[PPU] Semester 2 Topics-Syllabus Share Agent: LRT Documents 964 BIOLOGY Sources from:
[PPU] Semester 2 Topics-Syllabus
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964BIOLOGY
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SECONDTERM: PHYSIOLOGY
Topic Teaching
Period Learning Outcome
7 Gas Exchange 12
7.1 Gaseous exchange in
humans
7 Candidates should be able to:
(a) outline the structure of human respiratory
system, including the microscopic structure of
the wall of an alveolus;
(b) describe the structure of haemoglobin;
(c) explain the transport of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in blood;
(d) explain the oxygen dissociation curves of
haemoglobin, myoglobin and foetal
haemoglobin;
(e) explain the Bohr effect and relate it to the
oxygen dissociation curve.
7.2 Breathing cycle 3 Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the control of breathing mechanism,
including the role of chemoreceptor;
(b) define tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung
capacity, inspiratory reserve volume,
expiratory reserve volume and residual
volume.
7.3 Gaseous exchange in
plants
2 Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the structure and functions of stomata;
(b) describe the mechanism of opening and
closing of stomata based on potassium ion
accumulation hypothesis.
8 Transport in Animals and
Plants
16
8.1 Transport system in
mammals
8 Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the structure of a mammalian heart;
(b) define systole and diastole, and explain the
sequence of events in a cardiac cycle including
changes in pressure and volume in aorta, left
atrium and left ventricle;
(c) describe the initiation and regulation of heart
beat;
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(d) explain hypertension, atherosclerosis,
arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction, and
state their causes and preventions;
(e) describe the lymphatic system in relation to the
blood circulatory system;
(f) determine the direction of fluid movement at
the arterial and venous ends of the capillaries
by calculating the differences between
osmotic pressure/solute potential and
hydrostatic pressure.
8.2 Transport system in
vascular plants
8 Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the uptake of water and mineral ions
from the soil by the root hairs involving water
potential;
(b) describe the apoplast, symplast and vacuolar
pathway of water movement through the root
tissues;
(c) describe the root pressure, cohesion-tension
theory and transpiration pull in relation to
water movement from the roots to leaves;
(d) explain translocation using the mass flow,
electro-osmosis, cytoplasmic streaming and
peristaltic waves hypotheses;
(e) explain the concept of source and sink, and
phloem loading and unloading in translocation
according to pressure flow hypothesis.
9 Control and Regulation 22
9.1 Nervous system 16 Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the organisation of the nervous
system in humans;
(b) explain the formation of resting and action
potentials;
(c) describe the characteristics of nerve impulse;
(d) describe the structure of synapse, and explain
the role of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine
and norepinephrine);
(e) explain and compare the mechanisms of
impulse transmission along the axon and
across the synapse;
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(f) describe the structure of neuromuscular
junction and sarcomere;
(g) explain the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum,
calcium ions, myofibril and T tubules in
muscle contraction;
(h) explain the mechanism of muscle contraction
according to the sliding filament hypothesis;
(i) compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems;
(j) explain the mechanisms of drug action on
nervous system and neuromuscular junction
(cocaine and curare).
9.2 Hormones
6 Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the mechanisms of action of steroid
hormone and non-steroid hormones;
(b) explain the roles of plant hormones in growth
and development;
(c) explain the mechanism of phytochrome action
and their roles in photoperiodism and
flowering;
(d) outline the application of plant growth
regulators (synthetic auxin, synthetic
gibberellins, and synthetic ethylene) in
agriculture.
10 Reproduction,
Development and Growth
13
10.1 Sexual reproduction in
humans
6 Candidates should be able to:
(a) outline spermatogenesis and oogenesis;
(b) describe the passage and development of
sperms from the testis to the oviduct for
fertilisation;
(c) describe the process of fertilisation and
implantation;
(d) describe the roles of hormones in menstrual
cycle and pregnancy;
(e) describe briefly the stages in embryonic
development;
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(f) explain the roles of placenta, chorion, amniotic
fluid and allantois in foetal development;
(g) explain the process of parturition.
10.2 Sexual reproduction in
flowering plants
2 Candidates should be able to:
(a) outline double fertilisation;
(b) describe the embryonic development in seed
and formation of fruit.
10.3 Seed germination
1 Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the mobilisation of nutrients after
imbibition in seed germination;
(b) state the external factors affecting germination.
10.4 Growth curves and
patterns of growth
4 Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the types of growth curves (absolute
growth curve, absolute growth rate curve and
relative growth rate curve);
(b) explain with examples the patterns of growth
(limited growth in humans, unlimited growth
in perennial plant, allometric growth in
humans, isometric growth in fish and
intermittent growth in insect);
(c) explain the processes of ecdysis and
metamorphosis in insects, and relate the role of
hormones (neurosecretory hormone, juvenile
hormone and ecdysone) in these processes.
11 Homeostasis 10
11.1 Importance of
homeostasis
2 Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the importance of homeostasis;
(b) describe the homeostatic control system in
mammals;
(c) explain the physiological and behavioural
control in thermoregulation of endotherms.
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11.2 Liver 4 Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the structure of liver, and explain the
roles of its components;
(b) describe carbohydrate metabolism in the liver
(glycogenesis, glycogenolysis,
gluconeogenesis);
(c) describe protein metabolism (transamination,
deamination and urea formation) in the liver.
11.3 Osmoregulation in
mammals
3 Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the process of ultrafiltration,
reabsorption and secretion in the formation of
urine;
(b) explain the role of ADH and aldosterone, and
the related hormones in regulating water,
sodium and potassium ions of urine;
(c) explain the regulation of pH of tissue fluid.
11.4 Osmoregulation in
plants
1 Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the role of stomata in regulation of
water loss, and explain the importance of
transpiration;
(b) describe the various types of plant adaptations
to prevent water loss (halophytes and
xerophytes).
12 Immunity 10
12.1 Immune system 3 Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe human lymphatic system, and explain
its function in relation to immunity;
(b) describe antibody (structure and function),
antigen, epitope, and the development of B
and T cells;
(c) describe the roles of macrophages, B cells and
T cells.
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12.2 Development of
immunity
3 Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain cell-mediated and humoral immune
responses;
(b) outline the antigen-antibody reactions
(precipitation, agglutination, neutralisation,
complement fixation).
12.3 Concept of self and
non-self
3 Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain the concept of self and non-self and
relate this to tissue rejection in organ
transplant;
(b) explain the mechanism of immune suppression
(HIV infection).
12.4 Immune disorder 1 Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe autoimmune disorder (Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus (SLE)).
13 Infectious Diseases 13
13.1 Infectious disease 1 Candidates should be able to:
(a) explain what is meant by an infection and an
infectious disease;
(b) outline the types of infectious agents.
13.2 Dengue 3 Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the causes and symptoms of dengue;
(b) explain the transmission of dengue;
(c) discuss the roles of social, economical and
biological factors in the prevention of dengue.
13.3 Cholera 3 Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the causes and symptoms of cholera;
(b) explain the transmission of cholera;
(c) discuss the roles of social, economical and
biological factors in the prevention of cholera.
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13.4 Tuberculosis (TB) 3 Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the causes and symptoms of
tuberculosis (TB);
(b) explain the transmission of TB;
(c) discuss the roles of social, economical and
biological factors in the prevention of TB.
13.5 Malaria 3 Candidates should be able to:
(a) describe the causes and symptoms of malaria;
(b) explain the transmission of malaria;
(c) discuss the roles of social, economical and
biological factors in the prevention of malaria.
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