Adolescents, Young Adults, and Adults Chapter 8
Introduction
• Adolescents and young adults (15-24)• Adolescence generally regarded as puberty to
maturity
• Adults (25-64)
• 15-64 some of the most productive, or most productive, years of people’s lives
• Most enjoy the best health of their lives
• Shape health through lifestyle and health behavior for later years
Adolescents and Young Adults
• Represent the future of the nation
• Adolescence is difficult stage; period of transition from childhood to adulthood
• Comfort and security to complex and challenging situations
• Young adults complete physical growth; experience significant life changes
• Leave home, join military, begin careers, etc.
• Many health beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors are adopted and consolidated
Demography
• Numbers• Peaked in 1979 at 21% of population; now
~14%
• Living arrangements• 1/3 live in single parent families
• Employment status• Participation in labor force has remained fairly
constant in recent decades
• Disparities by race
Mortality
• Significant decline in death rates over past several decades; mostly due to advances in medicine and injury and disease prevention
• Male mortality rate higher than female
• Most threats stem from behavior rather than disease
• Unintentional injuries (46.5%), homicide (16%), suicide (12%)
Mortality
• 1/4 of all deaths in age group from motor vehicle injuries; alcohol contributing factor
• Homicide and suicide rates up 200-300% over last 50 years
• Significant racial disparities among race and leading causes of death
Morbidity
• Communicable diseases• Measles immunizations important
• Sexually transmitted diseases• This age group acquires nearly half of all new
STDs in the U.S.
• Some effects can last a lifetime
Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices of High School Students
• Unintentional injuries
• Violence
• Tobacco use
• Alcohol and other drugs
• Sexual behaviors – unintended pregnancies and STDs
• Physical activity
• Overweight and weight control
Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices of College Students
• Unintentional injuries
• Violence
• Tobacco use
• Alcohol and other drugs
• Sexual behaviors – unintended pregnancies and STDs
Figure 06A: Cigarette: trends in 30-day prevalence among college students versus others one to four years beyond high school
Figure 07A: Alcohol: trends in 30-day prevalence among college students versus others one to four years beyond high school.
Figure 07B: Alcohol: trends in two-week prevalence of five or more drinks in a row among male and female college students.
Community Health Strategies
• Main factors affecting community health with age group are social and cultural factors and community organizing
• Alcohol use a main problem
Health Profile
• Mortality• mainly from chronic diseases
• Many associated with unhealthy behaviors and poor lifestyle choices
• Lifestyle improvements and public health advances have led to decline in death rate for adults
Cancer
• #1 cause of death for adult age group in recent decades• Males – prostate, lung, and colorectal
• Females – breast, lung, and colorectal
Cardiovascular Disease
• Age-adjusted mortality rates dropped over past 60 years• Mainly due to public health efforts related to
smoking cessation, increased physical activity, and nutrition
Health Behaviors and Lifestyle Choices
• Risk factors for chronic disease• Most significant for adults – smoking, lack of
exercise, BMI, alcohol
• Risk factors for personal injury• Motor vehicle safety – seatbelts and alcohol
use
• Awareness and screening of certain conditions• Hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol
Community Health Strategies
• Emphasis on individual responsibility for health
• Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts for adults• Primary – exercise and nutrition programs
• Secondary – self and clinical screenings to identify and control disease processes
• Tertiary – medication compliance