9. TELECOMMUNICATIONS 9.1. INFORMATION SYSTEM INFORMATIONSYSTEM BUSINESSCHALLENGE BUSINESSSOLUTIONS MANAGEMENTINFORMATIONTECHNOLOGYORGANIZATION 9.2 SELECTING.

9. TELECOMMUNICATIO

NS

9. TELECOMMUNICATIO

NS

9.1

INFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEM

INFORMATION INFORMATION

SYSTEMSYSTEM

BUSINESS BUSINESS

CHALLENGECHALLENGE

BUSINESS BUSINESS

SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

INFORMATIONINFORMATION

TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION

9.2

SELECTING A SELECTING A TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLATFORMTELECOMMUNICATIONS PLATFORM

MANAGING LOCAL AREA MANAGING LOCAL AREA NETWORKSNETWORKS

TELECOMMUNICATIONSTELECOMMUNICATIONS

• COMMUNICATING INFORMATIONCOMMUNICATING INFORMATION

• VIA ELECTRONIC MEANSVIA ELECTRONIC MEANS

• OVER SOME DISTANCEOVER SOME DISTANCE

**

9.3

INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAYINFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

• NATIONAL / WORLDWIDENATIONAL / WORLDWIDE

• HIGH SPEEDHIGH SPEED

• DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONSDIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS

• ACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLICACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLIC

**

9.4

APPLICATIONAPPLICATION EXAMPLEEXAMPLE REQUIREMENTREQUIREMENT

ONLINE DATA ENTRY INVENTORY CONTROL DIRECT RESPONSE REQUIRED

ON-LINE TEXT RETRIEVAL HOSPITAL INFO SYSTEM HIGH VOLUME REAL TIME RESPONSE

LIBRARY SYSTEMS

INQUIRY / RESPONSE POINT-OF SALES RESPONSE WITHIN SECONDS

AIRLINE RESERVATIONS

CREDIT CHECKING

ADMINISTRATIVE MESSAGES ELECTRONIC MAIL SHORT RESPONSE / DELIVERY TIMES

PROCESS CONTROL COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING : NUMERIC MACHINE CONTROL

CONTINUOUS INPUT / ONLINE RESPONSES

INTERCOMPUTER DATA EXCHANGE

ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER BURST TRANSFER OF LARGE DATA

BLOCKS ON-LINE IMMEDIATE RESPONSE

COMMON BUSINESS TASKS REQUIRING TELECOMMUNICATIONS

COMMON BUSINESS TASKS REQUIRING TELECOMMUNICATIONS

9.5

SYSTEM COMPONENTSSYSTEM COMPONENTS

SYSTEMSYSTEMSYSTEM

INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS

FEEDBACK

• COMPUTERSCOMPUTERS• TERMINALS (Input / Output Devices)TERMINALS (Input / Output Devices)• COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELSCOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS• PROCESSORS (Modems; Multiplexers; PROCESSORS (Modems; Multiplexers;

Front-end Processors)Front-end Processors)• NETWORK SOFTWARENETWORK SOFTWARE

**

9.6

PROTOCOLPROTOCOL

RULES & PROCEDURESRULES & PROCEDURES

TO GOVERN TRANSMISSIONTO GOVERN TRANSMISSION

BETWEEN COMPONENTS BETWEEN COMPONENTS

IN A NETWORKIN A NETWORK

**

9.7

ANALOG SIGNALANALOG SIGNAL

• CONTINUOUS WAVEFORMCONTINUOUS WAVEFORM

• PASSES THRU SYSTEMPASSES THRU SYSTEM

• VOICE COMMUNICATIONSVOICE COMMUNICATIONS

**

9.8

DIGITAL SIGNALDIGITAL SIGNAL

• DISCRETE WAVEFORMDISCRETE WAVEFORM

• TWO DISCRETE STATES:TWO DISCRETE STATES:– 1-BIT & 0-BIT1-BIT & 0-BIT– ON / OFF PULSEON / OFF PULSE

• DATA COMMUNICATIONDATA COMMUNICATION

**

9.9

COMMUNICATION CHANNELSCOMMUNICATION CHANNELS

MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE TRANSMITTED:TRANSMITTED:

• TWISTED PAIR (Copper Wires)TWISTED PAIR (Copper Wires)

• COAXIAL CABLE: (Insulated Copper COAXIAL CABLE: (Insulated Copper Wires)Wires)

• FIBER-OPTIC CABLEFIBER-OPTIC CABLE

• WIRELESSWIRELESS

**9.10

FIBER OPTICSFIBER OPTICS

• SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDSSUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS

• OVER 4 MILLION MILES IN U.S.OVER 4 MILLION MILES IN U.S.

• NATION-WIDE BY 2015NATION-WIDE BY 2015

• UP TO TEN BILLION BITS PER UP TO TEN BILLION BITS PER SECONDSECOND

• FULL DUPLEXFULL DUPLEX

**SIGNALSIGNAL LASERLASER CABLECABLE PHOTOPHOTO

DETECTORDETECTOR SIGNALSIGNAL

9.11

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION (Megahertz)

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION (Megahertz)

• 101055 - 10 - 1088: AM Radio; Short Wave; FM; VHF-: AM Radio; Short Wave; FM; VHF-TVTV

• 101088 - 10 - 101010: UHF-TV, Cellular Phones, RAM : UHF-TV, Cellular Phones, RAM Mobile, Data, Cordless Phone, Paging, Mobile, Data, Cordless Phone, Paging, Narrow Band PCS, IndustrialNarrow Band PCS, Industrial

• 10101010 - 10 - 101212: Radar, Microwave: Radar, Microwave• 10101313 - 10 - 101414: Infra Red, Remote Control, : Infra Red, Remote Control,

WirelessWireless

**9.12

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION (Megahertz)

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION (Megahertz)

• 10101515 - 10 - 101616: Visible Light; Fiber Optics: Visible Light; Fiber Optics

• 10101818 - 10 - 102222: X-Ray, Gamma, Cosmic, : X-Ray, Gamma, Cosmic, Personal Communication Services Personal Communication Services (PCS)(PCS)

**

9.13

LOW-ORBIT SATELLITELOW-ORBIT SATELLITE

UPLINKUPLINK

MICROWAVE MICROWAVE TRANSMISSIONTRANSMISSION

DOWNLINKDOWNLINK

9.14

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES

• PAGING SYSTEM: Small Page Beeps PAGING SYSTEM: Small Page Beeps when Receives Short Messagewhen Receives Short Message

• CELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses CELLULAR TELEPHONE: Device uses Radio Waves to Reach Antennas Within Radio Waves to Reach Antennas Within Areas Called CellsAreas Called Cells

• MOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio - MOBILE DATA NETWORKS: Radio - based Data Network using Hand-held based Data Network using Hand-held Computers. Cheap, EfficientComputers. Cheap, Efficient

**9.15

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGIES

• PERSONAL COMMUNICATION PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE: Cellular; Lower Power; SERVICE: Cellular; Lower Power; Higher Frequency. Smaller Phones Higher Frequency. Smaller Phones not Shielded by Buildings, Tunnelsnot Shielded by Buildings, Tunnels

• PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT: PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT: Pen Sized, Hand-held, Digital Pen Sized, Hand-held, Digital CommunicatorCommunicator

**9.16

COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELSCOMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS

• TRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per TRANSMISSION SPEED: Bits per Second (BPS) or BaudSecond (BPS) or Baud

• BANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel; BANDWIDTH: Capacity of Channel; Difference between Highest & Difference between Highest & Lowest FrequenciesLowest Frequencies

**

9.17

SPEEDS & COST OF MEDIASPEEDS & COST OF MEDIA MEDIUMMEDIUM SPEEDSPEED COSTCOST TWISTED PAIRTWISTED PAIR 300 BPS - 10 MBPS300 BPS - 10 MBPS LOWLOW

MICROWAVEMICROWAVE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

SATELLITESATELLITE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

COAXIAL CABLECOAXIAL CABLE 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS56 KBPS - 200 MBPS

FIBER OPTICSFIBER OPTICS 56 KBPS - 10 GBPS56 KBPS - 10 GBPS HIGHHIGH BPS: BITS PER SECONDBPS: BITS PER SECOND KBPS: KILOBITS PER SECONDKBPS: KILOBITS PER SECOND MBPS: MEGABITS PER SECONDMBPS: MEGABITS PER SECOND GBPS: GIGABITS PER SECONDGBPS: GIGABITS PER SECOND9.18

TRANSMISSION MODESTRANSMISSION MODES

• ASYNCHRONOUS: One Character at ASYNCHRONOUS: One Character at a Time; Start, Stop, Parity Bits; Low a Time; Start, Stop, Parity Bits; Low SpeedSpeed

• SYNCHRONOUS: Timing Circuitry SYNCHRONOUS: Timing Circuitry determines Start & End of Block determines Start & End of Block Transmission; High SpeedTransmission; High Speed

**

9.19

TRANSMISSION DIRECTIONTRANSMISSION DIRECTION

• SIMPLEX: One Direction OnlySIMPLEX: One Direction Only

• HALF-DUPLEX: Can Flow Both HALF-DUPLEX: Can Flow Both Ways; Only One Direction at a TimeWays; Only One Direction at a Time

• FULL-DUPLEX: Both Directions FULL-DUPLEX: Both Directions SimultaneouslySimultaneously

**

9.20

COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORSCOMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORS• FRONT- END PROCESSOR: Minicomputer FRONT- END PROCESSOR: Minicomputer

Manages Communication for Host ComputerManages Communication for Host Computer• CONCENTRATOR: Computer Collects CONCENTRATOR: Computer Collects

Messages for Batch Transmission to Host Messages for Batch Transmission to Host ComputerComputer

• CONTROLLER: Computer Controls Interface CONTROLLER: Computer Controls Interface between CPU and Peripheral Devicesbetween CPU and Peripheral Devices

• MULTIPLEXER: Allows Channel to Carry MULTIPLEXER: Allows Channel to Carry Multiple Sources SimultaneouslyMultiple Sources Simultaneously

**

9.21

NETWORK TOPOLOGIESNETWORK TOPOLOGIES

HOSTHOST

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER USERUSER

STARSTAR

9.22

NETWORK TOPOLOGIESNETWORK TOPOLOGIES

BUSBUS

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

9.23

NETWORK TOPOLOGIESNETWORK TOPOLOGIES

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

USERUSER

RINGRING

9.24

LOCAL NETWORKSLOCAL NETWORKS

• PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX): Firm’s Central Switching SystemFirm’s Central Switching System

• LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): Dedicated LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): Dedicated Channels; Limited Distance (less than Channels; Limited Distance (less than 2000 foot radius); Higher Capacity than 2000 foot radius); Higher Capacity than PBX. Can Share Expensive Hardware & PBX. Can Share Expensive Hardware & SoftwareSoftware

**

9.25

LOCAL AREA NETWORKLOCAL AREA NETWORK

• FILE SERVER: Stores Programs, FILE SERVER: Stores Programs, Data; Determines Access to NetworkData; Determines Access to Network

• NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM: NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM: Manages File Server; Routes Manages File Server; Routes Communications on NetworkCommunications on Network

• GATEWAY: Connection to Other GATEWAY: Connection to Other NetworksNetworks

**9.26

LOCAL AREA NETWORKLOCAL AREA NETWORK

• BASEBAND: Provides Single Path BASEBAND: Provides Single Path for Transmitting either Text, for Transmitting either Text, Graphics, Voice, or Video at One Graphics, Voice, or Video at One TimeTime

• BROADBAND: Provides Several BROADBAND: Provides Several Paths for Transmitting Several Types Paths for Transmitting Several Types of Data Simultaneouslyof Data Simultaneously

**9.27

WIDE - AREA NETWORKWIDE - AREA NETWORK• NETWORK SPANS LARGE GEOGRAPHIC NETWORK SPANS LARGE GEOGRAPHIC

DISTANCESDISTANCES• CAN INCLUDE CABLE, SATELLITE, CAN INCLUDE CABLE, SATELLITE,

MICROWAVEMICROWAVE• SWITCHED LINES: Route Determined by SWITCHED LINES: Route Determined by

Current TrafficCurrent Traffic• DEDICATED LINES: Constantly Available DEDICATED LINES: Constantly Available

for High-Volume Trafficfor High-Volume Traffic

**

9.28

VALUE-ADDED NETWORK (VAN)

VALUE-ADDED NETWORK (VAN)

• PRIVATE; MULTIPATH; DATA ONLYPRIVATE; MULTIPATH; DATA ONLY

• 3rd PARTY MANAGED3rd PARTY MANAGED

• USED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONSUSED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS

• SUBSCRIPTION BASISSUBSCRIPTION BASIS

**

9.29

PACKET SWITCHINGPACKET SWITCHING

• FORM OF VANFORM OF VAN

• BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes)SMALL PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes)

• PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST ECONOMICAL MEANSECONOMICAL MEANS

• REASSEMBLED AT DESTINATIONREASSEMBLED AT DESTINATION

**

9.30

ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)

ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)

• CELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes EachCELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes Each• USES FIBER OPTICS CABLEUSES FIBER OPTICS CABLE• INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR

HARDWARE SPEEDSHARDWARE SPEEDS• CAN TIE LAN TO WANCAN TIE LAN TO WAN

**

9.31

HOW ORGANIZATIONS USE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

HOW ORGANIZATIONS USE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

• FACILITATING APPLICATIONSFACILITATING APPLICATIONS

• ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGEELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE

• GROUPWAREGROUPWARE

**

9.32

FACILITATING APPLICATIONSFACILITATING APPLICATIONS

• ELECTRONIC MAIL (e-mail)ELECTRONIC MAIL (e-mail)• VOICE MAILVOICE MAIL• FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax)FACSIMILE MACHINES (fax)• DIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICESDIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICES• TELECONFERENCINGTELECONFERENCING• DATACONFERENCINGDATACONFERENCING• VIDEOCONFERENCINGVIDEOCONFERENCING

**

9.33

PROVIDERPROVIDER TYPE OF SERVICETYPE OF SERVICE

AMERICA ONLINE GENERAL INTEREST / BUSINESS INFORMATION

COMPUSERVE GENERAL INTEREST / BUSINESS INFORMATION

PRODIGY GENERAL INTEREST / BUSINESS INFORMATION

DOW JONES NEWS RETRIEVAL BUSINESS / FINANCIAL INFORMATION

QUOTRON FINANCIAL INFORMATION

DIALOG BUSINESS / SCIENTIFIC / TECHNICAL INFORMATION

LEXIS LEGAL RESEARCH

NEXIS NEWS / BUSINESS INFORMATION

DIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICESDIGITAL INFORMATION SERVICES

9.34

• GROUP WRITING & COMMENTINGGROUP WRITING & COMMENTING

• ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTIONELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION

• SCHEDULING MEETINGSSCHEDULING MEETINGS

• SHARED FILES & DATABASESSHARED FILES & DATABASES

• SHARED TIME LINES & PLANSSHARED TIME LINES & PLANS

• ELECTRONIC MEETINGSELECTRONIC MEETINGS

**

GROUPWAREGROUPWARE

9.35

MANAGEMENT ISSUES & DECISIONS

MANAGEMENT ISSUES & DECISIONS

TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLAN:TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLAN:• KNOW LONG-RANGE PLANSKNOW LONG-RANGE PLANS• AUDIT EXISTING CAPABILITIESAUDIT EXISTING CAPABILITIES• IDENTIFY, PRIORITIZE CRITICAL IDENTIFY, PRIORITIZE CRITICAL

IMPROVEMENTSIMPROVEMENTS• ENHANCE FIRM’S STRATEGIC POSITIONENHANCE FIRM’S STRATEGIC POSITION

IMPLEMENT PLANIMPLEMENT PLAN

**9.36

IMPLEMENTATION FACTORSIMPLEMENTATION FACTORS• DISTANCEDISTANCE• RANGE OF SERVICESRANGE OF SERVICES• SECURITYSECURITY• MULTIPLE ACCESSMULTIPLE ACCESS• UTILIZATIONUTILIZATION• COSTCOST• INSTALLATIONINSTALLATION• CONNECTIVITYCONNECTIVITY

**

9.37

9. TELECOMMUNICATIO

NS

9. TELECOMMUNICATIO

NS

9.38