9/12 Wall Street Journal

9/12

2002 Pulitzer Prizein the category of

Breaking News Reporting

At the Eye of the StormA New Day of Infamy Deals a Blow to America

Excerpts from the September 12th edition produced byTHE WALL STREET JOURNAL STAFF





“Nation Stands in Disbelief and Horror”A WALL STREET JOURNAL NEWS ROUNDUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

“Death Toll, Source of Devastating Attacks Remain Unclear;U.S. Vows Retaliation as Attention Focuses on bin Laden”BY DAVID S. CLOUD AND NEIL KING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

“Hour of Horror Forever Alters American Lives”BY JUNE KRONHOLZ, CHRISTINA BINKLEY AND CLARE ANSBERRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

“U.S. Airport Security Screening Long Seen as Dangerously Lax”BY SCOTT MCCARTNEY, J. LYNN LUNSFORD AND DAVID ARMSTRONG . . . . . . . . . . . 14

“The Eye of the Storm: One Journey Through Desperation and Chaos”BY JOHN BUSSEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

“Attacks Raise Fears of a Recession”BY GREG IP AND JOHN D. MCKINNON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

“In New York’s Commuter Suburbs, It Is a Day of Worrying and Waiting”BY REBECCA BLUMENSTEIN, TIM LAYER AND ROBERT MCGOUGH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

“I Saw It All. Then I Saw Nothing”BY DANIEL HENNINGER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22

“Attack Shuts Down U.S. Markets and Causes Global Declines”BY MICHAEL SCHROEDER, KATE KELLY AND ANTONIO REGALADO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

“Trade Center Firms Fear For Friend and Colleagues”A WALL STREET JOURNAL NEWS ROUNDUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26





January 26, 2002The Pulitzer Prize Board709 Journalism2950 Broadway, Mail Code 3865Columbia UniversityNew York, NY 10027

To the Judges, Breaking News:

When the planes smashed into the World Trade Center, scores of Wall Street Journalreporters and editors couldn’t help becoming part of the story: On their way into the officeat the World Financial Center, or already at their desks, they faced harrowing escapesthrough smoke and rubble, as bodies fell and buildings disappeared. But it was as journal-ists, rather than as witnesses, that they made their mark that day. With their headquartersunusable and phone service mostly unavailable, they quickly found a way to regroup, relo-cate, communicate with each other and—without missing a single day—with their readers.

The key elements were put in place in the chaotic minutes before the World FinancialCenter was evacuated at 9:15 a.m. Assistant Managing Editor Jim Pensiero and others foundtheir way to a Dow Jones facility 50 miles away in South Brunswick, New Jersey. There,Mr. Pensiero and the company’s top technology officers fired up a backup publishing sys-tem and quickly established a 30-desk basement editing room. By 5 p.m., an editing andgraphics force of 40—a small fraction of the usual afternoon crew—had found its way thereand was preparing to produce the newspaper. With the bridges and tunnels to New Jerseyclosed as a security measure, most of the paper’s top editors set up shop in the New Yorkapartment of one of them.

Meanwhile, the entire New York-based corps of 100 reporters set to work amid thetumult of lower Manhattan, pursuing the stories that seemed most urgent. They reported thedeveloping story from ground zero, from investment banks, from the stock exchange, fromreal-estate and insurance firms, from airports, fire departments and police stations, and fromtraumatized bedroom communities. Unclear where to deliver their copy, they launched theirfiles from their home computers into the Journal e-mail system. National Editor MarcusBrauchli that day received more than 1,000 e-mail messages from the reporting staff; BryanGruley, the Washington-based editor who compiled the page-one story “Nation Stands inDisbelief and Horror” fielded 650 inches worth of memos from 50 reporters.

Notwithstanding difficult and, in some instances, dangerous working conditions, theJournal managed not only to publish that evening but to produce a richly reported, insightfulnewspaper that stands as a model of urgent but responsible breaking-news reporting.“Nation Stands in Disbelief and Horror” pulls together the work of those many reporters to

bring the reader an intimate, terrifying portrait of the day. A first-person account by ForeignEditor John Bussey, “The Eye of the Storm,” grippingly captures the commotion and fear on theground in The Journal’s own community. “I Saw It All; Then I Saw Nothing,” by DeputyEditorial Page Editor Daniel Henninger, bears eloquent witness to the attack. “Trade CenterFirms Fear for Friends and Colleagues,” accompanied by a complete list of World Trade Centertenants, focuses sharply on the impact on individual companies. “U.S. Airport SecurityScreening Long Seen as Dangerously Lax” draws on the Journal’s airline-industry expertise todeliver insights into security that are extraordinarily sophisticated for a first-day story. “Hour ofHorror Forever Alters American Lives” is remarkably prescient in describing the new Americaas a land of tight security, high anxiety, reduced civil liberties and heightened generosity. Otherarticles in the issue gauge the effects of the attacks on markets, the economy, banks, airlines, thephone system, the Internet, the news media and the psyche of the city and nation.

From the perspective of several months later, breaking-news stories in the September 12Wall Street Journal are notable for the strength of their details, the clarity of their deadline writ-ing and the discipline with which they confront uncertainty—by publishing no facts of whichthe reporters and editors aren’t sure and reaching no conclusions that the known facts don’t jus-tify. It was this level of care and authority that worried readers had a right to expect onSeptember 12. In hundreds of letters in the days that followed, readers thanked us not just fordelivering a paper—but for delivering that paper—on September 12. This is why I am especiallyproud to nominate the staff of The Wall Street Journal for a Pulitzer Prize in Breaking NewsReporting.

Sincerely,Paul E. Steiger

6 Reprinted from THE WALL STREET JOURNAL WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2001

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Reprinted from THE WALL STREET JOURNAL WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2001 7

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ond plane hovered into view and swerved intothe other tower. Mr. Zwyhun, the Tradecardexecutive, was on the upper deck of a ferry,returning to New Jersey, when he saw thesecond crash and realized “this wasn’t anaccident.”

Panic ensued, as stock traders, secre-taries, construction workers and store clerksran for cover. But there was bizarre calm,too, as some businesspeople rescheduledmeetings on cellphones. Police showed up innumbers, ordering everyone to move uptownas fast as possible.

The top floors of the buildings wereengulfed in smoke, and people began leapingfrom windows, one at a time, hitting theground, shrubbery, and awnings. On theBrooklyn Bridge, dust-covered New Yorkerstrooping homeward jammed the pedestrianwalkway. A man in shorts and a T-shirt, run-ning toward Manhattan with a radio to hisear, shouted “The Pentagon is burning, thePentagon is burning!” and a young womantalking on her cellphone shouted, “My moth-er works there. I don’t know where she is.What is happening? What is happening?”

Pedestrians streaming off the Williams-burg Bridge were met by local workers whohad dismantled office water coolers, stackedmountains of plastic cups and hauled casesof water to the foot of the bridge. Tom Ryan,a burly ironworker who was handing outcups of water, said, “Our lives are nevergoing to the the same. Now we’re going to gothrough the same things as other countries.”

Ferries, police boats and pleasure craftcruised up to the side of the promenade nearthe towers to whisk people away—childrenand the injured first.

Paul and Lee Manton, who moved to NewYork only a month ago from Australia, wereholding their two children, ages 3 and 5, andfrantically trying to find out where to go.The family lives near the towers, and afterthe planes hit, Mr. Manton stared out hiswindow at the flaming buildings. “I said,`These are going to go down,’ and just as Isaid it the building started falling.” Fifteenminutes later, he and his wife rushed theirchildren outside in search of escape.

For more than 45 minutes after the secondplane smashed into the second World TradeCenter tower, the skyscrapers still stood—burning but apparently solid. Workers in thenearby buildings flooded out, and the prome-nade along the Hudson River was where

many of them went. When the tower startedto cave, it began with a low rumble. Slowly,amid a dark cloud of smoke, the debris raineddown. “My God, it’s falling,” someone shout-ed. Mesmerized, no one moved.

A firefighters union official said hefeared an estimated 200 firefighters had diedin rescue efforts at the trade center—where50,000 people worked—and dozens of policeofficers were believed missing.

Father John Doherty, a Roman Catholicpriest, was on the street not far from theMarriott Hotel adjacent to the World TradeCenter. “I was buried and dug my way out,”he said, speaking on a stretcher in BatteryPark City a few blocks south of the ruins. Hepaused to spit, and out came a wet, gray wadof ash. In the pitch dark of the smoke, hesaid, he made it to safety only by followinga guard rail that runs along the riverside.“It’s only the finger of God that saved me,”he said.

Timothy Snyder and two other employeesof Thermo Electron were in their 85th flooroffice in the North Tower of the World TradeCenter when the plane hit three floors above

them. They didn’t know it was a plane; Mr.Snyder believed it was a bomb.

“We were just working,” he says. “All ofa sudden, we heard this slamming soundthat was so loud. The debris started fallingoutside the windows, and the door to theoffice blew open. The building started sway-ing, and it was hard to say if the buildingwould remain standing. I was in my chair,and I just grabbed onto my desk.

“After five or 10 seconds, the buildingstopped moving, and we knew we had toleave. We all grabbed our bags and headedout.” They walked down to the 78th floorwhere they were guided to another stairwell,crossing a lobby with a bank of elevators.The marble walls of the lobby were buckled.

As they walked down, the stairwells werecrowded but calm. “There was air you couldbreathe,” he says. “We didn’t feel we werebeing suffocated.” They were guidedthrough the mall under the World TradeCenter. Just as they came out, World TradeCenter Two collapsed. “Being in the cloud ofsmoke was like being in this very dense,unbreathable air that was so black no sunwas getting through.” He ran for safety andmade it.

“We feel, since the plane hit only threefloors above us, amazingly thankful we’re

all alive. But there were emergency workersgoing up those steps while we were goingdown. They were trying to save others andthey didn’t make it.”

In New York, officials set up a triage cen-ter in Jersey City, N.J., in front of the DatekOnline Holdings building on the HudsonRiver. At Chelsea Piers, a recreational com-plex along the Hudson River, emergencyofficials set up a makeshift trauma center ina cavernous room that appears to be used asa set for TV shows and films. “Trauma” wasspray-painted in orange letters over oneentryway, and inside there were more than50 beds—many converted from fold-outtables and lit with the aid of television studiolights. Some 150 surgeons, in town for amedical conference, reported to the traumacenter and were prepared to take patients.Emergency workers prepared several dozenvolunteers who were to be assigned one-on-one to accompany patients as they came infor treatment.

But as of 4:30 p.m. more than seven hoursafter the first plane struck one of the WorldTrade Center towers, there weren’t manypatients—only a handful of emergency per-sonnel had come in for treatment of minorinjuries. One emergency official, communi-cating through a bullhorn, told the waitingdoctors, nurses and emergency medicaltechnicians that the New York FireDepartment at the scene wasn’t permittingrescue workers to head into the rubble. “It’sstill too hot,” the official said. And the city’shospitals still had vacant beds.

Mike Athemas, a 46-year-old volunteerfireman, headed downtown once the bombwent off and didn’t leave until midafternoon.“Everywhere you turned, there was some-one taking bodies out of the rubble,” he said.Making matters worse, documents that hadbeen blown from the building were catchingfire and igniting vehicles outside the WorldTrade Center. “There were 20 cars andtrucks—police cars and emergency vehi-cles—on fire,” said Mr. Athemas. One NewYork City firefighter sobbed aloud, “Mycompany is dead. They’re all dead.”

After the first plane hit the World TradeCenter, New York City firefighter CraigGutkes was part of a ladder company inBrooklyn that was called in to Manhattan.When he was still on the Brooklyn side, hiscompany saw the second plane roar overtheir heads, “It sounded like a freight train,”he said. They watched that plane plow intoTower No. 2. When he arrived on LibertyStreet, “It was like a war zone when we gotthere. There were body parts all over thestreet.”

In midtown, in front of St. Bartholomew’sChurch, an Episcopal church, assistant rec-tor Andrea Maier stood in the street in whitevestments, handing out a specially printedprayer for peace to the dazed throngs walk-

Streets of ManhattanResemble War ZoneAmid Clouds of Ash

A WALL STREET JOURNAL News RoundupThey were like scenes from a catastrophe

movie. Or a Tom Clancy novel. Or a CNNbroadcast from a distant foreign nation.

But they were real yesterday. And theywere very much in the U.S.

James Cutler, a 31-year-old insurancebroker, was in the Akbar restaurant on theground floor of the World Trade Center whenhe heard “boom, boom, boom,” he recalls. Inseconds, the kitchen doors blew open, smokeand ash poured into the restaurant and theceiling collapsed. Mr. Cutler didn’t knowwhat had happened yet, but he found him-self standing among bodies strewn acrossthe floor. “It was mayhem,” he says.

Around the same time, Nestor Zwyhun,the 38-year-old chief technology officer ofTradecard, an international trading firm,had just stepped off the New Jersey com-muter ferry and was walking toward theWorld Trade Center when he heard a sound“like a jet engine at full throttle,” he says,then a huge explosion. Smoke billowed inthe sky and sheets of glass were fallingeverywhere. “I stood there for two seconds,then ran,” Mr. Zwyhun said.

More than 100 floors above him at theTrade Center offices of Cantor Fitzgerald,someone put a call from the company’s LosAngeles office on the speaker phone. Whatwas happening there? The Los Angeles peo-ple heard someone say, “I think a plane justhit us.” For more than five minutes, the LosAngeles people listened in horror as thesounds of chaos came through the speakerphone, people screaming, “Somebody’s gotto help us. . . . We can’t get out. . . . Theplace is filling with smoke.” Then the phonewent dead.

Three hundred miles to the south, inWashington, D.C., a jet swooped in from thewest and burrowed into the side of thePentagon building, exploding in a tower offlame and smoke. Mark Thaggard, an officemanager in the building, was there when theplane hit. People started running this wayand that, trying to get out. “It was chaotic,”Mr. Thaggard says. “It was unbelievable.We could not believe this was happening.”

The nation stood in shock and horror yes-terday after three apparently hijacked jet-liners, in less than an hour’s time, madekamikaze-like crashes into both towers ofthe World Trade Center and the Pentagon,

killing hundreds, maybe thousands, of peo-ple and leaving countless others maimedand burned.

The streets of downtown Manhattan werestrewn with body parts, clothing, shoes andmangled flesh, including a severed headwith long, dark hair and a severed arm rest-ing along a highway about 300 yards fromthe crash site. People fleeing the attacksstampeded through downtown and streamedacross the Brooklyn Bridge while lookingover their shoulders at the astonishing sightof the World Trade Center collapsing in apile of smoke and ash.

Andrew Lenney, 37 years old, a financialanalyst for the New York City Council, waswalking to work a few blocks from the tradecenter when, he said, “I saw the plane out ofthe corner of my eye. You’re accustomed toa plane taking up a certain amount of spacein the sky. This plane was huge. I just frozeand watched the plane.

“It was coming down the Hudson. It wasbanking toward me. I saw the tops of bothwings,” he said. “It was turning to makesure it hit the intended target. It plowed inabout 20 stories down dead center into thenorth face of the building. I thought it was amovie,” Mr. Lenney said. “I couldn’t believeit. It was such a perfect pyrotechnic display.It was symmetrical.”

Outside the Pentagon, hundreds of work-ers who felt the building shake on impactpoured outside amid spewing smoke. Inside,lights had switched off and alarms wereblaring. “We heard a loud blast, and I felt agust of wind,” said a civilian Pentagon work-er who asked not to be identified. “I heard aloud explosion, and somebody said, `Run,let’s get out of here.’ And I ran.”

The president learned of the initial planecrash in New York before joining a class ofschoolchildren in Sarasota, Fla. At 9:04a.m., Chief of Staff Andrew Card whisperedword of the second attack into his ear as Mr.Bush was reading to the children. About ahalf hour later, he appeared on television toinform the nation that terrorists were behindthe tragedy. He said he had ordered a full-scale investigation to “hunt down and to findthose folks who committed this act.”

Shortly before 9 a.m., American Airlines’Flight 11 from Boston, hijacked by suspectswith knives, slammed into one trade centertower. Eighteen minutes later—as millionswatched the first tower burn on live nationaltelevision—a second hijacked jet crashedinto the other tower. By midmorning, thesouth tower had exploded and collapsed,raining debris and sending choking dust andsmoke across lower Manhattan. Within half

an hour, the second tower caved in. As that scene unfolded, a third hijacked

jet crashed into the Pentagon. The side ofthe building caved in, with secondary explo-sions bursting in the aftermath and huge bil-lows of smoke rising over the PotomacRiver, where they could be seen all the wayto the White House.

A fourth plane, also hijacked, crashedabout 80 miles south of Pittsburgh. UnitedAirlines said it was a Boeing 757 en routefrom Newark, N.J., to San Francisco. Itcrashed in a remote field, killing all 45 onboard. Virginia Rep. James Moran, aDemocrat, told reporters after a militarybriefing yesterday that the rogue planecould have been headed to the Camp Davidpresidential retreat in the mountains ofsouthern Maryland.

The FBI, with 20 agents at the site, saidthat it was treating the crash as a crimescene. Early reports indicate that there wereno ground fatalities.

In Pennsylvania, Daniel Stevens, spokes-man for the Westmoreland County public-safety department, confirmed that its 911-callcenter received a call from a man aboardUnited Flight 93 over Pittsburgh at 9:58 a.m.The caller, claiming he was locked in a bath-room, said “the plane is being hijacked,” andrepeatedly stressed that his call was “not ahoax.” Mr. Stevens said he thinks the callwas bona fide. On the same flight, a flightattendant from Fort Myers, Fla., called herhusband on a cellphone shortly before theplane crashed.

A federal official said a crew member onone of the American flights called the com-pany’s operations center and reported thatseveral crew members had been stabbedand relayed the seat number of one of theattackers.

The crashes shattered a placid, clearmorning in New York and Washington. Byearly afternoon, fighter jets were patrollingManhattan, and downtown New York hospi-tals were turning away people offering togive blood because of long lines. With cell-phones not working, people swarmed payphones and huddled around radios. And thetrade center towers had disappeared fromthe skyline.

Vincent Fiori was on the 71st floor of thefirst tower that was hit. “I’m sitting at mycomputer and I heard a rumble and my chairspun around,” he said. Most people weren’tsure what had happened. On the street, peoplegazed up at the gaping, smoking hole in thebuilding, some holding handkerchiefs overtheir mouths, more curious than frightened.

The mood changed quickly when the sec-

Nation Stands In Disbelief And Horror

By early afternoon, fighter jets were patrollingManhattan. With cellphones not working, peopleswarmed pay phones and huddled around radios.And the towers had disappeared from the skyline.

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BY DAVID S. CLOUD

AND NEIL KING

Staff Reporters of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL

By successfully attacking the most promi-nent symbols of American power—Wall Streetand the Pentagon—terrorists have wiped outany remaining illusions that America is safefrom mass organized violence.

That realization alone will alter the waythe U.S. approaches its role in the world, aswell as the way Americans travel and dobusiness at home and abroad.

The death toll from the hijacked jets’attacks that destroyed the World TradeCenter in lower Manhattan, and damagedthe Pentagon, was impossible to gaugeimmediately. But it could eclipse the loss oflife the country suffered in the Japaneseattack on Pearl Harbor, when more than2,300 perished.

It wasn’t immediately clear who wasresponsible for the attack, though officialattention focused on Middle East terroristOsama bin Laden and his organization. OneU.S. official said intelligence agenciesalready had gathered “strong information”linking Mr. bin Laden to the attacks. If thebin Laden organization isn’t directly respon-sible, U.S. officials suspect, it could havesprung from a network of Islamic terrorgroups he supports and finances.

The gravity of the challenge to the coun-try was summarized by Sen. John McCain, aVietnam War veteran, who said: “Thesewere not just crimes against the UnitedStates, they are acts of war.”

Yet a war against terrorism is unlike aconventional war, and in some ways is farscarier. As a traumatized nation saw ingruesome detail on its television sets, ter-rorists attack civilians, not soldiers. Andwhile the wars of the past century involvednation-states that could ultimately be defeat-ed, a war against terrorism involves a lessdistinct enemy, whose defeat will be hard toensure.

President Bush nearly promised armedresponse in his response to the tragedy.“America has stood down enemies before,and we will do so this time,” he said in anationally televised address from the OvalOffice. In a pointed warning to terrorists aswell as to nations such as Afghanistan,which hosts Mr. bin Laden, the president

declared: “We will make no distinctionbetween the terrorists who committed theseacts and those who harbored them.”

Leaders of the House of Representativesand the Senate—shuttered yesterday amidthe threat—plan to reconvene today in a spe-cial session to consider a bipartisan resolu-tion condemning the terrorist attacks.

The sheer sophistication of the terroristswas remarkable. The FBI is operating on theassumption that there were multiple hijack-ers on each of the flights that struck NewYork and Washington. They apparently werearmed with knives, and investigators believethat in at least two of the planes they “cor-ralled and put in the back” the regularpilots, leading to the assumption they wereexperienced in handling jets. The FBI hasbeen poring over airport security videos andflight manifests, and officials said they arefinding strong leads to the identities of thehijackers from the names found there.

Last night, a law enforcement officialsaid the FBI was seeking warrants to searcha former residence of one of the hijackers inDaytona, Fla. The official added that airportvideo surveillance, as well as names on themanifests, suggested that the hijackers wereof Arab nationality. In some cases they werearmed with box cutters in addition to knives.One passenger, Barbara Olson, the wife of

Solicitor General Theodore Olson, tele-phoned the Justice Department in anattempt to reach her husband during one ofthe harrowing flights and said passengerswere being held in the back of her planebefore it smashed into the Pentagon.

In a clear sign of the operation’s profes-sional nature, a government official said thehijackers knew how to shut off the planes’transponders, which transmit airline flightnumber, speed and altitude. The official saidit wasn’t clear when the transponder inAmerican Airlines Flight 11 from Boston, thefirst plane to strike the World Trade Center,was turned off, but it happened before it hitits target.

Meanwhile, average Americans far fromthe attack sites already are feeling the after-shocks. Many suddenly are worrying abouta matter that had never previously occurredto them: the safety of their cities from coor-dinated attack. Shortly after the WorldTrade Center attack, Peggy Smith, an officeadministrator with the law firm of ConleyRose & Tayon, left her downtown Houstonoffice clutching computer-tapes and copiesof account data for safe-keeping. “This is theend of the world as we know it,” she said.“The United States will never be the same.”

Underscoring that sentiment, AmericanF-16 fighter jets were scrambled and two air-


ing uptown. Dozens of people prayed insidethe church. Special services for peace werebeing held every hour to accommodate peo-ple walking in off the street to pray. “We’lljust do this all night if we have to,” said thechurch rector, the Rev. William Tully.

Amir Chaudhary, a 24-year-old taxi driv-er, watched the second tower collapse fromacross the Hudson River in Jersey City. “Ina blink of my eye the Twin Towers weregone. There was no boom even. Didn’t hearanything. Guys were on their knees crying,begging me to give them a ride away. I feellike maybe it’s a bad dream: If I wake up, Icould get the Twin Towers back.”

Although the White House was not dam-aged, its people were not untouched by thetragedy. Barbara Olson, wife of U.S.Solicitor General Theodore Olson, was onboard the Los Angeles-bound airplane thattook off from Dulles Airport and crashedinto the Pentagon. Ms. Olson, a frequentpolitical commentator, used a cellphone tocall her husband just moments before shedied. Late in the day, President Bush took

Death Toll, Source of Devastating AttacksRemain Unclear; U.S. Vows Retaliationas Attention Focuses on bin Laden

BOSTON: American Airlines Flight 11, a Boeing 767, leaves Boston at 7:59 a.m. EDT for Los Angeles. This flight, with 92 people aboard, including 11 crew, becomes the first plane to hit the World Trade Center.

NEWARK: United Flight 93, a Boeing 757 aircraft, leaves Newark at 8:01 a.m., headed for San Francisco with 45 people, including seven crew. This flight crashes at about 10 a.m. southeast of Pittsburgh.

WASHINGTON: American Flight 77, a Boeing 757, departs Dulles Airport at 8:10 a.m., bound for Los Angeles with 64 people aboard, including six crew. This plane crashes into the Pentagon in Arlington, Va., just south of Washington, D.C.

NEW YORK: At about 8:50 a.m., Flight 11 from Boston hits the North Tower of the World Trade Center. At about 9:03 a.m., a second plane hits the South Tower of the Trade Center. Both towers later collapse.

New YorkCity

time from his security briefing to call Mr.Olson and offer his condolences.

Before sending his aides home, Sen. JohnWarner of Virginia recalled to them, “I wasin Washington when I heard about theJapanese attack on Pearl Harbor. This isanother Pearl Harbor, and now your genera-tion will have to meet the challenge.”

By yesterday evening, military vehicleswere patrolling the city, and police had cor-doned off a three-square area near theWhite House.

In Arlington, Va., abutting Washington,fishermen plunking for catfish at a marinanear the Pentagon said they could feel theheat from the explosion. The White House,the Capitol, and the Treasury and Statedepartments were evacuated shortly afterthe crash at the Pentagon. “Get out! Getout!” police yelled as they swept throughfederal buildings. As legislators streamedout of the Capitol, the memorial chimesacross the street played “God BlessAmerica.”

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December 1999, when U.S. border agentsarrested an Algerian crossing intoWashington state with a trunk-load of explo-sives. Tentacles of that plot, which targetedthe Los Angeles airport and other sites,extended from Canada and cities across theU.S. to actors in Algeria, Sudan, Egypt andAfghanistan.

In a bizarre twist, some experts suspectthat the bin Laden organization may alsohave had a hand in a suicide bomb attackagainst Ahmed Shah Massoud on Sunday innorthern Afghanistan. Mr. Massoud leadsthe opposition force fighting Afghanistan’sTaliban leaders, who control about 90 per-cent of the country. The Taliban have givenrefuge to Mr. bin Laden since the mid-1990s.There are conflicting reports as to whetherMr. Massoud survived the blast.

For many Americans, a more tangibleand bitter image of anti-American sentiment


craft carriers were dispatched, not to somedistant foreign destination, but to protectthe skies and seas around Washington andNew York. For the first time ever, all airlineflights were grounded across the country.Financial markets were closed.

The events occurred without any appar-ent warning, prompting immediate ques-tions in Washington and elsewhere about afailure of U.S. intelligence. How did such abroad and coordinated attack on multiplesites occur without U.S. intelligence officialsgetting wind of it? How were so many com-mercial airplanes hijacked and divertedhundreds of miles out of their flight pathstoward the nation’s largest population cen-ters? “Today our government failed theAmerican people,” said Rep. Curt Weldon, aPennsylvania Republican.

Yet there were some hints of trouble thatwere, in retrospect, under-appreciated. Asenior U.S. intelligence official who left thegovernment earlier this year said that thejoint FBI-CIA counter-terrorism center hadbeen receiving what it considered solid intel-ligence during the past two months pointingto possible imminent attacks by Islamicextremists. The intelligence consisted of anoticeable uptick in communications activi-ty among Islamic extremist groups.

Some officials believed, though, that theattacks were likely to occur overseas, as didrecent attacks against American embassiesin Africa and against the USS Cole in Yemen.“We’ve known for the last two months thatsomething was planned; just nobody knewwhere,” the former senior official said.

At the same time, there had been height-ened concern for several weeks about a pos-sible attack on a military target in theWashington area, said a current U.S. official.For that reason, checkpoints at Fort Myerand Fort Belvoir, both in the Washingtonarea, have been more strict. At the WhiteHouse, even the cars of members of Congresshave been checked for explosives, and therewas a partial evacuation several weeks agowhen a car suspected of carrying a bomb wasspotted outside the executive mansion. “Whothe hell would think they would fly air-planes?” one official asked.

There are multiple reasons to suspectIslamic extremists, which explains theimmediate focus on Mr. bin Laden or like-minded compatriots. Earlier this year, in aManhattan courtroom only a short walkaway from the World Trade Center, four ofhis followers were convicted on all charges inthe 1998 bombings of two U.S. embassies inAfrica. At one point, sentencing had been setfor today, though that had been postponed.

At the same time, Sheik Omar AbdulRahman, the spiritual leader of Al-Gama’aal-Islamiyya, Egypt’s largest militant group,sits in a U.S. prison in Minnesota for his rolein planning an earlier but failed attempt at

terrorism in New York. His followers havebeen seething ever since he was convicted in1995 for his role in a plot to stage a series ofterrorist attacks in New York, and officialssay he may have helped inspire a bombingin a parking garage of the same World TradeCenter destroyed. “I’ve never forgottenabout that blind sheik and what a symbol hewas to radical Islamists,” said RobertBlitzer, the FBI’s former domestic terrorismchief. “This could be revenge.”

Ties between Sheik Abdul Rahman’s fol-lowers and the bin Laden world appear tohave tightened. Just last month, the foreignminister of the Taliban, the Islamic organi-zation that effectively runs Afghanistan andharbors Mr. bin Laden, suggested the U.S.could trade Sheik Abdul Rahman for severalWestern aid workers under arrest in Kabul.

The violence raging between Israel andPalestinians has given Islamic extremistsmore reason to be agitated at the U.S. Suchanti-American entities as Iraq and theHamas and Hezbollah extremist organiza-tions have rallied to the side of thePalestinians, railing against both Israel andits American ally.

In any event, the attacks themselves wereso intricately planned and so vast in scopethat they transcend any past terroristaction. Some experts speculated that theenormity of the plot could even point to theinvolvement of a hostile government, suchas Iraq or Iran.

Many experts, though, agreed the simul-taneous nature of the attacks and othertrademarks pointed to the larger terror net-work run or somehow inspired by Mr. binLaden.

The list of non-state actors even remotelycapable of pulling off such an attack is quitesmall. The only group generally known forstaging simultaneous, complex terroristattacks is Al Qaeda, the loose organizationled by Mr. bin Laden. The U.S. has indictedhim for the two 1998 embassy bombings inEast Africa, and U.S. officials say that evi-dence points convincingly to his involvementin the bombing last year of the USS Cole inthe Yemeni port of Aden.

Other groups such as Hamas on the WestBank, or Hezbollah, in Lebanon, have stagedtruck bombings and suicide attacks in Israeland elsewhere across the region. But no onehas ever pulled off a series of attacks of thismagnitude. Nor, experts say, are either ofthose groups prone to targeting Americans,despite the fact that anger is now hightoward the U.S. across the Arab world.

James Steinberg, former deputy nationalsecurity adviser under President Clinton,said he believed that an attack of this sizewas likely the work of several groups withinMr. bin Laden’s greater orbit. Of those, helisted the Algerian-based Armed IslamicJihad and the Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya,

Egypt’s largest militant group. Mr. binLaden’s Al Qaeda has been known for sever-al years to be in close contact with opera-tives from a wide range of militant groupsacross North Africa and the Middle East.

Other terrorism experts said the attacks,in their sheer audacity, bore many trade-marks of the bin Laden strategy. TheAfrican embassy bombings, one in Tanzaniaand the other in Kenya, occurred less than10 minutes apart, while the attacks on thetwo World Trade Center towers happenedwithin 18 minutes. The fact that the WorldTrade Center was at the center of the plotalso points to the actors behind the 1993Trade Center bombing, many of whom werelater found to have had close ties to the binLaden network, according to U.S. officialsinvolved in the investigation.

Yet some experts also said the complexityof the operation made it unlikely that AlQaeda could have pulled it off without helpfrom other terrorist organizations more expe-rienced at hijackings and the technical prob-lems of overcoming airport security. AlQaeda has been building ties with groups likeIslamic Jihad, the Iranian-backed Palestinianterrorist group, which has threatened attacksagainst U.S. interests recently in response toIsraeli use of U.S.-supplied fighters and heli-copters on the West Bank.

One official noted that several of thecrashed jets were laden with fuel, whichwould make it more difficult for hijackerswho took control of the jets to maneuverthem unless they were experienced or hadsome training at controlling large airliners.

“If it turns out that bin Laden claimsresponsibility for these attacks, he couldn’thave done it without help from professionals,like Islamic Jihad,” said Robert Baer, a for-mer CIA officer and Middle East specialist.

Certainly the attack would signal a fright-ening increase in Al Qaeda’s deadly skills.Its previous attacks have used truck bombsand other crude devices. Other attackslinked to the group have been plagued byproblems. More than a year before thebombing of the Cole, another attempt tobomb a U.S. warship failed when a boat car-rying explosives sank. A Los Angeles airportbombing was thwarted altogether.

On a more ominous note, some formerterrorism officials also speculated that theattacks may reveal that Mr. bin Laden nowhas a large and sophisticated domestic ter-ror network operating within the U.S.

“It is not to be ruled out that there aretacticians, bomb-makers and plotters nowfully active in the U.S., many of whom havebeen here for years,” said Daniel Benjamin,a former counterterrorism official in theClinton White House.

The diffuse and overlapping organizationof today’s terror groups became particularlyclear after the aborted millennium plot in

abroad will be the scenes of some abroadcelebrating the terrorist attacks onAmericans. In the West Bank, thousands ofPalestinians took to the streets to herald theattacks and express their happiness. And inSierra Leone, Pakistani members of aUnited Nations peacekeeping force werelaughing, smiling and slapping hands at themission headquarters in Freetown.

If the attack was launched by a non-stateentity, choosing when and where to retaliatemay not be easy.

After the bombing of two U.S. embassiesin East Africa in 1998, President Clintonordered cruise-missile strikes on a sitewhere Mr. bin Laden and his top lieutenantswere supposed to be meeting. As it turnedout, the meeting had ended and the strikescame too late.

“The big question for everyone now ishow much intelligence do we have? Do we

have the kind of intelligence that we need?”said retired Gen. Dennis Reimer, formerArmy chief of staff and now head of theOklahoma National Memorial Institute forthe Prevention of Terrorism.

The U.S. could move more easily to pun-ish any state that abetted Mr. bin Laden,especially Afghanistan, which has refusedrepeated demands to turn him over. A dev-astating military strike on the Taliban’sheadquarters could be one course.

Afghanistan’s Taliban leaders were clear-ly very nervous about that possibility, deny-ing Mr. bin Laden’s involvement and callingfor American “courts” to seek justice. Aseries of explosions last night in Kabul, theAfghan capital, apparently were part ofinternal fighting between the Taliban and itsinternal foes, and not part of any U.S.response to the terrorist attacks.

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of the U.S. was closed down—the federalgovernment, schools, airports, the HooverDam near Las Vegas and the 47-story Bankof America building in downtown Miami.Also shuttered were the InternationalMonetary Fund and the World Bank; theirfall meetings, scheduled for later this monthand a planned target of antiglobalizationprotests, may be canceled, a bank officialsaid. Other institutions and facilities alsowill reopen amid greater security, resultingin increased frustration and delays.

How to explain the day’s inexplicableevents to their children will be a huge dilem-ma for parents. “You’re not going to be ableto keep this one under wraps,” said Dr.Butterworth, the trauma psychologist. Buthe warned against using the tragedy as ateachable moment—a common response inthe schools to huge national developments—and overwhelming children.

A further fear is the possibility of copycatincidents that often follow acts of highlypublicized violence. Some people “deal withtheir fears by making other people afraid,”said University of Virginia’s Dr. Cornell.Indeed, a New York school was evacuatedshortly after the planes hit the World TradeCenter tower because of a bomb threat. Andin Las Vegas, 30,000 people at theInternational Banking Expo were turnedaway from the city’s convention center aftera bomb threat called in from a pay phone onthe center’s premises.

Maxine Boarts, 71, a real-estate agentfrom Pittsburgh on a weeklong vacation inLas Vegas wasn’t planning to leave untilFriday, but is worried about getting a flighthome—“if we’re not afraid to” get on a planethen. Watching TV from a bar on Bally’scasino floor, she said she and five compan-ions considered renting a car to drive homeshould they need to, but couldn’t find a carto rent. It would be a multiday car trip, “butwe’d be alive when we get there.”

Ms. Boarts wondered if the events willdisrupt her grandson’s wedding plans nextJune, but is more concerned about the effectthis will have on the nation’s psychology.“We’ll look at people so differently now,” she

Reprinted from THE WALL STREET JOURNAL WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2001 1312 Reprinted from THE WALL STREET JOURNAL WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 12, 2001

‘It’s a Test of Us’But tightening still further carries its own

danger of allowing terrorists to change afundamental of American life. “It’s a test ofus,” said Fred Dutton, a former aide to Johnand Robert Kennedy who now represents thegovernment of Saudi Arabia in Washington.“Are we going to become insecure, and feelthe need to have a less open, government-controlled society?”

“The worst thing we could do is say, ‘Thisis the way things are going to be from nowon,’’’ said Robert Butterworth, a LosAngeles psychologist who heads a disasterresponse network. Avoiding crowds, popularevents and high profile venues likeDisneyland or Sea World—which also closedyesterday—is a logical response, but we also“have to figure out constructive things todo,” he insists.

Retaliation is another logical response.Indeed, President Bush promised as much. Inan example of the country’s mood, a scrawledsign outside a blood bank in New Yorkordered, “Mr. Bush, Bomb the bastards now.”

But retaliation carries the risk of settingoff a tightening spiral of violence and coun-terviolence not unlike the Middle East orNorthern Ireland. Unlike countries that have

had to learn to live with violence, “We arenew at this,” said Florida’s Dr. Figley, whoheads a project that has trained traumateams in Yugoslavia. “My fear is we willoverreach and make things worse ratherthan better by retribution, revenge, racismand marginalizing ethnic groups.”

Double Security at ServicesThat fear is especially true for Jews and

Arabs. In Brookline, Mass., CongregationKehillath Israel, like many other Jewish con-gregations, plans to double the securitydetail at next week’s services for RoshHashanah, the Jewish New Year, and theYom Kippur holy day 10 days later. Policecars will be stationed outside, and uni-formed and plainclothes police inside.

“I think I now understand what it is like

to live in Jerusalem,” said the congrega-tion’s rabbi, William Hamilton.

Meanwhile, the city of Dearborn, Mich.,moved to ensure there isn’t a backlashagainst the city’s large Arab-American pop-ulation by setting up an emergency opera-tions center and putting 22 extra police offi-cers on patrol.

Fear of terrorism is likely to leadAmericans to tolerate more government sur-veillance—such as overhead video camerasat sporting events—than they have to date.“It’s very likely in the wake of today’s eventsthat we’re going to see a greater acceptanceon the public’s part—and on the court’spart—to approve certain kinds of police tac-tics,” said William Stuntz, a Harvard LawSchool professor.

“Today represents a real change in theworld,” he added. “It’s not possible ever tothink of these issues the same way.”

In Redding, Calif., the chief of police,Robert P. Blankenship, agreed. “We’re notgoing to be as comfortable and as secure aswe once were. Looking at the TV, it’s obvi-ous now that we’re vulnerable,” he said.

Stepping up security isn’t always possi-ble, though. Fairfax, Va., already postspolice officers in its secondary schools;

unarmed security officers patrol the district;school doors are locked, teachers and staffwear identity badges. The effectiveness ofmetal detectors and surveillance camerasisn’t proved, and anyway, they “create inkids the sense of a jail,” said DanielDomenech, the superintendent.

Violence From the OutsideInner-city schools have spent heavily on

security technology in the past decade; theHouston school district even has its ownSWAT squad. School security has long lookedinward for a threat—to students carryingweapons or picking fights. But rising vio-lence from the outside—from disgruntledparents or former employees—is drawingincreased attention.

In the wake of the events yesterday, much

Hour of Horror Forever AltersAmerican LivesAttacks Will ForcePeople To MakeAdjustments In WaysLarge and Small

An hour of terror changed everything. Far from the World Trade Center or the

Pentagon, Florida shut down its state uni-versities yesterday. San Francisco closed itsschools, as well as the TransAmerica build-ing and pedestrian access to the GoldenGate Bridge. Major league baseball gameswere canceled.

The popular, needlelike Stratospheretower on the north end of the Las Vegas stripwas closed; so was the Paris casino’s mockEiffel Tower. University of Virginia psychol-ogist Dewey Cornell canceled his lecture onstudent threats and violence inside theschools—so his audience of principals couldgo back to their schools to deal with the vio-lence outside.

“You just thought America was the safestcountry,” said Jesse Strauss, a 13-year-oldeighth-grader at Pelham Middle School, aManhattan suburb. His mother added, “Ourworld as we know it isn’t going to return tonormal for a long time.”

Yesterday’s terrorism darkened, markedand forever altered the way Americans livetheir lives.

“We are going to have to learn what a lotof other countries have gone through: tomanage fear at a cultural and nationallevel,” said Charles Figley, a professor oftrauma psychology at Florida StateUniversity. “We’re getting a lesson in theway fear works.”

In a country long proud and even boastfulof its openness—a country where an ordi-nary citizen can stroll through the U.S.Capitol unescorted—the terrorist attacks arelikely to force Americans to watch theirsteps and look over their shoulders. Wealready do a lot of that. Metal detectors nowmark the front door of many governmentbuildings, and security guards are a fixturein the lobby of most large office buildings.

By Wall Street Journal staff reportersJune Kronholz in Washington,Christina Binkley in Los Angeles andClare Ansberry in Pittsburgh.

Tuesday, Sept. 11, 2001: a Timelinel 7:58 a.m. United Flight 175, a Boeing

767, leaves Boston for Los Angeles.

l 7:59 a.m. American Flight 11, a Boeing767, leaves Boston for Los Angeles.

l 8:01 a.m. United Flight 93, a Boeing757, leaves Newark for San Francisco

l 8:10 a.m. American Flight 77, aBoeing 757, leaves Washington’sDulles for Los Angeles

l About 8:50 a.m. Plane hits WorldTrade Center, North Tower. ApparentlyAmerican Airlines 11.

l About 9:03 a.m. Plane hits WorldTrade Center, South Tower. ApparentlyUnited 175. (above)

l 9:38 a.m. American 77 crashes intothe Pentagon.

l About 9:45 a.m. White House evacu-ated. FAA suspends all air flights inU.S.

l About 9:50 a.m. First World TradeCenter collapses.

l 9:58 a.m. Man on United 93 calls onmobile phone from bathroom: “We arebeing hijacked.”

l About 10 a.m. United 93 crashes 80miles southeast of Pittsburgh.

l About 10:30 a.m. Second World TradeCenter collapses.

Sources: Associated Press; CNN; airline statements

AP

phot

os

‘It’s a test of us,’ said Fred Dutton, a former aideto John and Robert Kennedy. ‘Are we going tobecome insecure, and feel the need to have a lessopen, government-controlled society?’

said. “We’re an open people. We’re the kindthat would talk to anyone. Now, it’ll take asecond thought.”

A few things didn’t change yesterday.Gambling at nearly all Las Vegas casinoscontinued at near normal volumes, althoughmany gamblers watched CNN as closely astheir cards. Merrill Lynch & Co. pressedahead with a media and entertainment con-ference for about 500 investors at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Pasadena, Calif., afterheated argument in the lobby between thoseMerrill officials who wanted to cancel it andJessica Reif Cohen, a Merrill first vice pres-

ident, who didn’t. And Americans, as they have in past

moments of shared national tragedy, rolledup their collective sleeves. So many volun-teers showed up at a Rockville Centre, N.Y.,blood bank that overwhelmed staffers beganhanding out numbers, then turning awaydonors with anything but O-negative blood,which is accepted by any recipient.Nonetheless, dozens of would-be donors satin a line of folding chairs that snaked aroundthe building, waiting their turn.


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The GAO, the investigative arm ofCongress, identified two important causesfor security lapses at checkpoints: rapidturnover of screening personnel and inade-quate attention to human factors. From May1998 through April 1999, turnover more thandoubled on average among screeners at 19large U.S. airports; five airports (Atlanta,Boston, Chicago, Houston and St. Louis) hadannual turnover of more than 200%.

Low wages, minimal benefits and dailystress contribute to turnover, the GAO said.

“The fact that there has been no majorsecurity incident in the U.S. . . . in nearly adecade could breed an attitude of compla-cency in improving aviation security,”Gerald Dillingham, associate director of theGAO, told a congressional subcommittee inApril 2000.

At one airport, the GAO said, wages forairport screeners started at $6.25 an hourwhile fast-food-restaurant workers started at$7. Turnover among screening personnel inEurope and Canada is lower, the agencysaid, and screening is often more stringent.

The FAA has moved to address GAO-iden-tified shortcomings, the GAO said, but slow-ly. For instance, the FAA last year was stillplanning to establish performance stan-dards that screening companies would haveto meet to earn and retain certification, anaction the GAO recommended in 1987.

FAA spokeswoman Laura Brown saidTuesday that at the time of yesterday’sattacks, the agency was preparing to issuerules “in the next week” establishing a cer-tification program for airport screeners.

Congress has also been slow to fill in thegaps in airport security. Legislation signedby President Clinton last year requires allairport screeners and those with access tosecure areas to undergo a criminal historyrecord check. But that provision doesn’tactually take effect until later this year.

In 1999, the FAA became so concernedabout lax security at the nation’s major air-ports that it threatened to force the airlinesto post guards at every airplane.

At the time, the FAA said that federalagents were able to sneak 46 times throughsecurity doors at four major airports andthen walk around on the tarmac. They alsoboarded 51 planes unchallenged. Inresponse, the FAA ordered increased securi-ty at 70 of the largest airports andannounced that it would run exercises to testfor holes in security.

In a letter to airport directors, Adm.Flynn, who at the time headed the FAA’ssecurity, wrote: “Allowing intruders to pig-gyback through access doors, not challeng-ing intruders on the ramp, and intrudersbeing able to get aboard aircraft combine tomake a significant vulnerability.” Thebreaches were detailed in a confidential

report prepared by Inspector GeneralKenneth Mead of the U.S. TransportationDepartment.

Agents working for Mr. Mead found thatit was possible to sneak through gates forservice vehicles or to walk through doorsbehind airline employees without being chal-lenged.

“Without displaying any identification,the agents roamed the air-operations area,passing 229 employees, but were challengedonly 53 times,” Mr. Flynn wrote.

In the following months, FAA officialssaid significant improvements were made atall of the airports, but at the same time, theystressed that vigilance on the part of everyemployee was necessary if security was towork.

Airport and airline officials have resistedtaking the most extreme security measures,saying that they would be incredibly expen-sive, if not impossible at the larger airports,where as many as 250 airplanes can be onthe ground at the same time.

David Stempler, president of the AirTravelers Association, which represents pas-sengers, said that the disaster reflects botha lack of security at U.S. airports and wrong

assumptions about likely terrorist attacks. Mr. Stempler said that most experts

whom he heard at security and risk-assess-ment meetings had assumed that terroristattacks would come on international ratherthan domestic flights. Their reasoning wasthat, once terrorists were inside the country,they wouldn’t bother to go to an airport butwould bring their weapons straight to thetarget.

That being said, though, Mr. Stemplerbelieves that security at airports should beupgraded and coordinated nationally ratherthan leaving it up to international airportsand airlines. Also, he said, X-ray machinesthat require human scanning for guns orknives should be replaced by computers thatautomatically detect weapons.

“The reality is, we had the facade of secu-rity and safety in this country,” he said. “Wereally didn’t have a full-blown, intense secu-rity system. It wasn’t perceived that the riskwas there. The public won’t accept height-ened levels of security and all the inconven-ience that entails unless they’re convincedthere’s risk.”

Security at major airports has alwaysbeen a tough issue for the FAA and the air-

lines. On the one hand, the traveling publicexpects airports to be absolutely safe, butpassengers also expect to be able to travelwith ease.

During the Gulf War, passengers got aglimpse of how inconvenient air travel couldbe when the government temporarily sus-pended curbside baggage check-in and pro-hibited all but ticketed passengers frompassing beyond security checkpoints.

Security at Boston’s Logan Airport hasbeen a particular issue over the years. In1998, the FAA investigated a company calledCapital Building Security of Boston, whichdid airport cleaning for the MassachusettsPort Authority, which runs Logan. The com-pany was accused of giving employees secu-rity badges and access to secure areas with-out conducting background checks. CapitalBuilding didn’t return a phone call yesterday.

In July 1999, a teenager dressed as aHasidic Jew scaled an airport fence andwalked two miles across a restricted ramparea and stowed away on a British Airwaysflight to London. That fall, the Boston Globereported that FAA special agents found atleast 136 security violations at Logan from1997 through 1999. As a result, the FAA

reportedly fined major airlines andMassport $178,000. Agents found that screen-ers routinely failed to detect test items likepipe bombs and guns, and agents were ableto gain access to planes parked overnight atgates and walked through secure doors with-out being questioned.

Last month, the FAA said it was seeking$99,000 in civil penalties against AmericanAirlines for allegedly failing to apply appro-priate security measures on six flights,including one originating from Boston’sLogan Airport. The violations were discov-ered on June 25, 2000 when FAA specialagents found that American improperlytransported unaccompanied bags on fiveflights, failed to perform passenger IDchecks on two flights and failed to ask appro-priate security questions regarding checkedbags on two flights.

The FAA said American took immediatecorrective action at the airports where viola-tions were found in order to bring the air-line’s security measures into compliance.

James F. McNulty, an executive vice pres-ident at Burns International Services Corp.,which provided preboarding security forAmerican Airlines at Logan airport in Boston


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so familiar at airport concourses are basi-cally the only line of protection for U.S. air-liners. With more than 10,000 commercialflights a day, airliners don’t carry securitypersonnel, and airline crews are armed withlittle more than plastic handcuffs to corralunruly customers and an ax for pilots toescape in the event of a crash.

Pilots and airline officials believe it islikely the hijackers disabled or killed bothpilots in each of the three planes that struckthe twin towers of the World Trade Centerand the Pentagon, and then flew the planesthemselves into the structures. A fourth air-line crashed near Pittsburgh. The twoAmerican Airlines flights and the two UnitedAirlines flights involved were all largeBoeing Co. two-pilot jets heavily loaded withfuel for transcontinental flights.

Pilots are able to lock their cockpit door,but the lightweight door, built with break-away panels so pilots can escape a crash,offers little protection. And once hijacked,pilots are trained to cooperate with hijackers.

One pilot for a major airline, whodeclined to be identified, said that typicalpilot training for hijackings focuses only ondealing with perpetrators demanding to betaken to a particular destination. “We’re nottrained to deal with this type of terroristicactivity,” the pilot said. “We’re trained todeal with people who are deranged or wantto go somewhere . . . not suicide bombers.”

Pilots can alert air-traffic controllers byradio or by secretly entering a special codein the plane’s transponder, which broadcastsinformation from the plane. But there is lit-tle else that can be done. No system existsfor intercepting a plane in the air.

“Crews would never allow aircraft to runinto buildings, they would steer away anddivert immediately even with a gun pointedto their head,” said Capt. Denis Waldron, aDelta Air Lines pilot. Even untrained pilotscould steer an airborne jetliner into a target,he added.

Investigators may only be able to deter-mine what happened aboard the planes ifthey can recover cockpit voice recorders inthe “black box” aboard each plane.

Regardless of who ends up responsiblefor the attacks, the nation’s commercial air-traffic system is bound to be dramaticallyaltered—with the imposition of some time-consuming, intrusive and costly stepped-upsecurity measures as the first step.

“Civil aviation as we know it will changeas a result of what happened today. The job

of making airports secure is enormous, justenormous,” said Retired Adm. Cathal Flynn,the FAA’s former associate administratorfor aviation security. The biggest obstaclewill be deciding what to fix, he said, but thatwon’t happen until investigators can deter-mine how the system failed.

The extra protection could include indi-vidual searches of passengers and theirbelongings. There may be calls for mandato-ry matching of all passengers and luggagebefore takeoff—an idea the industry hasobjected to in the past because it would addto delays. And there is likely to be talk ofmajor efforts to upgrade bomb- andweapons-detection scanners at airports.

Logan authorities said last night that theairport would likely adopt tougher securitymeasures in coming days, including reducedaccess points to airfields, increased spotchecks of luggage and passengers, an end tocurbside luggage check-in, a ban on allow-ing non-passengers through security check-points, and stepped-up canine searches forexplosives.

In fact, many of these tougher antiterror-ist ideas gained prominence and wereembraced by many in Congress and theWhite House during the Gulf War and,again, after the crash of Trans WorldAirlines Flight 800. In addition to carryingsignificant price tags, such proposals wouldfundamentally change the nature of air trav-el by restricting or eliminating existing con-veniences such as curbside baggage checks,or showing up at the gate barely 15 minutesor half an hour before takeoff.

Despite decades of high-level U.S. gov-ernment concern—and a string of recom-mendations from blue-ribbon study groups—the focus of attention has tended to be onissues other than potential hijackings of jet-liners. Industry officials said not even theworst-case scenarios contemplated thedestruction and devastation that occurredyesterday.

Airport security is the joint responsibilityof the FAA, airport operators and airlines.

Typically, airlines hire private securitycompanies to run the X-ray machines andmetal detectors. The airline with the mostflights on a particular concourse is responsi-ble for managing the security screening onthat concourse. In addition, major airportsare required to have computer-controlledidentification badges that enable employersand law-enforcement officials to immediate-ly lock out employees who have been fired.

U.S. Airport Security ScreeningLong Seen as Dangerously LaxNew Measures AreLikely To AddInconvenience AndCosts for Passengers

Government agencies have long warnedabout lax U.S. airport security screening,something that frequent fliers see on a regu-lar basis. Yesterday, that crucial systemfailed in the most tragic and spectacular way.

Commandeering four airplanes yesterdayand using them as giant jet fuel bombs, sui-cidal hijackers apparently made it throughairport security screening in Boston,Newark, N.J., and Washington, armed butnot detected. Investigators will undoubtedlylook at whether the attackers might have

had fellow terrorists working at particularmetal detectors and X-ray machines, orplanted weapons aboard the planes throughcatering or other service trucks, but author-ities have long raised alarms about security,with little action taken to tighten airportprocedures.

Just last year, in an almost propheticwarning, the General Accounting Office saidairport security hadn’t improved, and inmany cases had worsened. Even though air-port security screening stops an average 2,000weapons a year, “the security of the air trans-port system remains at risk,” the GAO said.

“People are very creative,” says ViolaHackett, a security guard at Houston’sGeorge Bush Intercontinental Airport, whosaid she wasn’t surprised that the attackerscould bypass airport security. “There are allsorts of things they’re trying to hide.”

One passenger aboard a doomed jetcalled her husband from the air, federal offi-cials said, and said two hijackers werearmed with box-cutting knives, which oftenhave retractable blades.

The Federal Aviation Administration wasalready moving to tighten screening stan-dards; in fact, new rules were supposed tobe issued next week.

The metal detectors and X-ray machines

By Wall Street Journal staff reportersScott McCartney in Seattle, J. LynnLunsford in Los Angeles and DavidArmstrong in Boston.

‘We’re not trained to deal with this type ofterroristic activity,’ a pilot said. ‘We’re trained todeal with people who are deranged or want to gosomewhere…not suicide bombers.’


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metal clanged as they hit the earth. Officepapers littered the ground. Cars in a nearbyparking lot—a full two city blocks from theexplosion—were aflame.

I called our partner, CNBC, the businessnews television service, and began reportingthe scene from inside our offices, beneaththe burning structure. Then suddenly—assuddenly as the first explosion—I saw thesecond tower erupt in flame, sending moredebris crashing southward. This time, thetelevision cameras, located in midtownManhattan and pointed south, caught theimage of a commercial jet veering into thesecond tower.

Evacuations were emptying buildings onboth sides of the street, and fire trucks,Emergency Medical Services vehicles andpolice cars were crowding the streets infront of the World Trade Center. Traffic washalted many blocks north and south.

Then, as the fires worsened, and thesmoke got blacker and thicker, the first ofthe office workers began to jump. One at atime, a few seconds apart.

Unknown to the dozens of firefighters onthe street, and those of us still in offices in

the neighborhood, the South Tower wasweakening structurally. Off the phone, andcollecting my thoughts for the next report, Iheard metallic crashes and looked up out ofthe office window to see what seemed likeperfectly synchronized explosions comingfrom each floor, spewing glass and metaloutward. One after the other, from top tobottom, with a fraction of a second between,the floors blew to pieces. It was the buildingapparently collapsing in on itself, pancakingto the earth.

This was too close. Uncertain whether thebuilding would now fall on ours, I dove undera desk. The windows were pelted by debris,apparently breaking—I’d never know forsure. The room filled with ash, concretedust, smoke, the detritus of South Tower. Itwas choking, and as more debris raineddown onto and into the building, the light of

the day disappeared. I crawled on the floorand braced myself under a desk deeper inthe office. But the air was as bad.

With my shirt now over my mouth in theblackout of the smoke, unable to do morethan squint because of the stinging ash, andthinking that this is what it must be like onthe upper floors of the Towers, I realized Ihad to move. I stood up from under the deskand began feeling the wall and desks, tryingto orient myself in the now pitch-black cubi-cled world of our modern office. Disoriented,I twice passed by the entryway to this par-ticular corner of the ninth floor. And then Iwas through, by accident, into a largerspace, with more air.

The smoke had spread over the entirefloor, which had been evacuated minutesbefore. In the emergency stairwell, stillthinking that it was a matter of time beforeour building was crushed, I breathed in myfirst clear air. At ground level, though, itwas a different story.

Outside on the sidewalk, the scene lookedlike Pompeii after the eruption of MountVesuvius. Inches of ash on the ground.Smoke and dust clouding the air. My throat

stung as I worked my way past ambulancesand EMS workers who had been outsidewhen the tower collapsed. The emergencyworkers were trying to find colleagues. Inthe silence, as the ash fell like snow, radioscrackled: “Steve, Steve, where are you?”

One fireman bashed through a door of anearby diner, and a handful of us tookrefuge from the outside air. We opened therestaurant’s cooler, distributed water bot-tles, and took some outside to give to theambulances. I asked what had happened tothe people evacuated from the Journal’sbuilding, my colleagues. Did they get away?No one knew.

I stepped into one ambulance with waterand asked for a surgical face mask. I washanded several, and later passed them tocoughing, spitting emergency workers in thestreet. The mask would be my life saver.

through its Globe Aviation Services Corp.unit, said their staff members at Logan did-n’t report anything out of the ordinary yes-terday morning before the hijackings.

“We talked to them first thing this morn-ing. There was nothing unusual,” he said.

Mr. McNulty said his company had noinformation about how the hijackers mighthave smuggled weapons aboard the plane,or even whether they actually had anyweapons. “Your guess is as good as mine.”But he noted that there were “hundreds ofvendors” at the airfield with access to air-planes, including postal, delivery and foodservice personnel. (Globe Aviation wasn’t incharge of on-tarmac security.)

“You penetrate four airplanes, this waspretty well-planned,” he said.

Mr. McNulty declined to provide moreinformation on security precautions atLogan or on Globe’s operations there, sayinghis company and American had beenadvised by the FBI to refer all questions toFBI agents.

Burns International’s Globe AviationServices unit won the contract to providesecurity services for American Airlines at

Logan last year. Both Globe and Burns areunits of Sweden’s Securitas AB. Burns isbased in Chicago.

A woman answering the phone at Globe’shead office said Ronald J. Harper, presidentand CEO, was “in a meeting” as were otherexecutives. She said the company had “nocomment at this time.”

Logan Airport authorities said HuntleighUSA Corp. provides gate and baggage secu-rity services for United Airlines. United offi-cials declined to identify the security firm atLogan Airport. Officials at St. Louis-basedHuntleigh didn’t return repeated phonecalls.

At Logan yesterday, Massport securitychief Joseph Lawless said the agency wouldassess security.

“I feel Logan is a safe airport,” he said.“We’ve taken a lot of measures in place tomaintain the security of the airport.” Mr.Lawless added that he considered Logan “assecure as any other airport in this country.”

–Stephen Power in Washington,Nicole Harris in Atlanta

and Andy Pasztor in Los Angelescontributed to this article.

The Eye of the Storm: One JourneyThrough Desperation and ChaosA Nightmare ofFalling Bodies, AcridSmoke and Heroism;‘It’s Coming Down!Run!’

BY JOHN BUSSEY

Staff Reporter of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL

NEW YORK–If there’s only one sight I’llremember from the destruction of the WorldTrade Center, it is the flight of desperation—the headlong leap from the top-most floors bythose who chose a different death than thechoking smoke and flame. Some fell swingingtheir arms and legs, looking down as thestreet came up at them. Others fell on theirbacks, peering upward toward the flames andsky. They dropped like deadweight, severalseconds, hopeless and unhelpable.

And always the same end. Some crashedinto the plastic awning over the entrance tothe North Tower. Others hit a retaining wall.Still others landed on lampposts and shrub-bery. After the 80-floor drop, the impact leftsmall puffs of pink and red vapor drifting atground level. Firefighters arriving on thescene ran for cover.

In the movie “Armageddon,” the asteroidspierced New York buildings sending shrap-nel out the other side. That, remarkably, isexactly what it looked like from the street,when the first plane hit the North Tower ofthe World Trade center.

The first warning was the sound of jetengines, flying low over the island ofManhattan. A second or two later, whatseemed like a sonic boom.

From the sidewalk, behind the buildingthat houses The Wall Street Journal’s officesjust across the street from the World Tradetowers, I didn’t see the first plane dive intoits target. But I saw the result: an arc ofdebris, aflame against the blue sky, coughedfrom the building southward, landing blocksaway.

By the time I’d gotten to the ninth floor ofthe Journal’s building and taken a positionat a window in the northeast corner, diago-nally across an intersection from the WorldTrade Center, the conflagration was wellunderway. Great clouds of smoke pushedskyward. Intense flames were consuminghigher floors above the crash site. Debriswas falling onto the streets—huge chunks of

On the sidewalk, inches of ash layered on the ground. Smoke and dustclouded the air. My throat stung as I worked my way past ambulancesand EMS workers who had been caught outside when the tower col-lapsed. Emergency workers tried to find colleagues. In the silence, asthe ash fell like snow, radios crackled: “Steve, Steve, where are you?”

❋ ❋ ❋


BY GREG IP AND JOHN D. MCKINNON

Staff Reporters of THE WALL STREET JOURNAL

WASHINGTON–Yesterday’s terroristbombings threaten to push an already frag-ile global economy into widespread reces-sion, smashing consumer confidence anddisrupting basic commercial functions suchas air travel and financial markets.

“A full-blown global recession is highlylikely,” Sung Won Sohn, chief economist atWells Fargo & Co., predicted in a report yes-terday afternoon.

Economic policy makers did their best toensure calm. Shortly after noon, the FederalReserve issued an emergency statementstating that the central bank’s system was“open and operating” and that officials were“to meet liquidity needs” of the global finan-cial system, echoing a similar declarationissued during the 1987 stock-market crash.

Treasury Secretary Paul O’Neill issued astatement from Tokyo, saying: “In the faceof today’s tragedy, the financial systemfunctioned extraordinarily well, and I haveevery confidence that it will continue to doso in the days ahead.” No major problemswere reported in the banking system,though branches did close in New York. Thestock, bond, and commodity markets allclosed and will remain closed today.

‘Everything Possible’“I’m sure that central bankers every-

where will do everything possible to main-tain calm and seek to ensure the world econ-omy functions smoothly in the face of thishorrendous deed,” Federal Reserve Bank ofNew York President William McDonoughtold Dow Jones Newswires by telephonefrom Basel, Switzerland, where he wasattending meetings at the Bank ofInternational Settlements. Fed ChairmanAlan Greenspan was on his way back to theU.S. from those meetings, but his airplanereturned to Switzerland after the attacks.

Economists groped in vain for historicalprecedents to help evaluate the potentialimpact of such a shocking, tragic event onthe economy. “I don’t know where to look foranalogies,” said Alan Blinder, economicsprofessor at Princeton University.“Confidence-shaking events usually havetransitory negative effects on consumerspending. But we’ve never seen anythinglike this that I can think of.”

The most recent comparable event wasthe 1990 Gulf War, involving a spike in oilprices and dispatch of U.S. troops to theMiddle East, which depressed confidenceand played a decisive role in bringing aboutthe 1990-91 recession.

But many economists said this event islikely to be more severe because of the muchgreater loss of life on U.S. soil. In 1990, trav-el was depressed by fears of a terroristattack. This time, the entire air-travel sys-tem has been shut down by actual attacks.“One might expect [confidence] . . . willplunge much like they did when the Gulf cri-sis began in August of 1990. The weaknessmight be more severe because this impactsAmericans more directly, it’s on our soil,”said Ray Stone, economist at Stone &McCarthy Research Associates.

In addition, he said, “the economy looksmore fragile going into this episode than itdid back in 1990.” Business investment andexports are falling, unemployment has risensharply and stock prices are sinking. Theimpact of the tragedy on confidence couldseverely undermine consumer spending,which had been the economy’s remainingbulwark.

Consumers, Mr. Stone added, will likely“spend less on big-ticket items such asautos, as well as things directly affected. Airtraffic likely will be lower, people less will-ing to visit Washington or New York City orother large cities, less likely to visit sportingevents where they’re worried about a terror-ist attack.”

But others played down any long-termconsequences. “There’s always speculationthat these disasters have extreme economicconsequences, but they rarely do,” saidEdward Leamer, a professor of economicsand statistics at University of California atLos Angeles and director of the UCLAAnderson Business Forecast. Disasters suchas the Northridge, Calif., earthquake in 1994“hardly show up in the economic data. Iwould expect this to be one of those events.”

Oil Prices Could Rebound Another negative could be a rebound in

oil prices as political tensions rise again inthe Mideast. Brent crude-oil futures surged$3.60 to $31.05 a barrel after the attacks,before closing at $29 a barrel in Europe. Butthe secretary-general of the Organization ofPetroleum Exporting Countries said thegroup is prepared to take necessary meas-ures to stop world oil prices from spiking.

Business investment, already contract-ing, could get hurt further. “With these fourhijackings of commercial East-to-West Coastflights, how can anyone get on a plane toconduct and close business?” said DavidReaderman, an analyst at investment bankThomas Weisel Partners in San Francisco.“A lot of phone and video-conferencing withclients. Increase spending on security of all

kinds: hardware, software, etc. [It’s] trulystunning—we’ve all flown on these flights,been in the World Trade Center with clients.[It’s] difficult to comprehend the scale andscope of loss of life.”

The initial impact on the economy may bemore akin to a hurricane or earthquake:Economic activity in affected sectors andregions will slow sharply, but there might besome offsetting increases in spending torepair the damage.

Carolyn Gorman, vice president inWashington for the Insurance InformationInstitute, a trade group, said the attacksamount to the most-costly man-made catas-trophe ever in the U.S. The other major oneshave been the Los Angeles riots, $775 millionin insured loss; the 1993 World Trade Centerbombing, $510 million; and the OklahomaCity bombing, $125 million.

The longer-term impact will depend partlyon how economic policy makers respond. Theblow almost certainly guarantees that theFed—and central banks around the world—will cut interest rates even more than hadbeen expected in order to maintain the smoothworking of the world financial system.

Recession, or WarThe tragedy will also lead to more fiscal-

policy support for the economy, ending thebitter partisan bickering that was steeringpoliticians toward embracing growth-damp-ing budget surpluses. President Bush hasargued for easing tight fiscal limits in thecase of recession or war. The first wasalready perilously close before yesterday’sevents. The second, in some form, is here.Defense spending in particular—which hadbeen considered a likely victim of the obses-sion with fiscal austerity—will likely getbroad, bipartisan support.

“This is when we need leadership,” saidMr. Sohn of Wells Fargo. “How well theWhite House, Congress and the FederalReserve manage this crisis will determinehow short or long the damage is going to be.”

–Rebecca Buckman and Sheila Mutocontributed to this article.

Attacks Raise Fears of a Recession


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Because as I walked down the street, get-ting my bearings, and moving closer toLiberty Street, which opened out onto theTrade Center compound, the second towerwas weakening. I heard a pressing metallicroar, like the Chicago El rumbling overhead.And then the fireman next to me shouted:“It’s coming down! Run!”

Run where? I had no idea, so I did thebest thing at the moment: I ran after thefireman.

Four of his colleagues joined us, plusanother civilian or two on the street. Wesprinted behind the wall of a nearby apart-ment building as the North Tower collapsedtwo blocks away. “Stay away from glass win-dows” he shouted as we ran, but what hesaid next was drowned out by the roar pass-ing right through us. We flattened ourselvesagainst a metal doorway, this small group,trying to be one with the building, as chunksof concrete and metal fell from the skybehind us and roared up the street and intothe building’s courtyard all around us.

Debris fell against the shirt on my left shoul-der—I couldn’t push it any harder againstthe building.

After two minutes, we all went down, in acollective crouch, and tried to breath. Thebuilding had stopped falling. The roar hadsubsided. But the smoke and ash seemed asdense as tar, far worse than in the buildingwhen the first tower fell. We all were wear-ing the tight-fitting surgical masks which,with shirts pulled up over our faces, madethe difference.

Hyperventilating from the sprint and thefear, the group concentrated on not panick-ing. Our leader, the fireman who warned ofthe glass, yelled out in the dark: “Is anybodyhurt? Try to breath through your nose!”

In the blackness, he tried his radio:“Mike! Mike! Where are you?” No answer.Again, and no answer. My hand was on histrembling back, the better to brace myself,and I thought about asking him how longthese blackouts and ash clouds could last.Then I realized the full ridiculousness of the

question. How would he know? How oftendoes a 110-story building collapse to theground. I honestly wondered whether I’dsurvive long enough for the air to clear.

Mike finally answered the radio and waswearing a respirator. He also had a flash-light. And so eventually he found us. Blindedby the ash in our eyes, we stood up as a line,each put a hand on the shoulder of the guyin front, and let Mike lead us out of the dark-ness into the lobby of a building 20 stepsaway.

We poured water into our eyes, and shookash from our clothing and hair. I looked forMike to thank him, but he had already left tohelp an injured EMS worker on the street.

A young man in the lobby, apparentlymissed in the evacuation, held his daughter,a little blond-haired girl perhaps two yearsold. She was crying. An older man who hadalso sought shelter was raving uncontrol-lably nearby. We calmed the older man, andthe girl stopped crying.


❋ ❋ ❋

news reports said that his building also hadcollapsed.

For many children, the news quicklyturned from disbelief to anxiety over whatmight have happened to their parents whowork in New York City. As word spread,schools called special assemblies and triedto help students contact their families bytelephone and by e-mail. At Pelham MiddleSchool in Pelham, N.Y., a small suburb justoutside New York City with a heavy popula-tion of Wall Street traders, investmentbankers and brokers who work in or near theWorld Trade Center, some children werecrying after failing repeatedly to contacttheir parents’ cell phones or offices.

One student at Pelham High School wascalled to the office in the early morning andwent home after being told that his father, abond trader, worked on the floor that thefirst plane hit. By late afternoon, there wasstill no word of his fate.

“At first I assumed it was an accident.Once we had heard that the Pentagon hadbeen hit, and a second plane crashed in,everybody knew it was a terrorist attack,”said Jesse Strauss, a 13-year-old eighth-grader at the school. “Throughout the day,everybody wanted to get out of school assoon as possible and get home and see iftheir parents were all right.

“I’m still in the shock that somebody

would do something like this and that thiscould really happen,” Jesse said. “You justthought America was the safest country. . . .I think people will be more cautious and won’tassume nothing will happen because it can.”

His mother echoed his concern, “Ourworld as we know it isn’t going to be thatway for a long time,” Lorrie Strauss said.

“I was so scared, because I didn’t knowwhere my dad was,” said Elizabeth Geiger,a student at Ursuline Academy in NewRochelle, N.Y.

Hunter Blakely, a sixth-grader at PelhamMiddle School, said, “I was feeling petrified.I thought my Mom was there and that wewere going into a war and that we could getbombed at night.”

People worried about neighbors andfriends who worked in the World TradeCenter. They greeted each other with reliefand exclamations of, “Thank God you’re OK.”

In Rockville Centre, N.Y., a Long Islandsuburb of New York City, the train stationwas unusually silent in the afternoon,because commuters weren’t coming homebecause of canceled trains. A hastily erectedmarquee-type sign at the station advisedresidents of the urgent need for blood.

Nearby, at a blood bank affiliated withLong Island Blood Services, so many donorshad volunteered that officials were accept-ing only donors with O-negative blood type,

known as universal donors since their bloodis accepted by any recipient. Donors withother types of blood were told to return later,or go to nearby hospitals or a Marriott hotelthat were conducting blood drives over thenext few days, said Susan Arnold, R.N., unitmanager for Long Island Blood Services.

Ms. Arnold directed staffers and volun-teers, carrying ice into the building, whileanswering questions from a cancer survivorabout whether she could donate blood. Morethan 100 donors had already given blood,Ms. Arnold said. Dozens more took numbersand sat on folding chairs that wrappedaround the building, waiting their turn. Inthe street out front, volunteers suggested topeople without O-negative blood coulddonate at a later time—to ease possiblefuture shortages, since donated blood has ashelf life of only a month, and donors mustwait 56 days before donating again.

Local restaurants donated food anddrinks for the blood donors and blood-bankworkers.

The mood was mostly solemn and deter-mined, but signs of anger were also in evi-dence.

In nearby Oceanside, commuters who didstraggle home through the day were greetedby neighbors with exclamations of relief attheir safe return, and anxious questionsabout those who had yet to come home.


❋ ❋ ❋

Many of the people who work in down-town Manhattan live in New Jersey, locatedjust across the Hudson River. Yesterday, ananxious waiting had taken hold in many ofthe towns that dot the train lines usually car-rying tens of thousands of commuters a day.

Word of who was still missing filledneighborhoods in Maplewood, about 35 min-utes west of New York, as residents gatheredin small groups along the town’s tree-linedstreets.

Among those waiting were the teachers ofthe South Mountain YMCA, a day-care cen-ter located right along the tracks. About 250babies and children were dropped off at thecenter Tuesday morning. More than half ofthe children have one or both parents whowork in the city.

Parents started calling almost as soon asthe first plane collided with the World TradeCenter. After local schools nearby startedclosing, teachers began the task of trying tocontact parents to pick up their children—and determining which children had parentswho were unaccounted for.

As of 12:30, director Marie Papageorgiscouldn’t reach the parents of about 50 chil-dren. She separated the files of parents whoworked in the city. By 4 p.m., the number ofchildren with missing parents had droppedto about 10. But in her hand, she held threefiles of children whose parents she knewworked at the World Trade Center.

Sylvia Achee and her son Nico are amongthe lucky ones. Her husband, David, worksat 4 World Trade Center. He called her rightafter the first blast, but she lost contact withhim after the second blast and the collapseof the towers.

“I turned on the news,” Ms. Achee said,and when she saw the collapse, “my heartfell.” Another wave of calls poured into herhouse from people asking whether he hadcalled again, and she almost sank in reliefwhen he did, about an hour later. Mr. Acheehad tried to help some of the injured andtook a ferry across the river with a badlyburned fire fighter. Ms. Achee said her hus-band was bruised, but otherwise all right.He was still not home as of 5 p.m.

It was only two months ago that Ms.Achee removed her son from the day-carecenter at the World Trade Center because,

she feared lax security and that he could bea target. She also repeatedly asked her hus-band, a locksmith, to stop working there.“We have talked about this a lot.”

Ms. Papageoris said that her staff willwait for parents—or guardians—as long as ittakes. Other parents have volunteered totake care of any children whose parents areunaccounted for. “We are just waiting it outand hoping that somehow, everyone showsup,” Ms. Papageoris said. Teachers tookheart in the funny stories—one man whowas late to work at the Trade Center becausehis three-year-old daughter had been espe-cially difficult. He watched the explosionfrom a ferry instead of being at his desk.

The task of finding parents was madeconsiderably easier by an e-mail list the cen-ter has compiled over the last year. Manyparents wrote back from Internet cafes inthe city after they had evacuated or fromtheir own computers, because the phonelines weren’t working.

Virginia Brown, who has two sons at thecenter, already went to try to donate blood,though she found a five-hour wait. She saidthat many families have moved to communi-ties such as Maplewood and South Orange inrecent years because of escalating real-estate prices in Manhattan. But, she said, atragedy like this shows how closely the sub-urbs and city are linked.

Selma Zupnik sat waiting at theMaplewood train station last night for herdaughter, Susan, who had escaped from the64th floor of the second tower. “The last mes-sage I got was to bring clothes,” Ms. Zupniksaid. She said her daughter, an analyst forthe Port Authority, is scared and chilledfrom the showers she had to walk throughwhen she arrived from the ferry in Hoboken.Fire officials had all the victims showerbecause they feared they were covered withasbestos.

Ms. Zupnik has been communicating withher daughter, who is deaf, through a wire-less paging device. “I cannot wait to see her.I am thankful she is safe. But I am so sadabout all the people who were killed.”

Vik DeLuca, Maplewood’s mayor, saidthat at least a few victims had been taken toarea hospitals after they stumbled off ofcommuter trains. He feared that Maplewoodand New Jersey communities would be hithard. “There are between 2,500 and 3,000people who go to New York every day fromMaplewood, and many of them work down-town,” Mr. DeLuca said. “This is going to be

a very long night.” In the nearby community of Millburn,

N.J., where many residents work in thefinancial-services industry in lowerManhattan, neighbors who on other dayswould casually wave to each other weremilling about the streets in groups. Oneman, arriving home from Manhattan bymidafternoon, was greeted by his wife in thedriveway. The two wiped tears away as theyhugged for several minutes and disappearedinto their house.

Ellen Kirkwood, whose husband, Eugene,works across the street from One WorldTrade Center, was attending the firstParent-Teacher Organization meeting of theyear at Wyoming Elementary School inMillburn yesterday morning when the prin-cipal made an announcement.

“She said there was some kind of incidentin New York,” said Mrs. Kirkwood, whoseson was in kindergarten class. “I wasn’treally paying much attention, but then shesaid something about the World TradeCenter, and I got up and left,” along withseveral other people. She tried to call herhusband from the school and couldn’t getthrough, so she picked up her one-year-oldand three-year-old from the baby sitter andheaded home.

Her husband, meanwhile, was at the trad-ing desk at Smith Barney AssetManagement on the 43rd floor of 7 WorldTrade Center when the first plane hit. “Thebuilding shook for a long time, and welooked out the window and saw debris fallingdown and fire all over the place.” Mr.Kirkwood said some people in the officestarted crying, and then someone on thedesk told everyone to get out.

Outside, Mr. Kirkwood started headingtoward the ferry. “I stopped to talk to some-one I recognized and looked up, saw a planebank and go right into the other tower,” Mr.Kirkwood said. At that point he knew it wasintentional, and said to the other person,“Let’s get out of here.”

On the ferry to New Jersey, Mr. Kirkwoodsaid everyone stared back towardManhattan “in shock.” He managed to getthrough on his cellphone to his home and lefta message that he was OK.

Back in Millburn, Mrs. Kirkwood arrivedat home with her two children from the P-TOmeeting and heard the message from herhusband. “I was pretty together, but I wasstill very relieved.” Mr. Kirkwood arrivedhome a little later, and by late afternoon

In New York’s Commuter Suburbs,It Is a Day of Worrying and Waiting

By Wall Street Journal staff reportersRebecca Blumenstein, Tim Layer andRobert McGough

❋ ❋ ❋


ver towers were always there. Way up there. Of course it fell. It was the most awful,

humbling, disgusting sight. All of a sudden,it was just a 100-floor shaft of smoke. As itfell, as it was hitting the ground, the smokeand crap flew upward, I guess along thesides still standing, and the smoke arcedaway from the building in a series of neat,repulsively identical plumes. I looked at thecenter of the building and all I could seewere a few scraggly black twisted girderspointing upward. Then they fell and it wasall gone.

We all had to start running again becausethe smoke was so huge and terrifying, and it

was moving very fast. It was covering all oflower Manhattan. Along the way, a fellowtold me that an airliner had crashed into thePentagon.

It was impossible to think. It was perfect-ly obvious that identifiable Middle East ter-rorists had done all this and the UnitedStates and its new president would beobliged to respond on some very large scale.For all that, the depth of the evil andnihilism was numbing to behold, though intruth the beholding was over. The people inthe airliners, the people coming off the topfloors of the buildings, the bodies at the bot-tom beneath the rubble, all these souls evap-

orated in one clear morning in September. As I walked north along the West Side

Highway, empty now but for a torrent ofpolice cars and fire engines from distantNew York suburbs, racing southward tohelp, I kept turning around and turningaround to look, and look again. I kept look-ing up at the sky, above the famous oldWoolworth Building, where the World TradeCenter stood, its two side-by-side towers, sohigh against the sky. I always saw the samething, which was nothing.

–Mr. Henninger is deputy editor of theeditorial page of the Journal.


❋ ❋ ❋

BY DANIEL HENNINGER

I saw the airliner at the instant it hit theNorth Tower of the World Trade Center. Alittle later I saw the flames burst out of theSouth Tower when the second airliner hit it.I saw people fall from the top of the WorldTrade Center. I saw the South Tower falldown. A little later, I saw the North Towerfall down. I have, in the past several hours,looked into lower Manhattan, and each time,where the World Trade Center stood, thereis absolutely nothing.

I think that in the next few days I amgoing to wish that I had not seen any of this.There is no benefit in being able to watchtwo 108-story office buildings fall to theground after two airliners have been forcedto fly into them. It all seems very compellingnow, and when you are in this business andyou are on the scene, it is your job to providean account. So this is just such an account,because there is something about us thatdemands that we provide this detail for therecord.

For some of us who commute into NewYork City from New Jersey there is thedelight each morning of traveling by ferryboat from Hoboken train terminal to lowerManhattan. The delight is in the fact thatfrom the ferry’s top deck one is able, eachmorning, to see the Statue of Liberty, thatgreat green statue. Morning after morning,for many of us, it remains a fresh sight andespecially so yesterday morning, against asky of the purest blue and a faint fall breeze.

I had come into town about 15 minutesearlier than usual, because I was going tobuy a new cummerbund at Brooks Brothersfor my tuxedo, to wear at my son’s weekendwedding in Madera, Calif. Brooks Brothersis just across the street from the WorldTrade Center.

There is a small coffee shop, with verygood cinnamon-raisin croissants, acrossfrom American Express in the northerntower of the World Financial Center. DowJones is in the WFC’s southern tower, andthe whole complex sits in the shadow of theWorld Trade Center. In fact, you have noidea, unless you had ever seen it, just howextraordinarily beautiful this complex ofbuildings was on a dark, clear night lookedat from the Hoboken ferry in the middle ofthe Hudson River; all the buildings would belit up, and the fat, domed World FinancialCenter’s buildings, designed by Cesar Pelli,stood in perfect proportion to the two mag-nificent, high silver towers. I cannot believeI will not see it again.

As I walked toward the coffee shop, atabout 8:45, I glanced upward, and then

downward. Quicker than these words canconvey, my mind said: I think I just saw thewing of an airliner below the top of theTrade Center. Then the loud sound. Ithought, my God, it hit it. But when I lookedup, there was no plane. There was a widegash across the north face of the tower, veryhigh up, and gray smoke was billowing outof the gash, and there was a large fire insidethe building. There were little, shining par-ticles floating down from the building. Inever saw the plane, or a fuselage or a wing.The plane seemed to have vaporized.

Way up there, the building just burned.There was a lot of smoke, but for a time,

despite the horrifying tragedy, it somehowseemed like a containable event. The smokewas billowing upward and about three-fourths of the building looked fine. It seemedthat the people below the gash would be ableto descend. For awhile, the gathered crowdon the ground mainly watched amazed asthe Trade Center tower burned from this oneawful, open wound. Then the back of theother tower blew out. Then hell was inManhattan.

A guy came running toward us who saidanother plane had crashed into the othertower, and now the sky was filling with amassive wall of black smoke and orangeflames. Staring upward at the two majesticbuildings, one had helpless thoughts about ahelpless situation. It was so high up, therewas no way to put water on these flames; itwas just going to keep burning. Maybe itwould just burn out the top of the building.

For awhile, aside from the flames andsmoke, it was oddly uneventful. Sometimeswindows would fall off the building and floatdown; sometimes a piece of smoking debriswould arc downward. Then people startedjumping off.

They were all so far away, but you alwaysknew when a person was coming off thebuilding because they all came down thesame way—spread-eagled, turning, fallingfast, and disappearing behind theWoolworth Building. It was awful, and one’shead filled, irresistably, with awfulthoughts. Did they jump rather than be

burned? Did the fire force them off the build-ing? Just an hour before, they were probablyon the ground, like the rest of us. I wasstooping down near a trimmed green hedgenear Stuyvesant High School, and I kepthearing a cricket chirp in the hedge, andoccasionally small birds would fly up towardthe blue.

Then the first building fell down. Youhave probably seen this over and over on tel-evision. I heard on TV later that a lot of peo-ple got out of the towers in an orderly evac-uation because someone told them the build-ings couldn’t fall down. I never thoughtthose towers would fall down. But when itfell, it fell not merely with thunder, but allthe way down, as rubble. It was so quicklynothing.

Now we were all running away, hard,because the smoke, about 40 stories high,was racing outward, toward us and all oflower Manhattan. My editorial-page col-league Jason Riley told me later that he gotcaught in the first collapse’s fallout. Hecouldn’t run faster than the smoke andcrawled under a van to avoid the debris. Buthe started choking and his eyes were burn-ing and the air had turned black. He said hethought the van would move and kill him. Hebanged on the van’s window and they lethim in. Then they opened the door to let twoother guys in, and the van started fillingwith floating debris and smoke. He got outand cops were telling people to “make forthe water.” Jason headed toward theBrooklyn Bridge, and made it across.

I went north on the West Side Highway,with thousands of scared people. There issomething called the Children’s Playgroundalong there, and I went in and sat down at apicnic table to watch the towers again. Thenorthern tower was still burning from itsoriginal wound; in fact, for awhile the burn-ing seemed to stop in the first tower, butstarted again after the other building felldown. I decided that if the other tower hadcollapsed, then this one would too, and I wasgoing to watch it fall.

I was going to bear witness. Let’s be a lit-tle more precise about this statement. Iloved the World Trade Center towers. I haveworked in their shadow for almost 25 years.I came to see them the way I saw the Statueof Liberty. At night, in the fall, as I notedearlier, when they and all the rest ofManhattan’s buildings were alight against adark sky, the World Trade Center’s towerswere just joyous. They shouted out on behalfof everyone in this city, where everyoneseems to take pride in working long, hardhours. No matter what, those long, hard sil-

I Saw It All. Then I Saw Nothing.

Of course it fell. It wasthe most awful, humbling,disgusting sight. All of asudden, it was just a 100-floor shaft of smoke.


❋ ❋ ❋

The last time the New York StockExchange closed for an unscheduled day wasRichard Nixon’s funeral in 1994, and the lasttime for two unscheduled days was for V-J atthe end of World War II. Perhaps the last bigshutdown because of direct damage to finan-cial markets was the 1835 New York City fire.

Past history suggests the stock marketwill likely tumble when it finally opens againfor trading, but a rebound could follow. TheDow Jones Industrial Average sank 2.9% theday after the Pearl Harbor bombing, perhapsthe most comparable tragedy in U.S. history,according to brokerage firm A.G. Edwards inSt. Louis. The U.S. stock market was in abear market and the economy struggling atthe time of Pearl Harbor, similar to its statebefore yesterday’s surprise attack. The Dowaverage was down a full 9.7% three monthsafter the Pearl Harbor attack.

But the Dow average was off just 0.1% 12months after the attack, after signs of aneconomic recovery emerged.

The market has generally shrugged offterrorist attacks such as the one against thefederal office building in Oklahoma City orthe first bombing of the Trade Center,though those attacks were less severe thanthis one. “In terms of magnitude, this is somuch greater, I don’t think it’s comparable,”said Steve Leuthold, head of Leuthold Group,a money-management and research firm inMinneapolis. He added that the Kennedyassassination was a reasonable comparisonbecause people believed it was part of abroader attack on the U.S. government.

The market was open at the time of theattack and quickly fell 4% before trading washalted. But when the market reopened sev-eral days later following the president’sfuneral, it was clear to investors that thegovernment was secure, and the marketsurged 4% that day.

Some analysts feared a prolonged shut-down of U.S. markets could only furthererode investor faith in workings of the finan-cial markets. “Keeping the markets closedshows that terrorists brought you to bay, andit also creates more uncertainty,” said GaryGensler, the top Treasury official overseeingfinancial markets for the Clinton adminis-tration. Open markets would “allow for a lotof economic pressures to be relieved in anorderly way,” he added.

But others speculated that an extendedperiod with no trading could allow marketsto reopen in a climate of calm, once the ini-

tial period of panic and rumor had passed.“The longer it takes, the less shock there’sgoing to be,” Mr. Leuthold said.

“I’m more concerned about the mentalstate of the people exposed to this kind oftragedy up close,” Mr. Pitt said. “We need aperiod to calm down. It would be unwise toforce people back to work,” he added.

Today, firms, markets and exchanges willneed time to assess the effect of operationsthat were lost in the collapse of the towers,Mr. Pitt said. For instance, the NYSE had anumber of operations in one of the two tow-ers, including some regulatory offices.Regulators also say it is impossible to knowthe amount of records that were lost in thevarious offices of Wall Street firms located inthe towers.

In Washington, the President’s WorkingGroup on Financial Markets—made up ofthe chief financial regulators, the FederalReserve, the Treasury, the SEC, and theCommodities Futures Trading Commission—held formal and informal conference callsthroughout the day yesterday, and issued alate-afternoon joint statement backing thedecisions to close markets and expressing“confidence that trading will resume as soonas it is both appropriate and practical.” Oneissue to be weighed by regulators today iswhether to allow some markets, such as theChicago futures markets, to reopen prior toother markets.

Soon after the first attack in the heart ofthe financial center in lower Manhattan, mar-kets began announcing that the trading open-ings would be delayed. But the NYSE andNasdaq Stock Market, the two largest stockmarkets, never began trading, as the scope ofthe damage became clear. The SEC said allregional exchanges, and the American StockExchange also closed for the day.

In addition, most commodity futures andoptions markets nationwide shut down. NewYork Board of Trade, located in a nearbyWorld Trade Center building, was destroyedwhen the towers collapsed. The New YorkMercantile Exchange closed, followed byChicago Board of Trade and ChicagoMercantile Exchange. Fannie Mae, based inWashington, postponed the scheduledannouncement of its benchmark bills andnotes yesterday in light of the market’s clo-sure. The Treasury canceled permanentlyyesterday’s four-week bill auction.

Later in the day, another Trade Centerbuilding collapsed, destroying the SEC’s three-

Attack Shuts Down U.S. Marketsand Causes Global Declines


Markets Will RemainClosed Again Today;Officials Assess Damage

In the wake of the destruction caused bythe terrorist attack on lower Manhattan, thenerve center of U.S. finance, all major mar-kets were closed yesterday and will remainclosed today, as officials scramble to instillconfidence in shaken global investors.

When U.S. markets will reopen and whatwill happen when trading resumes is

unclear, as officials sift through the physicaldamage and human carnage.

There is a risk that U.S. stock markets,already shaky, could follow the jittery reac-tion in the global markets that did remainopen yesterday. In Europe, the Dow JonesStoxx 50 index of European blue chipsplunged 6.1% to its lowest level since August1998. British stocks fell 5.7%, French stocks7.4% and German stocks 8.5%.

In a further sign of nervousness, onWednesday in Asia, the benchmark Nikkeiindex of major Tokyo stocks was down 5.9%at 9685.77 in midday trading, falling belowthe psychologically important 10000 mark forthe first time since 1984. The dollar fellsharply against both the Japanese yen andthe euro, while the price of gold—considereda haven during times of crisis—spiked up.

“Even if it’s physically possible” toreopen trading, “it may not be practical,”Harvey Pitt, chairman of the Securities andExchange Commission, said in an interviewyesterday afternoon. He said officials need-ed to be sensitive to the tragedy hittingemployees, and the state of trading systems.The shutdown will affect all stock andfutures markets, which shut yesterdaymorning shortly after word of the bombingattacks spread.

The Bond Market Association told securi-ties firms that bond trading had been sus-pended “indefinitely.”

The Federal Reserve promised to providesufficient cash to keep the financial systemstable.

By Wall Street Journal staff reportersMichael Schroeder in Washington, andKate Kelly and Antonio Regalado inNew York

a car and found other bridges in Brooklynclosed, they arranged to be picked up byboat and ferried to Connecticut, on route toNasdaq’s data center in Trumbull to monitorthe market situation. Other senior execu-tives set up a command post in a midtownhotel.

Although most European markets official-ly remained open yesterday, most tradersthere found it difficult to do much business.Several firms shut down early, and staff atothers were glued to television screens fornews updates. One German fund managershrugged off calls, saying it was “wrong tobe talking about stocks when thousands ofAmericans are dying.”

Business in London’s financial districtground to a standstill yesterday afternoon astraders and salesmen, stymied by clogged-up telephone lines to the U.S., resorted towatching stunning footage on television ofthe terrorist attacks and the damage theywreaked.

“The biggest worry is the short-termdamage this [terrorist crisis] does to theU.S. economy, which was already borderingon recession,” said Gary Dugan, a Europeanequity strategist at J.P. Morgan FlemingAsset Management in London. “There’shuge risk-aversion spreading through themarkets; people are just selling.”

Sergio Albarelli, a director at Milan bro-kerage Franklin Templeton Sim, fretted thatclosing markets would only compoundinvestors’ anxiety. “The most worryingaspect is how long markets will stay closedsince this has repercussions on all economicactivity, and it’s a risk for stability to keepthem closed,” he said.

Back in the U.S., those investors able tocontemplate the markets tried to figure out

floor New York offices. The SEC’s 300 NewYork employees had already been evacuated.

Throughout the day, shocked financial-district workers filtered northward alongstreets largely barren except for emergencyvehicles. Michael O’Brien, a supervisor atthe NYSE, said traders and other staff hadbeen out on Broad Street watching the firescaused by the impact of the airplanes whenthe first of the towers collapsed. “There wasblack smoke billowing down Broad St.,” saidMr. O’Brien, who fled back inside theexchange with colleagues. “It looked likeIndiana Jones.”

Trading on the floor, which usually startsat 9:30 a.m. Eastern time, never began, saidMr. O’Brien. When the second plane collid-ed, lights flickered inside the exchange,according to Mr. O’Brien and two othersupervisors whose green tunics were dustedin the fine powder that coated downtownafter the disaster. “They told us to staycalm,” said Mr. O’Brien. “But our naturalreaction was that our building could be amajor target. There was a lot of subduedfear on the trading floor.”

He said that after the buildings collapsed,NYSE employees were told to stay inside thebuilding. Injured were brought into theNYSE off the street, and carried across thetrading floor to a triage set up by NYSEmedical staff at the new trading room at 30Broad Street. Mr. O’Brien said about 20injured were treated in the exchange, withfour collected by ambulances and taken tohospitals.

Mr. O’Brien and the other two supervi-sors said the area near the trade centerafter the collapse reminded them of disasterimages from the eruption of Mount St.Helen’s. “You go onto Wall St. and you canscoop up vials of dust off the street,” he said.

“It hasn’t sunk in yet,” said anotherNYSE supervisor, who still had debris in hishair, and didn’t want his name used. “It has-n’t sunk in yet. We hope that PresidentBush, who was elected to do the right thing,does do the right thing.”

Nasdaq officials had a frightening view ofthe terrorist attack from their offices in the49th and 50th floors of One Liberty Plaza,located across the street from the WorldTrade Center. Scott Peterson, a spokesman,said he and others saw an American Airlinesflight “coming in low, wings wagging backand forth” before it crashed in the WorldTrade Center.

After the explosion, a group of Nasdaqofficials decided to evacuate the building,making their way through broken glass atstreet level and the chaos of other workerstrying to escape the area over the BrooklynBridge.

When the Nasdaq officials flagged down

❋ ❋ ❋

EuropeCOUNTRY INDEX % CHANGE

Belgium Bel-20 Index -5.46Britain London FTSE 100-share -5.72France Paris CAC 40 -7.39Germany Frankfurt Xetra DAX -8.49Italy Milan MIBtel -7.42Netherlands Amsterdam AEX -6.95Spain IBEX 35 -4.56Sweden SX All Share -7.75Switzerland Zurich Swiss Market -7.07

Latin AmericaCOUNTRY INDEX % CHANGE

Argentina Merval Index -5.18Brazil Sao Paulo Bovespa -9.18Canada Toronto 300 Comp. -4.03

Chile Santiago IPSA -2.80Mexico I.P.C. All-Share -5.55

Asia*

COUNTRY INDEX % CHANGE

Australia All Ordinaries -0.01China Dow Jones Shanghai +0.30China Dow Jones Shenzhen +0.09Hong Kong Hang Seng +0.49India Bombay Sensex -1.04Japan Tokyo Nikkei 225 +0.95Japan Tokyo Topix Index +0.20Singapore Straits Times +0.53South Korea Composite -1.84Taiwan Weighted Index -2.62

*Asia’s markets closed before having a chance to react tothe news, but by midday, Japan’s Nikkei fell nearly 6%.

Source: WSJ Market Data Group

How the World’s Markets Reacted

how stocks will react to the tragedy. AlGoldman, chief market strategist at A.G.Edwards, said he fielded more than 20 callsfrom the firm’s brokers throughout the day.

Mr. Goldman, who had been among themore upbeat analysts, said the attacks willbadly hurt the nation’s economy and lowerthe gross domestic product during both thethird and fourth quarters this year, chieflyby crippling consumer spending.

“Consumer spirits will be hurt, there’s nodoubt,” he said. “People aren’t going to wantto go to the mall, to dinner or take trips.”

–Silvia Ascarelli in London, and GregoryZuckerman and Ken Brown in New York

contributed to this article.

❋ ❋ ❋


Timothy Gleason, a spokesman for the com-pany’s office in Rochester, N.Y., said duringthe day.

Gunther K. Buerman, a managing direc-tor added: “Right now, for all of us, peopleare first, business is secondary.”


❋ ❋ ❋

A WALL STREET JOURNAL News RoundupThe devastation of the World Trade

Center wiped out a symbol of America butalso a very real center of U.S. business andfinancial life.

Among the hundreds of tenants housed inthe two 110-story buildings were many bro-kerage firms and banks, law offices, tech-nology companies, trading firms and otherbusinesses, all occupying prized office spacewithin a five-minute walk of Wall Streetitself.

More than 50,000 people regularly workedin the Twin Towers and other World TradeCenter buildings, with tens of thousandsmore—including many tourists visiting asky-high observation deck and shopperscrowding ground-level retail outlets andbanks—moving through the complex eachday. Many people escaped before thedestruction of the landmark buildings, butamid the chaos, the toll of dead and injuredwas unclear.

Many hours after the jetliners crashedinto the buildings, tenant companies werestruggling to obtain information on the sta-tus of their employees and to offer whatcomfort they could to family and relatives.

Numerous foreign banks favored theWorld Trade Center for their New Yorkoffices, including Germany’s Deutsche BankAG, which occupied four floors. Governmentoffices also were located throughout the com-plex; Secret Service agents traveling withPresident Bush say about 200 agents werestationed in the World Trade Center office.

Among domestic financial firms, MorganStanley, based in midtown Manhattan, wasone of the World Trade Center’s largest ten-ants, with about 20 floors as a result of itsacquisition of Dean Witter, which long hadits offices in the Twin Towers.

Yesterday morning, Morgan StanleyPresident Robert Scott was at a conferencein his firm’s offices, addressing about 400economists and investors at a meeting ofNational Association of BusinessEconomists. Mr. Scott’s topic: the invest-ment opportunity stemming from the sav-ings of baby boomers in coming years.Suddenly, the chandeliers started shaking,and Mr. Scott stopped.

People started leaving the room, firstwalking and then running. Mr. Scott made itout of the building safely, though MorganStanley yesterday couldn’t say how many ofits World Trade Center employees wereunaccounted for.

“Our immediate focus and concern arefor the well-being and safety of MorganStanley employees,” said Phil Purcell, chair-man and chief executive of the brokerageand investment-banking firm. “Some 3,500people working for Morgan Stanley’s indi-vidual-investor businesses were based in theWorld Trade Center complex, and we areworking diligently with local authorities todetermine the facts regarding their safety.”

Because of the confusion and evacuationof the injured to hospitals, the safety of somebuilding occupants was hard to determine.David Alger, head of Fred Alger ManagementInc. which occupied the 93rd floor of theNorth Tower, remained unaccounted for lastevening, a family member said. His familyhad no information on any of the firm’semployees, the family member said.

Mr. Alger’s funds built some of the bestperformance records in the mutual-fundindustry during the past decade by investingin fast-growing companies, and he was oneof the first mainstream money managers toembrace Internet stocks. His firm is alsoknown as a training ground for young ana-lysts, several of whom hold top positions inmajor firms, including Stilwell FinancialInc.’s Janus Capital Corp.

Cantor Fitzgerald, one of the country’sbiggest bond dealers responsible for tradingas much as a third of all U.S. governmentbonds, had offices on some of the highestfloors—between the 101st and 105th floors ofthe North Tower. “We are doing everythingwe can to assess the situation, focusingmainly on the state of our employees,” aspokeswoman said, declining to elaborate.

Brent Glading, a salesman for MassMutualFinancial Group’s OppenheimerFunds Inc.,was on the 33rd floor of the South Tower yes-terday morning when the first plane hit theNorth Tower. He headed down the stairs, butthen there was an announcement over thebuilding’s public address system that said aplane had hit the North Tower but that theSouth Tower was secure. So he and othersbegan heading back to their offices.

Mr. Glading, who had made it down to thesixth floor, had climbed up to the 20th whenthe jetliner smashed into his building. “Ihave to believe that anyone who was in theprocess of evacuating may have stopped,” hesaid, adding the flow of people down thestairs thinned significantly. “It was too pre-mature to make that kind of announcement,”said Mr. Glading, who escaped uninjured.

When the plane hit, Mr. Glading was in

the stairwell and smelled smoke. “The build-ing was shaking like hell, and I thought Ibetter get out of here,” he said.

Executives of money-management firmFiduciary Trust Inc., a unit of FranklinResources Inc., said many of the 500 employ-ees who worked in the complex had gotten out,but officials didn’t have an exact count.“We’ve been incredibly lucky; people we knewwere in there got out,” said Anne Tatlock, thefirm’s chairman and chief executive.

Fiduciary Trust, which occupied fivefloors that were located high in the SouthTower, caters to investors of substantial networth and used its elegant offices to helpwoo clients, who often paused to admire theamazing views when they visited.

Ms. Tatlock was in Omaha, Neb., at aconference sponsored by Warren Buffettwhen she heard about the disaster. “Ithought, why would they joke, then I saw theTV,” she said.

Network Plus Corp., Randolph, Mass.,said all 21 employees working in offices onthe 81st floor of the North Tower were able toevacuate. The telecommunications providersaid the office employs about 40 people, butmany of those workers were out in the field.

But a representative in the Hartford,Conn., office of investment-banking firmKeefe, Bruyette & Woods, which had officeson the 89th floor of the South Tower, said thecompany hadn’t accounted for all the 150bankers, traders and research analysts whonormally work in the building.

The firm had developed plans for emer-gencies after the World Trade Center bomb-ing in 1993. Yesterday, however, officials out-side of the Manhattan office had only verysketchy information and were swampedfielding calls from worried family members.“I have no idea what we are going to donow,” a spokesman said. “We are operatingon a personal level today, obviously.”

A spokesman for MassMutual FinancialGroup said all of the roughly 600 employeesin their offices in the South Tower survivedthe attack. He said the firm, with $127 billionin assets, would be ready to operate whenmarkets reopen and that OppenheimerFunds,which had its headquarters in the WorldTrade Center, would relocate its criticalservices.

Law firm Harris Beach & Wilcox LLP had113 people, including 50 attorneys, workingon the 85th floor of the South Tower. “Thedifficulty is that we can’t obtain informa-tion. We can’t reach the 212 area code.”

Trade Center Firms Fear ForFriends and Colleagues

❋ ❋ ❋


Blue Sky Technologies Computer (services) . . 46Can-Achieve (consulting). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Consolidated Steelex Corp. (manufacturing) . 46Dahao USA Corp (wholesalers) . . . . . . . . . . . 46J & X Tans Intl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Kanebo Information Systems Corp., U Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Meganet Management consult., Inc Computers 46Prospect Intl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Sinopec USA (wholesalers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Suggested Open Systems Computer (services) 46Suntendy America (wholesalers) . . . . . . . . . 46T&T Enterprises Intl. Inc Miscellaneous . . . . 46Yong Ren America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46G. Z. Stephens (Employ Agencies) . . . . . . . . . 47NFA/GGG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Pacific American Co. (wholesalers) . . . . . . . 47Quint Amasis, L.L.C. Business (services) . . . 47W.J. Export-Import (wholesalers) . . . . . . . . . 47American TCC Int’l Group (investments) . 47, 90Dai-Ichi Kangyo Trust Co. Trusts . . . . . . . 48-50AT&T Corp. (telecom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51C & P Press Business (services) . . . . . . . . . . 51Bramax (USA) Corp. (manufacturing) . . . . . 52Gayer Shyu & Wiesel (investments) . . . . . . . . 52Hill Betts & Nash, LLP (law) . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Howly (US) corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Leeds & Morrelli (law) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Okasan Intl. (American) Inc. (investments) . . 52RGL Gallagher PC Accountants . . . . . . . . . . 52Richard A. Zimmerman, Esq. (law) . . . . . . . 52The Williams Capital Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Temenos USA (wholesalers) . . . . . . . . . . 52, 84A I G Aviation Brokerage (insurance) Agencies 53Bank of Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53China Resource Products USA Ltd. . . . . . . . . 53Keenan Powers & Andrews (law) . . . . . . . . . 53LoCurto & Funk (investments) . . . . . . . . . . . 53Natural Nydegger Transport Corp. . . . . . . . . 53Pacrim Trading & Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . 53, 78

Brown & Wood, L.L.P. (law) . . . . . . . . 54, 56-59Pace University (government/schools) . . . . . 55World Trade Inst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Asahi Bank, Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Airport Access Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Hal Roth Agncy (insurance) Agencies . . . . . . 77Jun He law Office, LLC (law) . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Martin Progressive LLC Computer (services) . 77New-ey Intl. Corp. Business (services) . . . . . . 77World Trade Centers Assoc. Organizations . . .77Avenir Computer (services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Baltic Oil Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Cedar Capital Management Assoc. . . . . . . . . 78Cheng Cheng Enterprises Holding Inc Retailers 78Geiger & Geiger (law) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Hyundai Securities Co., Ltd. (investments) . . 78Intl. Trade Center Public Relations Agencies . 78Korea Local Authorities Foundation . . . . . . . 78Meridian Ventures Holding . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Phink Path (Employ Agencies) . . . . . . . . . . . 78Traders Access Center (investments) . . . . . . 78Daynard & Van Thunen Co. (insurance) Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

First Liberty Investment Group (investments) 79intl. Office Centers corp. Business (services) .79Nikko Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Okato Shoji Co., Ltd. Computer (services) . . . 79Securant Technologies Computer (services) . . 79Agricor Commodities Corp. (investments) . . . 80Intrust Investment Realty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80Noga Commodities Overseas (investments) . . 80RLI (insurance) Co. (insurance) Agencies . . . 80Shizuoka Bank Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80The Beast.Comm Computer (services) . . . . . 80Network Plus (telecom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81New Continental Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . 81NY Metro Transp. Council (government/schools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

eMeritus Commun. (telecom) . . . . . . . . . . . . 83General (telecom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Global Crossings Holdings Ltd. Computer (services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Lava Trading, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Taipei Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83Bright China Capital, Ltd. (investments) . . . . 84David Peterson (law) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84KITC (investments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84LG Securities America (investments) . . . . . . 84San-In Godo Bank Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84SMW Trading Corp. (investments) . . . . . . . . 85Thermo Electron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Julien J. Studley Real Estate . . . . . . . . . . . . 86May Davis Group (investments) . . . . . . . . . . 87Barcley Dwyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Broad USA (wholesalers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89CIIC Group (USA), Ltd. (investments) . . . . . . 89Daehan Intl. (investments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Drinker Biddle & Reath (law) . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Metropolitan Life Co. (insurance) . . . . . . . . . 89Mutual Intl. Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Strategic Commun. (telecom) . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Wai Gao Qiao USA (consulting). . . . . . . . . . . 89Wall Street Planning assoc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89The Chugoku Bank, Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90American Bureau of Shipping (engineers) . . . 91Fred Alger Management (investments) . . . . . 93Marsh USA (insurance) Agencies . . . . . . . 93-100Kidder Peabody & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101Cantor Fitzgerald Securities (investments) 101-105The Nishi-Nippon Bank, Ltd. . . . . . . . . . . . 102Channel 4 (NBC) (television) . . . . . . . . . . . 104Windows on the World Retailers . . . . . . . . . 106Greatest Bar on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107World Trade Club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107Channel 11 (WPIX) (television) . . . . . . . . . . 110Channel 2 (WCBS) (television) . . . . . . . . . . 110Channel 31 (WBIS) (television) . . . . . . . . . . 110Channel 47 (WNJU) (television) . . . . . . . . . 110Channel 5 (WNYW) (television . . . . . . . . . . . 110CNN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110


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TENANTS (INDUSTRY) . . . . .FLOOR(s)/SUITE(s)

South TowerCINDE Continental Co. (insurance)Xerox Document Co. (manufacturing) . . . BSMTJohnston & Murphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . concordNicholsFoundation (government/schools) . GRNDVerizon commun. (telecom) . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12Colortek Kodak Imaging (services) . . . . . . . . . 1EuroBrokers (investments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Charna Chemicals (manufacturing) . . . . . . . . 14Paging Network, New York (telecom) . . . . . . . 14Patinka intl. Inc. Business (services) . . . . . . . 14Union Bank of California Intl. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Candia Shipping (wholesalers) . . . . . . . . . . . 15James T. Ratner, law (law) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15John J. McMullen Assoc. (engineers) . . . . . . . 15John W. Loofbourrow Assoc.(investments) . . . 15Orient Intl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Mancini Duffy (architects) . . . . . . . . . 15, 21, 22National Develop & (research) . . . . . . . . . . . 16N.Y. Inst. of Finance (consulting) . . . . . . . . . 17Alliance consulting (consulting) . . . . . . . . . . 18Caserta & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Chen, Lin, Li, & Jiang, LLP (investments) . . . 18Intera Group Inc. (employ agencies) . . . . . . . 18Abad, Castilla & Mallonga (law) . . . . . . . . . . 18Pines Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Professional Assist. & Consultng . . . . . . . . . . 18Weiland intl. (investments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Showtime Pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 107Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor . . 19N.Y. Shipping Assoc. (transp./util.) . . . . . 19, 20Thacher, Proffitt & Wood (law) . . . . . . . 20, 38-40Adecco SA (employ agencies) . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Career Engine (research) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Charoen Pokphand USA (trans./util.) . . . . . . 21Antal intl. (employ agencies) . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Sinochem American Holdings (investments) . . 22Washington Mutual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Unistrat Corp. of America (consulting) . . . . . 23SCOR U.S. Corp. Agencies (insurance) . . . 23, 24Allstate Co. (insurance) Agencies . . . . . . . . . 24China Chamber of Commerce Organizations . . 24December First Productions,LLC . . . . . . . . . . 24Globe Tour & Travel Tours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Sinolion (USA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24TD Waterhouse Group (investments) . . . . . . . 24Sun Microsystems Comp. (services) . . . . . 25, 26Big A Travel (Travel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Hua Nan Commercial Bank (financial) . . . . . . 28law Office of Joseph Bellard (law) . . . . . . . . . 28New York Stock Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28-30Weatherly Securities Corp. (investments) . . . . 29Hartford Steam Boiler Agencies (insurance) . . 30Oppenheimer Funds (investments) . . . . . . . 31-34Commerzbank Capital Markets (investments) . 32ABN-AMRO Mortgage Brokers . . . . . . . . . . . 35Frenkel & Co. (insurance) Agencies . . . . . 35, 36Sitailong Intl. USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Morgan Stanley (investments) . . . 43-46, 56, 59-74Guy Carpenter Agencies (insurance) . . . . . 47-54

Fireman’s Fund Co. (insurance) . . . . . . . . . . 48Seabury & Smith (insurance) . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Garban Intercapital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55First Commercial Bank (financial) . . . . . . . . 78Fuji Bank (Banks) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79-82bepaid.com . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Harris Beach & Wilcox, LLP (law) . . . . . . . . . 85Keefe, Bruyette,Woods (investments) . . 85, 88, 89NY State Dept. of Taxation & Finance . . . . 86, 87Corp. Service Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87Fiduciary Trust Co. Intl. Banks . . . 90,94,95,96,97Gibbs & Hill (engineers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Raytheon Co. (manufacturing) . . . . . . . . . . . 91AON corp. Agenc.(insurance) . . . . . . . 92, 99, 100Regus Business Centres Employment Agenc. . 93Sandler O’Neill & Partners (investments) . . . 104Atlantic Bank of New York Banks . . . . . . . . . 106

North TowerAlan Anthony (consulting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cedel Bank (investments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .LG (insurance) Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Northern Trust Intl. Banking Corp. financial inst.Royal Thai Embassy Office (government/schools)Tes USA (investments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .United Hercules Inc. Travel Agencies/Tours . . . .NY Coffee Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ann Taylor Loft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CNCRStrawberry Retailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CNCRAvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LBBYDelta Airlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LBBYOlympia Airport Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . LBBYLehman Bros. . . . . . . . . . suites 4047, 3841, 3941Port Authority of New York & New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 14, 19, 24, 28, 31

Gayer, Shyu & Wiesel Accountants . . . . . . . . . 5Thai Farmers Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Banks/financial inst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Amerson Group Co. Organizations . . . . . . . . . 8Bank of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Banks/financial inst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11, 81Porcella Vicini & Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Primarch Decision Economics (consulting). . . 11Instinet (investments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 14Dun & Bradstreet (Research) . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Landmark Education corp. (government/schools) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

California Bank & Trust Banks/financial inst. 16Zim-American Israeli Shipping Co. . . . . . . 16, 17Empire Health Choice Agencies(insurance) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17, 19, 20, 23, 24, 27-31Avesta Computer (services),Ltd. Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Continental Logistics Business (services) . . . . 21Dongwon Securities Co. Ltd. (investments) . . . 21Dr. Tadasu Tokumaru, M.D. Doctors . . . . . . . 21Friends Ivory & Sime (investments) . . . . . . . . 21Friends Villas Fischer Trust (investments) . . . 21Infotech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21law Offices of Roman V. Popik (law) . . . . . . . 21Lief Intl. USA (manufacturing) . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Tower Computer Service Retailers . . . . . . . . 21United Seamen’s Service AMMLA (Social services) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Cheng Xiang Trading USA Inc.(Computerservices) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Chicago Options Exchange Corp. (investments) 22G.C. Collection Agencies (services) . . . . . . . . 22Gold Sky Inc. (manufacturing) . . . . . . . . . . . 22Kaiser Overseas Inc. (manufacturing) . . . . . . 22Karoon Capital Management (investments) . . 22MLU Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22P. Wolfe Consult. (consulting). . . . . . . . . . . . 22The SCPIE Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Tai Fook Securities (investments) . . . . . . . 22, 39Unicom Capital Advisors LLP (investments)22, 84R.H. Wrightson & Assoc. (investments) . . . . . 25Garban-Intercapital (investments) . . . . . . . 25-26China Patent & Trademark USA (law) . . . . . . 29World Travel Travel Agencies/Tours . . . . . . . 29Banco LatinoAmericano de Exportaciones . . . 32Chang HWA Commercial Bank . . . . . . . . . . . 32Rohde & Liesenfeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Berel & Mullen (law) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33China Daily Distribution Corp. (services) . . . . 33Data Transmission Network Corp. . . . . . . . . . 33Golden King (USA) Limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Hu Tong Intl. (USA) Co., Ltd. (wholesalers) . . 33Koudis Intl. Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33MANAA Trading Group (investments) . . . . . . 33MIS Service Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Rachel & assoc. (manufacturing) . . . . . . . . . 33Serko & Simon (law) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Anne Pope, law Offices of (law) . . . . . . . . . . . 35Kemper insurance Companies (insurance) . 35, 36Commodity Futures Trading Comm(investments) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37government of Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Regional Alliance Small Contractors Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Turner Construction Co. Construction . . . . . . 38Lehman bros. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38-40Overseas Union Bank, Ltd. Banks/financial inst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

The Cultural Inst. Retirement Systems Trusts 39Xcel Federal Credit UnionBanks/financial Inst. 39Mechanical Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-43N.Y. Society of Security Analysts . . . . . . . . . 44American Lota Intl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45China Construction America Construction . . . 45Dunavant Commodity Corp (investments) . . . 45Employee Merit (Employ Agencies) . . . . . . . 45Fertitta Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45M.A. Katz, CPA Accountants . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Sassoons Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Security Traders Assoc. Organizations . . . . . 45SRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Streamline Capital, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45The Co. Store Retailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Pure Energy Corp. (wholesalers) . . . . . . .45, 53ASTDC Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Auto Imperial Co. (wholesalers) . . . . . . . . . . 46

Full List of World Trade Center Tenants

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Dow Jones Roster of

PULITZER PRIZE WINNING JOURNALISMFrom The Wall Street Journal

2002 - Breaking News Reporting - The Staff of The Wall Street Journal

2001 - Commentary - Dorothy Rabinowitz

2001 - International Reporting - Ian Johnson

2000 - Commentary - Paul A. Gigot

2000 - National Affairs - Staff

1999 - International Reporting - Staff

1999 - Feature Writing - Angelo B. Henderson

1997 - National Reporting - Staff

1996 - National Reporting - Alix M. Freedman

1995 - National Reporting - Tony Horwitz

1995 - Feature Writing - Ron Suskind

1993 - Beat Reporting - Paul Ingrassia and Joseph B. White

1991 - Explanatory Journalism - Susan C. Faludi

1988 - Explanatory Journalism - Daniel Hertzberg and James B. Stewart

1988 - Specialized Reporting - Walt Bogdanich

1984 - International Reporting - Karen Elliott House

1984 - Commentary - Vermont Royster

1983 - Criticism - Manuela Hoelterhoff

1980 - Editorial Writing - Robert L. Bartley

1972 - International Reporting - Peter R. Kann

1967 - National Reporting - Stanley Penn and Monroe Karmin

1965 - National Reporting - Louis M. Kohlmeier

1964 - Local General Spot News Reporting - Norman C. Miller

1961 - National Reporting - Edward R. Cony

1953 - Editorial Writing - Vermont Royster

1947 - Editorial Writing - William Henry Grimes

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