992 Symposium Syriacum inCambridge, UK.) While the online goal was never abandoned, by the spring of 1998, the printed version took a life of its own and the project was renamed the Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage (EDSH). The following year, during the North American Syriac Symposium (SyrCOM-99 session) at Notre Dame, Rob-ert Kitchen read a paper presenting the development of the project to the scholarly community,6 after whichan editorial committee was formed consisting of Sebastian P. Brock, J. F. Coakley, George A. Kiraz, RobertKitchen, Lucas Van Rompay, and Witold Witakowski. A set of guidelines was provided to the project by Everett
Ferguson, editor of the Encyclopedia of Early Christianity , which was re-edited by J. F. Coakley on behalf of thecommittee to meet the requirements of EDSH. Scholars were invited to write articles. Soon it became clear tothe group that the task was quite daunting. During the Third Peshitta Symposium in Leiden in 2001, it was de-cided to reduce the ambitious lemma list of 1,500 to a more manageable quantity between 300 and 500 entries.Sebastian P. Brock, George A. Kiraz, and Lucas Van Rompay became the editors of the now smaller EDSH.Robert Kitchen produced an initial lemma list of 300 or so items, which was then revised by the three-membereditorial committee.
In a 2007 Hugoye paper on the status and challenges of Syriac studies, Lucas Van Rompay brie fly dis-cussed the project.7 In the same year, the editors increased their efforts, finalized the list of entries, and con-tacted a limited number of new contributors with the request to write missing entries. Editorial managementassistance was provided by the staff of Gorgias Press which became the designated publisher; hence, GEDSH. As things progressed and more articles came in, the list of lemmata began to increase again, culminating in the
622 articles now included. The draft articles were made available online through WikiSyriaca, an online web sitethat made use of MediaWiki, the same software used for Wikipedia, and was hosted by Beth Mardutho. Dur-ing this period, Gareth Hughes acted as Wiki Editor. WikiSyriaca was short-lived as during the following year acyber attack on the Gorgias network rendered it inoperable, but work continued ahead with the printed edition.In 2008, the management of the project was taken up by Lucas Van Rompay, and Aaron M. Butts was addedto the editorial committee, first as editorial assistant and since 2009 as full member. Together, the four-membercommittee read and edited the entire draft. All seventy-six authors were given a last chance to make changesor additions to their entries in 2009, and a full manuscript was sent off for typesetting in early 2010. Maps,provided by the Ancient World Mapping Center (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), and illustrations were added in the fall of 2010. The coordination of the final editorial process was undertaken by Lucas VanRompay, and the typesetting was done by Sr. Kassia Senina.
Beth Mardutho plans to continue the project aiming at a larger encyclopedia both in printed and electronic
forms, hoping to resurrect some of the earlier content, from ar ī j al-ray ḥā n and SHT, and in no doubt by furthercontributions from the scholarly community. For now, it is hoped that readers will find GEDSH a good gedsho!
5 K. Moxham, ‘Syriac Hypertext Project: Report II’, in SyrCOM-95: Proceedings of the First International Forum on Syriac Computing , ed. G. A. Kiraz (1995), 65–69; R. A. Kitchen, ‘Syriac Hypertext Project: Report III’, in SyrCOM-96: Proceedings of the Second International Forum on Syriac Computing , ed. G. A. Kiraz (1996), 4–9.
6 R. A. Kitchen, ‘The soul of a new encyclopedia. The Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage’, SyrCOM - 99: Proceedings of the Third International Forum on Syriac Computing , ed. G. A. Kiraz (1999), 34–40.
7 L. Van Rompay, ‘Syriac studies: The challenges of the coming decade’, Hugoye 10 (2007).
The Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage is a joint venture of seventy-six students and scholars of Syriac Christianity, living in many different countries and working together over a number of years. Conceivedin its present form in the mid-1990s, the plans were subsequently adjusted and revised. One result of thechanges is that the present GEDSH is less ambitious and less comprehensive than had originally been planned. A number of choices were made.
The focus of GEDSH is on the Syriac Christian cultural tradition as it historically developed in the Syriachomelands of the Middle East, was carried on by a great number of religious communities of different back-grounds, and is still preserved, cherished, and studied by Syriac Christians today, in the Middle East, in India,and in the worldwide Diaspora. Without excluding manifestations of Syriac Christianity in other languages andcultures, the primary focus is on the Classical Syriac expression of Syriac Christianity. While one could legiti-mately argue for a much broader approach, which would give more attention to anthropological, sociological,theological, art-historical aspects (some of which have been given limited consideration), our primary focushas been on the connection between Syriac Christianity and the Syriac language. The Classical Syriac languageand literary tradition are indeed the most powerful cohesive forces that join together the various communitiesrepresenting Syriac Christianity.
The focus on Classical Syriac at the same time allows us to incorporate the various traditions – of an amaz-ing linguistic, literary, and religious diversity – that are reflected in, and often intertwined with, Syriac Christian-ity. Several Greek writers and writings that became classics in Syriac Christianity, works of Jewish origin, authorsof Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Chinese, and Malayalam background and upbringing, and a rare pagan author writ-ing in Syriac all together contribute to the truly multilingual and multicultural foundation of Syriac Christianity.GEDSH aims to reflect this richness and diversity.
This approach explains the prominence in GEDSH of authors, literary works, scholars, and locationsthat are associated with Classical Syriac and the Classical Syriac literary tradition. We fully realize that authors writing in Modern Syriac and much of Modern Syriac literature continue to a large extent this same tradition. We very much hope that other scholars will be stimulated to edit a companion volume devoted to this subject.In the meantime reference can be made to R. Macuch’s Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur (1976) along with several publications by Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Alessandro Mengozzi, Fabrizio Pennacchietti, BrunoPoizat, and others, in particular the overview provided by Hannibal J. Gevargis, Ruhaniyun-e Bar-Jestah-yi Ashuri dar do qarn-i akhir (‘Assyrian religious writers of the last two centuries’; Tehran, 2000).
In the absence of up-to-date scholarly tools and handbooks on Syriac literature, ecclesiastical history,historical geography, and prosopography, GEDSH cannot claim to offer full and balanced reports for all thesefields. But it is our intention to lay at least the groundwork as well as to provide some stepping stones for fur-ther work. Fully aware of the provisional and necessarily incomplete nature of many of the GEDSH entries, we have made an effort to provide the necessary bibliographical references for each entry so as to encouragefurther study and exploration.
X GORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
A fuller and more systematic encyclopedia would obviously include many more entries on general conceptsand ideas, literary genres, liturgical key-terms, etc. While in many of the entries an effort has been made to go well beyond the level of factual description, a more deliberate conceptual approach would have required a dif-ferent type of preparation which, in the present state of scholarship on Syriac Christianity, may not have beenentirely compatible with our primary approach. We realize and acknowledge, however, that a more developedand expanded type of encyclopedia for Syriac Christianity remains a desideratum.
Several technical matters require comment. All dates are Common Era (i.e. AD) unless noted otherwise.For the sake of economy, a number of abbreviations have been employed in the text. These include General Abbreviations for commonly used titles (e.g. bp. = bishop), terms (e.g. NT = New Testament), churches (e.g.Melk. = Melkite), etc. These abbreviations are explained on p. XVII. In addition, frequently quoted publicationsare referred to by the author’s last name and a short title (full references are found on p. XX – XXII ).
For Syriac proper nouns, we have retained the Syriac form, e.g. Yuḥannan (E. Syr.) or Yuḥanon (W. Syr.),but not John. The only general exception to this rule is Ephrem. Similarly, we have retained the Arabic form for Arabic proper nouns. In most cases, we have provided cross-references, e.g. John see also Iwannis, Yoḥannan(E. Syr.), and Yuḥanon (W. Syr). For Greek proper names, we have adopted the most common English form,e.g. John Chrysostom.
The Syriac consonants are transliterated ʾ, b , g , d , h , w , z , ḥ , ṭ , y , k, l , m , n , s , ʿ, p, ṣ , q , r , š , and t . In personalnames and geographic names, šin is transliterated sh instead of š . Ā lap, waw , and yud are not indicated when they
serve as matres lectionis . In addition, ā lap is not indicated when it is word initial, e.g. al ā h ā ʾit . Spirantization (i.e.rukkā kā ) is generally not marked, though in several more well-known words it is marked (e.g. beth ). Gemina-tion of consonants is represented for E. Syr. but not for W. Syr. The vowels are transliterated a , ā , e , ē (i.e. rb āṣā kary ā ), i , o, and u for E. Syr. and a , o, e , i , and u for W. Syr. The distinction between a and ā is not indicated in thetransliteration of Syriac geographic names. The E.-Syr. transliteration system has been used in entries pertain-ing to material prior to the East/West division as well as for entries that span both the E.- and W.-Syr. traditions.Schwa is not generally marked, except in certain proper names, for which the more common transliteration withschwa is used. The Arabic consonants are transliterated ʾ, b , t , th , j , ḥ , kh , d , dh , r , z , s , š , ṣ , ḍ , ṭ , z , ʿ, gh , f , q , k, l , m ,n , h , w , and y . Arabic ḥ amza ( ʾ ) is not indicated when it is word initial. The Arabic vowels are transliterated a , ā ,i , ī , u , and ū .
Entries are alphabetized according to the Latin alphabet. Personal names that are normally accompaniedby a Roman number (in particular names of patriarchs) go before the simple names (e.g. Aba I and Aba II
before Aba). In composite names the English preposition ‘of’ is not counted in the alphabetization; the Syriacnoun ‘bar’, however, is counted. Diacritics do not register in alphabetization, nor do ʾ or ʿ. With regard to the illustrations, as we had limited means and resources, we selected some images from
existing publications (to the extent that we were able to secure permission), adding to them a number of imagesfrom private collections, kindly and generously put at our disposal by colleagues and friends. The way in whichthe illustrations were collected, therefore, is once again a testimony to the collegial and collaborative effort on which GEDSH is built. All images were edited and digitally enhanced by Douglas Ojala.
GEDSH is about Syriac Christianity as it historically developed and as it has been transmitted throughoutthe centuries, up to the present day. Syriac Christianity today is both the object of academic study and an essen-tial part in the lives of communities and individuals. Both realities are part of GEDSH and will be appreciated, we are confident, by our diverse readership. It is our conviction that for a balanced study of Syriac Christianity the involvement of people with different backgrounds is required, reflecting not only the multi-faceted nature
of Syriac Christianity itself, but also the world in which we want to preserve and cherish Syriac Christianity’streasures. While a more detailed report of the various phases of the preparation of GEDSH is offered in the preced-
ing essay by G. A. Kiraz, it is appropriate to name here a few institutions and individuals whose contributions,particularly in the final stage of the work, have been crucial. As a Beth Mardutho project, GEDSH received alldue care and attention from the skilled staff of Gorgias Press. Robert A. Kitchen (Saskatchewan, Canada), Wi-told Witakowski (Uppsala), and James (Chip) F. Coakley (then Cambridge, MA and more recently Cambridge,UK) have all been instrumental, each in his own way, in helping (G)EDSH make the transition and the transfor-mation from the twentieth century into the twenty-first. For (G)EDSH’s short-lived but significant WikiSyriaca
existence (giving us a foretaste of what a Syriac encyclopedia in the twenty-first century should look like) creditgoes to Gareth Hughes (Oxford). Over the last couple of years we approached a number of colleagues withthe request to write, often at short notice, new entries or rewrite existing ones, or to provide information that was otherwise dif ficult to come by. While responses to such requests were overwhelmingly prompt and posi-tive, we would like to single out some colleagues who, at that late hour, far beyond their individual entries, pro- vided us essential feedback and help in bringing the entire project to a successful conclusion: Adam H. Becker
(New York, NY), Jeff W. Childers (Abilene, TX), Maria E. Doerfler (Durham, NC), Emanuel A. Fiano (Dur-ham, NC), Bas ter Haar Romeny (Leiden), Amir Harrak (Toronto), Mat Immerzeel (Leiden), Karel Innemée(Leiden), Andreas Juckel (Münster), Hubert Kaufhold (München), Alessandro Mengozzi (Torino), Craig E.Morrison (Rome), Heleen Murre-van den Berg (Leiden), István Perczel (Budapest), Ute Possekel (Boston),Gerrit J. Reinink (Groningen), Hidemi Takahashi (Tokyo), Jack B.V. Tannous (Washington, DC), and HermanG.B. Teule (Nijmegen). Duke University’s Department of Religion provided a research assistantship allowing usto enlist the help of Sam Burleson, and contributed to the project in other ways as well. For the maps we werefortunate to work with Richard Talbert, Brian Turner, and Ross Twele of the Ancient World Mapping Centerof the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Now that this important stage of the GEDSH project is coming to an end, we dedicate its publication tothe victims of Sayfo, the centenary of which is approaching. Respectfully remembering all victims, we particu-larly cherish and celebrate the memory of the lost generations of Syriac writers. May their voices resonate in
1. Joseph P. Amar is Director of Syriac and Arabic Studies and the Program in Early Christian Studies at theUniversity of Notre Dame, Indiana.
2. Mor Polycarpus Augin Aydin is the Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of The Netherlands, with residence inthe Monastery of St. Ephrem at Glane-Losser. He is currently finishing his Ph.D. dissertation at Princeton Theological Seminary.
3. Adam H. Becker is Associate Professor of Classics and Religious Studies, and Director of the ReligiousStudies Program, at New York University.
4. George A. Bevan is Assistant Professor in the Department of Classics at Queen’s University, Canada.5. Monica J. Blanchard is Curator of the Semitics Collections at the Institute of Christian Oriental Research
of the Catholic University of America, Washington, DC.6. Françoise Briquel-Chatonnet is Directrice de recherche at the French Centre National de Recherche Scien-
tifique (Orient et Méditerranée, Études sémitiques anciennes), Paris.7. Sebastian P. Brock is Emeritus Reader in Syriac Studies at Oxford University.8. Erwin Buck is Professor of New Testament at Lutheran Theological Seminary (University of Saskatch-
ewan), Saskatoon, Canada (retired) and serves as the Content Coordinator of the Eleventh Assembly of the Lutheran World Federation in Geneva, Switzerland.
9. David D. Bundy is Associate Provost for Library Services and Associate Professor of History at Fuller Theological Seminary in Pasadena, California.
10. Samuel Burleson received his M.A. degree in Religion from the Department of Religion of Duke Univer-sity in Durham, North Carolina, in May 2010. His main interest is in Syriac and Coptic Christianity.
11. Aaron M. Butts is Lector of Semitics in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations at Yale University.
12. Thomas A. Carlson is a Ph.D. candidate in the History Department at Princeton University.13. Marica Cassis is Assistant Professor of History at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.14. Jeff W. Childers is Professor of New Testament and Early Christianity in the Graduate School of Theol-
ogy, Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas.15. James F. Coakley teaches Syriac at Cambridge University, United Kingdom.16. Brian Edric Colless, Ph.D. and Th.D., was formerly a lecturer in Religious Studies and is now a research
scholar attached to the School of History at Massey University in New Zealand.17. Riccardo Contini is Professor of Semitic Philology at the University of Naples ‘L’Orientale’, Italy.18. Khalid Dinno (Ph.D. Engineering) is a Ph.D. candidate in the Aramaic-Syriac Program in the Department
of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations at the University of Toronto.19. Erica Cruikshank Dodd is Adjunct Associate Professor in the Department of History in Art, and Associ-
ate Fellow in the Centre for the Study of Religion and Society, University of Victoria, B.C., Canada.20. Maria E. Doerfler is a Ph.D. candidate in the field of Early Christianity at Duke University, Durham, North
Carolina.21. Robert Doran is Samuel Williston Professor of Greek and Hebrew in the Department of Religion at Am-
herst College, Massachusetts.22. Jean Fathi is preparing an edition in the field of Syriac studies for the Diplôme de l’École Pratique des
XIV GORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
23. John R. K. Fenwick is a former ecumenical secretary to the Archbishop of Canterbury and was for a timeco-secretary of the internal Anglican-Orthodox dialogue. He has been a regular visitor to South India,researching the history of the St. Thomas Christian community. He is currently a Diocesan Bishop in theFree Church of England.
24. Emanuel A. Fiano is a Ph.D. student in the field of Early Christianity at Duke University, Durham, NorthCarolina, focusing on Syriac and Coptic Christianities.
25. Jan J. van Ginkel holds a Ph.D. degree from the University of Groningen (1995) and subsequently workedas a postdoctoral researcher in Syriac studies at the University of Leiden, The Netherlands.26. Sidney H. Grif fith is Professor and Chair of the Department of Semitic and Egyptian Languages and
Literatures at the Catholic University of America in Washington, DC.27. Bas ter Haar Romeny is Professor of Old Testament and Eastern Christian Traditions at Leiden University,
The Netherlands.28. Mary T. Hansbury is an independent scholar of Syriac studies and an iconographer in Philadelphia, Penn-
sylvania.29. Amir Harrak is Professor of Aramaic and Syriac in the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civiliza-
tions of the University of Toronto, Canada.30. Susan Ashbrook Harvey is the Willard Prescott and Annie McClelland Smith Professor and Chair for the
Department of Religious Studies at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
31. John F. Healey is Professor of Semitic Studies at the University of Manchester, England. His main interestis in Syriac and Nabataean Aramaic inscriptions and in the history of writing.32. Bo Holmberg is Professor of Semitic Languages at the Centre for Languages and Literature of Lund Uni-
versity, Sweden.33. Mat Immerzeel is Director of the Paul van Moorsel Centre for Christian Art and Culture in the Middle
East at Leiden University, The Netherlands.34. Thomas Joseph is the Senior Manager of Information Architecture at one of the largest US-based invest-
ment management firms. He is also a Syriac enthusiast, a member of the Board of Directors of BethMardutho [www.bethmardutho.org], technical editor of Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies [bethmardutho.cua.edu/Hugoye], as well as Web Master of Syriac Orthodox Resources [sor.cua.edu].
35. Andreas Juckel is Research Associate at the Oriental Department of the Institute for New Testament Tex-tual Research, University of Muenster, Germany.
36. Hubert Kaufhold is Honorarprofessor für Antike Rechtsgeschichte, insbesondere das Recht des Christli-chen Orients, at the Juridical Faculty of the University of Munich, Germany. He is also co-editor of theperiodical Oriens Christianus .
37. Grigory Kessel is research assistant at the Seminar für Ostkirchengeschichte of the Philipps Universität inMarburg, Germany.
38. George A. Kiraz is the President of Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute and editor-in-chief of GorgiasPress, Piscataway, N.J.
39. Robert A. Kitchen is Minister of Knox-Metropolitan United Church in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.40. Naomi Koltun-Fromm is Associate Professor of Religion at Haverford College, Pennsylvania. She special-
izes in comparative Jewish and Christian biblical exegesis.41. David Lane passed away on 9 Jan. 2005. Between 1971 and 1983 he taught Aramaic and Syriac at the De-
partment of Near Eastern Studies of the University of Toronto and subsequently joined the staff of the
College of the Resurrection in Mirfield, United Kingdom.42. Michael Lattke is Emeritus Professor of New Testament and Early Christianity at The University of Queensland, Australia.
43. Clemens Leonhard is Professor for liturgical studies at the Faculty for Catholic Theology of the West-fälische Wilhelms-Universität in Münster, Germany.
44. Jonathan Loopstra is an Assistant Professor of History at the American University of Iraq, Sulaimani.45. Edward G. Mathews, Jr., is Recurring Visiting Professor of Early Christian Languages and Literatures and
Director of Research at St. Nersess Armenian Seminary in New Rochelle, New York.
46. Alessandro Mengozzi teaches Semitic Philology at the University of Turin, Italy. His main interest is inNeo-Aramaic and in late and modern East-Syriac poetry.
47. Volker L. Menze is Associate Professor of Late Antique History in the Department of Medieval Studiesof the Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.
48. David A. Michelson is Assistant Professor of Late Antiquity and Ancient History in the History Depart-ment of the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, Alabama.
49. Craig E. Morrison is Associate Professor in Syriac language and literature at the Pontifical Biblical Institutein Rome.50. Ray Jabre Mouawad is Professor at the Lebanese American University of Beirut and researcher at the Cen-
ter Louis Pouzet for Medieval Studies at St. Joseph University.51. Heleen Murre-van den Berg is Professor in the History of Modern World Christianity, especially in the
Middle East, in the Institute for Religious Studies, Faculty of Humanities, of Leiden University, The Neth-erlands.
52. Andrew N. Palmer teaches Greek and Latin at a school in Meppel, The Netherlands. He is a Research Associate at the Institute of Eastern Christian Studies in Nijmegen and at Manchester University, UnitedKingdom.
53. Michael Penn is Associate Professor of Religion at Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachu-setts. His current research focuses on Syriac Christian reactions to the rise of Islam.
54. William L. Petersen passed away on 20 Dec. 2006. He was Professor of New Testament and ChristianOrigins in the Religious Studies Program and also Professor in the Department of Classics and AncientMediterranean Studies at Pennsylvania State University in University Park, Pennsylvania.
55. Peter E. Pormann is Associate Professor at the Department of Classics and Ancient History, University of Warwick, United Kingdom. He is mainly interested in Greek-Syriac-Arabic translations and in the trans-mission of medicine and philosophy.
56. Ute Possekel received her Ph.D. from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1997. She taught History of Christianity at St. John’s Seminary in Boston from 1998 to 2004 and currently teaches part-time in the His-tory Department of Gordon College in Wenham, Massachusetts.
57. Gerrit J. Reinink is Associate Professor emeritus of Aramaic and Syriac at the University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
58. Barbara Roggema is Adjunct Assistant Professor of History at John Cabot University, Rome, Italy.
59. Stephen D. Ryan, O.P., is Associate Professor of Sacred Scripture at the Pontifical Faculty of the Immacu-late Conception in the Dominican House of Studies, Washington, DC.60. Alison G. Salvesen is a University Research Lecturer at the Oriental Institute, University of Oxford, and
Polonsky Fellow in Jewish Bible Versions at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies.61. Bas Snelders is a research fellow at the Paul van Moorsel Center for Christian Art and Culture in the Middle
East, of Leiden University, The Netherlands. He is co-editor of the periodical Eastern Christian Art .62. Jan-Eric Steppa holds a Ph.D. from the University of Lund (2001) and continues to conduct research in
the field of Late Antique studies. He presently works as a funeral director in Lund, Sweden.63. Columba Andrew Stewart is Professor of Theology and Executive Director of the Hill Museum & Manu-
script Library, Saint John’s University, Collegeville, Minnesota.64. Hidemi Takahashi is Associate Professor in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at the University of
Tokyo.
65. Jack Tannous is the Post-Doctoral Teaching Fellow in Byzantine History at Dumbarton Oaks and George Washington University.66. David Taylor is University Lecturer in Aramaic and Syriac at the University of Oxford, United Kingdom.67. Herman G. B. Teule is Professor of Eastern Christianity at the Radboud University Nijmegen, The Neth-
erlands and at the Catholic University Leuven, Belgium. He is the Head of the Institute of Eastern Chris-tian Studies at the Radboud University.
68. Lucas Van Rompay is Professor of Eastern Christianity in the Department of Religion at Duke University,Durham, North Carolina.
XVIGORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
69. Baby Varghese is Professor of Liturgical Studies and Syriac Language and Literature at the Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam, India and Saint Ephrem’s Ecumenical Research Institute (SEERI), Kot-tayam.
70. Joel T. Walker is Associate Professor of History (Late Antiquity) at the University of Washington in Seattle.His research focuses on the Church of the East.
71. Timothy Scott Wardle earned his Ph.D. in New Testament from Duke University in 2008. He presently
teaches as an Adjunct Assistant Professor at Wake Forest University and Elon University, North Caro-lina.72. John William Watt is Reader in the School of Religious and Theological Studies, Cardiff University,
Wales.73. Dorothea Weltecke is Professor für die Geschichte der Religionen und des Religiösen in Europa at the
University of Konstanz, Germany.74. Lionel R. Wickham was until his retirement Lecturer in the Faculty of Divinity at Cambridge University,
United Kingdom.75. Witold Witakowski is Associate Professor of Semitic Languages in the Department of Linguistics and
Philology, Uppsala University, Sweden.76. Ilya Yakubovich holds a Ph.D. from the University of Chicago (2008) and is currently a researcher at the
Institute of World Culture of Moscow State University, Russia.
AT Arabic translationb. bin (Arabic for ‘son’)bp. bishopca. circacath. catholicoscath. Catholic (i.e. Roman Catholic)cent. century / centuriesCh. of E. Church of the EastChald. Chaldeancoll. collectionCPA Christian Palestinian AramaicDT Dutch translationE. Syr. E. Syrian / E. Syriaced. edited, editionet al. et alii ‘and others’ET English translationfl. fl oruit (referring to the most productive period in a figure’s life)FS FestschriftFT French translationGT German translationIT Italian translation J. (occasionally) JournalLT Latin translationMaron. MaroniteMelk. Melkitemetr. Metropolitanms(s). manuscript(s)ns New Series (in part. for journals)NT New TestamentOT Old Testament
patr. Patriarchr. ruledrepr. reprint or reprintedRT Russian translationSBL Society of Biblical LiteratureST Spanish translationSyr. Cath. Syriac CatholicSyr. Orth. Syriac Orthodox W. Syr. W. Syriac / W. Syrian
XVIIIGORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
II. SIGLA AND ABBREVIATIONS FOR JOURNALS, SERIAL PUBLICATIONS, AND REFERENCE WORKS
AB Analecta Bollandiana. ABD Anchor Bible Dictionary. ÄF Äthiopistische Forschungen. AION Annali dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli. AJSLL American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature. AHC Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum. AS Aramaic Studies.BBK Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon.BHO Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis , ed. Socii Bollandiani (Subsidia Hagiographica 10; 1910).BJRL Bulletin of the John Rylands Library.BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies.BTS Beiruter Texte und Studien. Herausgegeben vom Orient-Institut der Deutschen Morgen-
ländischen Gesellschaft.BUSEK Bulletin de l’Université Saint-Esprit Kaslik.CahArch Cahiers archéologiques.CC Corpus Christianorum.CCSG Corpus Christianorum. Series Graeca.CCSL Corpus Christianorum. Series Latina.CCO Collectanea Christiana Orientalia. CH Church History.CPG M. Geerard, Clavis Patrum Graecorum , I–V (vol. V: M. Geerard and F. Glorie; vol. III A:
J. Noret).CPG Suppl. M. Geerard and J. Noret, Clavis Patrum Graecorum. Supplementum.CRAIBL Comptes rendus (des séances) de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres /Académie des Inscriptions et
Belles-Lettres. Comptes rendus.CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. (all references are to the overall number, not
the Script. Syr. or Subsidia number)DCB Dictionary of Christian Biography.
DHGE Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques.DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers .DSpir Dictionnaire de Spiritualité.DTC Dictionnaire de théologie catholique. EAe Encyclopaedia Aethiopica , ed. S. Uhlig. EI Encyclopaedia of Islam. EI 2 Encyclopaedia of Islam (2nd ed.). EIr Encyclopaedia Iranica. ECA Eastern Christian Art in its Late Antique and Islamic Contexts. ECR Eastern Churches Review.ECS Eastern Christian Studies. ETL Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses.
ÉtSyr Études syriaques.FC Fontes Christiani.GOF Göttinger Orientforschungen.GOFS Göttinger Orientforschungen, I. Reihe. Syriaca.GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schrifsteller (der ersten drei Jahrhunderte).Harp The Harp: A Review of Syriac and Oriental Studies. HTR Harvard Theological Review.Hugoye Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies. JA Journal asiatique.
JAAS Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. JAC Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum. JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society. JBL Journal of Biblical Literature. JCSSS Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies. JEastCS Journal of Eastern Christian Studies.
JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies. JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History. JJS Journal of Jewish Studies. JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies. JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament. JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament. JSS Journal of Semitic Studies. JTS The Journal of Theological Studies.KLCO Kleines Lexikon des Christlichen Orients (2. Au fl age des Kleines Wörterbuches des Christlichen Orients),
ed. H. Kaufhold (2007).LM Le Muséon.
LThK Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche.MPIL Monographs of the Peshitta Institute Leiden. MUSJ Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph. NTS New Testament Studies.OC Oriens Christianus.OCA Orientalia Christiana Analecta.OCP Orientalia Christiana Periodica.OKS Ostkirchliche Studien. OLA Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta.OLP Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica.OrSuec Orientalia Suecana.OS L’Orient Syrien.
PAC Patrimoine arabe chrétien.ParOr Parole de l’Orient.PatMagDam Al-Majalla al-Ba ṭ riarkiyya , Damascus. PatMagJer Al-Majalla al-Ba ṭ riarkiyya al-Sury ā niyya , Jerusalem.PETSE Papers of the Estonian Theological Society in Exile.PG Patrologia Graeca.PO Patrologia Orientalis.POC Proche-Orient Chrétien. PRE Paulys Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft.PS Patrologia Syriaca.PTS Patristische Texte und Studien.RAC Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum.
RB Revue biblique.REArm Revue des études arméniennes.RHE Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique.RHR Revue de l’histoire des religions. ROC Revue de l’Orient Chrétien.RSO Rivista degli Studi Orientali. RSPR Revue des sciences philosophiques et religieuses. SC Sources chrétiennes.SeT Studi e Testi.
XX GORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
SKCO Sprachen und Kulturen des Christlichen Orients.Sobornost/ECR Sobornost / Eastern Churches Review. SOK Studien zur orientalischen Kirchengeschichte.StPatr Studia Patristica.SymSyr I Symposium Syriacum 1972 (OCA 197; 1974).SymSyr II Symposium Syriacum 1976 (OCA 205; 1978).
SymSyr III III o Symposium Syriacum 1980. Les contacts du monde syriaque avec les autres cultures , ed. R. Lave-nant, S.J. (OCA 221; 1983).SymSyr IV IV Symposium Syriacum 1984. Literary genres in Syriac literature , ed. H. J. W. Drijvers, R. Lave-
nant S.J., C. Molenberg, and G. J. Reinink (OCA 229; 1987).SymSyr V V Symposium Syriacum 1988 , ed. R. Lavenant, S.J. (OCA 236; 1990).SymSyr VI VI Symposium Syriacum 1992 , ed. R. Lavenant, S.J. (OCA 247; 1994).SymSyr VII Symposium Syriacum VII. 1996 , ed. R. Lavenant, S.J. (OCA 256, 1998).SymSyr VIII Symposium Syriacum VIII , ed. R. Ebied and H. Teule, with the collaboration of P. Hill and
J. Verheyden (= JEastCS 56 [2004]).SymSyr IX Symposium Syriacum 2004 (= ParOr 31 [2006] and 33 [2008]).SymSyr X Symposium Syriacum 2008 (in preparation). TEG Traditio Exegetica Graeca.
TRE Theologische Realenzyklopädie. TTH Translated Texts for Historians. TU Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur.VetChr Vetera Christianorum.VC Vigiliae Christianae. WZKM Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.ZA Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete.ZAC Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum / Journal of Ancient Christianity.ZAW Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft.ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft.ZKG Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte.ZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft.
ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik.
III. FREQUENTLY QUOTED PUBLICATIONS,
REFERRED TO BY THE AUTHOR ’S LAST NAME AND SHORT TITLE
Abbeloos and Lamy, Gregorii Barhebraei chronicon ecclesiasticum = J. B. Abbeloos and T. J. Lamy, Gregorii Barhebraei chronicon ecclesiasticum , 1–2 (3 vols.; 1872–1877).
Abūna, Adab = Ab Alb ī r Abūna, Adab al-lugha al- ā r ā miyya (1970). Assemani, BibOr = J. S. Assemani, Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana , 1–3 (4 vols.; 1719–1728; repr. 1975
and 2002).Barsoum, Scattered pearls = Ignatius Aphram I Barsoum (trans. Matti Moosa), The Scattered Pearl. A History of
Syriac Literature and Sciences (2nd edn. 2003).Baumstark, Literatur = A. Baumstark, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur (1922).Becker, Fear of God = A. Becker, Fear of God and the beginning of wisdom. The School of Nisibis and the development of
the scholastic culture in Late Antique Mesopotamia (Divinitions. Rereading Late Ancient Religion; 2006).Braun, Synodicon Orientale = O. Braun, Das Buch der Synhados oder Synodicon Orientale (1900; reprint 1975).Braun, Ausgewählte Akten persischen Märtyrer = O. Braun, Ausgewählte Akten persischer Märtyrer. Mit einem Anhang:
Ostsyrisches Mönchsleben (Bibliothek der Kirchenväter; 1915).
Brock, The Syriac Fathers on Prayer = S. P. Brock, The Syriac Fathers on Prayer and the Spiritual Life (1987).Brock, ‘The christology of the Church of the East’ = S. P. Brock, ‘The christology of the Church of the East
in the Synods of the fifth to early seventh centuries: preliminary considerations and materials’, in Aksum – THYATEIRA. A Festschrift for Archbishop Methodios of Thyateira and Great Britain , ed. G. D. Dragas (1985),125–42. (repr. in Studies in Syriac Christianity [1992], ch. XII)
Brock and Taylor, Hidden Pearl = S. P. Brock (with the assistance of D. G. K. Taylor), The Hidden Pearl. The Syrian
Orthodox Church and its ancient Aramaic heritage (4 vols.; 2001).Chabot, Chronique de Michel le Syrien = J.-B. Chabot, Chronique de Michel le Syrien, patriarche jacobite d’Antioche (1166–
1199), 1–4 (1899–1924; repr. 1963; repr. 1–3: 2008).Chabot, Synodicon Orientale = J. B. Chabot, Synodicon Orientale ou recueil de synodes nestoriens (1902).Desreumaux, Répertoire des bibliothèques = A. Desreumaux, Répertoire des bibliothèques et des catalogues de manuscrits
syriaques. Avec la collaboration de F. Briquel-Chatonnet (Documents, Études et Répertoires; 1991).Dolabani, Patriarchen = Y. Dolabani, Maktbonutho d-patriyarke d-Antiyok d-Suryoye tri ṣ ay šub ḥ o. Die Patriarchen der
syrisch-orthodoxen Kirche (1990).Donceel-Voûte, Les pavements = P. Donceel-Voûte, Les pavements des églises byzantines de Syrie et du Liban. Décor,
archéologie et liturgie (Publications d’histoire de l’art et d’archéologie de l’Université Catholique de Louvain69; 1988).
Drijvers and Healey, The Old Syriac inscriptions = H. J. W. Drijvers and J. F. Healey, The Old Syriac inscriptions of Edessa and Osrhoene. Texts, translations and commentary (Handbuch der Orientalistik, I, 42; 1999).Duval, La littérature syriaque = R. Duval, La littérature syriaque (Bibliothèque de l’enseignement de l’histoire ecclé-
siastique: Anciennes littératures chrétiennes 2; 3rd ed. 1907).Fiey, Saints syriaques = J. M. Fiey (ed. L. I. Conrad), Saints syriaques (Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 6;
2004).Fiey, Assyrie chrétienne = J. M. Fiey, Assyrie chrétienne. Contribution à l’étude de l’histoire et de la géographie ecclésiastiques
et monastiques du nord de l’Iraq (Recherches publiées sous la direction de l’Institut de Lettres orientales deBeyrouth 22–23 and 42; 1965–1986).
Fiey, Jalons = J. M. Fiey, Jalons pour une histoire de l’Église en Iraq (CSCO 310; 1970).Fiey, Nisibe, métropole syriaque orientale = J. M. Fiey, Nisibe, métropole syriaque orientale et ses suffragants des origines à nos
jours (CSCO 388; 1977).Fiey, Pour un Oriens christianus novus = J. M. Fiey, Pour un Oriens christianus novus. Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orien-
taux et occidentaux (BTS 49; 1993).Fischer (ed.), A Tribute to Arthur Vööbus = R. H. Fischer (ed.), A Tribute to Arthur Vööbus. Studies in Early Christian
Literature and Its Environment, Primarily in the Syrian East (1977).Garsoïan et al. (ed), East of Byzantium = N. G. Garsoïan, T. F. Mathews, and R. W. Thomson (eds.), East of
Byzantium. Syria and Armenia in the Formative Period (1982).Graf, GCAL = G. Graf, Geschichte der christlichen arabischen Literatur (5 vols.; SeT 118, 133, 146–147, 172; 1944–1953).Grillmeier and Hainthaler, Jesus der Christus , vol. 2/3 = A. Grillmeier† and Th. Hainthaler (eds.), Jesus der Christus
im Glauben der Kirche , Vol. 2/3. Die Kirchen von Jerusalem und Antiochien nach 451 bis 600 (2002).Guidi et al., Chronica minora = Chronica minora , I (I. Guidi); II (E. W. Brooks and I.-B. Chabot); III (E. W. Brooks,
I. Guidi, and I.-B. Chabot) (CSCO 1–6; 1903–1907).
Gutas, Greek thought, Arabic culture = D. Gutas, Greek thought, Arabic culture. The Graeco-Arabic translation movement in Baghdad and early ʿAbbasid society (2nd – 4th /8th – 10th centuries) (1998).
Harrak, Syriac and Garshuni inscriptions of Iraq = A. Harrak, Syriac and Garshuni inscriptions of Iraq (Recueil des in-scriptions syriaques 2; Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; 2010).
Harvey, Asceticism and society in crisis = S. A. Harvey, Asceticism and society in crisis. John of Ephesus and The Lives of the Eastern Saints (The Transformation of the Classical Heritage 18; 1990).
Hatch, Album = W. H. P. Hatch, An album of dated Syriac manuscripts (1946; repr. 2002).Honigmann, Évêques et évêchés monophysites = E. Honigmann, Évêques et évêchés monophysites d’Asie antérieure au
XXIIGORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
Hoyland, Seeing Islam = R. G. Hoyland, Seeing Islam as others saw it. A survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian writings on Early Islam (Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam 13; 1997).
Kaufhold, Die Rechtssammlung des Gabriel von Ba ṣ ra = H. Kaufhold, Die Rechtssammlung des Gabriel von Ba ṣ ra und ihr Verhältnis zu den anderen juristischen Sammelwerken der Nestorianer (Münchener Universitätsschriften. JuristischeFakultät. Abhandlungen zur rechtswissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung 21; 1976).
Kiraz, CESG = G. A. Kiraz, Comparative Edition of the Syriac Gospels (4 vols.; 1996).
Kiraz (ed.), Malphono w-Rabo d-Malphone = G. A. Kiraz (ed.), Malphono w-Rabo d-Malphone. Studies in honor of Sebastian P. Brock (2008).
Labourt, Le christianisme dans l’empire perse = J. Labourt, Le christianisme dans l’empire perse sous la dynastie sassanide (224–632) (Bibliothèque de l’enseignement de l’histoire ecclésiastique; 1904).
Laga et al. (ed.), After Chalcedon = C. Laga, J. A. Munitiz, and L. Van Rompay (eds.), After Chalcedon. Studies in theology and church history offered to Professor Albert van Roey for his seventieth birthday (OLA 18; 1985).
Macomber, Six explanations = W. F. Macomber, Six explanations of the liturgical feasts by Cyrus of Edessa. An East Syrian theologian of the mid sixth century (CSCO 356; 1974).
Macuch, Geschichte = R. Macuch, Geschichte der spät- und neusyrischen Literatur ( 1976).Millar, The Roman Near East = F. Millar, The Roman Near East 31 B.C. – A.D. 337 (1993).Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍ w ā ʾ = Ūk ī n Munūfar Barṣūm, Aḍ w ā ʾ ʿal ā adabin ā al-sury ā n ī al-h ad ī th (1991).
Murray, Symbols = R. Murray, Symbols of Church and Kingdom. A Study in Early Syriac Tradition (1975; revised ed.2004).
Ortiz de Urbina, Patrologia Syriaca = I. Ortiz de Urbina, Patrologia Syriaca (2nd ed. 1965).Palmer, Monk and mason = A. Palmer, Monk and mason on the Tigris frontier. The early history of Ṭ ur ‘Abdin (University
of Cambridge Oriental Publications; 1990).Reinink, Studien zur Quellen- und Traditionsgeschichte = G. J. Reinink, Studien zur Quellen- und Traditionsgeschichte des
Evangelienkommentars der Gannat Bussame (CSCO 414; 1979).Reinink, ‘Edessa grew dim and Nisibis shone forth’ = G. J. Reinink, ‘Edessa grew dim and Nisibis shone forth:
The School of Nisibis at the transition of the sixth-seventh century’, in Centres of learning. Learning and location in pre-modern Europe and the Near East , ed. J. W. Drijvers and A. A. MacDonald (Brill’s Studies in IntellectualHistory 61; 1995), 77–89. (repr. in Syriac Christianity under Late Sassanian and Early Islamic Rule [2005], ch. 1)
Reinink and Klugkist (eds.), After Bardaisan = G. J. Reinink and Klugkist (eds.), After Bardaisan. Studies on Continu- ity and Change in Syriac Christianity in Honour of Professor Han J.W. Drijvers (OLA 89; 1999). Thomas and Roggema (eds.), Christian-Muslim relations = D. Thomas and B. Roggema (eds.), Christian-Muslim
Relations. A Bibliographical History. Vol. 1 (600–900). With J. P. Monferrer Sala, J. Pahlitzsch, M. Swanson,H. Teule, and J. Tolan (The History of Christian-Muslim Relations 11; 2009).
Vööbus, History of asceticism = A. Vööbus, History of asceticism in the Syrian Orient. A contribution to the history of culture in the Near East (3 vols.; CSCO 184, 197, and 500; 1958–1988).
Vööbus, Syriac and Arabic documents = A. Vööbus, Syriac and Arabic documents regarding legislation relative to Syrian asceticism (PETSE 11; 1960).
Vööbus, History of the School of Nisibis = A. Vööbus, History of the School of Nisibis (CSCO 266; 1965). Weltecke, Die «Beschreibung der Zeiten» = D. Weltecke, Die «Beschreibung der Zeiten» von M ō r Michael dem Grossen
(1126 – 1199). Eine Studie zu ihrem historischen und historiographiegeschichtlichen Kontext (CSCO 595; 2003).
Westphal, Untersuchungen = G. Westphal, Untersuchungen über die Quellen und die Glaubwürdigkeit der Patriarchenchro- niken des M ā r ī ibn Sulaim ā n, ʿAmr ibn Matai und Ṣ al ī ba ibn Joḥ ann ā n , Vol. 1. Bis zum Beginn des nestorianischen Streites (1901).
Wilmshurst, Ecclesiastical organisation = D. Wilmshurst, The ecclesiastical organisation of the Church of the East, 1318– 1913 (CSCO 582; 2000).
Wright, Catalogue … British Museum = W. Wright, Catalogue of the Syriac manuscripts in the British Museum, acquired since the year 1838 (3 vols.; 1870–1872).
Wright, Short History of Syriac Literature = W. Wright, A short history of Syriac literature (1894; repr. 1966 and 2001).
1. Aba I ................................................................................... L. Van Rompay 2. Aba II of Kashkar ............................................................ G. J. Reinink 3. Aba (ca. 400) ...................................................................... L. Van Rompay 4. ʿAbdishoʿ bar Bahr ī z ......................................................... B. H. Roggema5. ʿAbdishoʿ bar Brikha ......................................................... J. W. Childers6. ʿAbdishoʿ of Gazarta ........................................................ H. G. B. Teule7. ʿAbdullāh I bar Sṭephanos ............................................... G. A. Kiraz8. ʿAbdullāh II Saṭṭūf ........................................................... G. A. Kiraz9. ʿAbdulmas īḥ II ................................................................. G. A. Kiraz10. Abgar the hagiographer .................................................. L. Van Rompay 11. Abgarids of Edessa ......................................................... T. S. Wardle12. Abraham bar Dashandad ................................................ H. G. B. Teule13. Abraham bar Lipeh .......................................................... S. P. Brock 14. Abraham of Beth Rabban .............................................. L. Van Rompay 15. Abraham of Kashkar ...................................................... L. Van Rompay 16. Abraham of Nathpar ...................................................... J. W. Childers17. Abrohom II Ghar ī b ......................................................... G. A. Kiraz18. Abrohom Naḥshirtono ................................................... G. A. Kiraz19. Addai, Teaching of .......................................................... T. S. Wardle20. Adiabene ........................................................................... A. Harrak 21. Aesop ................................................................................. S. P. Brock 22. Aḥiqar ................................................................................ S. P. Brock 23. Aḥob Qaṭraya ................................................................... R. B. ter Haar Romeny 24. Aḥudemmeh ..................................................................... S. P. Brock 25. Aḥudemmeh of Balad .................................................... S. P. Brock 26. Aitalaha ............................................................................. S. P. Brock 27. Albonesi, Teseo Ambrogio degli .................................. E. Fiano28. Aleppo .............................................................................. H. Takahashi29. Alexander Cycle .............................................................. S. P. Brock 30. Alqosh ............................................................................... A. Mengozzi31. Alqosh, School of ........................................................... A. Mengozzi32. Amid .................................................................................. H. Takahashi33. ʿAm ī ra, Jirjis ...................................................................... L. Van Rompay 34. Amy ūn ............................................................................... E. C. Dodd35. al-Anbār ............................................................................ A. Juckel36. Antioch ............................................................................. H. Takahashi37. Anṭun of Tagrit ............................................................... J. W. Watt38. Apamea ............................................................................. L. Van Rompay 39. Aphrahaṭ ........................................................................... S. P. Brock 40. Apocalypses ..................................................................... S. P. Brock 41. Aqaq .................................................................................. L. Van Rompay
XXIV GORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
42. Arabic, Syriac translations from ..................................... H. G. B. Teule43. Aramaic .............................................................................. L. Van Rompay 44. Arameans ........................................................................... S. P. Brock and J. F. Coakley 45. Arbela ................................................................................. E. G. Mathews, Jr.46. Aristides of Athens .......................................................... S. P. Brock 47. Aristotle ............................................................................. S. P. Brock
48. Armalah, Isḥāq ................................................................. G. A. Kiraz49. Armenian Christianity, Syriac contacts with ................ L. Van Rompay 50. Art and architecture ......................................................... L. Van Rompay 51. Asʿad, Gabriel ................................................................... G. A. Kiraz52. Assemani, Elia .................................................................. S. P. Brock 53. Assemani, Joseph Aloysius ............................................. S. P. Brock 54. Assemani, Josephus Simonius ....................................... S. P. Brock 55. Assemani, Stephanus Evodius ....................................... S. P. Brock 56. Assfalg, Julius ................................................................... H. Kaufhold57. Assyrians ........................................................................... J. F. Coakley 58. Athanasios I Gamolo ...................................................... J. Tannous59. Athanasios II of Balad ................................................... M. P. Penn
60. Athanasios Aṣlan ............................................................. G. A. Kiraz61. Athanasius of Alexandria .............................................. S. P. Brock 62. Audo, Toma ..................................................................... G. A. Kiraz63. Awgen, Mar ...................................................................... E. G. Mathews, Jr.64. Aydin, Nuʿmān ................................................................ G. A. Kiraz65. Ayyub, Barsoum .............................................................. G. A. Kiraz66. Babai the Great ............................................................... S. P. Brock 67. Babai of Nisibis .............................................................. S. P. Brock 68. Baghdad ............................................................................ H. Takahashi69. Bahdeidat .......................................................................... E. C. Dodd70. Balad .................................................................................. A. Harrak 71. Balai ................................................................................... S. P. Brock
72. Bar ʿAli, Ishoʿ ................................................................... A. M. Butts73. Bar Bahlul, Ḥasan ........................................................... L. Van Rompay 74. Bar ʿEbroyo, Grigorios ................................................... H. Takahashi75. Bar ʿEdta, Rabban ........................................................... L. Van Rompay 76. Bardaiṣan .......................................................................... S. P. Brock 77. Barḥadbshabba ʿArbaya ................................................. A. H. Becker and J. W. Childers78. Barlaam and Josaphat .................................................... S. P. Brock 79. Barṣawma of Nisibis ...................................................... A. H. Becker80. Barṣawmo ........................................................................ L. Van Rompay 81. Barṣawmo, Dayro d-Mor ............................................... H. Takahashi82. Barṣawmo Ṣaf ī , Grigorios ............................................. H. Takahashi83. Barsoum, Ignatius Afram .............................................. G. A. Kiraz
84. Barsoum, Murad Ṣaliba ................................................. G. A. Kiraz85. Barṭelle ............................................................................. A. Harrak 86. Baselios Gewargis ........................................................... G. A. Kiraz87. Basil of Caesarea ............................................................ S. P. Brock 88. Baumstark, Anton .......................................................... S. P. Brock 89. Beck, Edmund ................................................................ S. P. Brock 90. Bedjan, Paul ..................................................................... H. L. Murre-van den Berg 91. Behnam, Dayro d-Mor .................................................. B. Snelders92. Behnam Ḥadloyo ............................................................ G. A. Kiraz
93. Beirut ................................................................................. R. J. Mouawad94. Bello, Estipān ................................................................... G. A. Kiraz95. Benjamin of Edessa ........................................................ L. Van Rompay 96. Beth ʿAbe, Monastery of ............................................... S. P. Brock 97. Beth Aramaye .................................................................. L. Van Rompay 98. Beth ʿArbaye .................................................................... A. Harrak
99. Beth Garmai .................................................................... A. Harrak 100. Beth Lapaṭ ........................................................................ S. P. Brock 101. Beth Nuhadra .................................................................. A. Harrak 102. Beth Qaṭraye .................................................................... L. Van Rompay 103. Beulay, Robert .................................................................. M. T. Hansbury 104. Bible (General) ................................................................ R. B. ter Haar Romeny 105. Bible, Old Testament manuscripts ............................... S. P. Brock 106. Bible, New Testament manuscripts .............................. A. Juckel107. Bibliography ..................................................................... L. Van Rompay 108. Bidāry, Pawlos .................................................................. G. A. Kiraz109. Bidawid, Raphael I .......................................................... G. A. Kiraz110. Bnay Qy ā m ā , Bn ā t Qy ā m ā ................................................. R. A. Kitchen
111. Book of Steps .................................................................. R. A. Kitchen112. Bostra ................................................................................ L. Van Rompay 113. Braun, Oskar .................................................................... L. Van Rompay 114. British Orthodox Church .............................................. J. F. Coakley 115. Brockelmann, Carl .......................................................... H. Kaufhold116. Brooks, Ernest Walter .................................................... S. P. Brock 117. Budge, Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis .................................... S. P. Brock 118. Burkitt, Francis Crawford ............................................. S. P. Brock 119. Cardahi, Gabriel .............................................................. L. Van Rompay 120. Catherine, Monastery of St. .......................................... S. P. Brock 121. Cause of Causes ............................................................. A. Mengozzi122. Cave of Treasures ........................................................... C. Leonhard
123. Ceriani, Antonio Maria .................................................. L. Van Rompay 124. Chabot, Jean-Baptiste ..................................................... F. Briquel-Chatonnet125. Chaldean Catholic Church ............................................ S. P. Brock and J. F. Coakley 126. Chaldean Syrian Church ................................................ S. P. Brock 127. Chaldeans ......................................................................... J. F. Coakley 128. Chicago ............................................................................ J. F. Coakley 129. China, Syriac Christianity in .......................................... H. Takahashi130. Christian Palestinian Aramaic ....................................... S. P. Brock 131. Chronicle of 1234 .......................................................... J. J. van Ginkel132. Chronicle of Edessa ....................................................... L. Van Rompay 133. Chronicles, Syriac ............................................................ A. Harrak 134. Church of the East ......................................................... S. P. Brock and J. F. Coakley
135. Çiçek, Julius Yeshuʿ ......................................................... S. P. Brock 136. Clement of Rome and Pseudo-Clementine literature J. W. Childers137. Colophons ........................................................................ S. P. Brock 138. Computing, Syriac ........................................................... G. A. Kiraz139. Coptic Christianity, Syriac contacts with ..................... L. Van Rompay 140. Costaz, Louis ................................................................... S. P. Brock 141. Crusades ........................................................................... D. Weltecke142. Cureton, William ............................................................. S. P. Brock 143. Cyril of Alexandria ......................................................... S. P. Brock
XXVIGORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
144. Cyril of Jerusalem ............................................................ S. P. Brock 145. Dabbūs, Antoine .............................................................. G. A. Kiraz146. Dadishoʿ I .......................................................................... L. Van Rompay 147. Dadishoʿ Qaṭraya ............................................................. S. P. Brock 148. Damascus .......................................................................... H. Takahashi149. Damyanos of Alqosh ...................................................... A. Mengozzi
150. Danhash, George ............................................................. G. A. Kiraz151. Daniel bar Maryam .......................................................... L. Van Rompay 152. Daniel bar Ṭubanitha ...................................................... L. Van Rompay 153. Daniel of Mardin ............................................................. S. P. Brock 154. Daniel of Ṣalaḥ ................................................................ D. G. K. Taylor155. Daoud, Francis ................................................................ G. A. Kiraz156. Darmo, Toma ............................................................... J. F. Coakley 157. David, Clemens Joseph .................................................. S. P. Brock 158. Dawid bar Pawlos ........................................................... S. P. Brock 159. Dawid Puniqoyo ............................................................. A. M. Butts160. De’ Rossi, Azariah (Buonaiuto) .................................... E. Fiano161. Denḥa ............................................................................... S. D. Ryan
162. Diamper, Synod of ......................................................... H. Takahashi163. Diaspora ........................................................................... S. P. Brock 164. Diatessaron ...................................................................... W. L. Petersen165. al-Dibs, Y ūsuf ................................................................. G. A. Kiraz166. Didascalia Apostolorum ................................................ M. Doerfler167. Dinno, Niʿmatullāh ......................................................... Kh. Dinno168. Diodore of Tarsus .......................................................... S. P. Brock 169. Dionysios bar Ṣalibi ........................................................ S. P. Brock 170. Dionysios of Tel Maḥre ................................................ W. Witakowski171. Dionysius the Areopagite, Pseudo- .............................. S. P. Brock 172. Dionysius Thrax .............................................................. E. Fiano173. Diosqoros of Gozarto ................................................... S. P. Brock
174. Dolabani, Philoxenos Yuḥanon .................................... G. A. Kiraz175. Dorekth ā ............................................................................ A. Mengozzi176. Draguet, René .................................................................. S. P. Brock 177. Drijvers, Hendrik (Han) Jan Willem ............................ G. J. Reinink 178. Dura-Europos ................................................................. L. Van Rompay 179. Duval, Paul-Rubens ........................................................ F. Briquel-Chatonnet180. al-Duwayh ī , Isṭif ān ......................................................... S. P. Brock 181. Ecumenical dialogue ...................................................... S. P. Brock 182. Eddé ................................................................................. E. C. Dodd183. Edessa .............................................................................. A. Harrak 184. Edessa, School of ........................................................... A. H. Becker185. Eli of Qarṭmin ................................................................ R. A. Kitchen
186. Elias, Ghaṭṭās (Danḥo) Maqdisi ................................... Polycarpus A. Aydin and G. A. Kiraz187. Elishaʿ bar Quzbaye ....................................................... L. Van Rompay 188. Eliya I of Ṭirhan ............................................................. H. G. B. Teule189. Eliya III Shakir ............................................................... G. A. Kiraz190. Eliya (mid-6th cent.) ...................................................... L. Van Rompay 191. Eliya (late 8th/early 9th cent.) ..................................... S. P. Brock 192. Eliya of al-Anbār ............................................................ A. Juckel193. Eliya of Nisibis ............................................................... H. G. B. Teule194. Emmanuel bar Shahhare ............................................... L. Van Rompay
195. ʿEnanishoʿ ......................................................................... J. W. Childers196. The Enaton ...................................................................... A. Juckel197. Ephrem ............................................................................. S. P. Brock 198. Ephrem, Life of .............................................................. J. P. Amar199. Epiphanius of Salamis ................................................... S. P. Brock 200. Ethiopic Christianity, Syriac contacts with .......... ....... A. M. Butts
201. Euphemia and the Goth ................................................ S. P. Brock 202. Eusebius of Caesarea ..................................................... S. P. Brock 203. Eusebius of Emesa ........................................................ L. Van Rompay 204. Eutyches ........................................................................... S. P. Brock 205. Evagrius of Pontus ........................................................ S. P. Brock 206. Exegesis, Old Testament ............................................... R. B. ter Haar Romeny 207. Exegesis, New Testament ............................................. C. E. Morrison208. Fāʾiq, Naʿʿūm ................................................................... G. A. Kiraz209. Fars ................................................................................... J. T. Walker210. Fatḥallāh, Elias ................................................................ J. Fathi211. Fiey, Jean-Maurice .......................................................... S. P. Brock 212. Furlani, Giuseppe ........................................................... R. Contini
213. Gabriel, Fawlos ............................................................... Polycarpus A. Aydin and G. A. Kiraz214. Gabriel, Monastery of Mor .......................................... A. N. Palmer215. Gabriel bar Bokhtishoʿ .................................................. A. M. Butts216. Gabriel of Baṣra ............................................................. H. Kaufhold217. Gabriel Qamṣa ................................................................ L. Van Rompay 218. Gabriel Qaṭraya .............................................................. S. P. Brock 219. Galen ................................................................................ S. P. Brock 220. Gannat Buss ā me ................................................................ G. J. Reinink 221. Garshuni .......................................................................... A. Mengozzi222. Geoponika ....................................................................... S. P. Brock 223. Georgian Christianity, Syriac contacts with ........ ........ S. P. Brock and J. W. Childers224. Gewargis I ....................................................................... L. Van Rompay
225. Gewargis of Arbela ........................................................ S. P. Brock 226. Gewargis of Arbela, Pseudo- ....................................... S. P. Brock 227. Gewargis Warda .............................................................. A. Mengozzi228. Giwargi, bp. of the Arab tribes .................................... S. P. Brock 229. Giwargis II, Ignatius ...................................................... G. A. Kiraz230. Giwargis of Bʿeltan ........................................................ W. Witakowski231. Gospel of the Twelve Apostles ................................... S. P. Brock 232. Graf fin, François ............................................................ F. Briquel-Chatonnet233. Graf fin, René .................................................................. S. P. Brock 234. Greek, Syriac translations from ................................... S. P. Brock 235. Gregory of Nazianzus .................................................. S. P. Brock 236. Gregory of Nyssa .......................................................... S. P. Brock
237. Gregory Thaumaturgus ................................................ S. P. Brock 238. Grigor I ............................................................................ L. Van Rompay 239. Grigorios of Cyprus ...................................................... S. P. Brock 240. Grigorios Yawseph ........................................................ G. A. Kiraz241. Guidi, Ignazio ................................................................. R. Contini242. Guillaumont, Antoine ................................................... F. Briquel-Chatonnet243. Habbi, Yusuf .................................................................. S. P. Brock 244. Hagiography ................................................................... S. A. Harvey 245. Hakkari ............................................................................ J. F. Coakley
XXVIIIGORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
246. de Halleux, André .......................................................... S. P. Brock 247. Ḥanno, Sulayman ........................................................... G. A. Kiraz248. al-Ḥāqilān ī , Ibrāh ī m ...................................................... L. Van Rompay 249. Ḥarqlean Version ........................................................... A. Juckel250. Ḥarran ............................................................................. H. Takahashi251. Harris, James Rendel ..................................................... N. Koltun-Fromm
252. Hatch, William Henry Paine ........................................ L. Van Rompay 253. Ḥazqiel I ......................................................................... L. Van Rompay 254. Ḥenana ............................................................................ J. W. Childers255. Ḥenanishoʿ I ................................................................... L. Van Rompay 256. Ḥenanishoʿ II ................................................................. L. Van Rompay 257. Ḥenanishoʿ bar Seroshway ........................................... L. Van Rompay 258. Hiba ................................................................................. L. Van Rompay 259. Ḥimṣ ................................................................................ H. Takahashi260. Ḥimyar ............................................................................ L. Van Rompay 261. Hippolytus of Rome .................................................... S. P. Brock 262. Ḥirta ................................................................................ H. Takahashi263. Historiography, Syriac .................................................. W. Witakowski
264. Hormizd, Monastery of Rabban ................................ H. L. Murre-van den Berg 265. Ḥubeika, Joseph ............................................................ G. A. Kiraz266. Ḥunayn b. Isḥāq ............................................................ A. M. Butts267. Ibn al- Ṭayyib ................................................................. A. M. Butts268. Ignatius of Antioch ...................................................... S. P. Brock 269. Ignatius Yaʿqub III ........................................................ G. A. Kiraz270. I ḥ id ā y ā .............................................................................. R. A. Kitchen271. Inscriptions .................................................................... L. Van Rompay 272. Isaiah of Scetis .............................................................. S. P. Brock 273. Isḥaq ............................................................................... L. Van Rompay 274. Isḥaq of Amid .............................................................. E. G. Mathews, Jr.275. Isḥaq of Antioch .......................................................... E. G. Mathews, Jr.
276. Isḥaq of Edessa ............................................................ E. G. Mathews, Jr.277. Isḥaq of Nineveh ......................................................... S. P. Brock 278. Isḥaq Shbadnaya ........................................................... T. A. Carlson279. Ishaʿya of Beth Sbirina ................................................ S. P. Brock 280. Ishoʿ bar Nun ................................................................ L. Van Rompay 281. Ishoʿ of Merv ................................................................ A. M. Butts282. Ishoʿbokht of Rev Ardashir ........................................ L. Van Rompay 283. Ishoʿdad of Merv ......................................................... L. Van Rompay 284. Ishoʿdnaḥ ....................................................................... S. P. Brock 285. Isḥoq ʿAzar .................................................................... G. A. Kiraz286. Isḥoq Ṣaliba ................................................................... G. A. Kiraz287. Ishoʿyahb I ..................................................................... S. P. Brock
288. Ishoʿyahb II of Gdala .................................................. S. P. Brock 289. Ishoʿyahb III of Adiabene .......................................... S. P. Brock 290. Ishoʿyahb IV .................................................................. S. P. Brock 291. Ishoʿyahb bar Malkon .................................................. L. Van Rompay 292. Isidore of Pelusium ...................................................... S. P. Brock 293. Islam, Syriac contacts with .......................................... S. H. Grif fith294. Israel of Alqosh ............................................................ A. Mengozzi295. Iwannis of Dara ............................................................ S. P. Brock 296. Iwannis Yuḥanon .......................................................... G. A. Kiraz
297. Iyob of Edessa ....................................................... B. H. Roggema298. Jacob, Cyril .............................................................. G. A. Kiraz299. Jam ī l, Shmuʾel ......................................................... G. A. Kiraz300. Jansma, Taeke ......................................................... L. Van Rompay 301. Jerusalem ................................................................. G. A. Kiraz and L. Van Rompay 302. John bar Aphtonia ................................................. J. W. Childers
303. John Chrysostom ................................................... J. W. Childers304. John Climacus ........................................................ H. G. B. Teule305. John of Damascus ................................................. S. P. Brock 306. John Philoponos .................................................... S. P. Brock 307. John Rufus .............................................................. J.-E. Steppa308. Josephus .................................................................. S. P. Brock 309. Judaism, Syriac contacts with ............................... L. Van Rompay 310. Julian of Halicarnassus ......................................... M. P. Penn311. Julian Romance ...................................................... A. M. Butts312. Juridical literature ................................................... L. Van Rompay 313. Kaftun, Dayr .......................................................... M. Immerzeel314. Kalila and Dimna ................................................... S. P. Brock
315. Karamlish ................................................................ A. Harrak 316. Karka d-Beth Slokh ............................................... A. Harrak 317. Kfar Helda .............................................................. M. Immerzeel318. Khamis bar Qardaḥe ............................................. A. Mengozzi319. Khouri-Sarkis, Gabriel .......................................... J. P. Amar320. Khoury, Asmar ...................................................... G. A. Kiraz321. Kokhe ...................................................................... M. C. Cassis322. Konat, Matta .......................................................... G. A. Kiraz323. Kthobonoyo Syriac ................................................ G. A. Kiraz324. de Lagarde, Paul Anton ........................................ L. Van Rompay 325. Lamsa, George ....................................................... J. F. Coakley 326. Land, Jan Pieter Nicolaas ..................................... L. Van Rompay
327. Leloir, Louis ........................................................... S. P. Brock 328. Leon of Ḥarran ...................................................... U. Possekel329. Leroy, Jules .............................................................. L. Van Rompay 330. Levi Della Vida, Giorgio ...................................... R. Contini331. Liturgy ..................................................................... S. P. Brock 332. Loʿozar bar Sobtho ................................................ L. Van Rompay 333. Loʿozar of Beth Qandasa ..................................... L. Van Rompay 334. Maʿad ....................................................................... E. C. Dodd335. Macarian Homilies ................................................. C. A. Stewart336. Malabar Catholic Church ...................................... S. P. Brock 337. Malabar Independent Syrian Church .................. J. R. K. Fenwick 338. Malankara Catholic Church .................................. S. P. Brock
339. Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church ................... B. Varghese340. Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church ................... T. Joseph341. Man of God of Edessa ........................................ R. Doran342. Mani ......................................................................... J. W. Childers343. Manna, Yaʿqob Awgen .......................................... S. P. Brock and G. A. Kiraz344. Manuscripts ............................................................ J. F. Coakley 345. Maphrian ................................................................. G. A. Kiraz346. Maqdis ī , Jeremiah ................................................... G. A. Kiraz347. Mar Thoma Syrian Church (Malankara) ............. J. R. K. Fenwick
XXX GORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
348. Mara bar Serapion, Letter of ............................... L. Van Rompay 349. Marcian the Monk ................................................. S. P. Brock 350. Marcion ................................................................... L. Van Rompay 351. Mardin ..................................................................... H. Takahashi352. Mari, Acts of .......................................................... S. P. Brock 353. Mark the Monk ...................................................... S. P. Brock
354. Mark, Monastery of St. ........................................ G. A. Kiraz355. Maron ...................................................................... J. P. Amar356. Maronite Church ................................................... J. P. Amar357. Martyrs and persecutions ..................................... S. P. Brock 358. Marutha of Maypherqaṭ ........ ........ ........ ........ ....... S. P. Brock 359. Marutha of Tagrit ................................................. S. P. Brock 360. Mary ........................................................................ S. P. Brock 361. Masius, Andreas .................................................... L. Van Rompay 362. Masora .................................................................... A. Juckel363. Masʿūd of Ṭur ʿAbdin .......................................... H. G. B. Teule364. Matay, Dayro d-Mor ............................................. G. A. Kiraz365. Maximus ................................................................. S. P. Brock
366. Medicine ................................................................. P. E. Pormann367. Melitene .................................................................. H. Takahashi368. Meliton the Philosopher ...................................... L. Van Rompay 369. Melkite .................................................................... S. P. Brock 370. Melkite literature in Syriac ................................... S. P. Brock 371. Menander, Syriac sentences of ........................... U. Possekel372. Methodius, Apocalypse of Pseudo- .................. S. P. Brock 373. Michael I Rabo ...................................................... D. Weltecke374. Michael II the Younger ....................................... W. Witakowski375. Michael Badoqa .................................................... E. Fiano376. Midyat .................................................................... H. Takahashi377. Mingana, Alphonse .............................................. G. A. Kiraz
378. Moberg, Axel ........................................................ B. Holmberg 379. Monasticism .......................................................... S. A. Harvey 380. Mosul ..................................................................... A. Harrak 381. Mubārak, Buṭros ................................................... L. Van Rompay 382. Murad, Michael ..................................................... G. A. Kiraz383. Mūsā al-Ḥabash ī , Dayr Mār ................................ E. C. Dodd384. Mushe of Aggel .................................................... S. P. Brock 385. Mushe bar Kipho ................................................. J. F. Coakley 386. Mushe of Mardin ................................................. L. Van Rompay 387. Mushe of Nisibis .................................................. L. Van Rompay 388. Nagran ................................................................... L. Van Rompay 389. Naqq āsheh, Afram ............................................... G. A. Kiraz
390. Narsai ..................................................................... L. Van Rompay 391. Nathniel of Sirzor ................................................ L. Van Rompay 392. Nau, François ........................................................ F. Briquel-Chatonnet393. Nestorianism ......................................................... S. P. Brock 394. Nestorios of Beth Nuhadra ................................ L. Van Rompay 395. Nestorius ................................................................ G. A. Bevan396. Nicolaus of Damascus ........................................ H. Takahashi397. Nilus the Solitary .................................................. S. P. Brock 398. Niʿmatullāh, Ignatius ............................................ G. A. Kiraz
399. Nineveh .................................................................. J. T. Walker400. Nisibis ...................................................................... H. Takahashi401. Nisibis, School of .................................................. A. H. Becker402. Nöldeke, Theodor ................................................. H. Kaufhold403. Nonos of Nisibis ................................................... M. P. Penn404. Nuḥ the Lebanese .................................................. H. G. B. Teule
405. Nūr ī , Athanasios Ignatios ..................................... G. A. Kiraz406. Nuro, Abrohom ..................................................... G. A. Kiraz407. Old Syriac documents ........................................... A. M. Butts408. Old Syriac Version ................................................. A. Juckel409. ʿOnith ā ...................................................................... A. Mengozzi410. Palimpsests .............................................................. S. P. Brock 411. Palladius ................................................................... S. P. Brock 412. Papa bar ʿAggai ....................................................... L. Van Rompay 413. Papyri, Syriac ........................................................... A. M. Butts414. Paradise of the Fathers, Book of ........................ H. G. B. Teule415. Pawla of Edessa ..................................................... S. P. Brock 416. Pawlos of Beth Ukome ........................................ L. Van Rompay
417. Pawlos of Kallinikos ............................................. L. Van Rompay 418. Pawlos of Nisibis .................................................. L. Van Rompay 419. Pawlos the Persian ................................................. L. Van Rompay 420. Pawlos the Philosopher ........................................ L. Van Rompay 421. Pawlos of Tella ...................................................... L. Van Rompay 422. Payne Smith (Mrs. Margoliouth), Jessie ............. S. P. Brock 423. Payne Smith, Robert ............................................. S. P. Brock 424. Perley, David Barsum ........................................... J. F. Coakley 425. Peshitta .................................................................... R. B. ter Haar Romeny and C. E. Morrison426. Peter the Iberian .................................................... S. P. Brock 427. Peter of Kallinikos ................................................ L. R. Wickham428. Philoxenos of Mabbug ......................................... D. A. Michelson
429. Physiologus ............................................................. S. P. Brock 430. van der Ploeg, Johannes P. M. ............................. L. Van Rompay 431. Poetry ...................................................................... S. P. Brock 432. Polykarpos .............................................................. A. Juckel433. Porphyry ................................................................. S. P. Brock 434. Printing ................................................................... J. F. Coakley 435. Proba ....................................................................... S. P. Brock 436. Proba, metr. of Chalcedon .................................. S. P. Brock 437. Proclus of Constantinople .................................. L. Van Rompay 438. Psalms, Syriac Apocryphal ................................... A. M. Butts439. Qara ........................................................................ L. Van Rompay 440. Qarabash ī , ʿAbd al-Mas īḥ Nuʿmān ..................... Polycarpus A. Aydin and G. A. Kiraz
441. Qaraqosh ................................................................ A. Harrak 442. Qarqaphto, Monastery of .................................... J. A. Loopstra443. Qd ā m w-Bā thar ........................................................ J. F. Coakley 444. Qenneshre, Monastery of ................................... J. Tannous445. Qiryo, Yuḥanna ..................................................... G. A. Kiraz446. Qiyore of Edessa .................................................. S. P. Brock 447. Qoro, Elias Malke ................................................. G. A. Kiraz448. Qurillona ................................................................ S. P. Brock 449. Quryaqos ............................................................... W. Witakowski
XXXIIGORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
450. Rabbula of Edessa ............................................... S. A. Harvey 451. Rabbula Gospels .................................................... L. Van Rompay 452. al-R āhib, Elias ......................................................... G. A. Kiraz453. Raḥmani, Ignatius Ephrem II .............................. S. P. Brock and G. A. Kiraz454. Renaissance ............................................................. H. G. B. Teule455. Reshʿayna ................................................................. H. Takahashi and L. Van Rompay
456. Rhétoré, Jacques .................................................... A. Mengozzi457. Rhetoric .................................................................. J. W. Watt458. Romanos the Melodist .......................................... W. L. Petersen459. Saba, Boutros ......................................................... G. A. Kiraz460. Sabrishoʿ I .............................................................. S. P. Brock 461. Sabrishoʿ bar Pawlos ............................................. L. Van Rompay 462. Sachau, Eduard ..................................................... H. Kaufhold463. Sahdona (Martyrius) ............................................. S. P. Brock 464. al-Ṣahy ūn ī , Jibrā ʾī l ................................................. L. Van Rompay 465. Saka, Yaʿqub .......................................................... G. A. Kiraz466. al-Ṣal ī b, Dayr ......................................................... H. Takahashi467. Salmān, Ḥanna ...................................................... G. A. Kiraz
468. Salomon, Désiré ................................................... G. A. Kiraz and J. F. Coakley 469. Samuel, Athanasios Yeshuʿ ................................. G. A. Kiraz470. Sargis bar Waḥle ................................................... H. G. B. Teule471. Sargis Bḥira ........................................................... B. H. Roggema472. Sargis the Stylite ................................................... S. P. Brock 473. Sauget, Joseph-Marie ........................................... S. P. Brock 474. Sawma, Abrohom ................................................ G. A. Kiraz475. Ṣawma, Rabban .................................................... J. P. Amar476. Sayfo ...................................................................... S. P. Brock 477. Scher, Addai .......................................................... G. A. Kiraz and S. P. Brock 478. Schulthess, Friedrich ............................................ L. Van Rompay 479. Scribes ................................................................... S. P. Brock
480. Script, Syriac ......................................................... J. F. Healey 481. Secundus ............................................................... S. P. Brock 482. Selb, Walter ........................................................... H. Kaufhold483. Seleucia-Ctesiphon .............................................. M. C. Cassis484. Seminary of St. John (Mosul) ............................ A. Harrak 485. Sergios of Reshʿayna ........................................... S. P. Brock 486. Severos, Commentary of the monk ................. L. Van Rompay 487. Severos bar Mashqo ............................................ L. Van Rompay 488. Severos Sebokht .................................................. G. J. Reinink 489. Severus of Antioch ............................................. S. P. Brock 490. Sextus, Sentences of ........................................... S. P. Brock 491. Shahdost ............................................................... S. P. Brock
492. Shaliṭa, Mar .......................................................... E. G. Mathews, Jr.493. Shalliṭa of Reshʿayna ........................................... S. P. Brock 494. Shamsi Clan .......................................................... G. A. Kiraz495. Ṣharbokht bar Msargis ........................................ G. J. Reinink 496. Sharfeh .................................................................. A. Harrak 497. Shaʿya, Elias .......................................................... G. A. Kiraz498. Shemʿon, Eshai .................................................... J. F. Coakley 499. Shemʿon bar Ṣabbaʿe ........................................... L. Van Rompay 500. Shemʿon of Rev Ardashir .................................. L. Van Rompay
501. Shemʿon Shanqlawi ............................................. L. Van Rompay 502. Shemʿon d- Ṭaybutheh ........................................... G. Kessel503. Shemʿun II, Basileios ............................................. G. A. Kiraz504. Shemʿun of Beth Arsham .................................... L. Van Rompay 505. Shemʿun of Edessa ................................................ S. P. Brock 506. Shemʿun Quqoyo ................................................... S. P. Brock
507. Shemʿun the Stylite ................................................ R. Doran508. Shlemon of Baṣra .................................................. J. A. Loopstra509. Shubḥalmaran ........................................................ D. J. Lane510. Siirt .......................................................................... A. Harrak 511. Silwanos of Qardu ................................................ H. Takahashi512. Sindbad ................................................................... S. P. Brock 513. Sleepers of Ephesus, Legend of the .................. W. Witakowski514. Smith, Agnes and Margaret ................................. S. P. Brock and G. A. Kiraz515. Sobo, Ignatius ........................................................ G. A. Kiraz516. Sobo, Malki al-Qas Afram ................................... G. A. Kiraz517. Sogdian ................................................................... I. Yakubovich518. Solomon, Odes of ................................................ M. S. Lattke
519. Sophronius ............................................................. S. P. Brock 520. Sṭephanos bar Ṣudayli .......................................... L. Van Rompay 521. Strothmann, Werner ............................................. H. Kaufhold522. Sureth ..................................................................... A. Mengozzi523. al-Sury ān, Dayr ...................................................... L. Van Rompay 524. Symmachus ............................................................ S. P. Brock 525. Synodicon Orientale ............................................. L. Van Rompay 526. Syriac Catholic Church ........................................ A. Harrak 527. Syriac Conferences ............................................... S. P. Brock and A. M. Butts528. Syriac Language .................................................... A. M. Butts529. Syriac Lexicography ............................................. D. G. K. Taylor530. Syriac Orthodox Church ..................................... G. A. Kiraz
531. Syro-Hexapla ......................................................... A. G. Salvesen532. Tagrit ...................................................................... A. Harrak 533. Tappuni, Gabriel ................................................... A. Harrak 534. Tatian ...................................................................... W. L. Petersen535. Taw Mim Simkath ................................................ G. A. Kiraz536. Telkepe ................................................................... A. Mengozzi537. Tell ʿAda, Monastery of ...................................... J. A. Loopstra538. Testament of Adam ............................................. S. P. Brock 539. Testament of our Lord Jesus Christ .................. S. P. Brock 540. Thābit b. Qurra ..................................................... H. Takahashi541. Theano ................................................................... U. Possekel542. Theodora (Empress) ............................................ S. A. Harvey
543. Theodore of Mopsuestia .................................... L. Van Rompay 544. Theodoret of Cyrrhus ......................................... R. A. Kitchen545. Theodoros Abū Qurra ........................................ A. M. Butts546. Theodoros bar Koni ............................................ A. M. Butts547. Theodoros bar Wahbun ...................................... H. Kaufhold548. Theodosios (patr.) ................................................ L. Van Rompay 549. Theodosios of Edessa ......................................... L. Van Rompay 550. Theodosius of Alexandria .................................. L. Van Rompay 551. Theodotos of Amid ............................................. J. Tannous
XXXIV GORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
552. Theodotus of Ancyra .......................................... S. P. Brock 553. Theophilos of Edessa .......................................... L. Van Rompay 554. Thomas, Acts of ................................................... J. W. Childers555. Thomas Christians ................................................ S. P. Brock 556. Timotheos I ........................................................... D. Bundy 557. Timotheos II .......................................................... S. P. Brock
558. Timotheos II of Alexandria ................................ S. P. Brock 559. Timotheus, Abimalek ........................................... J. F. Coakley 560. Titus of Bostra ...................................................... S. P. Brock 561. Toma of Edessa .................................................... A. H. Becker562. Toma of Marga ..................................................... W. Witakowski563. Tsereteli, Konstantin ............................................ L. Van Rompay 564. Tumo of Ḥarqel ................................................... A. Juckel565. Ṭur ʿAbdin ............................................................. A. N. Palmer566. Turfan, Syriac texts from ..................................... S. P. Brock 567. Ṭuroyo .................................................................... S. P. Brock 568. Urmia ..................................................................... H. L. Murre-van den Berg 569. Van den Eynde, Ceslas ........................................ L. Van Rompay
570. Van Roey, Albert .................................................. L. Van Rompay 571. Vaschalde, Arthur Adolphe ................................ M. J. Blanchard572. Vööbus, Arthur .................................................... E. Buck 573. Wall paintings in Syria and Lebanon ................. E. C. Dodd574. Women in the Syriac tradition ............................ S. A. Harvey 575. Wright, William ..................................................... S. P. Brock 576. Xi’an ....................................................................... J. W. Childers577. Yahbalaha I ............................................................ L. Van Rompay 578. Yahbalaha III ......... ......... ........ ......... ......... ........ ..... J. P. Amar579. Yaḥy ā b. ʿAd ī .......................................................... A. M. Butts580. Yaʿqub bar Shakko ................................................ S. P. Brock 581. Yaʿqub Burdʿoyo ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ....... S. P. Brock
582. Yaʿqub of Edessa .................................................. A. G. Salvesen583. Yaʿqub of Nisibis .................................................. J. P. Amar584. Yaʿqub of Serugh .................................................. S. P. Brock 585. Yawsep I of Seleucia-Ctesiphon ........................ L. Van Rompay 586. Yawsep II ............................................................... H. G. B. Teule587. Yawsep d-Beth Qelayta ........................................ J. F. Coakley 588. Yawsep Busnaya ........ ......... ......... ........ ......... ........ . S. P. Brock 589. Yawsep Ḥazzaya ................................................... R. A. Kitchen590. Yawsep Huzaya ..................................................... L. Van Rompay 591. Yawsep of Telkepe ............................................... A. Mengozzi592. Yeshuʿ bar Khayrun .............................................. H. Kaufhold593. Yeshuʿ the Stylite .................................................. J. W. Watt
594. Yoḥannan Azraq ................................................... L. Van Rompay 595. Yoḥannan bar Abgare .......................................... H. Kaufhold596. Yoḥannan bar Penkaye ........................................ S. P. Brock 597. Yoḥannan bar Sarapion ....................................... S. P. Brock 598. Yoḥannan bar Zoʿbi ............................................. S. P. Brock 599. Yoḥannan of Beth Rabban ................................. L. Van Rompay 600. Yoḥannan of Dailam ........................................... S. P. Brock 601. Yoḥannan of Dalyatha ........................................ B. Colless602. Yoḥannan Iḥidaya ................................................ R. A. Kitchen
603. Yoḥannan of Mosul ............................................. S. P. Brock 604. Yoḥannan Sullaqa .................................................. H. G. B. Teule605. Yuḥanon X, Ishoʿ bar Shushan ........................... L. Van Rompay 606. Yuḥanon XIV bar Shayullāh ............................... G. A. Kiraz607. Yuḥanon bar Maʿdani ........................................... H. G. B. Teule608. Yuḥanon Barbur ................................................... S. P. Brock
609. Yuḥanon of Ephesus ........................................... S. A. Harvey 610. Yuḥanon of Litarba ............................................. L. Van Rompay 611. Yuḥanon of Mardin ............................................. S. P. Brock 612. Yuḥanon Maron .................................................... J. P. Amar613. Yuḥanon Naqar ..................................................... H. G. B. Teule614. Yuḥanon Qashisho ............................................... G. A. Kiraz615. Yuḥanon of the Sedre .......................................... H. G. B. Teule616. Yuḥanon of Tella .................................................. V. Menze617. Yulyana Saba .......................................................... S. P. Brock 618. Zacharias, Pseudo- ................................................ A. Harrak 619. Zacharias Rhetor ................................................... S. P. Brock 620. al-Zaʿfarān, Dayr ................................................... G. A. Kiraz
621. Zingerle, Pius (Jacob) ........................................... M. Doerfler622. Zuqnin, Chronicle of ........................................... A. Harrak
Teacher of biblical interpretation, author, Cath. (540– 52). Born from Zoroastrian parents, Aba converted toChristianity and studied at the School of Nisibis. He trav-eled to the Roman Empire and visited Edessa (where he was taught Greek, probably by his later disciple Toma
of Edessa ), Palestine, Egypt, and Constantinople. Uponhis return, he became a teacher of biblical interpretation( mpaššq ā n ā ) at the School of Nisibis and subsequently at the School of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, which he is said tohave founded. Following the death of Cath. Pawlos, he was elected as his successor in 540. In 544 an itinerantsynod was held, during which Aba, accompanied by achanging number of bishops, visited several dioceses,many of which still suffered from the division in thechurch that had existed prior to the short tenure of Cath. Pawlos. The Synodicon Orientale has preserved thefollowing documents, which are related to this ecclesi-astical visitation and, more broadly, to Aba’s reforms: 1.on reform of church governance; 2. on the orthodoxfaith; 3. on the politeia of correct behavior (focusing onChristian marriage and rejecting various kinds of illicitunions); 4. on the deposal of the initiators of divisionand schism; 5. on the various degrees in the ecclesias-tical hierarchy; 6. a letter entitled Practica (fragments);7. canons (1–40; incomplete). Aba came into conflict with the Persian authorities and spent several of hisyears as Cath. in prison and in exile.
The sources attribute to Aba several commentar-ies on OT and NT books, of which only fragments ex-ist in later works, such as the commentaries of Ishoʿdad
of Merv . During his travels, around 530, he served asthe instructor in biblical matters to the Egyptian authorCosmas Indicopleustes, who ca. 550 wrote his ‘Christian Topography’. Cosmas (in Book II.2) acknowledges Aba, whom he calls Patrikios (derived from the Greek wordfor ‘father’), as his source and is aware of Aba’s laterelection as Cath. in Persia. Interested in the Greek origi-nals of Theodore of Mopsuestia’s and Nestorius’s works, Aba may have gathered around him a team of transla-tors. One of these may have been the Syriac translatorof Nestorius’s ‘Book of Heraclides’, who dedicated his work to Aba. A comment in the Chronicle of Siirt ledBaumstark to suggest that Aba may have authored a
Syriac translation of the Greek OT, but this cannot besubstantiated.In addition to a number of Syriac and Arabic sourc-
es providing details of Aba’s life, there is an importantSyriac Life (published by Bedjan), which presents itself as the work of one of Aba’s disciples. Two of Aba’s oth-er disciples, Qiyore of Edessa and Toma of Edessa (whodied in Constantinople around 543), are known throughtheir own writings.
Primary SourcesP. Bedjan, Histoire de Mar-Jabalaha, de trois autres patriarches, d’un
prêtre e t de deux laïques, nestoriens (1895; repr. as The history of Mar Jab-Alaha and Rabban Sauma , 2007), 206–87. (Syr.of Life of Aba)
Life of Aba)Chabot, Synodicon Orientale , 68–95 (Syr.), 318–51 (FT). A. Scher, Histoire nestorienne inédite (Chronique de Séert), vol. 2.1
(PO 7; 1909), 154–71.
Secondary SourcesL. Abramowski, Untersuchungen zum Liber Heraclidis des Nestorius
(CSCO 242; 1963), 7–13. A. Baumstark, ‘Griechische und hebräische Bibelzitate in der
Pentateucherklärung Išôʿdâds von Merw’, OC 11 (1911),1–19.
Becker, Fear of God , 35–8, 113–4, 157–8.Labourt, Le christianisme dans l’empire perse , 163–91.
W. F. Macomber, Six explanations of the liturgical feasts by Cyrus of Edessa. An East Syrian theologian of the mid sixth century
(CSCO 356; 1974), VII–XII.P. Peeters, ‘Observations sur la vie syriaque de Mar Aba,
catholicos de l’Église perse (540–552)’, in Miscellanea G. Mercati , vol. 5 (SeT 125; 1946), 69–112.
Vööbus, History of the School of Nisibis , 161–70. W. Wolska, La «Topographie chrétienne» de Cosmas Indicopleustès.
Théologie et science au VIe siècle (1962), 63–73.
L. Van Rompay
Aba II of Kashkar (641–751) [Ch. of E.]
Scholar, Bp. of Kashkar, and Cath. (741–751). Born in(the vicinity of) Kashkar in 641 as son of Brik Ṣebyaneh(‘Blessed be His Will’). He received his education in
the School of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and was for a cer-tain time Bp. of Kashkar before his election as Cath.in 741. In the sixth year of his Catholicate a conflictbetween Aba and the clergy of Seleucia-Ctesiphonarose; the latter accused the Cath. of having illegally taken the possessions of the city’s School. According to a letter written by Aba to the director, the teachers,and the other ‘brothers’ of the School, these charges were brought against him while he stayed outside thepatriarchal seat for some time (probably for reasonsof health). According to some medieval sources theCath. retired in a monastery of al-W āsiṭ for a year,but returned to Seleucia-Ctesiphon after the conflict
was settled. Aba is known as the author of different works which, except for ‘the Letter to the leaders of the School’, are lost: the Book of the Governors ( Kt ā b ā d-es ṭ ra ṭ ige ), a Commentary on the Theologian ( Gregory
of Nazianzus ), a Commentary on some works concern-ing dialectics (probably some books of the ‘Organon’of Aristotle ), a Homily on the Martyr Zakhe, and Exe-getical Homilies ( Memre pušš ā q ā ye ). From the latter many fragments and extracts have been preserved in the Gan-
Author of a commentary on the Psalms. On the basis of remarks by Yoḥannan bar Zoʿbi, Wright and Baumstark identify Denḥa as a disciple of Ishoʿ bar Nun, placing him in the first half of the 9th cent. His only extant work is a commentary on the Psalms, which along with
the commentary by Ishoʿdad of Merv is an important wit-ness to E.-Syr. interpretation of the Psalms. The earliestms. of the commentary, Paris Bib. Nat. Syr. 367 (dated1252; formerly Siirt 29), identifies two authors: ‘RabbanDenḥa, but others say Rabban Grigor, monk of Gamre.’ This double attribution, found in all the extant mss.,seems to refer to a new edition of Denḥa’s commentary by the monk Grigor of Gamre, who is otherwise un-known, with the additions having been made in red ink. Van Rompay has shown that the Denḥa-Grigor com-mentary is in fact an expanded form of the anonymousPsalm commentary found in ms. Sachau 215 (dated1882), both commentaries preserving elements of the
exegesis of the Psalms by Theodore of Mopsuestia. TheDenḥa-Grigor commentary was supplemented by mate-rial ascribed to A ḥob Qaṭraya and has been preserved inmss. that incorporate, in whole or in part, other workson the Psalms, notably a Book on the Cause of thePsalms of Mar Aḥob Qaṭraya, an introduction to thePsalms by Nathniel of Sirzor (ca. 600), and one of Ishoʿ bar Nun’s ‘Selected Questions’ (dealing with Ps. 119). The commentary appears to have been popular in theE.-Syr. tradition and is found in a number of 19th-cent.mss. (e.g., ms. Mingana Syr. 58 and ms. Cambridge Univ.Libr. Or. 1318). Echoes of the Denḥa-Grigor commen-tary are found in W.-Syr. commentaries on the Psalmsby Dionysios bar Ṣalibi (factual commentary) and Bar
ʿEbroyo. A few extracts of the Denḥa-Grigor commen-tary dealing with messianism have been published by Vandenhoff.
Primary SourcesB. Vandenhoff, Exegesis Psalmorum, imprimis messianicorum, apud
W. Bloemendaal, The headings of the Psalms in the East Syrian Church (1960), 16.
F. Briquel-Chatonnet, Manuscrits syriaques de la Bibliothèque natio- nale de France (1997), 38–9.
C. Leonhard, Ishodad of Merw’s exegesis of the Psalms 119 and 139–147. A study of his interpretation in the light of the Syriac translation of Theodore of Mopsuestia’s Commentary (CSCO585; 2001).
C. Van den Eynde, Commentaire d’Išoʿdad de Merv sur l’Ancien Testament . VI. Psaumes (CSCO 434; 1981), xxxiii–xxxvii.
L. Van Rompay, Théodore de Mopsueste. Fragments syriaques du Commentaire des Psaumes (Psaumes 118 et Psaumes 138–148) (CSCO 436; 1982), v–xiv.
L. Van Rompay, ‘Development of biblical interpretation in theSyrian Churches of the Middle Ages’, in Hebrew Bible /Old Testament: The History of its Interpretation , ed. M. Sæbøet al., I.2 (2000), 572.
Wright, Short History of Syriac Literature , 218–9.S. D. Ryan
Diamper, Synod of (20–27 June 1599)Diocesan synod of the Thomas Christians, or the Syriac-rite Christians of Kerala, held in the village of Uday-amperur (Diamper) to the south of Kochi (Cochin). Itmarked a watershed in the process of strengthening Ro-man and Portuguese control over the Thomas Christians.
Prior to the Synod of Diamper, the Thomas Chris-tians had been ruled by E. Syr. and, since the middle of the 16th cent. — after the recognition of Patr. Yoḥannan
Sullaqa by Rome in 1553 and the arrival of his brotherMar Yawsep in Kerala in 1558 — by Chald. bishops. Atthe same time, the second half of the 16th cent. hadseen an increase in the activities of Latin missionaries inKerala and moves by the Portuguese to strengthen theircontrol over the Thomas Christians, who were indis-pensable for them as partners in the spice trade, with theresult, for example, that the Chald. bp. Mar Abraham, who had arrived in India in 1568, was summoned in1585 to attend the Third Provincial Council of Goa and was made to agree to the introduction of a number of Latin practices in the liturgy of the Thomas Christians.
Following the death of Mar Abraham in 1597, Archbishop Aleixo (Alexis) de Menezes of Goa (1559– 1617, Archbishop of Goa 1595–1612) arrived in Keralain Jan. 1599. After gaining the support of the local rulers
and some of the local clergy, partly by ordaining a largenumber of new priests, and forcing Archdeacon Georgeof the Cross (archdeacon 1594–1640), the leader of the Thomas Christians, to submit to him, Menezes calledfor a synod to be convened in June 1599. Udayamperur,more easily accessible from the Portuguese strongholdat Kochi than the traditional center of the diocese at Angamali, was chosen as the venue of the synod.
The synod, attended by 153 local priests and 660lay representatives, lasted from the 20th to the 27th of June, and passed more than 200 decrees in rapid suc-cession and evidently without any serious debate. Thedecrees covering doctrinal, liturgical, and custom-
ary matters were designed to bring the Church of the Thomas Christians in line with the post-TridentineRoman Church, as well as to sever her links with theE.-Syr. (Chald.) Church, and included condemnations of ‘Nestorian’ heresy and prohibition of any recognition of the ‘Patriarch of Babylon’.
The Jesuit Francisco Ros (Roz), writing in 1604, re-ported that Menezes had altered the text of the acts anddecrees of the synod which he sent to Rome after the
of alternative readings would remain a feature of many later Syriac commentaries. He and his contemporariesalso used Jewish exegetical traditions. In the 5th cent.Greek interpretations were taken over that may haveappeared more precise and systematic than the earlierSyriac tradition, but they were actually quite similar in
terms of their general approach to the biblical text.Greek sources became so popular that the exegetes of the 6th and 7th cent. even seem to have lost sight of theearlier Syriac tradition.
The balance was redressed, however, after the7th cent., paradoxically when Arab rule gradually be-gan to weaken the position of the Syr. Churches. Inthis period, their members started editing anthologiesand summaries of earlier exegetical literature. In theprocess of sifting, selecting, and summarizing, choices were made and new elements were added. Thus they built authoritative interpretative traditions that helpedto give answers to questions posed by the political and
religious circumstances of the period. Though thetranslation of Greek texts in the 5th cent. can be as-sociated with the split between the Syr. Churches, laterexegetes would also recognize the common groundformed by the teaching of Ephrem and the Cappado-cians, by the Antiochene interpretation and methodof John Chrysostom, and by philological comments,even if they originated with their doctrinal opponents.Some of the existing collections have assumed canoni-cal status themselves, and are fostered and studied tothe present day.
Becker, Fear of God .S. P. Brock, The Bible in the Syriac tradition (Gorgias Handbooks
7; 2006). J. Joosten, ‘The Old Testament in the New: The Syriac versions
of the New Testament as a witness to the text of theOld Testament Peshitta’, in The Peshitta. Its use in literature and liturgy. Papers read at the Third Peshitta Symposium , ed.R. B. ter Haar Romeny (MPIL 15; 2006), 99–106.
D. Kruisheer, ‘Ephrem, Jacob of Edessa, and the Monk Severus. An analysis of Ms. Vat. Syr. 103, ff. 1–72’, inSymSyr VII, 599–605.
C. Leonhard, Ishodad of Merw’s exegesis of the Psalms 119 and 139–147. A study of his interpretation in the light of the Syriac translation of Theodore of Mopsuestia’s Commentary (CSCO585, Subs. 107; 2001).
idem, ‘Die Beschneidung Christi in der syrischen Schatzhöhle.
Beobachtungen zu Datierung und Überlieferung des Werks’, in Syriaca II. Beiträge zum 3. deutschen Syrologen- Symposium , ed. M. Tamcke (SOK 33; 2004), 11–28.
G. J. Reinink, ‘Tradition and the formation of the “Nestorian”identity in sixth- to seventh-century Iraq’, in Religious origins of nations? The Christian communities of the Middle
East , ed. R. B. ter Haar Romeny (2010), 217–50.R. B. ter Haar Romeny, ‘Question-and-answer collections in
Syriac literature’, in Erotapokriseis: Early Christian Question- and-Answer literature in context , ed. A. Volgers and C. Za-magni (2004), 145–63.
R. B. ter Haar Romeny, ‘The Greek vs. the Peshitta in a WestSyrian exegetical collection (BL Add. 12168)’, in The Peshitta. Its use in literature and liturg y. Papers read at the Third Peshitta Symposium , ed. R. B. ter Haar Romeny (MPIL 15;2006), 297–310.
idem, ‘Greek or Syriac? Chapters in the establishment of aSyrian Orthodox exegetical tradition’, in StPatr , vol. 41,
ed. F. Young et al. (2006), 89–95.idem, ‘Les Pères grecs dans les florilèges exégétiques syriaques’,in Les Pères grecs dans la tradition syriaque , ed. A. Schmidtand D. Gonnet, SJ (ÉtSyr 4; 2007), 63–76.
idem, ‘Ephrem and Jacob of Edessa in the Commentary of the Monk Severus’, in Malphono w-Rabo d-Malphone , ed.Kiraz, 535–57.
S. D. Ryan, Dionysius bar Salibi’s factual and spiritual Commentary on Psalms 73–82 (Cahiers de la Revue Biblique 57; 2004).
D. G. K. Taylor, ‘The manuscript tradition of Daniel of Ṣalaḥ’sPsalm Commentary’, in SymSyr VII, 61–9.
idem, ‘The Psalm Commentary of Daniel of Salah and theformation of sixth-century Syrian Orthodox identity’, inReligious origins of nations? The Christian communities of the
Middle East , ed. R. B. ter Haar Romeny (2010), 65–92.
L. Van Rompay, ‘Išoʿ bar Nun and Išoʿdad of Merv. New datafor the study of the interdependence of their exegetical
works’, OLP 8 (1977), 229–49.idem, ‘La littérature exégètique syriaque et le rapprochement
des traditions syrienne-orientale et syrienne-occidentale’,ParOr 20 (1995), 221–35.
idem, ‘The Christian Syriac tradition of interpretation’, inHebrew Bible / Old Testament: The history of its interpretation ,ed. M. Sæbø et al., I.1 (1996), 612–41.
idem, ‘Development of Biblical interpretation in the SyrianChurches of the Middle Ages’, in Hebrew Bible / Old Testament: The history of its interpretation , ed. M. Sæbø et al.,I.2 (2000), 559–77.
idem, ‘Past and present perceptions of Syriac literary tradition’,
Hugoye 3.1 (2000).idem, ‘Between the school and the monk’s cell: The SyriacOld Testament commentary tradition’, in The Peshitta. Its use in literature and liturgy. Papers read at the Third Peshitta Symposium , ed. R. B. ter Haar Romeny (MPIL 15; 2006),27–51.
idem, ‘An ascetic reading of the Book of Job. Fragmentsfrom a Syriac commentary attributed to John theSolitary (Ms. London, British Library, Add. 18814,f. 91r–95r)’, LM 119 (2006), 1–24.
B. ter Haar Romeny
Exegesis, New Testament
Syriac-speaking Christians, like Christians and Jews of every generation, have employed various exegetical strat-egies for interpreting their biblical canon. Their exegeti-cal literature includes not only prose commentaries butalso hymns, verse homilies, dialogue poems, treatises,commentaries on the lectionary cycle of biblical read-ings, and the Syriac versions of the NT. The astute bibli-cal insights of early writers, such as Ephrem and Yaʿqub
of Serugh, were extolled by subsequent authors whorecycled their ideas in later prose commentaries. Since
Collection III, ed. V. Desprez (SC 275, 1980). Epistola magna , ed. R. Staats (Abhandlungen der Akademie der
Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philol.-hist. Klasse, 3rdseries, 134; 1984).
ET of Collection II and Epistola magna in G. A. Maloney,Pseudo-Macarius. The fi fty Spiritual Homilies and the Great Letter (1992).
Texts transmitted under Ephrem’s name ed. W. Strothmann(GOFS 22, 1981).
Syriac W. Strothmann, Die syrische Überlieferung der Schriften des Makarios ,
I–II (GOFS 21, 1981).
Secondary SourcesH. Dörries, Symeon von Mesopotamien. Die Überlieferung der messa-
lianischen ‘Makarios’-Schriften (TU 55; 1941).idem, Die Theologie des Makarios-Symeon (Abhandlungen der
Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philol.-hist.Klasse, 3rd series, 103, 1978).
R. Draguet, ‘Parallèles macariens syriaques des Logoi I et IIIde l’Ascéticon isaïen syriaque’, LM 83 (1970), 483–96.
K. Fitschen, Messialianismus und Antimessalianismus. Ein Beispiel ostkirchlicher Ketzergeschichte (1998).M. Plested, The Macarian legacy. The place of Macarius-Symeon in
the Eastern Christian tradition (2004).C. Stewart, Working the earth of the heart: the Messalian controversy
in history, texts and literature to A.D. 431 (1992). W. Strothmann, ‘Makarios und die Makariosschriften in der
syrischen Literatur’, OC 54 (1970), 96–105.idem, Makarios-Symposium über das Böse: Vorträge der Finnisch-
Deutschen Theologentagung in Goslar 1980 (GOFS 24; 1983).
C. A. Stewart
Malabar Catholic Church Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
This sui juris Catholic Church of the E.-Syr. liturgi-cal tradition represents the continuity of the Catholicecclesial tradition in South India that came into being in the 16th cent. (see Thomas Christians ). Under Portu-guese and other European missionary influence in thelate 16th and early 17th cent. the local Church becameheavily Romanized, especially after the Synod of Diam-
per (1599); Syriac, however, was retained as the liturgicallanguage by Archbishop Francisco Roz, SJ, even thoughthe rite was adapted to Roman norms. Following the re- volt against the Padroado and the Jesuits in 1653, thePropaganda Fide sent the Carmelite Sebastiani to Mala-
bar (1659) as an Apostolic Commissiary, and as a resultthe Catholic party came under the double jurisdictionof the Padroado and the Propaganda Fide, though theinfluence of the former waned after the Dutch took Co-chin in 1663. This event, however, led to the expulsionof Sebastiani, though not before he had consecrated anIndian bp., Alexander (1663–87) to take his place. Sebas-tiani left an interesting account of his time in Malabar(see Pallath 2006). Another informative account, cover-ing 1773–86, is by a Malabar priest (see Paremmakkal
1971), who went to Lisbon in 1783 for the consecra-tion of another Indian bp., Mar Karyatil, who, however,died in Goa (1786) on his way back to Malabar. With theexception of Alexander and Karyatil, all other bishops were Europeans, and it was only in 1896 that three na-tive Indian bishops were again appointed, thus marking the beginnings of an indigenous hierarchy, which wasonly able to develop again in the 20th cent.
In 1923 Ernakulam was made a metropolitan see, with seven suffragan eparchies, and in 1958 Changa-nacherry became a second metropolitan see. Since 1962a number of eparchies outside Kerala have been created(including one for USA, in 2001). On 16 Dec. 1992 Er-
Malabar Catholic Church
Fig. 64. Wooden reliquary cross in the Malabar Catholic(or ‘Syro-Malabar’) Church of Pallippuram.
According to tradition the cross was carved by St. Thomasand has miraculous power. This type of crossmay be called the St. Thomas cross in contrast
to the Persian cross. The cross is being heldby Fr. Ignatius Payyappilly. Photo: István Perczel.
Fig. 65. Baptismal font in the church of Kanjoor(Malabar Catholic). Photo: István Perczel.
lated into Syriac; several different recensions survivein Syriac, of which the earliest two may go back to alost early form of the Greek text, whereas the third andfourth reflect the short and long recensions, respectively,of the extant Greek text. In the 7th cent. ʿEnanishoʿ took over Palladius’s work in the first part of his ‘Paradise of
the Fathers’ (a few further texts from Palladius are inthe second part), using a source not identical with any surviving early Syriac ms.
CPG 6036–6038.P. Bedjan, Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum , vol. 7 (1890–97), 1–192.S. P. Brock, ‘Saints in Syriac: A little tapped resource’, JECS 16
(2008), 181–96, esp. 190–96.E. A. W. Budge, The Book of Paradise (2 vols.; 1904). (the trans-
lation was also issued separately,The Paradise, or the Garden of the Holy Fathers [2 vols; 1907])
R. Draguet, Les formes syriaques de la matière de l’histoire lausiaque ,I–II (CSCO 389–90, 398–9; 1978). (with extensiveintroductions)
K. Nickau, ‘Eine Historia Lausiaca ohne Lausus. Überlegungen
zur Hypothese von René Draguet über den Ursprung derHistoria Lausiaca’, ZAC 5 (2001), 131–9.S. P. Brock
Papa bar ʿ Aggai (d. between 327 and 335) [Ch. of E.]
Bp. of Seleucia-Ctesiphon. Elected around the middle of the 3rd cent., Papa’s tenure is said to have lasted until afew years after the Council of Nicea (325). Bar ʿEbroyo reports that either Papa himself or his disciple and lat-er successor Shemʿon bar Ṣabbaʿe attended the Councilof Nicea, but there is no corroboration for this claim. Widely discussed in many sources, both Syriac and Ara-bic, is an event that took place most likely around 325. All sources agree that there was a conflict between Papaand some other Syriac bishops in the Persian Empire.It may have had to do with Papa’s efforts to establishhis primacy, or with the way in which he exerted hispower as the bp. of the empire’s leading city. The mainspokesman of Papa’s opponents was Miles, bp. of Susa(martyred in 345). The Acts of Miles speak about theincident in terms very unfavorable to Papa; the reportby bp. Agapetos of Beth Lapaṭ, which is included in theSynod of Dadishoʿ (424), takes Papa’s side and is nega-tive about Miles; Bar ʿEbroyo’s summary report is neu-tral and dispassionate. Upset about the accusations that
Miles brought forth against him at the synod, Papa issaid to have struck the Gospel book in front of him,either in an act of despair or in contempt and defi-ance. As a result his hand was paralyzed. The sourcesdisagree about whether Papa subsequently was deposedand about how long he lived after the incident. Agapetosused the incident around Papa in his defense of Cath.Dadishoʿ and described the conflict as resulting fromthe rebellion by Miles and others (similar, in his view,to the rebellion in Dadishoʿ’s day). Agapetos mentioned,
and even quoted from, letters from the West, which weresent in Papa’s support and led to his rehabilitation. BarʿEbroyo also knew of these letters, but doubted their au-thenticity and pointed to Cath. Yawsep as their possibleauthor. These letters, expressing support for Papa, arepreserved among a collection of 8 letters (some writ-
ten by Papa and others addressed to him), transmitted inthe Synodicon Orientale and translated into German by Braun. They are attributed to Yaʿqub of Nisibis, Ephrem,and ‘the Western Fathers’. In Demonstration XIV, tra-ditionally attributed to Aphrahaṭ, the author complainsabout the abusive leadership in the Church and aboutthe crowned head who was rejected by his own peopleand found support with foreign leaders. Some scholars(most recently Fiey) have seen this as a description of Papa’s leadership. If indeed Papa were the subject of this diatribe, the traditional date for this Demonstration(343/4) would have to be rejected, and the text wouldhave to be separated from the original list of Aphrahaṭ’s
twenty-two Demonstrations. The author’s view on Papa would be closer to that expressed in the Acts of Milesthan to the one endorsed by Agapetos in the Synod of 424.
Braun, Synodicon Orientale , 50–3.Chabot, Synodicon Orientale , 46–8 (Syr.), 289–92 (FT).M.-L. Chaumont, La christianisation de l’empire iranien. Des origines
aux grandes persécutions du IVe siècle (CSCO 499; 1988),137–47.
J.-M. Fiey, ‘Notule de littérature syriaque. La DémonstrationXIV d’Aphraate’, LM 81 (1968), 449–54.
idem, Jalons (CSCO 310), 72–5.Labourt, Le christianisme dans l’empire perse , 18–28.
W. Schwaigert, ‘Miles und Papa: Der Kampf um den Primat.Ein Beitrag zur Diskussion um die Chronik von Arbela’,in SymSyr V, 393–402.
idem, Das Christentum in H ū zist ā n im Rahmen der frühen Kirchen- geschichte Persiens bis zur Synode von Seleukeia-Ktesiphon im Jahre 410 (1989), 63–102.
Westphal, Untersuchungen , 60–7.L. Van Rompay
Papyri, Syriac
Throughout its long history (more than two millennia),the Syriac language has been written on a variety of dif-ferent mediums. The two most common are parchment
for the early period and paper for the later period (seeManuscripts ). Syriac has, however, also been set in tilemosaic, inked onto stoneware, and incised into stone, wood, and metal. In addition, Syriac has occasionally been written on papyrus.
The earliest surviving example of Syriac writtenon papyrus is associated with the three 3rd-cent. Syriacparchments (see Old Syriac documents ). While all threeof these documents are parchments, the two from theMiddle Euphrates region were found with a cache of
influenced the compilers of Syriac Masora mss. But theexact role monks from Qarqaphto played in the com-position and transmission of all or part of the existing masoretic mss. remains unclear.
Assemani, BibOr , vol. 2, 283.C. Brovender, The Syriac SHEMAHE manuscripts: A typological
and comparative study (Ph. D. Diss., Hebrew University;1976). (in Hebrew)I. Hall, ‘On some Syriac manuscripts recently acquired by the
Union Theological Seminary, New York’, Journal of the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis 5 (1885), 100.
idem, ‘A note in reference to the “Masora among the Syrians”’,Hebraica 2 (1886), 967.
G. Hoffmann, in ZDMG 32 (1878), 745.idem, ‘Zur Geschichte des syrischen Bibeltextes’, ZAW 1
(1881), 159–60. J. Khoury, Le candélabre du sanctuaire de Grégoire Abou’lfaradj dit
Barhebraeus (PO 31.1; 1964).P. Martin, ‘Tradition karkaphienne, ou la massore chez les
Syriens’, JA 6.14 (1869), 245–379.idem, ‘Histoire de la ponctuation ou de la Massore chez les
Syriens’, JA 7.5 (1875), 81–208.N. Wiseman, Horae syriacae (1828).
J. A. Loopstra
Qarṭmin, Monastery of see Gabriel, Monastery of Mor
Qd ā m w-B ā thar Book of before and after[Ch. of E., Chald.]
Book containing parts of the daily of fices. The name(Syr. kt ā b ā da-qd ā m wad-b ā thar ‘book of before and af-ter’) comes from one section of the book which givesthe šuraye (variable Psalms) before and after Ps. 140 atthe evening service ( ramš ā ). In alternate weeks, one orthe other of the two choirs begins the service. Thus the weeks are also styled weeks ‘before’ and weeks ‘after’.In spite of its practical importance, mss. of the Qd ā m w-Bā thar were always rare. It was first edited in printby P. Bedjan as part of the Breviarium Chaldaicum (Paris1886), 341*–398*. The Ch. of E. uses a Mosul editionof 1923 (reprinting that of Urmia 1892) or the printedḤ udr ā (pp. 1–110 of each volume). The editions vary incontent.
A. J. Maclean, East Syrian daily of fi ces (1894). (ET)
J. Mateos, Lelya- ṣ apra (OCA 156; 1959), 32–7. J. F. Coakley
Qenneshre, Monastery of Qenneshrin
A W.-Syr. monastery that in its heyday (6th–9th cent.)stood out as a center of Greek study in the Syriac-speaking Near East and which played a key role in thetransmission of Greek learning into Syriac. ‘Qenneshre’means ‘eagles’ nest’ and should not be confused with
the northern Syrian town of Qenneshrin or Chalcis(Ar. Qinnasr ī n ). Arabic sources refer to the monastery as Qinnisr ī . According to Y āq ūt, Qenneshre was locat-ed on the eastern shore of the Euphrates River in the Jaz ī ra, facing Jirbās (i.e. Europos), four parasangs fromMabbug, seven parasangs from Serugh. Y āq ūt also adds
that Qenneshre was a ‘large’ monastery that had some370 monks when it was inhabited.In the context of increasing imperial pressure on
miaphysite monks throughout northern Syria, John bar
Aphtonia led a group of monks from the monastery of St. Thomas near Seleucia Pieria, where he was Abbot,to the banks of the Euphrates and there founded Qen-neshre ca. 530; some evidence suggests that it, too, may have been dedicated to St. Thomas. Scholars disagree asto whether mention of the ‘monastery of Beth Aphto-nia’ in Syriac texts should be understood as a referenceto Qenneshre. The monastery of St. Thomas in Seleucia-Pieria seems to have been known as a center of Greek
studies and Qenneshre continued this tradition. Tumo of Ḥarqel, Athanasios II of Balad, and Yaʿqub of Edessa allstudied Greek at Qenneshre. Severos Sebokht, Athana-sios II’s teacher, was also likely associated with the mon-astery and Giwargi bp. of the Arab tribes, probably studiedthere as well. Many important translations from Greek into Syriac of both secular and religious works were un-dertaken by these men and others trained at Qenneshre. A note in ms. Oxford (Bodleian) Poc. 10, which containsthe hymns of Severus translated by Pawla of Edessa, in-forms us that Pawla’s translation was made ‘according tothe tradition of Qenneshre.’ A study of the translationtechnique of scholars trained at Qenneshre remains a
desideratum. Qenneshre also played a significant role inthe life of the Syr. Orth. Church, providing it with anumber of bishops and no less than seven Patriarchs.
At some point after the death of Hārūn al-Rash ī din 809, perhaps ca. 811, Qenneshre was plundered andburned by a band of Arabs probably associated withthe rebel leader Naṣr b. Shabath al-ʿUqayl ī . Around 820,Patriarch Dionysios of Tel Maḥre (himself, a product of the monastery) obtained permission from ʿUthmān b. Thumāma to rebuild it. Ibn al- ʿAd ī m’s (d. 1262) Bughyat al- ṭ alab f ī ta ʾr ī kh Ḥ alab contains a brief anecdote relatedto Qenneshre, the contents of which suggest that themonastery was a popular spot for visitation and revelry for people from Mabbug into the reign of Sayf al-Dawla(d. 967). At some point in the Middle Ages, perhaps themid-13th cent., Qenneshre ceased to be inhabited.
In the 1990s, Spanish archaeologists conducting rescue operations in the Tishrin Dam area in northernSyria identified a large monastic site near the confluenceof the Say ūr and Euphrates Rivers as being the locationof Qenneshre. In late 2005 and early 2006, however,Syrian archaeologist Yousef al-Dabte conducted exca-
latter were omitted from most Greek mss. This Hexa-plaric Septuagint column was also translated literally intoSyriac by Pawlos of Tella in 616–17 and supplemented with short readings from the other Greek versions. TheSyro-Hexapla is of particular value for scholars, becauseit has preserved the text–critical signs as well as frag-
ments from the later Jewish Greek versions. For theo-logical and geographical reasons, it was much more in-fluential among W. Syrians than in the Ch. of E., thoughit seems to have been ‘rediscovered’ by Timotheos I (see Braun) and was certainly used by the 9th-cent.E.-Syr. scholar Ishoʿdad of Merv in his biblical commen-taries (see Van Eynde, XXII–XXV). It was an influenceon Yaʿqub of Edessa’s revision of the OT, and individualreadings have sometimes crept into later Peshitta mss.
W. Baars, New Syro-Hexaplaric Texts (1968).O. Braun, ‘Ein Brief des Katholikos Timotheos über biblische
Studien des 9. Jahrhunderts’, OC 1 (1901), 299–313. (ETin S. P. Brock, A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature [2nd ed.
2009], 240–5)S. P. Brock, Syriac Studies. A Classi fi ed Bibliography (1960–1990) (1996), 53–4.
A. M. Ceriani, Pentateuchi Syrohexaplaris quae supersunt cum notis (Monumenta sacra et profana 2; 1864).
F. Field, Origenis Hexaplorum quae supersunt, sive veterum interpretum graecorum in totum Vetus Testamentum fragmenta (1875; repr.1964).
P. de Lagarde, Bibliothecae Syriacae. Veteris Testamenti Graeci in sermonem Syriacum versi fragmenta octo (1892).
A. Salvesen, ‘Hexaplaric sources in Ishoʿdad of Merv’, in The Book of Genesis in Jewish and Oriental Christian interpretation ,ed. J. Frishman and L. Van Rompay (TEG 5; 1997),229–53.
eadem (ed.), Origen’s Hexapla and Fragments (Texte und Studien
zum antiken Judentum 58; 1998).C. Van den Eynde, Commentaire d’Ishoʿdad de Merv sur l’Ancien
Testament , vol. 1. Genèse. Version (CSCO 156; 1955). J. M. Vosté and C. Van den Eynde, Commentaire d’Ishoʿdad de
A. Vööbus, The Pentateuch in the version of the Syro-Hexapla. A facsimile edition of a Midyat MS discovered 1964 (CSCO369; 1975).
A. G. Salvesen
Tagrit Tikrit, Takrit
Tagrit is a modern city located on the west bank of the
Tigris, almost mid-way between Mosul and Baghdad. While the early history of Christianity in this city andits region is shrouded in mystery, by the late 5th cent.,there is evidence of a local E.-Syr. community. By themid-6th cent., Tagrit had become a W.-Syr. strongholdheaded by ‘metropolitans’ representing the Syr. Orth.patriarchs of Antioch in Sasanian and Islamic Iraq and further east. Three such leaders left monumen-tal churches on the citadel of Tagrit or outside of it:
A ḥudemmeh, the first Metropolitan (559–75), Marutha
the ‘Great Metropolitan’ (629–49), who not only builtthe Great Church of the citadel but is also said to haveopened the city to the Arab invaders, and MetropolitanBar Ishoʿ, who, between 669 and 683, built the Churchof Sergius and Bacchus recently excavated by Iraqi ar-chaeologists. Fortress-like monasteries were also knownto Tagrit. The monumental one recently uncovered inthe nearby site of al-Kan ī sa ‘The Church’, containedcoins dated as late as 1225, and offered wall paintings,graves of abbots buried along with their crosses and
staffs, and Syriac inscriptions and records of such met-ropolitans as Yuḥanon bar Kipho (d. 688), Yawsep I(d. 778), and Athanasios I (d. 903). The 9th–11th cent.period, the Golden Age of Christian Tagrit, witnessedthe rise of such great authors as the theologian andapologist Ḥab ī b b. Khidmā Abū R āʾita ( fl. 828), Anṭun of
Tagrit (9th cent.), and the brilliant translator and ‘dialec-tician’ Yaḥ yā b. ʿAdī (d. 974). Trade was a major occupa-tion of Tagritans, some of whom (it was later claimed)purchased in the early 9th cent. a Coptic monastery in
Tagrit
Fig. 115. Seal of Athanasios, metropolitan of Tagrit(late 9th cent.), in the form of a cross,
of which three edges contain a Syriac inscription,found in Athanasios’s tomb in Tagrit. Baghdad,
Iraqi Museum. Courtesy of A. Harrak.See A. Harrak, ‘Recent archaeological excavations in Takritand the discovery of Syriac inscriptions’, JCSSS 1 (2001),
Mitteilungen zur Geschichte des Benediktinerordens und seiner Zweige 112 (2001), 461–66.
U. Berlière, ‘Souvenirs de Marienberg’, Revue Bénédictine 1(1890), 79–89.
M. Breydy, ‘Der Orientalist Pius Zingerle’, Orientalia Witto- Herdeckiana 1.1 (1988), 30–1.
J. Innerhofer, Die Kirche in Südtirol: Gestern und Heute (1982),
190–91. M. Doer fl er
Zuqnin, Chronicle of A universal chronicle which begins with the creationof the world and ends with the year 775/6, the timeof composition. It is known from a single ms., partially palimpsest, purchased by J. S. Assemani from Dayr al-
Suryān in Egypt in 1715 and added to the treasures of the Vatican Library under the siglum Codex Zuqninen-sis Vat. Syr. 162. Separate folios belonging to the lastpart of the chronicle were acquired in 1842 from thesame monastery by H. Tattam, and are now housed in
the British Library (Add. 14,665, ff. 2–7). The author’sname is not given; the first folios which may have in-cluded it are missing. A likely candidate, however, is
Yeshuʿ the Stylite of Zuqnin, whose name is commemo-rated in a 9th cent. colophon inserted in the chronicleby a Syriac monk residing in Egypt. The work is con- veniently divided into four parts reflecting more or lessthe major literary sources compiled by the author. PartI spans from the creation of the world to the reign of Constantine, and in it the Chronicle of Eusebius of Cae-
sarea is a major source. Part II goes from the time of Constantine to the time of Theodosius II, on the basisof the Ecclesiastical History of Socrates Scholasticusand such other literary sources as the so-called Chron-icle of Yeshuʿ the Stylite. Part III, based among otherson the Ecclesiastical History of Yuḥanon of Ephesus,
covers the reigns of Zeno, Anastasius, Justin I, and Justinian. Part IV, essentially the personal contributionof the chronicler, deals with the reign of Justinian andcontinues to the year 775. The accounts dealing with theperiod between 767 and 775 are particularly detailed andaltogether they form a unique source on the economicpolicies of the early Abbasids, namely Caliph Abū Jaʿfaral-Manṣūr, and on the history of the Syr. Orth. Churchin the Jaz ī ra in those years.
A. Harrak, The Chronicle of Zuqn ī n Parts III and IV A.D. 488– 775 (1999).
idem, ‘Joshua the Stylite of Zuqn ī n’, in Christian-Muslim relations , ed. Thomas and Roggema, 322–6.R. Hespel, Chronicon Anonymum Pseudo-Dionysianum dictum , II
(CSCO 507; 1989).F. R. Trombley and J. W. Watt, The Chronicle of Pseudo-Joshua the
Stylite (2000). W. Witakowski, The Syriac Chronicle of Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-
Mahr ē . A Study in the history of historiography (1987).idem, Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre. Chronicle (known also as the
Five maps are provided here to serve as an initial aid in locating some of the main centers, cities, towns, and monas-teries in the lands of Syriac Christianity in the Middle East, both in the historical and in the contemporary periods. These maps should not be seen as an attempt to fully document the historical geography of Syriac Christianity. Asa matter of fact, the geography of Syriac Christianity is a much underdeveloped field, and the creation of a set of historical maps remains an urgent desideratum.
All fi ve maps were specifically designed and drawn by the Ancient World Mapping Center of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, based on the data provided by the GEDSH editors. For all of the maps the terraindepiction was calculated from Environmental Systems Research Institute. SRTM Shaded Relief, on ESRI Data &
Maps 2006 [DVD-ROM]. Redlands, CA. While Maps I and II have a primarily historical approach, Maps III to V were created from a contemporary perspective, reflecting the sites of Syriac Christianity in the present-day MiddleEast. As a rule we have followed the terminology most current among Syriac Christians, without attempting to matchthe Syriac (or Arabic names) with existing non-Syriac nomenclature.
While preparing the maps, we have relied on a great number of existing maps as well as on other relevant pub-lications. The main sources are listed below and users of GEDSH are encouraged to turn to them as a first step intheir more advanced study of any aspect of the historical geography of Syriac Christianity.
I. Syriac Christianity in the Roman and Sasanian periods
— Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman world , ed. R. J. A. Talbert et al. (2000). — Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (TAVO). Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft erarbeitet vom Sonderforschungsbereich 19 der Universität Tübingen (1977–1994).
— E. Honigmann, Évêques et evêchés monophysites d’Asie antérieure au VIe siècle (CSCO 127; 1951).II. Syriac Christianity in the Islamic period
— An historical atlas of Islam. Atlas historique de l’Islam , ed. H. Kennedy (2002). — Tübinger Atlas (see under I).
III. Syriac-Orthodox Christianity centered around Ṭur ʿAbdin
— H. Aydin, Das Mönchtum im Tur-Abdin. Das Leben der Mönche im Tur-Abdin in der Gegenwart (1988). (twomaps)— H. Hollerweger, A. Palmer, and S. Brock, Turabdin: Lebendiges Kulturerbe. Wo die Sprache Jesu gesprochen wird (1999).— A. Palmer, Monk and mason on the Tigris frontier. The early history of Ṭ ur ʿAbdin (University of Cambridge
Oriental Publications 39; 1990).
IV. The heartland of East-Syriac Christianity in the modern period
— J. F. Coakley, The Church of the East and the Church of England. A history of the Archbishop of Canterbury’s Assyrian Mission (1992), esp. 8–9. — J. M. Fiey, Assyrie chrétienne. Contribution à l’étude de l’histoire et de la géographie ecclésiastiques du nord de l’Iraq , vol. 1–3 (Recherches publiées sous la direction de l’Institut de lettres orientales de Beyrouth 22, 23, and 42;1965–1968). (covers all traditions)
— A. Harrak, Syriac and Garshuni Inscriptions of Iraq (Recueil des inscriptions syriaques 2; 2010). (severalmaps)— H. L. Murre-van den Berg, ‘The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the fifteenth to eighteenthcenturies’, Hugoye 2.2 (1999).
— J. C. J. Sanders, Assyro-Chaldese christenen in Oost-Turkije en Iran. Hun laatste vaderland opnieuw in kaart gebracht (1997; ET as Assyrian Chaldean Christians in Eastern Turkey and Iran. Their last homeland re-charted [1997])
— D. Wilmshurst, The ecclesiastical organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913 (CSCO 582; 2000). V. Main sites of Syriac Christian wall paintings in Lebanon and Syria
— M. Immerzeel, Identity puzzles. Medieval Christian art in Syria and Lebanon (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta184; 2009), esp. 41 and 83.— A. Schmidt and S. Westphalen, Christliche Wandmalereien in Syrien. Qara und das Kloster Mar Yakub (Sprachen und Kulturen des Christlichen Orients 14; 2005), 12.
LIST OF P ATRIARCHS OF THE M AIN S YRIAC CHURCHES IN THE MIDDLE E AST
Samuel Burleson & Lucas Van Rompay
The following lists provide overviews of the church leaders in the different Syriac traditions of the MiddleEast. They are not based on a fresh reading of the primary sources, but have been compiled from existing listsin secondary sources. The discrepancies that frequently exist in the primary sources, in particular with regardto the exact commencement or conclusion of a patriarch’s tenure, have led to different interpretations in thesecondary sources. No attempt has been made here to reconcile the conflicting data. Alternative years haveoccasionally been added in parenthesis or, when the divergences were small, the abbreviation ‘ca.’ (i.e. around)has been used. For less well-known figures, differences of one or two years are common and have been ig-nored in the present lists. All dates have been converted to the Christian era. The conversion from the Seleucidto the Christian era has sometimes led to a double year (as the first year according to the Seleucid era fell inBC 312/11), but no conclusions should be drawn from the use of either a double or a single year, as this merely may reflect the practice adopted in the secondary sources.
Within some traditions (esp. the Church of the East and the Syriac Orthodox Church) the patriarchallineage is commonly traced back to the apostolic age. This practice, however, has not been followed here. Notonly is the information for the early period very scanty, but also our focus has been on the time when a clearly distinct Syriac Christian hierarchy existed, even if – as in the case of the Syriac Orthodox – this hierarchy merely continued an earlier, reputedly ‘orthodox’, tradition.
The numbering (with Roman numbers) of patriarchs having a common name is largely a modern scholarly practice. In several cases discrepancies among the various existing lists will be found or names unaccompaniedby Roman numbers are found more frequently than those with numbers. When they occur, alternative number-ings have often been added in parenthesis.
Names in bold are used for patriarchs/catholicoi to whom a full entry is dedicated. Three dots ( … ) areused either for a vacancy or for uncertainty in the chronology. Square brackets ([ … ]) are occasionally used forcounter-patriarchs.
I. THE CHURCH OF THE E AST AND ITS UNIATE CONTINUATIONS
Main secondary sources:
D. D. Benjamin, The patriarchs of the Church of the East (Translated from Assyrian into English by Y. A. Baaba) (2008). (includes a comparison of different existing lists)
J. F. Coakley, ‘The patriarchal list of the Church of the East’, in After Bardaisan. Studies on continuity and change in Syriac Christianity in honour of Professor Han J. W. Drijvers , ed. G. J. Reinink and A. C. Klugkist (OrientaliaLovaniensia Analecta 89; 1999), 65–83. (includes comparative discussion of two lists, by Yawsep d-Beth Qelayta [1924, reprint 1955] and by Iskhaq Rehana d-Beth Gadda [1965, reprint 1988])
J. M. Fiey, Pour un Oriens christianus novus (Beiruter Texte und Studien 49; 1993), 20–41.
482GORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
H.L. Murre-van den Berg, ‘The patriarchs of the Church of the East from the fifteenth to eighteenthcenturies’, Hugoye 2.2 (1999).
B. Spuler, ‘Die morgenländischen Kirchen’, in Handbuch der Orientalistik I. VIII.2 (1964), 209–11.H. Teule, Les Assyro-Chaldéens. Chrétiens d’Irak, d’Iran et de Turquie (Fils d’Abraham, 2008), 211–14.E. Tisserant, ‘L’Église nestorienne’, in Dictionnaire de théologie catholique XI.1 (1931), col. 260–63.
… Aḥadabu(h)y c. 204 ( ?)Shaḥlupa 220 – 240…Papa bar ʿAggai d. between 327 and 335Shemʿon bar Ṣabbaʿe d. 341 or 344ShahdostBarbaʿshmin Tomarsa/TamuzaQayyomaIsḥaq ca. 399/400 – 410/11
Aḥai 410 – 415 Yahbalaha I 415 – 420Maʿna 420Farabokht 421Dadishoʿ I ca. 421 – 456Babowai 457 – 484 Aqaq 484 – 495/6Babai 497 – 502/03Shila 503 – 523Narsai and Elishaʿ 524 – 537Pawlos 537 – 538/9
Aba I 540 – 552 Yawsep I 552 – 567Ḥazqiel 567 (or 570) – 581Isho ʿyahb I ca. 581/2 – 595Sabrishoʿ I 596 – 604Grigor I 605 – ca. 610… (enforced vacancy)Isho ʿyahb II of Gdala 628 – 645Maremeh 646 – 649Isho ʿyahb III of Adiabene 649 – 659Gewargis I ca. 659 – 680/1
Yoḥannan I 680/1 – 683…Ḥenanishoʿ I 685/6 – 699/700[ Yoḥannan II ca. 692 ( ?)]…Ṣlibhazkha 713/4 – 727/8…Petyon 731 – 741
486GORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
II. THE S YRIAC ORTHODOX CHURCH AND ITS UNIATE CONTINUATIONS
The present list starts with the patriarchate of Severus of Antioch (512–538). Earlier incumbents of the see of Antioch are known through the historical writings of the Imperial Church. While the Syriac Orthodox patri-archs obviously continued this earlier line of patriarchs, it is only with Severus that a distinct Syriac Orthodoxhierarchy emerged.5 Main secondary sources:
Y. Dolabani, – Die Patriarchen der syrisch- orthodoxen Kirche von Antiochien (1990).
J. M. Fiey, Pour un Oriens christianus novus (Beiruter Texte und Studien 49; 1993), 20–41.C. Sélis, Les Syriens orthodoxes et catholiques (Fils d’Abraham, 1988), 212–15.B. Spuler, ‘Die morgenländischen Kirchen’, in Handbuch der Orientalistik I. VIII.2 (1964), 211–15.
Severus of Antioch 512 – 538Sergius of Tella ca. 557 – 560Pawlos of Beth Ukome 564 – 578 (d. 581)Peter of Kallinikos ca. 578 – 591
Yulyanos I 591 – 594 Athanasios I Gamolo 594/95 – 631 Yuḥanon of the Sedre 630/31 – 648 Theodoros 649 – 666/67Severus bar Mashqo 667/68 – 684 Athanasios II of Balad 683/84 – 687 Yulyanos II Rumoyo 687 – 707/8Eliya I 709 – 724 (d. 729) Athanasios III 724 – 739Iwannis (Yuḥanon III) 739 – 755Isḥoq 755 – 756 (?)
Athanasios Sandaloyo 756 (?) – 7586 Giwargis of Bʿeltan 758 – 789/907 Yawsep 790 – 792Quryaqos 793 – 817[Abraham]Dionysios of Tel Maḥre 818 – 845 Yuḥanon III (IV) 847 – 874Ignaṭius II (I) 878 – 883 Theodosios (Romanos the physician) 887 – 896Dionysios II 896 – 909 Yuḥanon IV (V) 910 – 922
5 The traditional approach, which considers Peter to be the first of the Orthodox bishops (later patriarchs) of An-tioch, is found in most existing lists. A list of ‘Patriarchs who sat on the apostolic throne of Peter, the head of the apostles,in Antioch’, however, which is preserved in ms. Dayr al-Sury ān 31, f. 81r–v, counts Severus as the first patriarch (and runsuntil Patriarch Dionysios II, d. 909).
6 Isḥoq and Athanasios Sandloyo are regarded as illegitimate (see Dolabani, 67–68). They are not included in the listof ms. Dayr al-Sury ān 31.
7 Around 760 there were two counter-patriarchs: Yuḥanon of Kallinikos and Dawid of Dara.
490GORGIAS ENCYCLOPEDIC DICTIONARY OF THE S YRIAC HERITAGE
III. THE M ARONITE CHURCH
Continuing the Chalcedonian tradition of the Patriarchate of Antioch, it is only with Yuḥanon Maron that aspecific Maronite hierarchy emerged. While the Christological controversies formed the background against which, in the early Islamic period, a separate Maronite Church was created, the Maronites remained closer tothe Syriac Christian tradition of the Patriarchate of Antioch, in contrast to the Melkites who, even though inthe earlier period they represented this same tradition, in the following centuries increasingly moved into theorbit of Byzantine Orthodox Christianity. It should be noted that prior to the Crusader period only very few names are known.Main secondary sources:
J.-B. Chabot, Les listes patriarcales de l’Église maronite (Mémoires de l’Institut National de France 44; 1951).P. Dib, ‘Maronite (Église), Patriarches’, in DTC , vol. 10 (1927), 70–72.R. J. Mouawad, Les Maronites. Chrétiens du Liban (Fils d’Abraham, 2009), 231–46.12 B. Spuler, ‘Die morgenländischen Kirchen’, in Handbuch der Orientalistik I. VIII.2 (1964), 217–18.
Yuḥanon Maron ca. 685 – ca. 707…
Y ūsuf of Jirjis ca. 1100Buṭrus ca. 1121
Grigorios of Ḥālāt ca. 1130 Yaʿqub of R āmāt ca. 1141 and 1154 Y ūḥannā of Leḥfed after 1155 Jeremiah of ʿAmsh ī t13 ca. 1199 – 1230Daniel of Shāmāt 1230 – 1236 Y ūḥannā of Jāj ca. 1239Shemʿun ca. 1245 – 1258 Y ūḥannā 1258 – ca. 1277Daniel of Hadsh ī t d. 1282
Luqa of Bnahrān 1282 – 1283 Jeremiah of Dmalsa 1282 – 1297 (?)Shemʿun ca. 1322 – 1339 Y ūḥannā ca. 1357Gabriel of Hajjula d. 1367Dāʾūd Y ūḥannā d. 1404 Y ūḥannā of Jāj 1404 – 1445 Yaʿqub of Ḥadath 1445 – 1468Buṭrus b. Y ūsuf b. Ḥassān of Ḥadath 1468 – 1492Shemʿun of Ḥadath 1492 – 1524Mūsā of ʿAkk ār 1524 – 1567
Mikhail al-Rizz ī of Kfar Ḥawra 1567 – 1581Sark ī s al-Rizz ī 1581 – 1596
12 The present list is largely based on Mouawad’s work, which incorporates Maronite scholarship from the time of al-Duwayh ī to the present day (see the bibliography on p. 224). For most patriarchs the name is followed by the place of origin.
13 For the chronological problems related to this patriarch (who in fact may belong to the late 13th cent.), seeP. G. Borbone, ‘Codicologia, paleografia, aspetti storici’, in Il Tetravangelo di Rabbula , ed. M. Bernabò (2008), 56–58.
The present index includes references to historical persons, anonymous literary works, geographic locations, andmonasteries. All GEDSH entries are also included; page numbers referring to these entries are in bold. For broader,more conceptual entries (such as Art and Architecture, Exegesis, etc.), references are limited to the entry in GEDSH, where the reader will find relevant cross-references. For geographical names, references to the maps (I–V) are in-cluded. Not included in the present index are names of saints and church buildings.
Nomocanon, 94, 170, 239, 436, 439
Paradise of Eden, 89, 176, 335, 436
Regulation of Ecclesiastical Judgments, 239 ʿAbdishoʿ of Gazarta, 4, 18, 443
The present index includes references to manuscript collections as well as to individual manuscripts. Manuscripts arelisted according to the place in which they are, or were, preserved. For most biblical manuscripts the sigla assignedby the Leiden Peshitta Institute (OT mss.) or the Münster Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung (NT mss.)have been added in parenthesis. For a general overview of the major collections of Syriac manuscripts and for the whereabouts of collections and manuscripts, see J. F. Coakley, ‘Manuscripts’, above, 262–64, and, in greater detail, A. Desreumaux, Répertoire des bibliothèques et des catalogues de manuscrits syriaques (1991). Not included in the present indexare: inscriptions, Old Syriac documents, papyri, Sogdian manuscripts, Syriac texts from Turfan. For these, see therelevant entries. Unpublished manuscripts of works by modern and present-day authors are also not included.